Subject:"Water. Known and unknown."
Tasks:
- Integrate knowledge about the properties and significance of water in nature from courses in physics, chemistry, biology.
- Systematize knowledge about the physical properties of water, develop knowledge about the chemical properties of water, about the types chemical bond on the example of a hydrogen bond.
- To reveal the role of water in the origin, development of living organisms on Earth.
Equipment: computer, program disks (chemistry, biology), multimedia presentation on the topic of the lesson, reference notes.
DURING THE CLASSES
class greeting. Today we have an unusual lesson. This is a lesson that combines knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics. Such lessons are called integrated, because. help to combine the knowledge of all sciences to create a holistic view of the object under study. Today we will talk about the substance of the planet, unusual in its properties, which has special properties and, of course, the most important for all living things - this is the substance water. The topic of our lesson is “Water. Known and unknown.
We have to find out what properties of water determine its significance for life on Earth.
As an epigraph to our lesson, we chose the words of Leonardo da Vinci: "Water has been given the magical power to become the sap of life on earth."
Biology teacher. About the role of water in nature, academician I.V. Petryaev: “Is water just a liquid that is poured into a glass? The ocean that covers almost the entire planet, our entire wonderful Earth, in which life originated millions of years ago, is water.
The boundless expanse of the ocean
And the quiet backwater of the pond,
The jet of the waterfall and the spray of the fountain,
And it's all just water.
Chemistry teacher. Clouds, clouds, fog carrying moisture to all living things on the earth's surface, this is also water. Endless ice deserts of the polar regions, snow covering almost half of the planet, and this is water.
slide 4
As if dressed in lace
Trees, bushes, wires.
And it seems like a fairy tale
In fact, it's just water.
Physics teacher. Beautiful, unreproducible is the variety of colors of the sunset, its golden and crimson tints; solemn and gentle are the colors of the sky at sunrise. This ordinary and always extraordinary symphony of color is due to the scattering and absorption of the solar spectrum by water vapor in the atmosphere. This is a great artist - water. Boundless variety of life. It is everywhere on our planet. But life is only where there is water. There is no living being if there is no water.
Biology teacher. Let's look at the globe.
Our planet is called the Earth by an obvious misunderstanding: does it have to land? its territory, and everything else is Water! It would be correct to call it the planet Water!
Finding water in nature:
3/4 the globe
97% oceans and seas
3% lakes, rivers, The groundwater
70% contain animal organisms
90% contain fruits of cucumber, watermelon
65% of human body weight
(First, the student tries to formulate a general conclusion)
Conclusion: Water is the most abundant substance on earth. There is no such mineral, rock, organism, which would not include water. (with advent)
Chemistry teacher. By whom, when and by what methods was the qualitative and quantitative composition of the water molecule established?
Lavoisier is entrusted
To check everything
Performed an experiment with Laplace.
Analyzed everything
He synthesized water
And he proved: she is not an element
Student writes the equation on the blackboard water synthesis equation
Chemistry teacher. To prove that water is not an element, and also to confirm the composition of water, Lavoisier and the chemist Jacques Meunier carried out the famous experiments on the decomposition of water.
Work continued
He sees in decay
Water in the trunk, heated red-hot.
And this is the only way
To affirm the truth:
It decomposes into gases.
Student writes the equation on the blackboard water decomposition equation
Chemistry teacher. The study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of a substance is based on two methods: synthesis and analysis. Let's remember the essence of these methods. (Working with a basic abstract)
Disk (chemistry):
Let's give general characteristics water according to the chemical formula.
Exercise: Write down the molecular formula of water and calculate its molecular and molar mass, mass fractions elements
Molecular formula - ?
Mr (H 2 O) \u003d?
M(H 2 O) \u003d?
w(H) = ?
w(O) = ?
Writing on the board for students
Molecular formula - H 2 O
Mr(H 2 O) = 18
M (H 2 O) \u003d 18 g / mol
w(H) = 11%
w(O) = 89%
Physics teacher. Let's remember the physical properties of water. Water is an amazing liquid - it has special properties. For water, as if the laws were not written! But, thanks to these special properties, life was born and developed. Let's list the physical features of water.
Word to students (work using a reference note)
Basic summary:
Water density = 1000 kg / m 3
Specific heat capacity of water с = 4200 J/kg0С
Boiling point t = 1000C
Specific heat vaporization g = 2300 000 J/kg
Freezing point t = 00С
Specific heat of freezing = 330000 J/kg
Student.First feature: According to its chemical structure, water is supposed to melt and boil at low temperatures, which do not exist on earth. There would be, therefore, neither solid nor liquid water on Earth, but there would be only steam. And it boils at 1000C.
Student.Second feature: Water has a very high specific heat of vaporization. If water did not have this property, many lakes and rivers would quickly dry up to the bottom in summer, and all life in them would perish.
Student.Third feature: freezing, water expands by 9% in relation to the previous volume. Therefore, ice is always lighter than unfrozen water and floats upwards. Under such a “fur coat”, even in winter in the Arctic, marine animals are not very cold.
Student.Fourth feature: high heat capacity. Water has 10 times more than iron. Due to the exceptional ability of water to absorb heat, the temperature changes slightly when it is heated and cooled, so marine life is never threatened by either strong overheating or excessive cooling.
Physics teacher. Let's solve an interesting problem on the heat capacity of water. To what height can a 4 ton elephant be raised if the same amount of energy is required to heat 3 liters of water from 200C to boiling?
Biology teacher. The earth would have cooled down and become lifeless long ago if not for water. Terrestrial water absorbs and releases a lot of heat, thereby "equalizing" the climate. And the water molecules scattered in the atmosphere protect from cosmic cold. One poet wrote of a raindrop:
Slide 14
She lived and flowed on the glass.
But suddenly she was enveloped in frost,
And the drop became motionless ice,
And the world has become less warm.
Chemistry teacher. We have considered the physical properties of water, and now let's remember it. Chemical properties. The chemical properties of any substance are manifested in their interaction with other substances.
Disk (chemistry):
Scheme "Chemical properties of water" (without sound)
Writing on the board by students:
1. With metals
2. With separate non-metals
3. With basic oxides
4. With salts
5. C acid oxides (reaction with CO 2)
Biology teacher. But in living cells, water and carbon dioxide are involved in another, much more complex and important reaction.
Student. This process occurs in plant cells and is called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis solar energy stocks up in organic matter Oh. The starting compounds for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. Molecular oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis.
Chemistry teacher. Now let's solve the problem. Determine the mass of glucose that is formed when 132 g of carbon monoxide (IV) is absorbed by the plant during photosynthesis.
Biology teacher. What other vital processes, besides photosynthesis, occur in plants with the participation of water?
Student. Plants need cooling. Therefore, they have to constantly evaporate water. As a result, thermal energy is released.
Biology teacher. Water is a good solvent. Soil mineral salts dissolve in water. In search of water and mineral salts, plant roots penetrate into the earth, sometimes to great depths.
Slide 18
And between plants war reigns.
Trees, grass grow fervently up,
And their roots in the ground, carrying their work,
They are arguing over soil and moisture.
Disk (biology): Water is the basis of life.
Biology teacher. Human life also depends on water. Water makes up more than half of the human body weight (65%). It is part of the blood, digestive juices, tears and other fluids.
Biology teacher. For a normal existence, a person must consume about 2 times more water than nutrients. The loss of 12-15% of water leads to metabolic disorders, and the loss of 25% of water leads to the death of the body.
Chemistry teacher. The world's population consumes 7 billion m3 of water every day. Water is the only wealth of our planet that has no substitutes. For their needs, a person uses only fresh surface and underground waters, which require preliminary purification. Fresh water accounts for only 3% of its total reserves. Therefore, the problem of water pollution is very acute.
Student's message about water pollution and protection.
Physics teacher. Now let's summarize the knowledge about the properties of water, which we talked about today in the lesson.
Water is part of all living organisms and is a participant in all life processes.
AT aqueous solution important chemical processes take place, because water is a good solvent.
Water is a habitat for many organisms.
Water - hydrogen oxide - is a very reactive substance.
Water is the Earth's most important thermoregulator
Biology teacher. An essential component of all living things. Water!
You have no taste, no color, no smell; you can not be described, you enjoy, not understanding what you are. You are not only necessary for life, you are life itself. With you, bliss spreads throughout the whole being, which cannot be explained only by our five senses ...
You are the greatest wealth in the world... Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Chemistry teacher. With these words of Antoine de Saint-Exupery, who miraculously escaped death from thirst in a hot desert, we want to finish our lesson on the most unique and amazing substance on Earth - Water!
- 1. The use of metals in military affairs
- 2. The use of non-metals in military affairs
NON-METALS
A colossal mass of iron was spent in all wars
Only for the first world war 200 million tons of steel were consumed, during the Second World War - about 800 million tons
Iron alloys in the form of armor plates and sheets 10-100 mm thick are used in the manufacture of hulls and turrets of tanks, armored vehicles and other military equipment
The thickness of the armor of warships and coastal guns
reaches 500 mm
In the thirteenth apartment
Livin' famous in the world
What a wonderful conductor.
Plastic, silver.
More about alloys
I won fame
And I am an expert in this field.
Here I am rushing like the wind,
in a space rocket.
I descend into the abyss of the sea,
Everyone there knows me.
I'm visible in appearance
Even with an oxide film
Covered, she is my strong armor
And I am the metal of the space age,
Recently entered the service of man,
Although in technology I am a young metal,
But I won my own glory.
I am heat-resistant and heat-conducting,
And in nuclear reactors is suitable,
And in alloys with aluminum, titanium,
I'm needed like rocket fuel
In terms of lightness, I have no equal in alloys
I am magnesium light and active,
And indispensable in technology:
In many motors you will find parts,
For lighting rockets
There is no other element!
An alloy of copper and zinc - brass - is well processed by pressure and has a high viscosity
It is used for the manufacture of cartridge cases and artillery shells, as it has good resistance to shock loads created by powder gases.
Titanium is used in the production of turbojet engines, in space technology, artillery, shipbuilding, mechanical engineering, nuclear and chemical industries
Titanium alloys are used to prepare the main rotors of modern heavy helicopters, rudders and other critical parts of supersonic aircraft.
And I'm a giant, I'm called a titan.
helicopter propellers,
Steering wheels
And even parts of supersonic aircraft
are made of me
This is what I need!
Separate stages of obtaining nuclear fuel take place in a helium protective environment
Fuel elements are stored and transported in containers filled with helium nuclear reactions
Neon-helium mixture is filled with gas lamps, indispensable for signaling devices
Rocket fuel is stored at the temperature of liquid neon
Polymer metals are widely used in the construction of field and protective structures, the construction of roads, runways, crossings over water barriers.
Many of the most important parts of aircraft, machines, machine tools are pressed from Teflon plastic.
Chemical fibers containing carbon are used to make durable auto and air cords.
Without the products of the rubber and tire industries, cars would stop working, electric motors, compressors, pumps would stop working, and, of course, airplanes would not fly.
Chemistry in military affairs
“…science is the source of the highest good of mankind
during periods of peaceful labor, but it is also the most formidable
weapons of defense and attack in time of war”.
Target: characterize the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. from the position subject chemistry.
Tasks:
Educational: continue to form the ability to work with additional literature, draw up observations in writing, form thoughts in external and inner speech, consolidate special skills in chemistry.
Educational: to form ideas about duty, patriotism, civic responsibility to society, to develop a desire to serve the high interests of their people, their Fatherland.
Educational: to form the ability to analyze, compare, generalize, develop in schoolchildren independent skills to overcome difficulties in learning, create emotional situations of surprise, amusement.
65 years old, almost whole life generations of people has passed since that memorable day - May 9, 1945. Terrible years The Great Patriotic War - the holy pages of the history of our Motherland. They cannot be rewritten. They contain pain and sadness, the greatness of a human feat. And whether it be a chemist or a mathematician, a biologist or a geographer, every teacher must tell the truth about the war. During the war years, the Armed Forces of the USSR had chemical troops that maintained high readiness for anti-chemical protection of units and formations. active army in case the Nazis used chemical weapons, they destroyed the enemy with the help of flamethrowers and carried out smoke camouflage of the troops. Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, they are poisonous substances and means of their use; rockets, shells, mines, aerial bombs with a charge of poisonous substances.
“Soviet chemists during the Great Patriotic War”
The largest Soviet chemical technologist Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich (1896-1980) during the Great Patriotic War was the director and supervisor of one of the leading research institutions of the People's Commissariat of the Chemical Industry - the Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides (NIUIF). Back in the 20s and 30s. was known as the creator of technological methods and the organizer of large-scale industrial production of ammonium phosphates and concentrated fertilizers based on Khibiny apatites, elemental phosphorus from phosphorite ores, boric acid from datolites, and fluoride salts from fluorspar. Therefore, already from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was entrusted with the organization of the production of such chemical products, in containing phosphorus. AT Peaceful time these products were mainly used in the production of complex fertilizers. In wartime, they were supposed to serve the cause of defense, and above all, the manufacture of incendiary means on their basis as one of the most effective types of anti-tank weapons. Self-igniting substances obtained on the basis of phosphorus or mixtures of phosphorus with sulfur were known even before the start of World War II. But then they were nothing more than an object of scientific and technical information. “As soon as it became known about the enemy’s tank offensive,” he recalls, “the command of the Red Army and the Council (for coordinating and strengthening scientific research in the field of chemistry for defense needs) took energetic measures to establish the production of phosphorus-sulfur alloys at the NIUIF pilot plant, where there were specialists in phosphorus and sulfur, a then at a number of other enterprises ... Phosphorus-sulfur compounds were poured into glass bottles, which served as incendiary anti-tank "bombs". But both making and throwing such glass "bombs" at enemy tanks were dangerous for both factory workers and soldiers. And although at first, in 1941, such means were used at the front and had a huge benefit to the cause of defense, in the next, 1942, their production was radically improved. and his employees and, having studied in detail the properties of the phosphorus-sulfur composition, developed conditions that practically eliminated the danger of their manufacture, transportation and combat use. This work, notes, “was noted in the order of the Chief Marshal of Artillery.
“In the autumn of 1941, having captured the nearest airfields around Leningrad, the Germans began the methodical destruction of the city by systematic bombing. But the enemies understood that high-explosive bombs would not be able to quickly level such Big city. Fires - that's what they counted on. Leningrad residents joined in the active fight against fires. In the attics of industrial enterprises, museums, residential buildings, boxes with sand and tongs were installed. People were on duty in the attics day and night. But despite this, not all fires could be prevented. So, on September 8, 1941, the bombings caused 178 fires. Entire neighborhoods, bridges, a fat factory were on fire. 3,000 tons of flour and 2,500 tons of sugar were burned in the famous Badaev warehouses. A fiery tornado arose here, which raged for more than five hours. On September 11, 1941, the Nazis set fire to the trading port. Oil, the fuel of the city, burned like a torch on land and on water.
It was necessary to urgently look for ways of fire protection. It is known that the best flame retardants Flammability reducing substances are phosphates, which absorb heat during decomposition. At the Nevsky Chemical Combine, 40 thousand tons of superphosphate, the most valuable fertilizer, were stored. They had to sacrifice to save Leningrad. A mixture of superphosphate and water was prepared in a ratio of 3: 1. A test site, where they built two identical wooden houses. One of them was treated with a fire-fighting mixture. Incendiary bombs were placed in every house and set off. The rough house caught fire like a match. After 3 min 20 s. all that was left of it was embers. The second house did not burn down. Another bomb was placed on its roof and blown up. Metal melted, but the house did not burn down.
In one month, about 90% of the attic floors were covered with fire retardant. In addition to residential buildings and industrial buildings, attics and ceilings were treated with flame retardants with special care. historical monuments and cultural treasures: the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, Pushkin House, public library. Thousands of high-explosive and tens of thousands of incendiary bombs fell on Leningrad, but the city did not burn down”
Literature
Chemistry at school No. 8 2001, p. 32. Chemistry at school No. 1 1985 pp. 6–12. Chemistry at school No. 6 1993 pp. 16–17. Chemistry at school No. 4 1995 pp. 5–9. . “Chemical experiment with a small amount of reagents”, M .: “Enlightenment”, 1989.
Quiz "Chemistry and Life"
By order of Napoleon, for the soldiers who were on the campaign for a long time, a disinfectant was developed with a triple effect - healing, hygienic and refreshing. Nothing better was invented even after 100 years, therefore, in 1913, at an exhibition in Paris, this tool received the “Grand Prix”. This tool has reached our days. Under what name is it produced in our country? (Triple Cologne) One day Berthollet was pounding KCIO3 crystals in a mortar with a small amount of sulfur left on the walls. After a while there was an explosion. So for the first time, Berthollet carried out the reaction, which later began to be used in the production of ... What? (First Swedish matches) Lack of this element in the body causes thyroid disease. alcohol solution a simple substance treat wounds. About what chemical element does it say? (Iodine) Modern scientists were surprised to find that a brilliant painter, sculptor, architect and scientist made amazing constructive guesses about the structure of a submarine, tank, parachute, ball bearing, machine gun. Left sketches aircraft, including a helicopter with a mechanical drive. Name the scientist. (Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) What work was of particular importance for the defense of Russia? (In 1890–1991, he was doing work to obtain smokeless gunpowder, which was essential for the Russian army) Name the substance that disinfects water. (Ozone) Name the crystalline hydrate necessary both in construction and in medicine (Gypsum)
Questions for profile classes
Mirror
Everyone knows what a mirror is. In addition to household mirrors used since ancient times, technical mirrors are known: concave, convex, flat, used in various devices. Reflective films for household mirrors are prepared from tin amalgam, for technical mirrors - films from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, chromium, nickel and other metals. In chemistry, reactions are used whose names are associated with the term “mirror”: “silver mirror reaction”, “arsenic mirror”. What are these reactions, what are they for? apply?
Bath
Russian, Turkish, Finnish and other baths are popular among the people.
In chemical practice, baths as laboratory equipment have been known since the alchemical period and are described in detail by Geber.
What are baths used for - in the laboratory and what varieties of them do you know?
Coal
Coal, which heats the stove and is used in technology, is known to everyone: it is coal, brown and anthracite. Coal is not always used as a fuel or energy raw material, but figurative expressions with the term "coal" is used in the literature, for example "white coal", meaning the driving force of water.
And what do we mean by the expressions: “colourless coal”, “yellow coal”, “green coal”, “blue coal”, “blue coal”, “red coal”? What is "retort carbon"?
Fire
In literature, the word "fire" is used in the literal and figurative sense. For example, “eyes burn with fire”, “fire of desires”, etc. The whole history of mankind is connected with fire, therefore the terms “fire”, “fiery” have been preserved since ancient times in literature and technology. What do the terms “tinderbox”, “Greek fire”, “marsh fires”, “Dobereiner flint”, “wandering fires”, “fire knife”, “bengal fires”, “Elmo fires” mean?
Wool
After cotton, wool is the second most important textile fiber. It is characterized by low thermal conductivity, high moisture permeability, so we breathe easily and feel warm in winter in woolen clothes. But there is “wool”, from which nothing is knitted or sewn - “philosophical wool”. The name came to us from distant alchemical times. What chemical product are we talking about?
Closet
The wardrobe is a common piece of household furniture. In institutions, we meet with a fireproof cabinet - a metal box for storing securities.
And what kind of cabinets and what do chemists use?
Quiz Answers
Mirror
"Silver Mirror Reaction" - characteristic reaction aldehyde with an ammonia solution of silver oxide (I), as a result of which a precipitate of metallic silver is released on the walls of the test tube in the form of a shiny mirror film. The Marsh reaction, or “arsenic mirror”, is the release of metallic arsenic in the form of a black shiny coating on the walls of the tube, through which, when heated to 300-400 °, arsenic hydrogen is passed - arsine, which decomposes into arsenic and hydrogen. This reaction is used in analytical chemistry and in forensic medicine for suspected arsenic poisoning.
Bath
Since the time of alchemy, water and sand baths have been known, that is, a saucepan or pan with water or sand, giving uniform heating with a certain constant temperature. Liquids are used as a heat carrier: oil (oil bath), glycerin (glycerin bath), molten paraffin (paraffin bath).
Coal
Colorless coal” is gas, “yellow coal” is solar energy, “green coal” is vegetable fuel, “blue coal” is the energy of the ebbs and flows of the seas, “blue coal” is the driving force of the wind, “red coal” is the energy of volcanoes .
Fire
A flint and flint is a piece of stone or steel for making fire from flint. “Dobereiner's flint”, or chemical flint, is a mixture of Bertolet salt and sulfur applied to wood, which flares up when it is added to concentrated sulfuric acid.
“Greek fire” is a mixture of saltpeter, coal and sulfur, with the help of which in ancient times the defenders of Constantinople (Greeks) burned the Arab fleet.
“Swamp lights”, or wandering lights, appear in swamps or cemeteries, where combustible gases are released during decay of organic matter, on the basis of which - silane or phosphines.
“Fire Knife” is a mixture of aluminum and iron powders, burned under pressure in a stream of oxygen. With the help of such a knife, the temperature of which reaches 3500 ° C, it is possible to cut concrete blocks up to 3 m thick.
“Sparklers” is a pyrotechnic composition that burns with a bright colored flame, which includes Bertolet salt, sugar, strontium salts (red), barium or copper salts ( green color), lithium salts (scarlet color). "Elmo's Lights" - luminous electrical discharges at the sharp ends of any objects that occur during thunderstorms or snow blizzards. The name originated in the Middle Ages in Italy, when such a glow was observed on the towers of the Church of St. Elmo.
Wool
"Philosophical wool" - zinc oxide. This substance was obtained in antiquity by burning zinc; zinc oxide was formed in the form of white fluffy flakes resembling wool in appearance. The use of "philosophical wool" was found in medicine.
Closet
In chemical laboratory equipment for drying substances, electric drying cabinets or stoves with a low heating temperature of up to 100-200 ° C are used. To work with toxic substances, fume hoods with forced ventilation are used.
Flame retardants - phosphates saved the city
In the practice of fire prevention, special substances are used that reduce flammability - fire retardants.
In the autumn of 1941, having taken possession of the nearest airfields around Leningrad, the Germans began the methodical destruction of the city by systematic bombing. But the enemies understood that high-explosive bombs would not be able to quickly raze such a large city to the ground. Fires - that's what they counted on. Leningrad residents joined in the active fight against fires. In the attics of industrial enterprises, museums, residential buildings, boxes with sand and tongs were installed. People were on duty in the attics day and night. But despite this, fires raged throughout the city.
It was necessary to urgently look for ways of fire protection. It is known that the best flame retardants are phosphates, which absorb heat during decomposition. At the Nevsky Chemical Combine, 40 thousand tons of superphosphate, the most valuable fertilizer, were stored. They had to sacrifice to save Leningrad. A mixture of superphosphate and water was prepared in a ratio of 3:1, which, when tested at the test site, showed positive results: buildings treated with the mixture did not catch fire when bombs exploded.
In one month, about 90% of the attics of residential buildings and industrial buildings, historical monuments and cultural treasures were covered with flame retardant composition. Thousands of high-explosive and tens of thousands of incendiary bombs fell on Leningrad, but the city did not burn down.
(Chemistry at school No. 8 2001, p. 32.)
“On the use of inorganic substances in military affairs”
Individual tasks - presentations
Topics of work:
- Chemists during the war years The legacy of Prometheus Phosphorus Fertility salt Ammonium nitrate and explosives Laughing gas Smokeless powder and the first Swedish matches Fire - literally and figuratively Philosophical wool Composition “Children against war” Work with additional literature “Who wants to become an excellent student in chemistry?” (10 entertaining questions in chemistry on the topic “On the use of inorganic substances in military affairs”, with a gradation of questions from simple to complex) Abstract “The importance of metals and alloys in modern military technology” Abstract “The role of metals in the development of human civilization” Fairy tale “Metal - worker” It traces and figuratively reflects the importance of iron in the development of human civilization. The beginning of the tale: “In a certain kingdom, at the foot of the Magnetic Mountain, there lived a man - an old man named Iron, and nicknamed Ferrum. He lived in a dilapidated dugout for exactly 5,000 years. Once…” The beginning of the tale: “Once Aluminum and Iron met at the World Exhibition in Paris and let's argue which of them is more important…” You can take topics from various sciences: medicine, biology, geography, history, physics.
When they say that from now on wars will be largely "chemical", they forget that chemistry has been widely used in military affairs for over 700 years for the manufacture of gunpowder and other explosives, and was partially used even earlier, when with its help the combatants burned enemy ships and fortifications with combustible compositions.
So it was burned by "Greek fire", which included oil and saltpeter, the fleet of Oleg, who was trying to take Tsar-grad from the sea; so Olga burned the fortifications of the Drevlyans, etc.
Along with smokeless powder, military chemists used compositions of the opposite property, giving thick smoke.
They are used as "smoke screens" to mask movement. military units or hiding ships from the eyes of the enemy. Bombing with projectiles with such substances marks the point for hitting the target. Substances that develop colored smoke puffs are used for signaling, in particular, from airplanes.
At night, in addition to searchlights, luminous rockets are used to illuminate the area, illuminating enemy positions. Lighting projectiles of this kind are also dropped from airplanes.
In the case of light signaling on water, carbides are used, which decompose with water with the release of brightly burning acetylene.
As you can see, the use of chemistry in the mass extermination of people is not new.
But by "chemical warfare" they usually mean the war with the help of toxic substances, the beginning of which was laid by the Germans in the spring of 1915. Thinking so, they are mistaken.
The well-known ethnographer Weile points out, however, that the use of poison gases for military purposes was already familiar to the ancient Chinese, who threw “stinking pots” at the enemy, and, which surprises us even more, to the primitive inhabitants of America. “The Swedish researcher Nordenskiöld established,” Weile writes, “that in the customs of the Indians South America included the use of even more unpleasant, even life-threatening gases. Spaniard Oviedo y Valles reports an attack with "pepper gas". At the battle of the Orinoco River in 1532, two young Indians walked in front of the front, each carrying a frying pan with burning coals in one hand, and ground pepper in the other. As soon as the wind seemed favorable to them, they poured pepper into the coal. The results were spectacular, as the steam threw the Spaniards into disarray, causing each of them to sneeze for extended periods of time. The moment of such a "pepper" attack is depicted on the cover of the book.
According to the Frenchman Du-Tertre, this tool contributed to the invention of the gas mask.
“Pepper vapor irritates the mucous membranes of the nose and bronchi so much that it can lead to death if you do not leave the poisoned space or use the remedy consisting in wetting a handkerchief in strong vinegar and tying it up your nose to neutralize harmful action pepper."
“The active ingredient in cayenne pepper is called capsitin.
We know that it causes irritation of mucous membranes and respiratory tract; this was known to the Indians, and therefore, in the applied by them military chemistry they can be credited with greater merit than the primitive inhabitants of Canada, close in race to them, about whom, as early as 1558, they were told that they knew how to destroy an attacking enemy with a vapor of fat and the smell of some plants. For this purpose, before the attack of the enemy, they collected brushwood, soaked it with fish oil and lit it, throwing dried leaves of some trees into the fire.
So, nothing is new under the sun. A tear-producing substance, acrolein, secreted by burning fat, appears to have been used almost 400 years before our time. And the prototype of the current gas masks was also known back then.
However, the current gas or chemical warfare is nothing like the "pepper" chemistry of the ancients. The powerfully developed chemical industry—the production of nitric, sulfuric, and other acids, and all kinds of gases—enabled the imperialists for the first time to widely apply chemical methods attacks during the 1914-18 war.
On the previous pages, we have already had to talk in passing about a variety of chemicals used in modern military chemistry. We have become acquainted with explosives, with some of the poisonous substances that are derivatives of chlorine, and with some of the methods for the formation of smoke substances; Finally, we pointed out the main methods of protection against poisonous substances. Let's say, in conclusion, current situation the question of the use of poisonous substances, which the bourgeoisie began to use also "for internal use", in the struggle against the working class.
I have already had occasion to say that for the manufacture of poisonous and explosive substances it is easy to use chemical factories and factories, which, it would seem, have nothing to do with military affairs, so we will not return to this.
According to the main action, toxic substances are divided into: suffocating (chlorine, phosgene, diphosgene, chloropicrin), general poisoning (hydrocyanic acid, carbon monoxide), locally damaging (mustard gas, lewisite), lachrymal (chlorbenzyl, bromobenzyl, acrolein), sneezing (methyl and ethylchlorarsine, diphenylarsine, diphenylchlorarsine, diphenylaminechlorarsine).
The composition of the last two groups includes mainly derivatives of chlorine and arsenic. The purpose of their use is to force the attacked to take off their gas masks.
Tear and sneezing gases are used by the police of the capitalist countries to disperse workers' demonstrations, and in cases of armed action by the proletariat do not hesitate to resort to substances more dangerous to life.
Protection, in addition to the gas masks mentioned above, are masks connected to an apparatus supplying oxygen for breathing, impermeable clothing (for agents that affect the skin), gas shelters, fighter planes, anti-aircraft guns, searchlights and sound detectors, neutralization with appropriate chemicals in the places of action of agents , smoke screens, etc., up to the evacuation of residents from dangerous areas, masking probable points of attack, etc.
One of the latest innovations in this area is a portable gas shelter, which appeared in France at the end of 1935 - a huge bag made of rubberized fabric. When alarmed, it is inflated with air, the necessary furniture, oxygen cylinders and carbon dioxide absorbers are brought into it. The shelter is equipped with an automatic chemical gas analyzer. In the latter, reactive papers moistened with solutions of substances that change their color from chlorine, mustard gas and other agents indicate the presence of one or another agent in the air.
This apparatus for use in the attack of OM can be complicated by an automatic indicator of the percentage of one or another substance in the outside air.
By old memory chemical warfare is sometimes called gas warfare. However, now sprayed liquid and solid toxic substances are used more. They are either fired, enclosing them in explosive shells, or they drop bombs and cylinders filled with them from airplanes.
Chemical warfare is not cheap. But the imperialists will not stand behind this. After all, they extort funds for waging war from the same proletariat, which serves as "cannon fodder" for waging wars. They also account for "earnings" from the sale of means of warfare, including the products of chemical plants and factories.
Discipline: Chemistry and physics
The type of work: abstract
Subject: Chemical substances in military affairs
Introduction.
poisonous substances.
Inorganic substances in the service of the military.
The contribution of Soviet chemical scientists to the victory of the Second World War.
Conclusion.
Literature.
Introduction.
We live in a world of various substances. In principle, a person does not need so much to live: oxygen (air), water, food, basic clothing, housing. However
person learning the world, receiving more and more new knowledge about him, constantly changes his life.
In the second half
century chemical science reached a level of development that made it possible to create new, never before in nature coexisting substances. However,
creating new substances that should serve for the good, scientists also created such substances that became a threat to humanity.
I thought about this when I was studying history.
world war, learned that in 1915. The Germans used poisonous gas attacks to win on the French front. What were the rest of the countries to do?
First of all - to create a gas mask, which was successfully completed by N.D. Zelinsky. He said: “I invented it not to attack, but to protect young lives from
suffering and death." Well, then, like a chain reaction, new substances began to be created - the beginning of the era of chemical weapons.
How does it feel about this?
On the one hand, substances "stand" on the protection of countries. Without many chemicals, we can no longer imagine our life, because they are created for the benefit of civilization
(plastics, rubber, etc.). On the other hand, some substances can be used for destruction, they carry "death".
The purpose of my essay: to expand and deepen knowledge about the use of chemicals.
Tasks: 1) Consider how chemicals are used in military affairs.
2) Get acquainted with the contribution of scientists to the victory of the Second World War.
organic matter
In 1920 - 1930. there was a threat of unleashing the second world war. The major powers of the world were feverishly arming, greatest effort applied for this
Germany and the USSR. German scientists have created a new generation of poisonous substances. However, Hitler did not dare to unleash chemical warfare, probably realizing that its consequences for
relatively small Germany and vast Russia will be incommensurable.
After World War II, the chemical arms race continued for more than high level. Developed countries do not currently produce chemical weapons, however
huge stocks of deadly toxic substances have accumulated on the planet, which poses a serious danger to nature and society
Mustard gas, lewisite, sarin, soman, were adopted and stored in warehouses.
Gases, hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, and another product that is usually depicted in the font "
". Let's consider them in more detail.
is colorless
the liquid is almost odorless, which makes it difficult to detect it by
signs. He
applies
to the class of nerve agents. Sarin is intended
first of all, for air contamination with vapors and fog, that is, as an unstable agent. In some cases, however, it can be used in drop-liquid form for
contamination of the area and military equipment located on it; in this case, the persistence of sarin can be: in summer - several hours, in winter - several days.
through the skin it acts in drop-liquid and vapor states, without causing
this local defeat. The degree of damage by sarin
depends on its concentration in the air and the time spent in the contaminated atmosphere.
When exposed to sarin, the affected person experiences salivation, profuse sweating, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, seizures
severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result of severe poisoning, death.
Sarin formula:
b) Soman is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. Applies
to the class of nerve agents
properties
on the body
human
it works about 10 times stronger.
Soman formula:
present
low volatile
liquids
with very high temperature
boiling, so
their tenacity is many times
more than the persistence of sarin. Like sarin and soman, they are classified as nerve agents. According to the foreign press, V-gases in 100 - 1000
times more toxic than other nerve agents. They are highly effective when acting through the skin, especially in the drip-liquid state: contact with
human skin small drops
V-gases usually cause death in humans.
d) Mustard gas is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic
an odor reminiscent of garlic or mustard. Belongs to the class of skin-abscess agents. Mustard gas slowly evaporates
its durability on the ground is: in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - a month or more. Mustard gas has a multifaceted effect on the body: in
drip-liquid and vaporous states, it affects the skin and
vaporous - the respiratory tract and lungs, when ingested with food and water, it affects the digestive organs. The effect of mustard gas does not appear immediately, but after
some time, called the period of latent action. When it comes into contact with the skin, drops of mustard gas are quickly absorbed into it without causing pain. After 4-8 hours on the skin appears
redness and itching. By the end of the first and the beginning of the second day, small bubbles form, but
they merge
into single large bubbles filled with amber-yellow
liquid that becomes cloudy over time. emergence
accompanied by malaise and fever. After 2-3 days, the blisters break through and expose ulcers underneath that do not heal for a long time.
hits
infection, then suppuration occurs and the healing time increases to 5-6 months. Organs
are amazed
then signs of damage appear: a feeling of sand in the eyes, photophobia, lacrimation. The disease can last 10-15 days, after which recovery occurs. Defeat
digestive system is caused by ingestion of food and water contaminated
In heavy
poisoning
then general weakness, headache, o
weakening of reflexes; allocation
take on a fetid odor. In the future, the process progresses: paralysis is observed, a sharp weakness appears
exhaustion.
With an unfavorable course, death occurs on the 3rd - 12th day as a result of a complete breakdown and exhaustion.
With severe lesions, it is usually not possible to save a person, and if the skin is damaged, the victim loses his ability to work for a long time.
Mustard formula:
e) hydrocyanic
acid - colorless
liquid
with a peculiar odor reminiscent of
in low concentrations, the smell is difficult to distinguish.
hydrocyanic
evaporates
and only works in the vapor state. Refers to the general poisonous agents. characteristic
signs of hydrocyanic acid damage are: metallic
mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness, nausea. Then
pain appears...
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