The history of the Krasnoyarsk Territory briefly. Krasnoyarsk region, history and geography. Krasnoyarsk Theater Square

The history of the Yenisei region goes back to ancient times. The first people settled here about 200 thousand years ago. Over the past centuries, waves of several great migrations of mankind have swept through the territory. Before the arrival of the Russians, a few Turkic, Samoyed, Tungus and Yenisei tribes lived here, possessing an original ancient culture and a special way of life. The first fragmentary information about the appearance of Russians on the Yenisei dates back to those distant times when the brave Pomors - the descendants of the Novgorod ushkuins - traveled here along the “icy” sea along the northern coasts of the continent. However, the widespread settlement of the Yenisei region took place against the background of the annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state in the early 15th - first third of the 17th centuries. The main goal of the exploration movement to Siberia was "soft junk" (furs) - the most important currency item of income for the Muscovite state in the 16th - 17th centuries.

Russian explorers entered the Yenisei basin at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. The advance of the Russians went by water-and-drag routes. Making their way from the north from the side of the "gold-boiling Mangazeya", the Cossacks in 1607 founded the first permanent settlement in the region at the mouth of Turukhan - a winter hut "near Nikola on Turukhan". So the first of the "celestials" to the banks of the Yenisei came Nikolai the Wonderworker - the most popular "patron" of merchants and sailors in Russian settlements. The settlement subsequently became known as New Mangazeya (the current village of Staroturukhansk).

With the development of the Makovsky portage, the active advance of the Russians into Eastern Siberia along the system of rivers: the Ob - Ket - Kem - Yenisei - Angara - Lena was laid. At the end of the portage at the entrance to the Angara in 1619, the Yenisei prison was erected, which for more than 150 years was the main commodity distribution and craft center of Eastern Siberia. To protect the approaches to Yeniseisk and the waterway from the south, Krasnoyarsk (1628), Kansky (1628), Achinsk (1641) prisons were founded, which received the names of the Krasnoyarsk notch line. The territories to the south of it were annexed only at the beginning of the 18th century, when, with the establishment of the Abakan (1707) and Sayan (1718) prisons on the banks of the Yenisei, Russian power was finally established. A certain role in the settlement of the south of the region began to play the Yanovsky portage, which connected the basins of the Upper Chulym and the Yenisei in the territory of the present Novoselovsky district.

In the 17th century On the territory of the region, the second most important in Siberia, after Verkhotursko-Tobolsk, the Yenisei agricultural region was formed, supplying bread to all the eastern outlying lands of Russia.

With the construction of the Moscow (Siberian) tract in the middle of the XVIII century. opens new stage settlement and development of the Yenisei region. The delivery of goods from Russia to the East and to reverse direction, trade intensified (the winter sledge convoy kept pace from Irbit in the Urals to Kyakhta in Transbaikalia in just two months, instead of a two-year journey along the rivers and portages of Siberia with long exhausting winters). Maintenance of the tract (carriage trade, yamshchina) contributed to the formation of handicraft and trade and transport functions of cities that replaced their military-defense functions.

Economic life is gradually moving from the north to the zone of the Moscow, Achinsk, Yenisei and Taseevsky tracts. The flow of free settlers is sent to the Minusinsk, Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk districts as the most favorable for agriculture. The growth of the Russian population in the south of the province was accelerated by the creation of a copper and iron industry (Lukazsky and Irbinsk plants) in the 30s of the 18th century. The cities of Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk are developing. The establishment in 1822 of the Yenisei province served as a new powerful impetus for the development of the Yenisei region under a single administration. Due to the convenience of the transport and geographical position, the city of Krasnoyarsk became the administrative center of the province, although in economic terms it was significantly inferior to Yeniseisk. The population of the province by the day of its foundation was 158.7 thousand people with a clear predominance of Russians.

By the middle of the nineteenth century. Yenisei province becomes the largest gold-mining region of Russia. During the apogee of the "gold rush" (1847), 1212 out of 1270 pounds of everything mined in Russian Empire gold. Gold mining accelerated the development of shipping on the Yenisei, the growth of agriculture and animal husbandry, stirred up the life and way of life of the Yenisei villages, added glorious and tragic pages in the economic history of the Yenisei province and all of Russia.

By the end of the nineteenth century. in the province, a network of old-timer settlements has developed, which is still the "framework" of the settlement network of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. With the conduct of the territory of the province in 1895-1897. The Trans-Siberian Railway and the introduction of capitalist relations are developing a factory industry, the main share of which was accounted for by railway enterprises (railway workshops in Krasnoyarsk, Ilansk, Bogotol), gold mining, distillation, timber and iron industries. A migration flow from Central Russia rushed to the territory of the province, especially with the implementation of the new agrarian policy of P.A. Stolypin, which amounted to about 400 thousand people before the revolution. The population of the province, which in 1897 reached 570.2 thousand people, by 1914 increased to 1119.2 thousand inhabitants.

History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The settlement of the territory of the Yenisei Territory took place along the Yenisei valley from south to north. The first inhabitants were representatives of the Mongoloid race, which is confirmed by the study of the remains of the Mongoloid skull found at the paleontological site of Afontova Gora (the territory of the city of Krasnoyarsk).

The first information about the appearance of Russians on the Yenisei refers to the period of travel of the Pomors along the shores of the “icy sea”. However, the narrow settlement of the Yenisei region took place against the general background of the annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state at the end of the 16th - first third of the 17th century.

The main purpose of the exploration movement in Siberia was furs - the most important currency item of income. Many Yenisei settlements were founded by Cossacks and monks who came to this wild land. In 1619 The Yenisei prison (now the city of Yeniseisk) was built, which for more than 150 years was the distribution and craft center of Eastern Siberia. To protect the approaches to the Yeniseisk and the waterway from the south, other prisons were founded, which received the name of the Krasnoyarsk notch line.

Cossack Andrei Dubensky with his detachment in 1628 founded the fortress Krasny Yar as a stronghold for securing the Russians on the Middle Yenisei. The word "Krasnoyarsk" arose by word-for-word translation of the name of the place on the banks of the Yenisei - Kyzyl-Dzhar, belonging to the Turkic tribe of the Kachins, who lived here before the arrival of the Russians. Kyzyl means “red”, and Jar means “yar”.

From the first days, Krasnoyarsk had to assert its existence with weapons and diplomacy in the armed struggle against the Kyrgyz princes, which ended only at the beginning of the 17th century. Krasnoyarsk received city status in 1690, when Siberia was finally annexed to Russia.

With the construction of the Moscow (Siberian) tract in the middle of the XVIII century. a new stage of settlement and development of the Yenisei region opens. The delivery of goods has accelerated many times over, and trade has intensified. The maintenance of the tract (carriage trade, yamshchina) contributed to the formation of handicraft and trade and transport functions of cities that replaced their military-defensive ones.

The flow of free migrants to the Minusinsk, Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, as the most favorable for agriculture, increased. The growth of the Russian population in the south of the province was accelerated by the creation of a copper mining industry.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk developed. However, population growth was not only due to natural increase. The infamous great Siberian hard labor road - the Moscow tract, stretching for many thousands of kilometers from the capital of Russia to Far East passed through Krasnoyarsk in the 18th century. But long before that time, the city on the Yenisei had become a place of Russian exile. Since the 17th century, the military garrison of the Krasnoyarsk prison was actively replenished due to the “service people” who were at fault from Asian Russia, for whom hard labor, or even the death penalty, was replaced by exile in remote prisons-fortresses.

By the end of the 19th century, exiles in Krasnoyarsk made up 23% of the population. In addition to criminals, there were also “prisoners of conscience” and political prisoners in Krasnoyarsk exile. At first they were Old Believers, then Decembrists, then activists of the first socialist circles, as well as participants in the Polish uprisings of 1830-1831, later Marxists among whom were V. Ulyanov-Lenin, F. Dzerzhinsky, I. Dzhugashvili-Stalin. In the 20th century, the “hard labor history” of the region continued with the creation of one of the GULAG centers on its territory.

In 1822, the Yenisei province was established, the administrative center of which was the city of Krasnoyarsk, which has a convenient transport and geographical position. By the middle of the XIX century. The Yenisei province became the largest gold-mining region in Russia. During the apogee of the "gold rush", which falls on 1847, 1212 out of 1270 poods of all gold mined in Russia were washed in the trans-Angara taiga. Gold mining accelerated the development of shipping on the Yenisei, stimulated the development Agriculture.

With the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the province in 1895-1897 and the introduction of capitalist relations, a factory industry was developing, the main share of which was accounted for by railway enterprises, gold mining, distillation, timber and iron industries.

A migrant flow from Central Russia rushed to the territory of the province, especially with the implementation of the new agrarian policy of P.A. Stolypin. The population of the province, in 1897. reached 570.2 thousand people, by 1914 increased to 1119.2 thousand people.

The world fame of Krasnoyarsk in late XIX century brought Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, who was born here in 1848 in an old Cossack family. The great Russian painter became a classic during his lifetime. His paintings "Morning of the Streltsy Execution", "Menshikov in Berezov", "Boyar Morozova", "The Conquest of Siberia by Ermak" and others have become the decoration and pride of the best museums in the world.

On February 28, 1917, it became known in Krasnoyarsk that the tsarist autocracy had been overthrown. After the well-known August events, Soviet power was established, but already in June 1918. it fell due to the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps and the military operations of the White Army. At the beginning of 1920, Soviet power was restored, with the direct participation of the Siberian partisans. Then, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, like the whole of Russia, experienced hunger and devastation, the period of NEP, mass collectivization. In the 1930s, active development of the Yenisei North began.

In 1934, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed, which included the Evenk Territory formed in 1930 autonomous region and the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, as well as the Khakass Autonomous Region, which was part of the region until 1992.

The Great Patriotic War gave a small impetus to the industrial development of the region. More than 40 evacuated industrial enterprises were deployed in the region.

The post-war history of the region is marked by an intensive growth of industrial production and the discovery and development of the richest mineral deposits. Powerful hydro and power plants have been built, including one of the world's largest Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya HPPs, timber processing complexes, major industrial enterprises, such as the Krasnoyarsk Metallurgical Plant, the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant, the Krasnoyarsk Non-Ferrous Metals Plant, the Norilsk Mining and Chemical Combine, etc. .

At the end of the 40s, during the years of the beginning of " cold war» The leadership of the USSR decided to create a system of "closed" cities, where secret defense enterprises were built in the shortest possible time. One of these cities was Krasnoyarsk-26, founded on the banks of the Yenisei, in the wooded spurs of the Sayan Mountains. Here is the leading enterprise in Russia - the developer and manufacturer space systems communications, television, navigation and geodesy.

By the end of the 80s, the Krasnoyarsk Territory became a major scientific, educational, cultural, and industrial region of the country.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory at the beginning of the 21st century is a land of cultural and sports traditions, unique natural monuments, and an intensively developing economy.

Archaeologists believe that the settlement of the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory began over 40 thousand years ago. Many tribes, tribal unions, primitive states appeared and disappeared on this earth. The new history of the Yenisei country begins with its entry into the Russian state.

The first detachments of fishermen, service people began to penetrate here since the end of the 16th century. In 1598, the detachment of Fyodor Dyakov reached the banks of the Yenisei for the first time. But the Russians did not stay here for long. Only with the foundation of the Mangazeya prison on the Taz River was a solid basis created for the establishment of Russian influence in the Yenisei land. In 1607, the first permanent Russian settlement in our region was founded - the Turukhansk winter hut (later the city of Turukhansk). The penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia went along the Ket River - the right tributary of the Ob. In 1619, a detachment of servicemen passed along this road under the leadership of the son of the boyar Albychev and the archery centurion Cherkas Rukin, who founded the city of Yeniseisk. Russian conquest went from north to south. In the first half of the seventeenth century, wooden forts-forts Krasnoyarsk (1628), Achinsk (1641), Kansk (1636) appeared in the Yenisei basin. The first Russian inhabitants of the region were serving Cossacks. The indigenous population did not particularly object to the Russian presence. The exception was the Yenisei Kirghiz, stubborn battles with which continued until the beginning of the 18th century, when the united detachments of the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Tomsk and Kuznetsk utterly defeated the warlike steppe inhabitants in several battles.

In 1623, a huge Yenisei district was formed, which included not only the lands around the great river, but the entire Angara region. Yeniseisk became its center. The first Yenisei governor was Prince Yakov Ivanovich Khripunov. In 1629, the entire Yenisei region became part of the Tomsk region. Over the course of a century and a half, the administrative-territorial division has repeatedly changed. In the 17th century part modern territory the region was part of the Tomsk district, part - in the Krasnoyarsk. The territory of the latter either increased or contracted. In 1724, the Yenisei province was singled out as part of the Siberian province. In 1782 the province was liquidated; its counties are included in the Tomsk region, and fourteen years later, with the abolition of the Tomsk region, the territory of the region is divided between the Tobolsk and Irkutsk provinces and the Kolyvan region. In 1797, the entire Yenisei basin became part of the Tobolsk province, and in 1804 it was transferred to the Irkutsk province.

The Yenisei lands were little developed economically. They were of interest to the government solely as a source of furs. Agriculture and animal husbandry were of a natural nature, crafts were in their infancy. The whole seventeenth century was the main actors Siberian history were service Cossacks, merchants, hunters-traders. A peasant farmer was not often met, since managing among non-peaceful tribes is not only difficult, but also mortally dangerous. With the defeat of the militant Yenisei Kirghiz, the agricultural development of the region accelerated significantly, but still, only insignificant territories of the central and southern parts of the Yenisei region were subject to development.

The next stage in the history of the Yenisei region is associated with the reforms of Mikhail Speransky. In 1819 this famous Russian political figure was sent with the broadest powers to conduct an audit of Siberia. The reason for the revision was the completely unsatisfactory state of affairs in the management and economic development of the region. Imperial Chancellery was inundated with piles of complaints about the atrocities of local administrators. The economic return from the Trans-Urals was falling, Siberia was turning into a burden for the state. At court and in the periodical press, voices were heard about the uselessness of the Siberian possessions for the country. Speransky was charged with the duty to find out the causes of the disastrous state of affairs and find ways to eliminate the shortcomings.

Mikhail Mikhailovich was not a rosy idealist, he knew about the rampant corruption and abuses in the state apparatus of the country. But the outrages perpetrated by the Siberian officials horrified even him. Embezzlement and bribery flourished beyond measure. The tyranny of the local chiefs knew no bounds. For example, the Yenisei mayor Kukonevsky rode around the city in a carriage harnessed by officials who dared to complain about him. The Kansk police officer Loskutov terrified everyone who had the misfortune to be under his command. He established his own dictatorship in the territory under his jurisdiction, acting in accordance with his own regulations, and not the laws of the empire. Over 700 Siberian chiefs were involved in the investigation, some of them were put on trial. In a letter to his daughter, Speransky wrote: "For the abuses of the Tobolsk officials, everyone should have been fined, the Tomsk officials should have been put on trial, and the Krasnoyarsk officials should have been hanged." However, Speransky not only punished. He considered main reason rampant abuses of the wrong administrative structure of Siberia and proposed his own project for the reorganization of the management of the region. As a result, the whole of Siberia was divided into two general governorships - Irkutsk and Tomsk. Each of them included several provinces. In 1822, the Yenisei Governorate was formed as part of the Irkutsk General Government. The city of Krasnoyarsk was identified as its center. The Moscow highway passed through it, connecting the city with the center of the country; Yeniseisk, which turned out to be away from the tract, lost its former significance.

Alexander Petrovich Stepanov became the first governor. He favorably differed from all previous chiefs in honesty, incorruptibility, and zeal for the province entrusted to him. His successors were not always so scrupulous.

The administration of the province was determined by the laws of the Russian Empire. It was headed by a civil governor, who concentrated administrative, military, and judicial power in his hands. Under the governor, there was a council that was supposed to limit his power, but in reality the role of this council was small, since it included officials personally dependent on the governor.

The territory of the province basically coincided with the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory (with the exception of Khakassia). It was divided into five districts - Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Minusinsk and Achinsk. The Turukhansk Territory was part of the Yenisei Okrug. In the second half of the XIX century. The Usinsk border district became part of the province. The district chiefs were at the head of the districts, and the district police officers were in charge of the police and the court. In cities, administrative power was exercised by the mayor, economic affairs were handled by the city duma, elected from among the most prosperous citizens. In terms of territory, the Yenisei province surpassed any of the European states, but the population density was one of the lowest not only in Russia, but also in Siberia. In 1823 a little over 150 thousand people lived here.

The influx of population was mainly due to immigrants from European Russia, as well as exiles and convicts. At will, only state peasants could move to Siberia; serfs fell only as exiles. In the Yenisei province, as well as in Siberia as a whole, there was no serfdom. A sharp increase in the number of immigrants occurred in the 30-40s of the XIX century. About 30 thousand peasants from Vologda, Vyatka, Perm, Yaroslavl, Oryol, settled in the Yenisei lands. Penza province. Most of the settlers settled in the southern regions of the Yenisei province, where there were better conditions for agriculture. Both in the 18th and XIX centuries the main method of allocating land to the peasants was the right of seizure. The peasant took as much free land as he could cultivate; then the chosen plots were assigned to him legally in the form of allotments. State taxes were also collected from these allotments. This method was possible due to the low population density and the large amount of free fertile land. Virgin lands in the early years gave very decent harvests. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the standard of living of Siberian peasants was generally higher than that of Europeans.

With early XIX in. the number of exiles increases sharply. In the first half of the century alone, about 40 thousand people arrived in the province. Mostly they are criminals. The government tried to use the exiles for the economic development of the region. They were placed in villages, given land. A lot of money was allocated for the arrangement of the exiles. However, only a few of them managed to adapt to productive work; the main part of the convicts in Siberia continued to engage in their usual craft - theft, robbery, fraud.

In the second third of the XIX century. the number of political exiles increased sharply. After the suppression of the Decembrist movement, participants in the uprising turned out to be in the province - a total of 31 people. S.G. lived in the Minusinsk District. Krasnokutsky, S.I. Krivtsov, brothers A.P. and P.P. Belyaev, N.O. Mozgalevsky, A.I. Tyutchev, A.F. Frolov, P.I. Falenberg; in the Krasnoyarsk district - F.P. Shakhovskoy, brothers N.S. and P.S. Bobrischev-Pushkin, A.N. Lutsky, M.A. Fonvizin, M.F. Mitkov, M.M. Spiridov, V.L. Davydov, M.I. Pushchin, I.V. Petin. A.P. Arbuzov, in Kanskoye - V.N. Soloviev, D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky, K.G. Igelstrom. In the most severe Yenisei district were A.V. Vedenyapin, A.I. Yakubovich, I.B. Abramov, N.F. Lisovsky. The role of the exiled Decembrists in the cultural and economic development of the region is quite large. They were engaged in enlightenment, taught local children, helped residents with legal advice, introduced new varieties of agricultural crops, and were engaged in literature and science. Tyutchev and Kireev married local village girls. Their descendants live in the region to this day.

After the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-31. several thousand Polish insurgents were sent to the province to settle. Some of them remained in Siberia forever.

In the 30s of the XIX century. significant changes took place in the economy of the province. Gold mining began, which flourished in the 1940s and 1950s. By 1847, there were 119 mines in the Yenisei region, mostly nesting in the basins of the Kazyr, Kizir, Amyl, Sisim, Biryusa, Uderey, Pit, Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers. The province was engulfed in a gold rush. People of various classes and ranks rushed to mine gold. In terms of the value of the products produced, the gold industry has left behind all other industries combined. In different years, 20-30 thousand workers were employed at the gold mines. The cities of Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk experienced a period of rapid growth. Money poured in. The profit of gold miners was sometimes 800-850%. However, gold did not contribute to the radical restructuring of the economy of the province. It rather played the role of an economic drug. Large miners invested money not in the development of industry, but in luxury goods, led a cheerful and wild life. Only a few were able to preserve and increase their capital, but even they invested their funds for the most part in trade. By the middle of the XIX century. The gold miners Vostrotin, Kuznetsovs, Danilovs, Cheremnykhs, Kytmanovs, Astashevs, Khilkovs and others were the ones who turned over the largest capitals. Small prospectors usually drank all the prey in the shortest possible time. Since the early 1960s, gold mining has been steadily declining.

The level of other branches of industry in the province was absolutely negligible. Products were produced almost entirely for the domestic market. Small handicraft enterprises with 5-7 workers prevailed in the province. By the end of the XIX century. in the province there was only one large enterprise - the Abakan ironworks, which employed 800 people. In 1833, the Znamensky glass factory was founded near Krasnoyarsk (now the village of Pamyati 13 Bortsov).

In 1863, the first steamship appeared on the Yenisei. It was called - "Yenisei". On his first flight, he left the city of Yeniseisk on May 20. Shipping on the Yenisei developed slowly - by the end of the 19th century, only eight steam ships sailed along the river.

The industry of the province experienced a shortage of labor. Therefore, entrepreneurs willingly used the labor of exiles and impoverished migrants. They paid pennies for the work, the working conditions were incredibly difficult. As a result, riots often broke out in the gold mines. In a number of cases, the authorities had to use troops to suppress them. But on the whole, in the 19th century, the class struggle did not reach a particular intensity in Siberia. The Yenisei province seemed to be a model of serenity. Only the exiled revolutionaries caused some concern to the authorities - from the 60s the Narodniks, and then the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries and other opponents of the regime. But for the time being, revolutionary agitation did not find a response among the population of the province.

In the field of education, science, culture, the Yenisei province clearly lagged behind European Russia. By the middle of the XIX century. the number of literates was slightly more than one percent of the total population of the province. There were only 25 parish and district schools with 870 students. There was not a single bookstore in the whole province, not even in Krasnoyarsk.

Health care was practically absent - in the mid-60s there were only 22 doctors in the entire province, of which a third worked in private mines, the rest practiced in cities. The first rural doctor appeared only in 1881 in the Krasnoyarsk district. The consequence of this was a high mortality from serious diseases - 25-30% of the sick died. Mortality is especially high among the indigenous population.
Some contribution to the development of culture was made by educated liberal-minded officials, intellectuals, and exiled Decembrists. In the second half of the 1920s, a circle of local historians and lovers of literature formed around Governor Stepanov in Krasnoyarsk. In 1823, under his patronage, the society "Conversations about the Yenisei Territory" was created. In 1829, the Yenisei Almanac, one of the first literary journals in Siberia, was published in Moscow. In addition to Stepanov, I.M. Petrov, I.I. Varlakov, A.K. Kuzmin, S. Rasskazov - local teachers and officials. In 1835, a two-volume historical and statistical work by A.P. Stepanov "Yenisei province". In the first half of the 40s, a scientific expedition of the famous naturalist Alexander Fedorovich Middendorf worked in the northern regions of the province. The result of this expedition was the two-volume work "Journey to the North and East of Siberia".

In the second half of the XIX century. the cultural development of the region takes a noticeable step forward. This is due to the expansion of public education, the strengthening of the intelligent stratum in society, and the spread of periodicals. The liberal reforms of the 1960s and 1970s had a beneficial effect on the Yenisei province.

The number of educational institutions is growing. In 1868, a classical male gymnasium, in 1878 - female; in 1873 - teacher's seminary. Women's gymnasiums appeared in Yeniseisk, Achinsk, and Minusinsk. In the villages, at peasant gatherings, decisions were often made to open new schools. In 1884, the "Society for the Care of Public Education" was founded in Krasnoyarsk, which monitored the condition of schools, libraries, and organized the book trade. In Yeniseisk, the "Society for Helping Students" was conscious primary schools", thanks to which two new schools, the first bookstore, a library and an amateur theater were opened in this city. In 1873, the first bookstore in the province was opened in Yeniseisk. Its owner was the merchant Evgenia Skornyakova. The efforts of the public and shifts in the activities of local authorities gave The level of literacy in the province increased significantly - up to 15-20%.

By the second half of the XIX century. the development of the museum business. In 1877, the pharmacist Nikolai Mikhailovich Martyanov founded the first local history museum in the province in Minusinsk. In 1883, a museum was opened in Yeniseisk, and in 1889 - in Krasnoyarsk (at the same time, the first public library).

Among the local intelligentsia, interest in the study of their native land is growing significantly. Local history goes beyond the amateurish, amateur occupation and becomes on a scientific basis. A huge role in the development of Krasnoyarsk science was played by the teacher, historian and archaeologist Ivan Timofeevich Savenkov, historian Nikolai Nikitich Bakai, statistician Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoriev, pharmacist and biologist Nikolai Mikhailovich Martyanov, publicist, archaeologist, ethnographer Dmitry Aleksandrovich Klements, historian and ethnographer Nikolai Vasilyevich Latkin, geologist and geographer Innokenty Aleksandrovich Lopatin, botanist Yakov Pavlovich Prein, physician, ethnographer and folklorist Mikhail Fomich Krivoshapkin.

In the middle of the XIX century. periodical press appeared in the province. The first issue of the first newspaper "Yenisei Gubernskiye Vedomosti" was published on July 2, 1857. For a long time this official newspaper was the only one in the region; only in 1889 did the publication of a private press begin. And in 1888, entrepreneur Emelyan Kudryavtsev founded the first private printing house in the province in Krasnoyarsk. In the same year, the first private printing house appeared in Minusinsk. It was opened by Vasily Fedorov.

In 1873, the first building of the city theater was built in Krasnoyarsk. There was no own troupe, performances were given by visiting artists. In 1898 the wooden theater burned down; then, with the money collected by subscription, a stone building of the People's House was built. It solemnly opened on February 17, 1902 (now it is the Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin).

Most famous native edge - the artist Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. He was born in Krasnoyarsk on January 24, 1848. Thanks to the local philanthropist P. Kuznetsov, Surikov was able to get an education in St. Petersburg at the Academy of Arts.

In May 1890, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov crossed the territory of the province on his way to Sakhalin along the Moscow highway. Impressions of Siberia and its cities (the most controversial) he reflected in a series of his famous essays.

The development of education and culture to a certain extent was also the merit of local patrons. Funds for the construction of schools and shelters, for the support of scientific research were allocated by the families of entrepreneurs Gadalov, Kuznetsov, Shchegolev, Kytmanov, Danilov, Skornyakov, Vostrotin, Balandin. In 1874, a vocational school was opened in Krasnoyarsk with the money of Tatyana Shchegoleva. In the winter of the same year, in Krasnoyarsk, by decision of merchants and townspeople, the Sinelnikovsky Charitable Society was opened. The Krasnoyarsk merchant Mikhail Sidorov provided considerable support for scientific research. But to exaggerate the scope of the Yenisei patronage is still not worth it. Most of the merchants and industrialists were concerned exclusively with personal well-being, many of them spent money not on culture and science, but on revelry, parties, cards. A certain businessman from Achinsk lost two thousand rubles in cards at a time. The Krasnoyarsk merchant Myasnikov walked from his house to the Resurrection Cathedral along a red cloth path a mile and a half long.

In general, the Yenisei province in the 19th century lived a quiet, calm, measured sleepy life. Its six cities look like large villages - the houses are mostly wooden, the improvement is minimal.

In 1861, the Yenisei diocese was established with the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Mother of God in Krasnoyarsk. The first Bishop of the Yenisei-Krasnoyarsk was Nikodim, who took office on January 7, 1862. Thus, Krasnoyarsk became not only the administrative, but also the religious center of the province.

In July 1891, the heir to the throne passed through the territory of the province Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich, future Emperor Nicholas II. A solemn meeting was arranged for him. The Tsesarevich got acquainted with the sights of Krasnoyarsk, talked with the elite of the local society.

At the end of the XIX century. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through the territory of the Yenisei province. The first test train arrived in Krasnoyarsk on December 6, 1895. This event led to significant changes, both in the economic and in public life region. The railway contributed to the development of the central regions of the province. The growth of the cities through which the highway passed - Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk - accelerated. A large and technically advanced industrial enterprise for those times appeared in Krasnoyarsk - railway workshops and depots. New industries related to railroad maintenance emerged. At the beginning of the twentieth century. Izykh and Montenegrin coal mines were opened. Extraction and processing revived copper ore. The railroad revived trade. But the economic disproportion between the more developed central regions and the backward northern regions has increased substantially. Yeniseisk began to lose its former importance, and Turukhansk clearly degraded. Also, the local industry began to experience strong competition from the enterprises of European Russia, as a rule, more advanced in technical terms.

In 1883-1893, the Ob-Yenisei Canal was built to activate trade communications in the northern regions of the province. He walked along the old Makovsky portage, along the rivers Keti, Ozernaya, Lomovataya, Small and Big Kas. But this channel had no practical significance - because of its narrowness, only small vessels could go through it. In 1921 this channel was closed.

In January 1897, the first All-Russian population census took place. According to her, in the Yenisei province lived by the beginning of the twentieth century. 570,161 people. The most populated districts were Minusinsky and Achinsk - the most fertile lands were located there. The least populated was the huge Yenisei district. In 1899, the okrugs were renamed into uyezds. Of the six cities in the province, Krasnoyarsk was the largest - 26,699 people. Next came Yeniseisk (11,506), Minusinsk (10,231), Kansk (7,537), Achinsk (6,699), Turukhansk (212). The influx of population was still achieved through immigrants from the western regions and exiles. The vast majority of the inhabitants were engaged in agriculture and lived in villages.

The Yenisei province became one of the main places of political exile in Russia. The flow of exiles in the early twentieth century. increased noticeably. In 1897 - 1900. in exile in the village of Shushenskoye was the future "leader of the world proletariat" V.I. Lenin.

Due to the lack of qualified personnel, the exiled workers were willingly accepted to the industrial enterprises of the province. Their stratum was especially large in the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops and depots. But with them they carried not only professional skills, but also revolutionary ideas.

The village is also restless. The construction of the highway increased the value of the land. If previously state and communal lands were not actually demarcated, and peasants could seize state land as much as they wanted, now the government is striving to demarcate possessions. Free use of state and office land is prohibited. Now the peasants have to pay for logging, hunting, grazing, picking mushrooms and berries. All this caused dissatisfaction among the peasants, who were accustomed to enjoying all the benefits of nature free of charge.

Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 exacerbated the economic situation in Siberia, which was the nearest rear of the army. Conscription to the army left many families without breadwinners, and government purchases of bread, meat, and fodder raised prices in the markets. The workers had the worst of it - although wages increased, they did not keep up with the prices. The anti-government agitation of the revolutionary parties was met with sympathy in the working environment; now she found the most lively response.

Yenisei province took an active part in the First Russian revolution. The most active revolutionary actions took place in Krasnoyarsk, Ilanskaya, and Bogotol. Throughout 1905, strikes at the enterprises of Krasnoyarsk almost did not subside, and in December an armed uprising took place in the provincial center, during which the United Council from soldiers and workers seized power in the city for a short time. If in Krasnoyarsk the suppression of the armed uprising did not lead to significant casualties, then a tragedy occurred at the Ilanskaya station. On January 12, 1906, the punitive expedition of Meller-Zakomelsky shot down a workers' assembly, as a result of which several dozen people died and many were injured.

In 1906 - 1907. strike movement is coming decline, the strikes are economic in nature. But the peasant movement broke all records. It was especially powerful in the southern regions of the province. According to the Minusinsk police officer, 1906 was the year of "complete lack of authority" in the Minusinsk district. However, the peasant movement for the most part was not directed against the autocracy, but against the restriction of the right to own land and use land, high taxes and the arbitrariness of the local authorities.

The social and political life of Siberia noticeably intensified during the elections to the State Duma. From the Yenisei province, two deputies were elected to the first two Dumas, and one to the third. In the First Duma, both deputies were from the Minusinsk district - the peasant Simon Ermolaev and the doctor Nikolai Nikolaevsky. They adhered to leftist views and entered the Trudoviks faction. The Minusinsk priest Alexander Brilliantov and the Krasnoyarsk clerk Menshevik Ivan Yudin were elected to the Second State Duma. Third State Duma Krasnoyarsk cadet Vasily Karaulov met. There were no Krasnoyarsk residents in the Fourth Duma.

The Stolypin agrarian reform had a huge impact on the life of the Yenisei province. Its central and southern regions received a huge number of immigrants. For ten years - from 1906 to 1916. 274,517 people arrived here. By 1916, more than a third of the population of the province were immigrants. 670 resettlement settlements were formed.

The results of the migration movement cannot be unambiguously assessed. On the one hand, the population in the province increased sharply, new lands were developed, and the development of agriculture noticeably accelerated. On the other hand, mass resettlement actually depleted the fund of free fertile lands. Relations between old-timers and new settlers were often very tense. In order to be able to allocate land to all the settlers, the authorities limited the allotments of the old-timers. The latter did not like it very much. Not all settlers were able to take root in Siberia and start their own households. Many of them fell into bondage to wealthy Siberians, others returned back. In general, the government's resettlement policy has increased social tension in the Siberian countryside.

By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. somewhat revived local industry. The technical re-equipment of gold mining enterprises is underway. Foreign capital and large Russian banks begin to actively infiltrate the economy of the province. However, there were very few large industrial enterprises in the province - these are the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops (2000 workers), the Znamensky glass factory (900 workers), the Ilan railway depot (700 workers), the Abakan ironworks (500 workers), the Yulia copper mine (650 workers). ). The rest of the enterprises were very small both in terms of the number of employees and the volume of output. In total, by 1916, there were about 900 enterprises in the Yenisei province, which employed 8,000 workers. In 1913, the construction of the Achinsk-Minusinsk railway began with private funds, but because of the outbreak of war, the construction could not be completed.

During the First World War, the economic life of the province was initially activated under the influence of military orders. However, by 1916, the features of a crisis were already manifest, and by the beginning of 1917, the situation became catastrophic.

As elsewhere in Russia, at the beginning of the twentieth century. political parties proliferate in the province. Branches of the parties of the Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, Constitutional Democrats, Octobrists, and the Black Hundred Union of the Russian People were active here. The rest of the parties did not have any noticeable influence. Party life was most clearly seething in the provincial center; in other cities it was barely noticed, with the possible exception of Minusinsk, where the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries was strong. In the countryside, political work was carried out almost exclusively by exiled revolutionaries, and only for the period of their stay in exile.

The rise of public life was accompanied by the further development of culture. In February 1901, the Krasnoyarsk sub-department of the East Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society was opened. His role in the development of education and science in the Yenisei province can hardly be overestimated. Its founders were well-known public figures, scientists and specialists - Viktor Grigoriev, the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Krutovsky, Nikolai Martyanov, Pyotr Rachkovsky, Alexander Kytmanov, Alexander Adrianov, Arseniy Yarilov and others (18 people in total). The sub-department of the ESORGO was engaged in organizing scientific expeditions, coordinating scientific research in Siberia, publishing the results of research, and popularizing scientific knowledge among the population. In 1903, the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore came under the jurisdiction of the subdepartment. The first chairman of the administrative board of the subdivision was the Krasnoyarsk economist and statistician, public figure Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoriev. And on March 19, 1908, the Society for the Study of Siberia and its way of life was opened in Krasnoyarsk.

The library of the wine merchant Gennady Yudin is known far beyond Krasnoyarsk. This unique collection of book rarities, however, did little to benefit the city: Gennady Vasilyevich was reluctant to let outside readers into his library. Shortly before his death, he sold it to the Americans.

The developing economy required qualified specialists. As a result, the number of specialized educational institutions is growing in the province. In 1913, a land surveying school and a trading school were opened in Krasnoyarsk. Also at the end of the XIX century. in the provincial center, a railway school and a medical assistant's school appeared. In 1913 a teacher's seminary was opened in Minusinsk. In honor of the great countryman in 1910, an art school named after V.I. Surikov. Famous Krasnoyarsk artists - A. Lekarenko, A. Voshchakin and others - came out of its walls. The soul and inspirer of the school was the famous Krasnoyarsk painter Dmitry Karatanov. The question of founding a university in Krasnoyarsk was raised, but the project was not implemented. In 1916, the journal "Siberian School" began to appear, the editor and publisher of which was Yegor (George). Itygin. The magazine introduces readers to the latest methods education and upbringing, talked about the life of a Siberian teacher.

The periodical press is flourishing. The number of publications is already in the tens, though the age of most of them is short.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Krasnoyarsk theater was also formed. In the autumn of 1902, the drama troupe of K.P. Krasnova. Its actors staged plays from Russian and foreign classics. Artists from the leading theaters in Moscow and St. Petersburg also repeatedly came to Krasnoyarsk on tour. The oldest theater group was the Minusinsk Drama Theatre, which has been operating since 1882.

In August 1908, the Krasnoyarsk City Council decided to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the birth of the writer Leo Tolstoy. It was quite a bold move, given that the writer was excommunicated.

Back in 1897, the first film installations appeared in Krasnoyarsk. And by 1917, there were already three cinemas in the city - "Ars", "Kinemo" and "Aquarium".

Architecture has also made some progress. The cities of the province are decorated with buildings in the style of classicism and modernity. The best architects of the province - Vladimir Sokolovsky, Leonid Chernyshev - significantly improved the appearance of the provincial capital with their creations.

Yet cultural achievements are most noticeable in Krasnoyarsk. In other cities of the province, the achievements of civilization are much more modest.

The news of the overthrow of the monarchy came to Krasnoyarsk on February 28, 1917. As elsewhere in the country, a system of dual power was formed in the Yenisei province - the simultaneous existence of two bodies that carried out power functions. The first of these was the Krasnoyarsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, headed by the Menshevik Yakov Dubrovinsky. An organ of the Provisional Government was the Committee of Public Security, headed by Vladimir Krutovsky, a well-known public figure in the city. Formally, he performed the functions of the governor, although the Council significantly limited his power. The tsarist governor, Yakov Gololobov, surrendered his powers without any resistance and left Krasnoyarsk in early March.

Following the provincial center in the first half of March 1917, the Soviets were formed in Achinsk. Yeniseisk, Kansk, Minusinsk, Turukhansk. Political prisoners were released everywhere, left-wing political parties were legalized, and people's militia was formed. The February revolution took place in the province exclusively peacefully - not a single armed clash occurred anywhere. No one wanted to stand up for Tsar Nicholas II.

Relations between the Council and the Public Safety Committee did not work out from the very beginning. The Krasnoyarsk Soviet was initially dominated by the Bolsheviks, who headed for a confrontation with Krutovsky. The power of the Commissioner of the Provisional Government had already become purely nominal by the middle of summer, however, it was on him that the Bolsheviks blamed the flaring up economic crisis and the deterioration in the welfare of the population.

About victory October revolution in Krasnoyarsk it became known on October 27. And on the night of October 29, a detachment of revolutionary soldiers under the command of Sergei Lazo captured the key points of the city - the bank, the treasury, the telegraph office, and the provincial printing house. The Krasnoyarsk Provincial Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies announced the transfer of full power to it and the dismissal of the provincial commissar Krutovsky. Not everyone liked the action of the Bolsheviks - the Krasnoyarsk Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Cadets opposed the arbitrariness of the Soviet and condemned the coup in Petrograd. The Achinsk City Duma announced the severance of all relations with the Bolshevik Soviet. Refused to recognize Soviet power and the Yenisei Cossacks.

However, the Bolsheviks did not pay much attention to the protests. They formed the Yenisei Provincial People's Commissariat to lead the province, nationalized banks, introduced private enterprises work management disbanded all the former governing bodies. In all cities of the province, power also passed into the hands of the Soviets. Revolutionary committees were set up in Kansk and Minusinsk to fight the counter-revolution. The Bolsheviks tried to improve the economy of the region. For this purpose, on January 10, 1918, they formed the provincial economic department, later renamed the Council National economy. However, the new government did not achieve much success in the restoration and development of the national economy.

In the countryside, the Bolsheviks launched a struggle against the kulaks, began the redistribution of land, and set about creating communes and state farms. To fulfill the food dictatorship, they organized the seizure of "surplus" grain from the peasants. All these measures did not meet with support in the countryside. As a result, the Bolsheviks lost the support of the peasantry, which ultimately contributed to the overthrow of Soviet power in the Yenisei province.

In May 1918, the Czech uprising broke out. At the end of May, the Czechs captured Kansk. They were joined by all those dissatisfied with Bolshevik rule. To counter the counter-revolution, the Klyukvensky and Mariinsky fronts were created, but the Reds could not hold out for a long time. Soviet power in Krasnoyarsk and Achinsk fell on June 18, 1918, and on May 24 the Whites captured Minusinsk. The leaders of the Yenisei Provincial Executive Committee and the Soviets tried to escape along the Yenisei to the north, but were intercepted near Turukhansk, taken to Krasnoyarsk and shot.

The Kolchak authorities returned the old order and tried to restore order in the province. However, they were not very successful in creation. Forced mobilization into the army, requisitions of food, cruel terror caused discontent among the population. The Czech "allies" of Kolchak behaved disgustingly, actively engaging in mass robberies, violence, and murders of innocent people. For many years, Siberians shudderedly recalled the "exploits" of the Czech marauders, and the song with the words "evil Czechs attacked us" became a folk song. As a result, resistance to the Kolchak regime is constantly growing. In Kansk, Ilansk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, uprisings broke out against the whites. In the taiga regions, a wide partisan movement. Within the province, entire partisan "republics" were formed - Taseevskaya, Stepnobadzheyskaya, Severo-Achinskaya. In January 1920, the troops of the Red Army entered the province. On the night of January 3-4, 1920, an uprising organized by the Bolsheviks began in Krasnoyarsk. The rebels captured the city, the attempts of the whites to return it were unsuccessful. And on January 6, in a battle near the Minino station, detachments of the Red Army utterly defeated Kolchak's army, which after that actually ceased to exist - scattered detachments remained from it. On the evening of January 6, the advanced units of the Red Army entered Krasnoyarsk. Soviet power in the province was restored.

Management of all Siberia in the first post-war years carried out by Sibrevkom, which was based in Novosibirsk. The province was led by the Yenisei Provincial Revolutionary Committee, headed by A.P. Spunde and the provincial executive committee, whose chairman was I. Zavadsky (in 1921 he was replaced by Lev Goldich).

When the frenzy of victory passed, the new government discovered a huge number the toughest problems. The economy was in a deplorable state - almost all industrial enterprises did not work, the food supply of cities did not stand up to scrutiny, unfinished Kolchak detachments roamed the forests, speculation flourished. After the defeat of Kolchakism in Siberia, a surplus appraisal was introduced. It aroused considerable discontent among the peasants. Bread was beaten out with difficulty. For example, the former Minusinsk partisans generally refused to hand over grain for free, saying that the surplus appraisal was invented by Kolchak and communists similar to them. In the Siberian villages they sang a ditty:

"Communists are idlers
The entire Race has been sold.
We got to Siberia
They set to work."

The matter was not limited to ditties. In the villages of Serezh, Achinsk district and Golopupovka, Kansk district, peasant uprisings broke out against the Bolshevik authorities. They were drowned in blood, but the problem remained unresolved. In the southern regions of the province, large gangs of Solovyov and Kulakov walked. It was not possible to eliminate them for a long time, because the local population sympathized with the forest militants.

In 1920, only 48% of the planned grain was collected. The repeated surplus appropriation made it possible to slightly increase the fees, but the plan was still not fulfilled.

The transition to the New Economic Policy made it possible, although not immediately, to improve the situation. Industry is gradually being restored, and the situation in agriculture is improving.

In the 1920s, the government of the USSR was actively involved in the reorganization of the administrative-territorial division of the country. In 1925, the Yenisei province was liquidated. Its territory was divided into five districts - Achinsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Khakass. They became part of the Siberian Territory with the administrative center in Novosibirsk.

The Siberian Territory was assigned the role of a producer and processor of agricultural raw materials. In the former Yenisei province, priority was given to the development of the food, gold mining and timber industries. Thus, in the 1920s, the Yenisei region, like Siberia as a whole, was considered exclusively as a raw materials appendage. During the years of the first five-year plans, 22 timber industry enterprises were created in the Yenisei taiga. In 1929, the city of Igarka was founded beyond the Arctic Circle, which became a center for processing wood for export.

By the end of the 1920s, agricultural output had surpassed pre-war levels. The standard of living of the Yenisei peasantry has clearly increased.

From the beginning of the 1930s, the redrawing of administrative formations began again. In 1930, the Siberian Territory was divided into two - West Siberian and East Siberian. The Achinsk, Minusinsk and Khakass districts went to the West Siberian Territory (center - Novosibirsk), and the Krasnoyarsk and Kansk districts - to the East Siberian (center - Irkutsk). In July 1930, the districts (except national ones) were abolished, and districts were introduced instead. At the end of 1930, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki national districts were formed on the territory of the East Siberian Territory, and the Khakass Autonomous Region was formed on the territory of the West Siberian Territory.

The tasks of accelerating the economic development of Siberia required the disaggregation of huge and difficult to manage administrative units. And on December 7, 1934, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions and on the formation of new regions and regions of Siberia. The second paragraph of this resolution referred to the creation of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with the center in the city of Krasnoyarsk. The new region also included three national education- Taimyr and Evenk national districts, Khakass Autonomous Region. In fact, the Krasnoyarsk Territory turned out to be almost completely within the territorial boundaries of the former Yenisei Governorate. During 1935-36. As part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, new districts were formed - Berezovsky, Daursky, Idrinsky, Ilansky, Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky, Tyukhtetsky, Emelyanovsky. Until December 1936, the congress of Soviets was the supreme governing body of the region, and in the period between congresses - the regional executive committee. The first Regional Congress of Soviets began on January 6, 1935. It was held in Krasnoyarsk in the building of the railway workers' cultural center, and 377 delegates were present. The congress elected a regional executive committee of 98 people, the first chairman of which was Iosif Ivanovich Reshchikov. To implement its resolutions and guide subordinate bodies, the executive committee elected a presidium consisting of 15 people and five candidates for members of the presidium. In December 1936, a new Constitution of the USSR was adopted. The management of the region has changed. From now on, the supreme governing body was Regional Council workers' deputies. Between its sessions, management was carried out by the executive committee of the regional council. However, the real power in the region throughout the Soviet period was carried out by the regional committee of the party.

The administrative reorganization was basically completed by 1939. By this time, the Krasnoyarsk Territory included: one autonomous region, two national districts, nine cities, 17 urban-type settlements, 57 districts, 997 rural councils.

During the years of the first five-year plans, the industrial development of the region noticeably accelerated. But the main attention was paid exclusively to raw materials industries. The Montenegrin coal mines were developed, mines were built in Korkino and the Irshe-Borodino region. Mining and processing of mica and graphite began. Mineral deposits were discovered in the Norilsk Valley, followed by the construction of the city of Norilsk (founded in 1935) and the Norilsk mining and smelting plant. New industrial enterprises are being built in the region: a rosin and brick factory, a shipyard, a graphite factory, a woodworking plant, machine building plant in Krasnoyarsk, a condensed milk plant and a mill plant in Kansk. In the 1930s, the Northern Sea Route was mastered. Ports in Dikson, Dudinka, Igarka, Khatanga were opened for its service. The first overhead lines are being laid. In 1934, aircraft repair shops were opened in Krasnoyarsk on Molokov Island.

Undoubted successes in the development of industry obscured the very modest standard of living of the population of the region. Interruptions in the supply of food and manufactured goods were commonplace. It was not until the mid-1930s that cards were abolished. Public transport worked unsatisfactorily, the situation with housing was very difficult.

As well as throughout the country, the rink of the collectivization of agriculture swept through the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the 1930s. Siberian peasants experienced all the "charms" of this process - dispossession, forcible driving of peasants to collective farms, massive violations of the law, and so on. In 1931, a peasant uprising broke out on the territory of the Dzerzhinsky district, led by the former red partisan Isak Knyazyuk. After his name, the movement was called "Knyazyukovshchina". The performance of the peasants was suppressed by the troops. But there was no general organized resistance of the peasants to collectivization in the region.

Collectivization was completed successfully - by 1940, individual farms in the Krasnoyarsk Territory had almost disappeared. In the early 40s, 2341 collective farms, 76 state farms and 105 machine and tractor stations operated on the territory of the region.

In the 1930s, the Krasnoyarsk Territory became one of the main "islands" of the Gulag. There were dozens of camps for keeping numerous "enemies of the people". Almost all major construction projects in the Krasnoyarsk Territory used the labor of prisoners. The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, the Sorsk Molybdenum Combine, the Krasmash plant, the pulp and paper mill in Krasnoyarsk and many other facilities were built mainly by their labor. Thousands of exiled settlers were also sent to the region - peasants classified as kulaks, representatives of the repressed peoples, "Trotskyist opportunists."

The wave of repressions did not pass the region itself. Its peak falls on the second half of the 30s. More than 7 thousand people became victims of terror, among them - the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU (b) Pavel Akulinushkin, the chairman of the Krasnoyarsk city council Emelyan Kochukov, the chairman of the regional executive committee Iosif Reshchikov, the secretary of the Krasnoyarsk city party committee Stepanov, the doctor and public figure Vladimir Krutovsky, the first Krasnoyarsk professor of geology Vyacheslav Kosovanov, chemist Nikolai Klyachin, mathematician Alexei Rakhletsky, writers Pyotr Petrov, Vladimir Zazubrin, Vivian Itin (author of the first science fiction novel in the USSR "The Land of Gonguri"). There was not a single organization in the region in which "enemies of the people" would not be identified. Ideological intolerance and spy mania were introduced into the mass consciousness. The intrigues of the agents of imperialism were seen in any shortcomings and miscalculations, they explained the low standard of living of the people.

But not everything in the region was bad. Undoubted successes have been achieved in the field of public education. By the mid-1930s, almost all children were covered by universal education. About 40% of adults went through the educational program network. By the end of the 1930s, over 97% of the region's population could read and write. Universal four-year education was introduced. Two higher educational institutions appeared in the regional center - the Siberian Forestry (later - the Technological) Institute (1930) and pedagogical institute(1932). Teacher training schools were opened in Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Achinsk, Yeniseisk and Kansk. Medical colleges appeared in Krasnoyarsk and Abakan. Agricultural colleges trained specialists in Abakan and Achinsk. Kansk, Rybinsk, Shushensk. In 1932 a river technical school was opened in Krasnoyarsk. In 1935, a regional book publishing house was created, at the same time a regional committee for radio and radio broadcasting appeared. In 1935, the Krasnoyarsk Regional scientific Library. Thanks to the development of a network of special educational institutions, the region has received many qualified specialists. By the end of the second five-year plan, about 3 thousand engineers and technicians, about 2 thousand agronomists, more than 10 thousand teachers, 720 doctors worked here. In June 1935, at the first congress of doctors, a regional medical society was created. The level of provision of the population with medical care has increased by an order of magnitude compared to the pre-revolutionary period.

The network is growing rapidly preschool institutions- nurseries, kindergartens, their material and staffing is improving.

The first scientific institutions also appeared in the region - a sanitary and epidemiological station, a Krasnoyarsk fruit and berry station, the Siberian Research Institute of Forestry, a branch of the All-Union Research Institute of Lake and River Economy. The Stolby reserve is becoming not only a favorite vacation spot for Krasnoyarsk residents, but also a research site.

The periodical press was represented by regional newspapers Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy and Krasnoyarsky Komsomolets; districts had their own newspapers, large-scale enterprises issued large-circulation newspapers. The entire press was party officialdom, private publications disappeared in the early 1920s.

Krasnoyarsk literature finally took shape in the 1930s. In Krasnoyarsk, a literary association was formed, which in those years was headed by M.Yu. Glosus. These years begin creative activity later such well-known writers as the writer Sergei Sartakov and the poet Kazimir Lisovsky.

The theater enjoyed the support of the authorities. In addition to the classics, revolutionary plays were staged. By 1941, there were five stationary theaters and eight mobile theaters in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Theaters worked in Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Achinsk, Kansk, Igarka.

But, on the other hand, the party leadership seeks to use culture as constituent part ideological and propaganda apparatus. Educational and cultural workers are regularly purged and checked for political loyalty. The works of artists, writers, poets, theatrical performances were strictly checked for ideological purity. The method of socialist realism was implanted in art, understood as the glorification of communist ideals and the denigration of the entire pre-Soviet history and culture. However, the new Soviet intelligentsia, which emerged from the workers and peasants, took the party leadership of culture for granted and obediently heeded the instructions of the communist leaders.

Mass call sharply exacerbated the staffing problem. It was solved by attracting women and teenagers to the production. The enterprises operating in the region were transferred to the production of military products. Already in the first months of the war, factories and factories evacuated from the front line began to arrive on the territory of the region. In 1941 alone, 30 enterprises were imported. One of the first was the plant "Red Profintern" from the city of Bezhitsa, Bryansk region. The equipment of this enterprise is located in almost 6,000 wagons. In Krasnoyarsk, this plant produced mortars. In August 1941, the equipment of the Zaporizhia Kommunar plant arrived. During the war years, he made shells, and after the war, a combine plant was founded on the basis of the equipment of this enterprise. A photographic paper factory arrived from the city of Shostka, Sumy region. In total, only nine large industrial enterprises were evacuated to Krasnoyarsk. Also, three medical institutes and two dental institutes were relocated from Leningrad and Voronezh to the regional center. On their basis, the Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute was subsequently created, in which the outstanding surgeon V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky (Bishop Luke)

Krasnoyarsk residents actively participated in various forms of the patriotic movement. They donated money to the defense fund, collected things for the soldiers of the Red Army, sent gifts to the front, donated blood for hospitals. In 1941-45. the inhabitants of the region contributed about 260 million rubles to the defense fund and collected more than 150 million rubles for the purchase of military equipment. Tens of thousands of Krasnoyarsk citizens fought on the fronts. On the territory of the region were formed 119, 378, 382, 374 rifle divisions, 78th Volunteer Brigade, 22nd Bomber Aviation Regiment and other combat formations. Title of Heroes Soviet Union received 192 natives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the pilot Stepan Kretov was awarded this title twice.

Although the Krasnoyarsk Territory was located very far from the front, but fighting were carried out on its territory. 27 August 1942 German heavy cruiser"Admiral Scheer" attacked the port of Dikson. However, in an unequal battle, Soviet sailors and coastal defense fighters managed to repulse the enemy ship. Operation German command"Wunderland" to block the Northern Sea Route was thwarted at the cost of the lives of seven defenders of Dixon.

Through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the war years, American combat aircraft from Alaska, received under Lend-Lease, were distilled. Krasnoyarsk was one of the key points of the AlSib air route (Alaska-Siberia).

In the postwar years, the views of the government on the role of Siberia in Soviet economy. If earlier it was assigned the role of a raw materials appendage of the European territory of the country, now the task has arisen of creating a powerful industrial complex in the east. In 1941-42, the Nazi occupation of the western regions, where the main industrial potential was concentrated, put the country in an extremely difficult situation. Siberia was supposed to become an industrial backup for Central Russia and Ukraine. Krasnoyarsk Territory thanks to its geographic location is the least exposed to the danger of occupation by a probable aggressor, and therefore is especially attractive as a manufacturer of defense products.

In the years of the fourth five-year plan, industrial construction began in the region. Work began on the construction of a mining and chemical plant near Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, now Zheleznogorsk), the Krasnoyarsk television plant, the Sorsk molybdenum plant, the Irsha-Borodino coal mine, the Krasnoyarsk synthetic rubber plant, and the Sibelektrostal plant were put into operation. Krasnoyarsk self-propelled harvesters had a high reputation among consumers. By the end of the fourth five-year plan, industrial production in the region had surpassed the pre-war level.

On the other hand, there were also numerous problems. The main attention was paid to objects of heavy industry, the production of consumer goods lagged far behind. Light industry enterprises often did not fulfill the plan, their products were of poor quality. This led to disproportions in the economy. The share of manual labor was very high.

Organizational recruitment was carried out in the countryside to provide enterprises and construction sites with labor, as a result of which agriculture turned out to be very drained of blood. Capital investments in the countryside were almost 10 times less than in industry. Due to low procurement prices, the profitability of the vast majority of farms was negligible, and many collective farms did not even cover their expenses. Not surprisingly, the growth rate in the agricultural sector lagged far behind the industry. But even this growth was achieved through the development of personal subsidiary farms, and not social production. Most of the collective farmers either received nothing for their work, or the payment for workdays did not cover even the minimum needs. For many villagers, private farming was the only way to survive. The standard of living of rural workers lagged far behind the well-being of workers, although in the cities people at that time did not bathe in luxury. Even the necessary goods were not available in the village shops. In 1948 -1950. in the country, a massive price reduction was carried out, but it had almost no effect on the well-being of the villagers, since the agricultural tax for the same period increased one and a half times. By the beginning of the 1950s, agriculture in the Krasnoyarsk Territory eked out a miserable existence. However, official reports and newspaper reports were overflowing with bureaucratic optimism, trumpeting in unison about non-existent successes.

Considerable attention was paid to culture. Back in 1944, a department for architecture and an architectural commission was opened at the regional executive committee. Krasnoyarsk in 1952 received a new river station. In June 1946, the Krasnoyarsk branch of the Writers' Union of the USSR was formed. It was headed first by M. Glozus, then by S. Sartakov. Much attention has traditionally been given to public education. By the beginning of the 1950s, there were seven universities, 51 secondary specialized educational institutions, and 3291 secondary schools in the region. Particular attention is paid to libraries - there were 1260 of them. But the party's dictate over science, education, culture in the second half of the 40s increased dramatically. Writers, artists, directors, musicians, amateur art groups had to work according to plans approved by the administrative authorities. Pogrom discussions of ideologically harmful works were systematically carried out. Cultural and domestic spheres were financed on a residual basis. Workers in culture, education, health care, especially those who worked in the countryside, received very low wages, which, moreover, were constantly delayed.

The cities and towns of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were not particularly beautiful. The construction of houses was often carried out haphazardly and chaotically, the features of the relief and climate were not taken into account, the needs and requirements of the population were not taken into account. Urban landscapes were striking in their dullness and dullness. The regional department for architecture in 1951 sharply criticized the activities of design and construction organizations. In particular, the development of the working settlement of Nazarovo was recognized as completely unsatisfactory. Chaotic development, placement of new buildings without taking into account the red lines of streets, excessive dispersion in development, a complete lack of improvement of new quarters, and other shortcomings were noted. As a result, the executive committee of the regional council adopted a decision "On the unsatisfactory quality of building the workers' settlement of Nazarovo."

The death of Stalin caused deep grief among the majority of the inhabitants of the region. Funeral rallies were held everywhere. Many did not imagine how it is possible to live without a father and a teacher. But, as it turned out, it is possible, and even better than with him.

In the second half of the 1950s, the national economy of the region achieved impressive success. The scope of industrial construction has surpassed all previous indicators. In 1960 alone, nine all-Union shock construction projects were located on the territory of the region. The creation of powerful bases for the construction industry began in Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, and Achinsk. The most famous construction projects of the late 1950s and 1960s included the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station (at that time the most powerful in the world), the Nazarovskaya state district power station, the Achinsk alumina plant, and the Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant. The electrification of the Trans-Siberian Railway has been completed throughout the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The development of the Talnakh copper-nickel deposit began. Significantly more attention began to be paid to light industry - the region was replenished with new enterprises for the production of consumer goods. This made it possible to ease the trade deficit. Housing construction expanded widely. In the entire previous history of the region, housing has never been built at such a high pace. The cities of the region were covered with the famous "Khrushchev". Although these houses are clearly not among the masterpieces of architecture, they are distinguished by an uncomfortable layout of apartments, but for people who moved there from dugouts, temporary huts and barracks, at one time they seemed to be palaces. By the mid-1960s, although the housing problem had not disappeared, it was no longer so acute.

Noticeable shifts have also taken place in traditionally lagging agriculture. The Krasnoyarsk Territory took an active part in the virgin epic. The area of arable land here has increased by more than a million hectares. The largest amount of virgin lands was developed in the Shirinsky, Uzhursky, Krasnoturansky, Kansky, Irbeysky, Balakhtinsky districts. The yields of grain crops and the productivity of animal husbandry have increased. The economy of collective farms and state farms has strengthened significantly. For success in the field of agricultural production, the Krasnoyarsk Territory on October 23, 1956 was awarded the order Lenin. In the early 1960s, a struggle broke out against private subsidiary plots, which were declared to be a relic of capitalism. The consequences of this campaign had the most negative impact on the food supply of the cities of the region.

In the late 1950s, it changed social structure population. For the first time in history, the share of the urban population in the region has surpassed the rural population.

The second half of the 1950s was marked by a significant rise in the well-being of the people. Wages in the cities have grown one and a half times, and the cash income of collective farmers - two and a half times. The highest growth in wages was noted in non-ferrous metallurgy. Pensions and benefits have more than doubled. Since the production of agricultural products and commodities outpaced the growth of cash income, the trade deficit decreased. Compulsory subscription to loans, which in the Stalin years took up to a third of meager earnings, was banned. Although the life of the workers of the region cannot be called particularly prosperous (the average salary by the beginning of the 60s was just over 96 rubles), but the former poverty is a thing of the past. The notable successes of the late 1950s created the illusion that all difficulties were behind us, and only victories and achievements lay ahead. The program adopted in 1961 by the 22nd Party Congress for building a communist society within 20 years did not yet seem fantastic.

In 1970, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was awarded the second Order of Lenin for the successful implementation of the plans of the eighth five-year plan.

In the 1970s, the industrial power of the Krasnoyarsk Territory continued to grow. Local authorities have staked on the transformation of Krasnoyarsk into a grandiose industrial and energy complex. These plans were in complete agreement with the plans of the government. In 1970, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved a long-term comprehensive program for the development of the productive forces of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and adopted a corresponding joint resolution. Under this program, it was supposed to speed up the creation of large territorial-production complexes and industrial centers on the basis of the use of the mineral, energy, and labor resources of the region. The cities of Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Norilsk, Kansk, Achinsk, Nazarovo, Minusinsk and Yeniseisk were to become such industrial hubs. To implement this plan, which was called the "Krasnoyarsk Decade", it was supposed to build several dozen large plants, as well as significantly expand the fuel and energy base. As part of the implementation of this program, the following were built: the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, the Minusinsk Electrotechnical Complex, the Abakan Carriage Works, the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Energy Complex (KATEK) was formed, the construction of the Boguchanskaya and Kureyskaya HPPs, the Sayan Aluminum Plant, the Krasnoyarsk Plant of Heavy Excavators, the capacity of the Nazarovsky and Irsha-Borodinsky coal mines has been increased.

Industrial giants have caused enormous damage to the Siberian nature. The authorities came to their senses in the mid-70s. In November 1976, the regional committee of the CPSU and the executive committee of the regional council adopted a resolution "On measures to improve the protection of air, water basins and soils in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1976-1980." The accelerated introduction of treatment facilities began. Emissions into the atmosphere have somewhat decreased, but the environmental situation has remained unfavorable, especially in cities.

The absolute success of the regional authorities is the improvement of transport. The final formation of passenger aviation falls on the 70s. The new Krasnoyarsk airport in Yemelyanovo was put into operation. On the airways, the latest aircraft for that time were used. The operational length of the Krasnoyarsk railway has increased, the Reshoty-Karabula line has been put into operation. Over half railways was electrified. Cargo turnover has increased significantly. The transport fleet began to work more efficiently. The work of public transport in cities has somewhat improved, but it can hardly be considered completely satisfactory. Passengers still had to stand idle at stops waiting for overcrowded buses and trolleybuses, especially during peak hours. The transport problem was most acute in the regional center. Krasnoyarsk then grew rapidly; the outdated road network and transport fleet could hardly cope with the increase in the number of passengers.

Krasnoyarsk Territory from ancient times to the 17th century.

The north of the region was inhabited already from the end of the 1st millennium BC. e., there lived nomadic Samoyedic tribes - the ancestors modern peoples(Dolgans, Nenets). Many tribes, tribal unions, primitive states appeared and disappeared on this earth. The new history of the Yenisei country begins with its entry into the Russian state.
The first detachments of fishermen, service people began to penetrate here since the end of the 16th century. In 1598, the detachment of Fyodor Dyakov reached the banks of the Yenisei for the first time. But the Russians did not stay here for long. Only with the foundation of the Mangazeya prison on the Taz River was a solid basis created for the establishment of Russian influence in the Yenisei land. In 1607, the first permanent Russian settlement in our region was founded - the Turukhansk winter hut (later the city of Turukhansk). The penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia went along the Ket River - the right tributary of the Ob. In 1619, a detachment of servicemen passed along this road under the leadership of the son of the boyar Albychev and the archery centurion Cherkas Rukin, who founded the city of Yeniseisk. The Russian conquest proceeded from north to south. In the first half of the seventeenth century, wooden forts-forts Krasnoyarsk (1628), Achinsk (1641), Kansk (1636) appeared in the Yenisei basin. The first Russian inhabitants of the region were serving Cossacks. The indigenous population did not particularly object to the Russian presence. The exception was the Yenisei Kirghiz, stubborn battles with which continued until the beginning of the 18th century, when the united detachments of the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Tomsk and Kuznetsk utterly defeated the warlike steppe inhabitants in several battles. In 1623, a huge Yenisei district was formed, which included not only the lands around the great river, but the entire Angara region. Yeniseisk became its center. The first Yenisei governor was Prince Yakov Ivanovich Khripunov. In 1629, the entire Yenisei region became part of the Tomsk region. Over the course of a century and a half, the administrative-territorial division has repeatedly changed.

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

In the 17th century part of the modern territory of the region was part of the Tomsk district, part - in the Krasnoyarsk. The territory of the latter either increased or contracted. In 1724, the Yenisei province was singled out as part of the Siberian province. In 1782 the province was liquidated; its counties are included in the Tomsk region, and fourteen years later, with the abolition of the Tomsk region, the territory of the region is divided between the Tobolsk and Irkutsk provinces and the Kolyvan region. In 1797, the entire Yenisei basin became part of the Tobolsk province, and in 1804 it was transferred to the Irkutsk province.
The Yenisei lands were little developed economically. They were of interest to the government solely as a source of furs. Agriculture and animal husbandry were of a natural nature, crafts were in their infancy. Throughout the seventeenth century, the main actors in Siberian history were serving Cossacks, merchants, and hunters. A peasant farmer was not often met, since managing among non-peaceful tribes is not only difficult, but also mortally dangerous. With the defeat of the militant Yenisei Kirghiz, the agricultural development of the region accelerated significantly, but still, only insignificant territories of the central and southern parts of the Yenisei region were subject to development.

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the XIX century.

The next stage in the history of the Yenisei region is associated with the reforms of Mikhail Speransky. In 1819, this well-known Russian politician was sent with the broadest powers to conduct an audit of Siberia. The reason for the revision was the completely unsatisfactory state of affairs in the management and economic development of the region. The imperial office was inundated with piles of complaints about the excesses of local administrators. The economic return from the Trans-Urals was falling, Siberia was turning into a burden for the state. At court and in the periodical press, voices were heard about the uselessness of the Siberian possessions for the country. Speransky was charged with the duty to find out the causes of the disastrous state of affairs and find ways to eliminate the shortcomings.
As a result of Speransky's reforms, all of Siberia was divided into two governor-generals - Irkutsk and Tomsk. Each of them included several provinces. In 1822, the Yenisei Governorate was formed as part of the Irkutsk General Government. The city of Krasnoyarsk was identified as its center. The Moscow highway passed through it, connecting the city with the center of the country; Yeniseisk, which turned out to be away from the tract, lost its former significance. Alexander Petrovich Stepanov became the first governor. He favorably differed from all previous chiefs in honesty, incorruptibility, and zeal for the province entrusted to him. His successors were not always so scrupulous.
The administration of the province was determined by the laws of the Russian Empire. It was headed by a civil governor, who concentrated administrative, military, and judicial power in his hands. Under the governor, there was a council that was supposed to limit his power, but in reality the role of this council was small, since it included officials personally dependent on the governor.
The territory of the province basically coincided with the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory (with the exception of Khakassia). It was divided into five districts - Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Minusinsk and Achinsk. The Turukhansk Territory was part of the Yenisei Okrug.
In the second half of the XIX century. The Usinsk border district became part of the province. The district chiefs were at the head of the districts, and the district police officers were in charge of the police and the court. In cities, administrative power was exercised by the mayor, economic affairs were handled by the city duma, elected from among the most prosperous citizens. In terms of territory, the Yenisei province surpassed any of the European states, but the population density was one of the lowest not only in Russia, but also in Siberia.
The influx of population was mainly due to immigrants from European Russia, as well as exiles and convicts. At will, only state peasants could move to Siberia; serfs fell only as exiles. In the Yenisei province, as well as in Siberia as a whole, there was no serfdom. A sharp increase in the number of immigrants occurred in the 30-40s of the XIX century. About 30 thousand peasants from the Vologda, Vyatka, Perm, Yaroslavl, Oryol, and Penza provinces settled in the Yenisei lands. Most of the settlers settled in the southern regions of the Yenisei province, where there were better conditions for agriculture. Both in the 18th and 19th centuries, the main method of allocating land to the peasants was the right of seizure. The peasant took as much free land as he could cultivate; then the chosen plots were assigned to him legally in the form of allotments. State taxes were also collected from these allotments. This method was possible due to the low population density and the large amount of free fertile land. Virgin lands in the early years gave very decent harvests. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the standard of living of Siberian peasants was generally higher than that of Europeans.
In the second third of the XIX century. the number of political exiles increased sharply. After the suppression of the Decembrist movement, participants in the uprising turned out to be in the province - a total of 31 people.
In the 30s of the XIX century. significant changes took place in the economy of the province. Gold mining began, which flourished in the 1940s and 1950s. By 1847, there were 119 mines in the Yenisei region, mostly nesting in the basins of the Kazyr, Kizir, Amyl, Sisim, Biryusa, Uderey, Pit, Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers. The province was engulfed in a gold rush. People of various classes and ranks rushed to mine gold. In terms of the value of the products produced, the gold industry has left behind all other industries combined. In different years, 20-30 thousand workers were employed at the gold mines. The cities of Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk experienced a period of rapid growth. Money poured in. The profit of gold miners was sometimes 800-850%. However, gold did not contribute to the radical restructuring of the economy of the province. It rather played the role of an economic drug. Large miners invested money not in the development of industry, but in luxury goods, led a cheerful and wild life. Only a few were able to preserve and increase their capital, but even they invested their funds for the most part in trade.
By the middle of the XIX century. The gold miners Vostrotin, Kuznetsovs, Danilovs, Cheremnykhs, Kytmanovs, Astashevs, Khilkovs and others were the ones who turned over the largest capitals. Small prospectors usually drank all the prey in the shortest possible time. Since the early 1960s, gold mining has been steadily declining.
The level of other branches of industry in the province was absolutely negligible. Products were produced almost entirely for the domestic market. Small handicraft enterprises with 5-7 workers prevailed in the province. By the end of the XIX century. in the province there was only one large enterprise - the Abakan ironworks, which employed 800 people. In 1833, the Znamensky glass factory was founded near Krasnoyarsk (now the village of Pamyati 13 Bortsov).
At the end of the XIX century. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through the territory of the Yenisei province. The first test train arrived in Krasnoyarsk on December 6, 1895. This event led to significant changes in both the economic and social life of the region.

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the first half of the 20th century.

Already at the beginning of the twentieth century, a calm and serene life for the local authorities ended. Workers' strikes follow one after another. The railroad workers are at the forefront of the strike movement. Committees of revolutionary parties appear in the cities.
The Yenisei province took an active part in the First Russian Revolution. The most active revolutionary actions took place in Krasnoyarsk, Ilanskaya, and Bogotol. Throughout 1905, strikes at the enterprises of Krasnoyarsk almost did not subside, and in December an armed uprising took place in the provincial center, during which the United Council from soldiers and workers seized power in the city for a short time.
In 1906 - 1907. the strike movement is on the decline, the strikes are of an economic nature. But the peasant movement broke all records. It was especially powerful in the southern regions of the province. According to the Minusinsk police officer, 1906 was the year of "complete lack of authority" in the Minusinsk district.
By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. somewhat revived local industry. The technical re-equipment of gold mining enterprises is underway. Foreign capital and large Russian banks begin to actively infiltrate the economy of the province. However, there were very few large industrial enterprises in the province - these are the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops (2000 workers), the Znamensky glass factory (900 workers), the Ilan railway depot (700 workers), the Abakan ironworks (500 workers), the Yulia copper mine (650 workers). ). The rest of the enterprises were very small both in terms of the number of employees and the volume of output.
The victory of the October Revolution in Krasnoyarsk became known on October 27. And on the night of October 29, a detachment of revolutionary soldiers under the command of Sergei Lazo captured the key points of the city - the bank, the treasury, the telegraph office, and the provincial printing house. The Krasnoyarsk Provincial Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies announced the transfer of full power to it and the dismissal of the provincial commissar Krutovsky. Not everyone liked the action of the Bolsheviks - the Krasnoyarsk Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Cadets opposed the arbitrariness of the Soviet and condemned the coup in Petrograd. The Achinsk City Duma announced the severance of all relations with the Bolshevik Soviet. Refused to recognize Soviet power and the Yenisei Cossacks.
However, the Bolsheviks did not pay much attention to the protests. They formed the Yenisei Provincial People's Commissariat to lead the province, nationalized the banks, introduced workers' management at private enterprises, and disbanded all the former governing bodies. In all cities of the province, power also passed into the hands of the Soviets. Revolutionary committees were set up in Kansk and Minusinsk to fight the counter-revolution. The Bolsheviks tried to improve the economy of the region. For this purpose, on January 10, 1918, they formed the provincial economic department, later renamed the Council of the National Economy. However, the new government did not achieve much success in the restoration and development of the national economy.
The Kolchak authorities returned the old order and tried to restore order in the province. However, they were not very successful in creation. Forced mobilization into the army, requisitions of food, cruel terror caused discontent among the population. The Czech "allies" of Kolchak behaved disgustingly, actively engaging in mass robberies, violence, and murders of innocent people. For many years, Siberians shudderedly recalled the "exploits" of the Czech marauders, and the song with the words "evil Czechs attacked us" became a folk song. As a result, resistance to the Kolchak regime is constantly growing. In Kansk, Ilansk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, uprisings broke out against the whites.
In the 1920s, the government of the USSR was actively involved in the reorganization of the administrative-territorial division of the country. In 1925, the Yenisei province was liquidated. Its territory was divided into five districts - Achinsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Khakass. They became part of the Siberian Territory with the administrative center in Novosibirsk.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 7, 1934, as a result of the disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed.
The Achinsk, Birilyussky, Bogotolsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky, Minusinsky, Ermakovsky, Nazarovsky, Usinsky and Uzhursky regions, as well as the Khakass Autonomous Region, consisting of six regions, moved away from the West Siberian to the new region. From the East Siberian - the entire Yenisei and Kansk districts as part of 21 districts, as well as the Evenk and Taimyr national districts. In total, there were 52 districts in the region.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed almost within the former borders of the former Yenisei Governorate. The administrative-territorial division in 1935-1936 underwent significant changes. New districts were formed: Berezovsky, Daursky, Idrinsky, Ilansky, Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky and Tyukhtetsky, in 1936 - Yemelyanovsky district.

Krasnoyarsk Territory during the Great Patriotic War

The Great Patriotic War radically changed the way of life in the region. It was necessary to reorganize work on a war footing, master new production facilities, accept and accommodate evacuated enterprises. From the first days of the war, the mobilization of the population into the active army began. Many Krasnoyarsk citizens went to the front voluntarily. In the first ten months of the war alone, the Komsomol organizations of the region considered 30,000 applications for sending to the front.
The mass conscription sharply exacerbated the personnel problem. It was solved by attracting women and teenagers to the production. The enterprises operating in the region were transferred to the production of military products. Already in the first months of the war, factories and factories evacuated from the front line began to arrive on the territory of the region. In 1941 alone, 30 enterprises were imported. One of the first was the plant "Red Profintern" from the city of Bezhitsa, Bryansk region. The equipment of this enterprise is located in almost 6,000 wagons. In Krasnoyarsk, this plant produced mortars. In August 1941, the equipment of the Zaporizhia Kommunar plant arrived. During the war years, he made shells, and after the war, a combine plant was founded on the basis of the equipment of this enterprise. A photographic paper factory arrived from the city of Shostka, Sumy region. In total, only nine large industrial enterprises were evacuated to Krasnoyarsk. Also, three medical institutes and two dental institutes were relocated from Leningrad and Voronezh to the regional center. On their basis, the Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute was subsequently created, in which the outstanding surgeon V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky (Bishop Luke).
Krasnoyarsk residents actively participated in various forms of the patriotic movement. They donated money to the defense fund, collected things for the soldiers of the Red Army, sent gifts to the front, donated blood for hospitals. In 1941-45. the inhabitants of the region contributed about 260 million rubles to the defense fund and collected more than 150 million rubles for the purchase of military equipment. Tens of thousands of Krasnoyarsk citizens fought on the fronts. The 119th, 378th, 382nd, 374th rifle divisions, the 78th volunteer brigade, the 22nd bomber aviation regiment and other combat formations were formed on the territory of the region. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was given to 192 natives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the pilot Stepan Kretov was awarded this title twice.
Although the Krasnoyarsk Territory was located very far from the front, the fighting was also carried out on its territory. On August 27, 1942, the German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer attacked the port of Dixon. However, in an unequal battle, Soviet sailors and coastal defense fighters managed to repulse the enemy ship. The operation of the German command "Wunderland" to block the Northern Sea Route was thwarted at the cost of the lives of seven defenders of Dixon.
Through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the war years, American combat aircraft from Alaska, received under Lend-Lease, were distilled. Krasnoyarsk was one of the key points of the AlSib air route (Alaska-Siberia).

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the post-war years

In the first post-war years, the main task of the regional authorities was to transfer the economy to a peaceful track. This process turned out to be very difficult and painful - there were not enough personnel, financial and material and technical means. Not surprisingly, in the first post-war year, industrial output fell by 20%. But then production volumes begin to grow steadily. This was facilitated by a powerful industrial base, laid down in the region during the war.
In the postwar years, the government's views on the role of Siberia in the Soviet economy changed. If earlier it was assigned the role of a raw materials appendage of the European territory of the country, now the task has arisen of creating a powerful industrial complex in the east. In 1941-42, the Nazi occupation of the western regions, where the main industrial potential was concentrated, put the country in an extremely difficult situation. Siberia was supposed to become an industrial backup for Central Russia and Ukraine. The Krasnoyarsk Territory, due to its geographical location, is the least exposed to the danger of occupation by a probable aggressor, and therefore is especially attractive as a manufacturer of defense products.
In the years of the fourth five-year plan, industrial construction began in the region. Work began on the construction of a mining and chemical plant near Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, now Zheleznogorsk), the Krasnoyarsk television plant, the Sorsk molybdenum plant, the Irsha-Borodino coal mine, the Krasnoyarsk synthetic rubber plant, and the Sibelektrostal plant were put into operation. Krasnoyarsk self-propelled harvesters had a high reputation among consumers. By the end of the fourth five-year plan, industrial production in the region had surpassed the pre-war level.

Area 2,143.8 thousand sq. km.

General information

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there were: in 1936 - 56, in 1945 - 63, in 1960 - 60, in 1964 - 41 (including 4 industrial ones), in 1974 - 55, in 1986 -56; village councils: in 1936 - 1,026, in 1945 - 1,012, in 1958 - 680, in 1964 - 563, in 1974 - 543, in 1986 - 547. 1959 - 2,615.1; 1970 - 2962.0; 1979 - 3,197.6; 1989 -3,596.2 (in modern borders- 3027.6). In 1936, there were 9 cities and 18 urban-type settlements in the region, in 1945 - 12 and 28, in 1960 - 16 and 48, in 1974 - 20 and 61, in 1986 - 27 and 63. The proportion of the urban population: in 1939 - 29, 8%, in 1959 - 49.6%, in 1989 - 72.8%. National composition: in 1939 - Russians 86.1%, Ukrainians 2.7, Khakasses 2.5, Tatars 1.6, Mordovians 1.3, Belarusians 1.0, peoples of the North 0.8, Chuvashs 0.7, Latvians and Latgalians 0.7, Estonians 0.6, Poles 0.4, Jews 0.3, others 1.3%; in 1959 - Russians 84.3%, Ukrainians 3.3, Germans 2.6, Khakasses 2.0, Tatars 1.5, Belarusians 0.9, Chuvashs 0.8, Mordovians 0.7, Lithuanians 0.7, Latvians 0.5, peoples of the North - 0.3, other 2.4%; in 1989 - Russians 86.3%, Ukrainians 3.3, Khakasses 1.9, Germans 1.5, Tatars 1.5, Belarusians 0.9, Chuvashs 0.8, Mordovians 0.4, peoples of the North - 0.4 , other 3.0%.

Construction does not stop even in such fogs. But with the help of radio communication. Crane BK-1000 B. Photo: Oleg Kapkin, Kodinsk

The Krasnoyarsk Territory has favorable conditions for the progressive development of industry, ranking first in Russia in terms of timber reserves, and third in terms of mineral fuel reserves (mainly lignite, oil). Krasnoyarsk non-ferrous metallurgy produces up to 27% of all Russian aluminum, more than 75% of copper, 80% of nickel, and almost all of platinum. More than half of Krasnoyarsk aluminum, nickel and cobalt is supplied abroad. A non-ferrous metal plant and an aluminum smelter located in Krasnoyarsk, the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant (see Norilsk Nickel) and the Achinsk Alumina Combine are among the world's largest enterprises in their industries. The region is the 2nd coal base of the country after Kuzbass. The capacities of the Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex make it possible to extract up to 55 million tons of coal per year. In terms of electricity production, the region ranks second in the country, and in terms of hydropower resources it is in first place. The Krasnoyarsk, Ust-Khantayskaya, Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations, Nazarovskaya state district power station operate on the territory of the region. There is an enterprise for the processing of nuclear waste. The timber industry complex is represented by almost 400 enterprises producing more than 600 types of products. In terms of timber harvesting, the region ranks third in the country. The most important types of products: coal, iron ore, non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, graphite, Icelandic spar, equipment for the timber and pulp and paper industries, combine harvesters, heavy overhead cranes, ships, household refrigerators, televisions, excavators, containers, electrical products, trailers, tools, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, tires, medical preparations, rubber products. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a monopolist in the Russian Federation in the production of polycrystalline germanium, cobalt and nickel powder, nickel ore, refrigerated semi-trailers, metallurgical cranes, timber loaders, butadiene rubber.

Agriculture

During the economic crisis, the intra-industry structure of agriculture changed. In 2004, the share of crop production in agricultural production was 58%, livestock - 42% (in 1987, respectively, 33.5 and 66.5%). The sown area in 2004 was 1,615.7 thousand hectares. The structure of the sown area: cereals and legumes 59.6%, fodder 34.6%, potatoes and vegetables and gourds 5.5%. The gross harvest of grain is 1,991.9 thousand tons, potatoes - 1,016.2 thousand tons, vegetables - 255.5 thousand tons.

Animal husbandry of the meat and dairy direction, pig and poultry breeding is developed. The number of cattle is 478.6 thousand, pigs - 486 thousand. 108.1 thousand tons of livestock and poultry meat, 651.5 thousand tons of milk, 705.2 million eggs were produced. Reindeer breeding and fur trade are developed in the north, and fishing is on the Yenisei and its tributaries. The main grain producers (91.5%) are large and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. Potatoes and vegetables are grown mainly in personal household plots (LPS) of the population - respectively 97.4 and 90.6%. In the production of meat and milk, the share of agricultural enterprises is 53.3 and 52.7%, household plots - 46 and 46.8%, respectively. The presence of farms is noticeable only in the cultivation of grain - 8%. In the production of other agricultural products, their share is minimal.

Transport

A section of the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (from the Bogotol station in the west to the Nizhnyaya Poima station in the east) and a section of the South Siberian Railway Abakan-. The lines Achinsk-Abakan and Achinsk-Abalakovo-Maklakovo depart from the Trans-Siberian Railway, giving an outlet to the forest of the Angara region. For the export of nepheline ore, the Kiya-Shaltyr (Belogorsk)-Krasnaya Sopka railway, as well as the Lower Poima-Boguchany, was built. The operational length of railways is 2,068 km. Road transport is used mainly in the southern part of the region. Highways: "Baikal" (Novosibirsk-Kemerovo-Achinsk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk), "Yenisei" (Krasnoyarsk-Abakan-Kyzyl-Mongolia). Other important roads: Kansk-Abakan, Achinsk-Yeniseisk. The length of paved roads is 12,620 km. Navigation is carried out along the Yenisei River with access to Northern Sea Route . Major river ports: Krasnoyarsk, Igarka. Seaports: Dixon, Dudinka, Khatanga. There are 15 airports, including the international one in Krasnoyarsk.

Science and education of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

There are 64 scientific institutions in the region, including the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which includes the Institute of Forestry named after. V.N. Sukachev, Institute of Physics. L.V. Kirensky, Institute of Biophysics, Institute of Chemistry and chemical technology, Krasnoyarsk Department for Forecasting the Economic Development of the Region, Institute of Economics and Trade. Institute in Krasnoyarsk medical problems North SB RAMS, several NRU RAAS, about 30 branch research institutes, their branches and departments, a number of design organizations.

The educational system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is a significant part of the social complex and consists of preschool, general, additional and vocational education. In 2004, enrollment of children in preschool educational institutions amounted to 57.5%. In the region 1 529 general education schools, in which 359 thousand students study.

Additional education of students is widely practiced: scientific and technical, physical culture and sports, artistic and aesthetic, tourist and local history. In the system of primary vocational education, there are 93 institutions with 36.6 thousand students; institutions of secondary vocational education - 68 with a student population of 63.2 thousand. The sphere of higher education is represented by higher educational institutions and branches of universities, where more than 124.7 thousand students study. In 2004, medical care in the territory of the region was provided by 255 hospitals, 553 outpatient clinics.

culture

The Krasnoyarsk Territory has rich cultural traditions. At the beginning of the XXI century. there are several theaters in the region: opera and ballet, drama named after. A.S. Pushkin, musical comedy, Youth Theater, puppet theater and others, there are concert halls, an organ music hall, a philharmonic society, a circus, a local history museum. Outside the region, the Krasnoyarsk Academic Symphony Orchestra and the famous Siberian Folk Dance Ensemble named after V.I. M.S. Godenko. In Krasnoyarsk, the Siberian-Far Eastern Branch of the Academy of Arts of Russia named after V.I. IN AND. Surikov. The Krasnoyarsk school of opera singing has a long tradition.

Sights of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

There are 3,999 monuments of history and culture in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, of which 98 are of national significance. Among the most significant are: Memorial Complex V.P. Astafiev in the village of Ovsyanka; historical and ethnographic museum-reserve "Shushenskoye" in the village of Shushenskoye; Yeniseisk is one of 116 cities-monuments of Russia, the urban development of which includes more than 90 architectural and historical monuments (XVII-XVIII centuries), the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery and the Holy Iberian Convent, the Salt Plant (XVII century) in the village Trinity; Local Lore Museum. N.M. Martyanova (1877) in Minusinsk; mansion of merchant G.V. Yudina, Church of the Intercession (1785-95) and Church of the Annunciation (1804-12) in Krasnoyarsk; chapel on the Guard Hill (1855); Museum-estate of V.I. Surikov, Art Museum them. IN AND. Surikov.

Lit.: natural conditions Krasnoyarsk region. M., 1961; Krasnoyarsk Territory (materials on geography and history). Krasnoyarsk, 1962; Krasnoyarsk Territory: Natural and economic-geographical zoning. Krasnoyarsk, 1962; Aleksandrov V.A. Russian population of Siberia XVII beginning 18th century (Yenisei Territory). M., 1964; Kopylov A.N. Russians on the Yenisei in the 17th century. Novosibirsk, 1965; Essays on the history of the Krasnoyarsk party organization. Krasnoyarsk, 1970. Vol. 2; Tarasov G.L. Territorial and economic problems of development and location of the productive forces of Eastern Siberia. M., 1970; Krasnoyarsk Territory: Socio-economic problems. Novosibirsk, 1993; Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. Book one: 1890-1917. Krasnoyarsk, 1996; Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. Book two: 1917-1940. Krasnoyarsk, 1996; Yenisei encyclopedic Dictionary. Krasnoyarsk, 1998; Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. Book Three: 1941 - 1953. Krasnoyarsk, 2000; Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. Book Four: 1954-1985. Krasnoyarsk, 2001; Shevchenko V.N. Creation of the defense industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945). Krasnoyarsk, 2005; Regions of Russia. The main characteristics of the subjects of the Russian Federation. 2005: Stat. Sat. M., 2006.

V.G. Shishikin

Administrative-territorial structure

The Krasnoyarsk Territory includes 17 urban districts and 44 municipal districts.

Districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory		urban districts
Abansky district Achinsk district Balakhtinsky district Beryozovsky district Birilyussky district Bogotolsky district Boguchansky district Bolshemurtinsky district Bolsheuluysky district Dzerzhinsky district Yemelyanovsky district Yeniseisky district Ermakovskiy district Idrinsky district Ilansky district Irbeysky district Kazachinsky district Kansky district Karatuzsky district Kezhemsky district Kozul region Krasnoturansky district	Kuraginskiy district Mansky district Minusinsky district Motyginsky district Nazarovsky district Nizhneingashsky district Novoselovsky district Partizansky district Pirovskiy district Rybinsk region Sayansky district Severo-Yeniseisky district Sukhobuzimsky district Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky Municipal District Taseevsky district Turukhansky district Tyukhtetsky district Uzhursky district Uyarsky district Sharypovsky district Shushensky district Evenk municipal district	A Achinsk To Bogotol From Borodino D Divnogorsk E Yeniseysk F Kansk G Krasnoyarsk H Lesosibirsk I Minusinsk J Nazarovo K Norilsk L Sosnovoborsk M Sharypovo N p. Cedar ZATO Zheleznogorsk ZATO Zelenogorsk ZATO Sunny

Sport

There are 5299 sports facilities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2007 Krasnoyarsk athletes won 116 medals at all-Russian and international competitions. In 2007, 360 regional mass sports events and more than 20 national and international competitions were held in the region.

Tourism

In 1978, a 4-deck cruise ship "Anton Chekhov" was built in Austria. Tourist cruises from Krasnoyarsk to Igarka began to be carried out along the Yenisei, but in view of the great risk when passing through the Kazachinsky rapids in the 21st century, it was transferred by the Northern Sea Route for operation on the Volga.

A large number of tourists visit Shushenskoe and international festival ethnic music "Sayan ring". The "Absolute Drag Battle in the Middle of Russia" - the famous drag racing competition, which set most of the country's records in this discipline, also gained fame.

Yeniseisk has a great tourist potential, which in the 19th century was the best county town in Russia.

Born in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Gorovoy, Alexander Vladimirovich (born 1960) - Russian statesman, Police Lieutenant General, First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (since 2011).
Yarygin, Ivan Sergeevich (November 7, 1948 - October 11, 1997) - two-time Olympic champion in freestyle wrestling.
Surikov, Vasily Ivanovich (January 24, 1848, Krasnoyarsk - March 19, 1916, Moscow) - a great Russian artist.