Gorshkova O.A.

Introduction

"Education of love for the native land,
to native culture, to native village or city,
to native speech is a task of paramount importance ... "

D. S. Likhachev

Our country is very huge. As a rule, in secondary general education schools, students are taught the subject "History of Russia" as a whole. Most often, people living in small towns and cities have little information about the history of the center of the country, because, due to their own laziness and cowardice, they do not want to teach and understand the history of their native fatherland, but sometimes they do not have information at all about the history of their own settlement (town, village, district). Under such conditions, it is difficult for a person to feel belonging to what was happening and what is happening nearby - everything becomes too abstract. In our opinion, today a moment has come when modern young people urgently need to master in detail the history of that part of a huge country called the small Motherland - their region, their village, their district, and then modern generation young people, perhaps, will have a sense of belonging to the life of their region, region and responsibility for the local heritage, in the creation of which they can take a direct part. During the time of residence in the territory of Kuzbass, any person, both a native and a visiting citizen, is able to become related with his soul to this unique land, grow together with it and become truly real Siberians.

According to the Governor of the Kemerovo region A.G. Tuleeva new generation, residents of Kuzbass must learn to feel "personal responsibility to their time, to their homeland, so that they believe in themselves and strive to make the life of their country better" .

The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the history of the Kuznetsk Territory during its annexation to Russia in 1618-1721.

1) to consider joining the Kuznetsk land to Russia;

2) to characterize the settlement of the Kuznetsk land and the formation of Russian settlements;

3) describe the occupations of the Russian population and the indigenous inhabitants of the Kemerovo region in the 17th - early 18th centuries.

1 . Accession of the Kuznetsk land to Russia

The 17th century in the development of the territory of the modern Kemerovo region is the time for the implementation, implementation of the historical mission of Russia. More Ancient Russia was forced to prefer an extensive path of its development - the expansion and expansion of the territory and the development of its natural resources. The historical situation itself predetermined the mastery of the lands located to the north and east of its borders: it was there that there were no neighbors with a strong military and economic potential.

With the foundation of the Russian state, his interest in remote Siberia manifested itself. Ivan IV decided to expand the number of yasak payers at the expense of Siberia. Yasak in Siberia was collected from the indigenous population mainly with the skins of fur-bearing animals: sable, mink, ermine. Then this product was highly valued in Russian and foreign markets and was considered a faithful, reliable source of replenishment of the state treasury and the personal fortune of any entrepreneur. The monopoly right of the state extended to the fur wealth of Siberia.

At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, the situation in Russia became more complicated. The oprichnina, the raids of the Crimean Khan, the famine of the beginning of the 17th century, robberies, the atmosphere of denunciation and all that tradition called “distemper” played their significant role. The country was literally overwhelmed by "thieves" money. The roads were roamed by beggarly hungry crowds of people of all classes, including the descendants of the once noble families - the children of the boyars. Who went to the robbers, who to the free Cossacks. The most desperate of them went east, beyond the Stone, that is, beyond the Urals. In the 17th century, the Russians reached the territory of the Tom region.

The main ways of advancement of Russian explorers, of course, were the rivers Cherdyn, Vishera, Tavda, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Tom.

The starting point for the colonization of the Kuznetsk Basin was the foundation in 1604 of the Tomsk prison, which opened the way for Russian explorers to the middle and lower Pritom. It is believed that the first news about the dispatch of armed detachments by the Tomsk governor up the Tom River dates back to 1607-1608. There is a more apt indication in the literature: on November 20, 1608, the first group of Cossacks went to the upper reaches of the Tom to collect tribute, as well as exchange “Kazan goods” for furs. It was headed by Vazhen Konstantinov, Levka Olpatov and Ivashka Shokurov. In February 1609, the service people returned to Tomsk.

Moving deep into the Siberian land, Russian service people taxed local residents with yasak. The collection of yasak was accompanied by the self-will of the collectors, who sometimes committed violence and resentment due to deceit. There were cases when armed Cossacks took hostages from among " the best people", to force the" blacksmiths "(and so they called all the inhabitants along the Tom river) to obedience. Aboriginal, indigenous people were ousted from the places of their traditional crafts.

The attempts of the Tomsk governors to collect yasak from the population of the upper Tom region faced fierce resistance from the Kyrgyz, Teleut and Kalmat nobility. She herself sent tribute collectors further away from her, to her enemies, who raided them from the basins of the rivers Tom, Mras-Su and Kondoma. In such a situation, the locals fell into the system of two- and three-danship, in which a weak, weak clan was forced to pay tribute to two or even three sides. Russian service people were faced with the need to defend themselves from rivals and thereby objectively and impartially protect local residents from foreign extortion and extortion.

There were also cases when the local, autochthonous population was “voluntarily” transferred under the protection of the Russian Tsar, unknown to them. Then their clan was exempted from paying yasak and included its inhabitants, inhabitants in the category of the so-called service Tatars. Then they were used as translators in the implementation of relations with various Siberian ethnic groups as participants in the "underwater chase", that is, the transportation of goods and people at the direction of the local administration "for the sovereign's cause", or as a military force in the war with other local residents. This is how the tactics of "waging war against the Asians by the hands of the Asians themselves" were used. For their service to the Russian sovereign, serving Tatars received a salary in money, and sometimes in kind (bread) form. But local princes and murzas, if possible, did not carry out this service themselves, but sent their dependent people to it.

From the moment they arrived in the Abinsk lands in 1609, the Russian service people at first found support from the local prince Bazayak. But after 1611, the Abans turned out to be traitors. There is a version that the Kyrgyz, whose tributaries they were, ordered them to change their attitude towards the Russians. And the Abinese had to be conquered by force.

In difficult and sometimes unusual natural conditions with difficult relationships with the local population, detachments of Russian service people had to linger for a long time in unfamiliar lands, and sometimes even spend the winter there. On the site of such winter quarters, small temporary prisons began to appear as military centers and control centers on new lands. There was also a need for reliable fortified prisons. One of the first prisons that arose on the Kuznetsk land was a prison in the Abagura region, founded in 1615. In the same year, the village of Yagunovo was founded.

Finally, the Tomsk governor raised the issue of building a permanent fortification in the upper reaches of the Tom river before the Siberian order. The solution of the problem was delayed: the central and local authorities did not have the necessary forces and means. And only in 1617 from Moscow followed a decree on the construction of a prison on the Tom river. By order of the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, transmitted through the Tobolsk governor Prince I.S. Kurakin and the Turin governor D. Velyaminov, the Tomsk governor recruited a detachment from his own service people, also from the service people of Tyumen and Verkhoturye. A detachment of the son of the boyar Ostafy Kharlamov (Mikhalevsky) of 45 Cossacks set off in 1617 up the Tom River from Tomsk to set up a prison at the mouth of the Kondoma. Early frosts forced the detachment to make an unscheduled stop for the winter in the middle reaches of the Tom river. On February 18, 1618, another detachment was sent here from Tomsk under the command of the Tomsk Tatar head Osip Kokarev and the Cossack head Molchan Lavrov. They came on skis. And from there, the united detachment in the spring of the following year, 1618, went up the Tom River to build a prison.

True, the question of the place of establishment of the prison is still open. Documentary evidence of this has not been preserved: in all likelihood, they burned down in a fire in 1729. G.F. Miller thought that the prison was located on the northeastern bank of the Tom, opposite the mouth of the Kondoma River. But according to another version, the prison was originally set up on the Kondoma River, 6 kilometers from its confluence with the Tom, on Krasnaya Gora. This version is confirmed by materials of archaeological excavations.

The new prison was located in the lands of the Abins - the clans of the Kuznetsk (or local) Tatars who lived in the basins of the Aba River, whom the Cossacks called blacksmiths for their ability to forge iron. Hence the name of the prison - Kuznetsky. Timofey Stepanovich Babarykin (Boborykin) and Osip Gerasimovich Anichkov (Onichkov or Oniskov) became the first Kuznetsk governors. The prison served as a stronghold for collecting yasak payments from the local population.

In order to understand the nature of the arrangement and the life of the first Russian blacksmiths, one must take into account some features of their survival in the new lands. Until the 17th century, rye bread was the primary food product for Russians. A very common type of bread food was porridge - oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat. In addition, grain served as the basis for the preparation of a number of drinks - kvass, beer, as well as for distillation. Animal and poultry products were in second place after bread and other plant foods.

The agricultural nature of Russian culture as a whole, the need for bread and plant foods experienced by service people arriving in Siberia made the issue of grain supply one of the key issues in the activities of the local administration. That is why, in correspondence with the central departments of the state, the question of the arable potential of the territory became an essential argument in favor of founding a prison.

The first inhabitants of the prison were Russian servicemen and Kuznetsk Tatars. Moreover, the Russians were in the position of "year-olds" - seconded from Tomsk for a fixed period. They carried out military guard duty, made trips around the neighborhood to collect yasak, made campaigns against nomads, carried out work on the repair and construction of structures.

For the service of the sovereign, he was entitled to a monetary, salt and grain salary (that is, payment for service in cash, grain (bread) and salt). At the same time, throughout the 17th century, bread came to Tobolsk from the European part of the country, mainly from Pomeranian cities. To acquire it, the governors of Siberian cities and prisons sent special detachments of service people to the Siberian capital. Salary received irregularly. He was often detained and not paid in full, as a rule, below the established salaries. It so happened that the service people, who delivered the salary to their own colleagues, divided it among themselves on the road. Particularly frequent were underpayments of grain wages.

The shortage of food, primarily bread, contributed to the fact that Russian service people in Siberia began to use non-traditional food sources for them, which was contrary to the religious and ethical standards of an Orthodox person.

Domestic difficulties of settling in a new place, different personal abilities to overcome difficulties, irregular payment of salaries forced service people to enter into debt obligations. Apparently, the most common was borrowed bondage, according to which the inability of the debtor to pay the debt on time forced him and his whole family to surrender to the creditor into servitude, that is, into personal dependence “until redemption” of debts. But since the majority of the Russian population in Siberia was made up of service people, therefore, the transition to the servile state for the men themselves was impossible, impracticable, and members of their families were given into bondage.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kuznetsk prison was the second center for the development and study of lands in the East of the Urals after Tomsk and the southernmost point in Siberia. It became the first prison of the Biysk guard line. Kuznetsk received the status of a city in 1622. In the same year, Kuznetsk acquired its first coat of arms.

In these types of stationary settlements and farming, there was another feature, a feature of the Russian colonization of the region. The main occupations of the population were state (primarily military) service, agriculture, especially gardening, animal husbandry and handicrafts. These types of occupations became decisive in securing people in the new lands. The development of trade was hampered for a long time by the lack of reliable roads.

But it was not by military superiority that the Russians subjugated the new lands. The armed detachments were small - the Kuznetsk garrison consisted of several dozen people. They were not well armed: not all of them had squeakers and served with native bows. At first, there were few Russian settlers. Settlements were located far from each other. Thus began the consolidation and approval of Russian explorers in the new lands.

2. The settlement of the land of Kuznetsk. Formation of Russian settlements

Initially, Russian service people who came from Tomsk became residents of the Kuznetsk prison. But already in 1620, peasants Poluyanko Stepanov, Stenka Polomoshnoy, Ivashko Yakovlev, Pyatko Kitaev, Bezsonenko Yuryev, Ivashko Ortemiev, Pronka Shlyashinsky, Fomka Matveev and others settled on the territory of the prison. farming a monetary "help" of 13-16 rubles.

Scientists agree that the main source of free colonization of the Kuznetsk Territory was Pomorye, the regions of the Volga region and the Urals. An important role in colonization was played by the reference of people to these territories. From 1625 to 1628 alone, the Tobolsk governor sent 17 exiles who arrived at his disposal to Kuznetsk. Of the seven exiles sent to Kuznetsk in 1641-1642, two were turned into service people, and five were "planted on arable land."

To prevent raids, protect the castles, villages and young agriculture, Cossack sentry villages appeared, fortified prisons were built. In 1657, Sosnovsky prison was set up between the Cossack guard villages of Yarskaya and Itkara, which administratively became part of the Tomsk district. In one of the reports of the Tomsk governor we read: “Sosnovsky prison is a standing wooden one, and on the sides there are three towers on it. The measure of that jail is forty in length, and across it is 37 sazhens, and in it is a fiery cast-iron cannon with a measure of two arshins in length, and the weight in it is 14 poods 10 hryvnias, and around that cannon with a core of half a third of a pound, and I will store 38 for it iron cores, 23 pounds and a quarter of gunpowder, 7 pounds and half a pound of lead, and in it was the clerk of the Tomsk son of the boyar Mikhail Lavrov.

The lands of the Sosnovsky camp, which were under the protection of the fort, were quickly settled, and its inhabitants laid the foundation for agriculture in the north-west of today's our region. Already in the late 50s of the 17th century, a large village of Zeledeevo appeared here, as well as villages and settlements of Korchuganov, Mokhov, Solomatov, Basalaev. In the 60s, the villages of Kulakova and Pachinskoye, the village of Ust-Sosnovka arose. In the 1970s, 10 villages were founded, including the villages of Verkh-Iskitimskaya and Polomoshnova.

In 1665, to the south of the Sosnovskaya camp, the Verkhotomsky prison was erected by Tomsk service people - “a standing wooden one, and on the sides there is one tower. By measure, that prison is 20 sazhens long, and across the same ..., and in it is the clerk, the son of the boyar Ivan Kinozerov. Initially, the entire population was concentrated, fixed in the prison itself. The 1703 census included 50 peasant households, including Stepan Kemerov. In the vicinity of the prison, two villages were taken into account: near the mouth of the river Glubokaya, the village of Makarova, in which four families were enumerated, and the village of Shcheglova, where six households were enumerated. Zaimka, and then the village of the Shcheglovs, was, like the prison, on the right bank of the Tom, and only later the name Shcheglovo was assigned to the left-bank settlement, officially called the village of Ust-Iskitimskaya. Zaimka, and then the village of Kemerovo, also appeared on the right bank of the Tom, eight miles from the prison. It was named after its founder Afanasy Stepanovich Kemerov, whose father Stepan Kemerov lived almost from the moment of its foundation in the Verkhotomsk jail, in whose department the village was organized.

The most common form of peasant land use at that time was the seizure. Capturing-loan land use was based on three main principles of customary law: the right to first seize "no one's" land, labor law, and the right of prescription. The leading role was played by the first two principles, the right of limitation was of secondary importance. Having seized the land, the peasant considered himself their full owner, he could sell or lease it. Even the empty occupied lands were not allowed to their neighbors. The main role in the settlement of land and social relations the community played among the Russians.

Under the grip-and-holding system, it was no longer undercuts that prevailed, but a shifting two- and three-field economy with the presence of fallows. It was the result of the adaptation of the alien Russian population to the local landscape and natural conditions.

In most villages and villages of the Tomsk region, animal husbandry played a non-primary role. Fishing was an auxiliary industry. A small fishing artel from among relatives and closest neighbors caught perch, roach, burbot with a net, and the most successful - taimen and grayling. Beekeeping was also widespread.

On the drawing of the “City of Kuznetsk” by S. U. Remezov, compiled in 1701, 33 settlements located near the Kuznetsk prison were noted, which are the estates of Antonov, Atamanov, Bedarev, Gerasimov, Groshevsky, Guskin, Dolgov, Efremov, Karpov, Sidorov , Mokrousova, and others. The village of Ilyinskoye, which grew out of the zaimka, is also mapped. At the same time, 11 castles and villages were marked as disappeared, missing. This is due to a major raid of nomadic tribes on Kuznetsk in 1700, when a detachment of the Kyrgyz prince Tangustai plundered and burned not only Russian villages, but also the uluses of the Teleuts who accepted Russian citizenship. Tangustai captured 97 Teleuts, stole 832 horses and up to 1,500 sheep and cattle.

In September of the same year, another detachment of the Kyrgyz prince Korchinko Erenyakov burned six yards and killed seven peasants in the village of Verkhotomskaya. Servants sent from Tomsk started a fight with the Kyrgyz and forced them to leave. However, in the future, the raids of nomadic tribes on Russian villages continued. In 1709, Prince Badai repeatedly attacked the southern volosts of the Kuznetsk district. He burned the villages of Kalacheva, Bungurskaya and Sharapskaya, captured several peasants, killed four and wounded seven Kuznetsk service people. The following year, a detachment of four thousand Kalmaks led by Duhar attacked the villages of Mitina and Bedareva. 94 yards were burned, 266 horses, hundreds of cattle and sheep were stolen.

In order to save from raids, at the beginning of the 18th century, fortresses were built along the Irtysh and in the upper reaches of the Ob. The fortified line continued from the Irtysh to the Yenisei. Part of it to the west of Biysk was called Biyskaya or Kolyvanskaya. Another part to the east of Biysk is Kuznetskaya. In Kuznetsk itself, a detachment of 160 people with seven guns was stationed. But the measures taken could not completely protect the Russian and the local population of the Kuznetsk land who had accepted Russian citizenship. A significant part of the Kuznetsk Tatars (Shors) by the beginning of the 18th century was in the position of double-dancers: they paid yasak to the Russian authorities and Albans to the Dzungarian and Kyrgyz feudal lords.

The latest in time of occurrence was the Mungatsky prison, located near the modern village of Krapivino, founded in 1715 by Cossacks sent from Kuznetsk. According to the description of the famous historian-researcher of Siberia G.-F. Miller, the prison consisted of “a bypass wall built of logs and stakes in the form of a semicircle from the side opposite the shore. Inside it there are, in addition to the clerk's house, the ship's hut, shops and barns, several private houses ... There are no fortifications from the side of the river. The entire circumference during the measurement was determined to be 410 sazhens. The garrison consists of white local Cossacks, who are exempted from the poll tax for their service and enjoy free arable farming. The name of the prison was taken from the river Mungat, which flowed two versts above it from the west. Immediately after the appearance of the prison, the villages of Meretskaya, Kosminskaya and Verkh-Uspenskaya appeared in his camp. Then more than a dozen villages arose, including Bannaya, Karakanskaya, Bryukhanovskaya, Dracheninskaya, Gramoteeva, Khmelev.

With the organization of a system of fortified prisons and agricultural camps located around them, the final formation of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region took place. It included arable land located on the territory of Tomsk and Kuznetsk districts. In the course of the reforms of Peter I, lower territorial units were introduced in the counties - districts. The territory of the future Kuzbass included the Sosnovsky and Verkhotomsky districts of the Tomsk district and the Kuznetsk and Mungatsky districts of the Kuznetsk district.

The land located on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory was the "sovereign's tithe arable land", and those working on it belonged to the category of "arable peasants". When cultivating one tithe of the sovereign's field, the plowed peasant, as a rule, had the right to cultivate 4 tithes for his own economy. The ratio of sovereign and sobin (personal) arable land changed over time. The well-known historian V. I. Shunkov determined the total size of the Kuznetsk arable land at the beginning of the 18th century at 180 acres. The entire area of ​​cultivated fields was equal by that time to 230 acres.

In 1689, there were 41 peasants in the Verkhotomsk prison, each of whom plowed half a dozen of the sovereign's arable land. In the Kuznetsk prison in 1628, 25 peasants plowed 13 sovereign acres. In 1650 there were already 50 peasants in the prison, and in 1705 there were 96 peasants who plowed 52 acres of the sovereign's arable land. In the 30s of the 17th century, part of the arable peasants was transferred from the cultivation of tithe arable land to the delivery of loose grain. 21 out of 87 peasants of the Sosnovsky prison in 1689 gave loose bread. There was a conditioned number of quitrents, "walking people" who were not included either in the composition of the townspeople or in the composition of the peasants. In 1665, there were 238 in the Kuznetsk jail, and in 1705 - 368 service and quitrent people. There were quitrents in other prisons as well.

Then there were significant transformations in the social status of the Kuznetsk peasantry. The financial and economic transformations of the time of Peter the Great, the introduction of the poll tax legally prepared the formation of the estate of state peasants in Russia. In Siberia, the state peasants were based on former plowed peasants, subject to a poll tax, which had to be paid by the entire male population of state villages, identified during the audits. In the 20s of the XVIII century in the Kuznetsk district there were about 3 thousand revision souls. Instead of processing the "sovereign's tithe arable land," the former arable, and then the state peasants, were transferred to cash dues. Thus, it can be noted that the need for the sovereign's tithe arable land has disappeared.

Remote from the main road from the "capital of Siberia" Tobolsk to the Yenisei and Lena, the Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region was not particularly attractive to immigrants. The expansion of the agricultural economy was hampered by the continuous invasions of local nomadic Dzungars. As a result, by the beginning of the 18th century, only 1800 householders were engaged in arable farming in the region (while in the neighboring Verkhotursko-Tobolsk agricultural region - over 10 thousand). From the non-peasant agricultural population, agriculture of service people stood out, which in 1703 alone was engaged in by 534 householders.

Monastic agriculture in the Tomsk-Kuznetsk region also did not acquire extensive development. On the territory of the Kuznetsk Land were the estates of the Tomsk Alekseevsky and Kuznetsk Nativity monasteries. In 1664, the Tomsk Alekseevsky Monastery formed the village of Pachinskoye, which became the center of the settlement of dependent monastic peasants. In 1682, the monastery had 26 peasant households in the villages of Pacha, Iskitimskaya, Lebyazhya and Taimenka. By 1720, the monastery owned only 23 courtyards with 170 male souls. The Kuznetsk Nativity Monastery at that time included seven courtyards with 34 male souls. He had at his disposal the Monastery village, then renamed the village of Prokopyevskoye.

The agriculture of service people was further developed. They ran a household with the help of the feudal-dependent population - ladles, ladlers and hired workers, recruited from the poor "walking people". In the steppe and forest-steppe areas along the left bank of the Tom, the villages of Salamatova, Kulakova, Polomoshnaya, Zeledeeva, Protopopova, Mokhovaya grew out of the huts of service people in the 17th century. In the Kuznetsk region, servicemen founded the villages of Atamanova, Sidorov, Antonov, Vyzov, Luchsheva. In a formal reply from the Kuznetsk governor in 1673, among the servicemen engaged in agriculture, the equestrian Cossack Pronka Tikhonov, ataman Ivan Bedar were named; in the unsubscribe of 1700, the Cossack widow Fedosya Vyzov was mentioned; Pentecostals Ivan Lutchev and Fyodor Bessonov, as well as boyar son Timothy Bessonov, are registered in the documents of 1722.

The vast majority of Russian people continued to arrive on the Kuznetsk land without permission. Forcibly exiled people of the peasant class, there were only a few dozen at the beginning of the 18th century.. In a small number, service people also referred here, among whom were foreigners. So, in 1638, Savva the Frenchman, a French nobleman, an adventurer who converted to Orthodoxy and transferred to the royal service, was expelled from Tobolsk from Tobolsk to Kuznetsk prison. The salary list of 1655 mentions the Pentecostal Petrushka Esmont and the gunner Ivashko Fedotov-Nemchin.

The total Russian population of the Kuznetsk Land at the beginning of the 18th century was insignificant. By the first revision of 1722-1724, 1,511 revision souls (i.e., men) were taken into account in the Kuznetsk district, and 1,363 revision souls in the city of Kuznetsk itself. At that time, there were much fewer women than men, since it was mainly single men who traveled to these remote lands. Kuznetsk voivode F. Baskakov, in an unsubscribe of 1652, even asked to send “wives and girls” to Kuznetsk in order to “marry” lonely peasants who do not start their own households, but wander “between courtyards”. For the most part, agricultural development and study of the Kuznetsk land was typical only for the first period of Russian settlement here after its annexation to Russia. The active and enterprising measures of Tsar Peter I to overcome Russian backwardness and underdevelopment could not but affect this land as well. Reconnaissance parties of miners were then sent throughout the country. They searched for iron and polymetallic ores and, by royal decree, tried to find coal in order to transfer the nascent metallurgical industry of Russia from charcoal to it.

3. Occupations of the Russian population and natives of the Kuznetsk land in the XVII - early XVIII centuries

The indigenous inhabitants of the Kuznetsk land at the beginning of the 17th century constituted several ethno-territorial Turkic-speaking formations that were politically dependent on the Teleuts and the Yenisei Kyrgyz.

With the advent of the Russians, the Kuznetsk Tatars, Teleuts and Lower Tomsk Kalmaks were in the position of "Troedans", i.e. they paid yasak to the Russian Tsar, while remaining "Kyshtyms" of the Teleuts, and separate groups of aborigines were subjected to requisitions from the Kyrgyz princelings.

The most numerous were the Kuznetsk Tatars (Abins and Biryusins), occupying the basins of the rivers Kondoma, Mras-Su, Belsu and the upper reaches of the Tom. Abins is a collective name for various clans of the taiga and forest-steppe population: Aba, Sary-Shor, Cheley, Karga, Kobyi, Chediber, etc. carriers of the Turkic culture, forming the core of the emerging Shor ethnic group.

The Kuznetsk Tatars were separated by the Russian authorities into several volosts, headed by pashtyks (heads). Many volosts were called by the name of the seok clans, for example, the Itiberskaya volost - the seok Chediber, the Eleiskaya - the seok Cheley, the Karachorskaya - the seok Kara-Shor, the Kovinsky - the seok Kobyi, etc.

To the north of the “Kuznetsk Tatars”, along the Tom, Ina and their tributaries, there were “steppe” and “Lower Tomsk” volosts: along the Tom between the mouths of the Uskat and Iskitim rivers - Tyulyuberskaya and Bayanskaya, Achinskaya; along Chumysh, Bachaty and Uskat - Achkyshtym and Togul. There is no exact information about the tribal composition of the population of these volosts for the 17th-18th centuries. According to later data, it can be assumed that these volost names reflect the ethnonyms Togul, Tulber, Achkeshtym. Starting from the 18th century, these ethnic formations began to merge with the "travelling Teleuts", Abins and Russian old-timers. Ethnographically very interesting are the "White Kalmyks", or Teleuts. At the beginning of the 17th century, due to protracted troubles in the unified Teleut ulus of Prince Abak, many Teleut families fled under the protection of the Russian garrisons of Tomsk and Kuznetsk. Near these cities, groups of Teleuts began to form, which have existed to this day. Near Kuznetsk, they lived along the Uskat River, along the Tom - from Kuznetsk down to the mouth of Uskat, partly in the lower reaches of the Kondoma, and later along the Ur and Bolshoy and Malyi Bachaty rivers. The "Lower Tomsk Teleuts" (Kalmaks) settled in several uluses (yurts) in the lower reaches of the Tom River along the Iskitim River: Shalaev, Ust-Iskitim, Kostantinov, Bolshoy Ulus and Zimnik yurts. Administratively, the Teleuts of both groups were united into two Teleut volosts.

The tribal, hereditary composition and origin of the Teleuts are very complex. Among their clans (seoks) all sorts of origin groups are known: ancient Turkic - Merkit, Teles, Ochu, Todosh, Kypchak, Mundus; Mongolian - Choros, Naiman; Kyrgyz - Purut; Central Asian - Sart, Toro.

The final large group were the inhabitants of the so-called "Chulym volosts". Part of the population of these volosts lived along the rivers Kiya, Yaya, Urksha, Beresh, and part in the lower reaches of the Tom - along the rivers Strelnaya, Ache-Iskitim. Familiar at that time were such volosts as Kumyk (Kumysh), Shust (Shui), Yachinsky, Kamlar, Koryukova, etc. They were ruled, like the rest of the volosts named here with a Turkic-speaking population, Pashtyks. What was the very name of these groups, whether they were distributed by birth is unknown.

The main structural unit of the social organization of the South Siberian Turks was the clan - seok (literally - "bone"). Each clan had its own hereditary territory, fishing grounds in established places, grazing cattle on their nomad camps, had a family mountain, which was considered the "first ancestor". Marriages between members of the same seok were forbidden, since all of them were considered “karyndash”, i.e. uterine. Marriages were allowed only between members of different seoks who were not united by views on blood relationship.

In contrast to the “Kuznetsk Tatars”, the Teleuts in the 17th century, although the seoks were preserved, had a single self-consciousness, fixed, strengthened in the self-name “Telenget”. Written sources report that the Teleuts had tribal and general Teleut princes, free and dependent population, there was also a term for the word “slave” (“kul”). That is, we can talk about a far-reaching process of decomposition of the genus.

The economy and material culture of both groups of "Kuznetsk Tatars": Abins and Biryusinsk people, represented a combination of steppe pastoral traditions with the features of the economy of foot hunters of the mountain taiga. Russian documents of the 17th - 18th centuries call metallurgy and blacksmithing, hunting for fur-bearing animals the primary occupations of the key part of the Abins, leading a sedentary lifestyle, and cattle breeding, primitive agriculture, gathering and barter trade as auxiliary, auxiliary ones.

Fur hunting was the most widespread, with the products of which the entire male population paid yasak. The "animal trade" among the Abans was combined with metallurgy, cattle breeding and agriculture, and among the Biryusinsk people - with gathering, fishing and elementary manual farming. They hunted mainly with bows and arrows and various traps. Gradually, with the growing demand for furs from the tsarist administration, fur hunting began to prevail, although even more ancient methods of driven hunting were preserved. An important role in the economy was played by cattle breeding, which the Abins had “in everything similar to the Teleut, but even less than this ...”. They had “following the example of the Abins ... the greatest cattle breeding” and the Upper Tomsk, singled out by I. G. Georgi into an independent, autonomous group of “Kuznetsk Tatars”, although they are probably part of the Abins. It was said about the Biryusinsk people that "they keep several horses and cattle." In addition, the Abinians bred sheep, the herds of which increased due to the exchange for iron products. Small plots of land were cultivated with hoes - abyls with iron tips and a wooden handle. Spring rye, wheat, barley were sown, the missing amount of grain was bought from Russians and Sagais every year.

As for the smelting and processing of iron, some documents say that 200 blacksmiths live in the "Tomsk peak", while others say "about three thousand, and all those Kuznetsk people are willing to do all kinds of blacksmithing." From other documents it can be seen that the great need for iron products from the neighboring Kyrgyz, Teleuts, Dzhungars led individual families of the Abins to specialize in this type of economy. The production of iron products became their main occupation. Surplus products of their labor (weapons, horse harness, tools, utensils) they partly gave to yasak, partly exchanged with nomads and local residents for cattle and barley.

V. N. Kashin, who studied historical documents this type of craft among the indigenous population of Siberia in the 17th - 18th centuries called the upper reaches of the Tom "the largest center for the production of iron products in all of Siberia." This is confirmed by the materials of K. A. Evreinov, an employee of the Novokuznetsk Museum of Local Lore, who took part in excavations of smelting furnaces at the mouth of the Aba River, separate finds by geologist V. Yurish of stronger furnaces in the lower reaches of Mras-Su near the village of Toz, as well as detailed descriptions of furnaces and the smelting process, made by members of academic expeditions I. G. Gmelin and I. G. Georgi.

The appearance of Russians gave rise to significant changes in the life of the aborigines of the Tom region. Russian villages were based, as a rule, along the banks of rivers, which served as means of communication and, most importantly, rich in fertile floodplain lands, fishing grounds and drinking resources. The small ethno-local groups of aborigines living on coastal lands quickly got used to their new neighbors, borrowing from them, first of all, new, more advanced ways of housekeeping and carpentry skills.

By the time the Russians came to the territory of the Tom region, shamanism was widespread among the local population, which was combined with ancient tribal cults. Its manifestations remain a mystery to many scientists. Some attribute its appearance even to the Bronze Age (E. A. Okladnikova), although there are some guesses of its presence in the Stone Age.

The appearance of the Russian ethnos on the territory of the Tom region entailed not only economic development, understanding of the region, but also the establishment of frequent military-diplomatic contacts with the local population, often bearing religious overtones. Even the first Siberian chronicles (Remizovskaya, Esipovskaya, etc.) give the process of colonization, first of all, the character of the spread of Orthodoxy in a pagan environment. In all likelihood, it is necessary to talk about the beginning of the process of Christianization in the Tom region since 1604, that is, from the time of the construction of the first two Orthodox churches: “The Temple in the Name of the Life-Giving Trinity and the Chapel of the Passion-Bearers of Christ Boris and Gleb” and “Fyodor Stratilat”, connected with the creation of the city of Tomsk. The influence of Orthodoxy also affected the beliefs of the local population, this phenomenon acquired the name of religious syncretism.

Due to the low population density in Siberia in the 17th century and the ethnic diversity of the Kuznetsk district, one can find an impressive number geographic points direct interaction between Russians and aborigines: the village of Borodino, where “baptized Tatars” live together with the Russians, the village of Spasskoye with a church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Savior, opposite which the Chat people live in Kazan yurts, etc.

The consciousness of the indigenous inhabitants of the Kuznetsk land was strongly influenced, on the one hand, by the Russian Orthodox Church: through worship and architectural structures when temples, which were significantly different from the residential, household buildings of the natives, influenced their worldview, and on the other hand, with the help of stable communication between the natives and Russians in everyday, everyday life.

Bibliography

1. History of Kuzbass: textbook. allowance for uch-Xia cf. schools, cf. specialist. uch. institutions and university students // Otv. ed. N.P. Shuranov; Administration of the Kemerovo region; Kemerovo State University. - Kemerovo: FGUIPP "Kuzbass", "SKIF", 2004. - 352 p.
2. History of Kuzbass / Zvyagin S.P., Shuranova E.N. etc. - Kemerovo: IPP "Kuzbass", 2006. - 360 p.
3. Tuleev A.G. Overcoming / Aman Tuleev. – 3rd edition, revised. and additional - Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2009. - 583 p.: ill.

Appendix 1

Glossary of terms

Yasak- a tribute levied in the Russian state from the peoples of Siberia, mainly furs.

Prison - locality, reinforced with a wooden fence in the form of pointed pillars dug vertically.

Ulus (yurt)- an unfortified settlement of aboriginal inhabitants of Siberia.

aborigines- ancient indigenous people this or that locality, including the Kuznetsk land.

District- administrative-territorial division of the county, consisting of several volosts. Sometimes it could coincide with the parish.

Ethnos- a population group that has common cultural, linguistic features and a common origin.

• Russian local history

When implementing the project, state support funds were used, allocated as a grant in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 11-rp dated January 17, 2014 and on the basis of a competition held by the All-Russian Public Organization "Russian Union of Youth"

Gaifulina Violetta, Kargaltseva Ekaterina

Creative work in the research group

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History of the Kuznetsk land

With the formation of the Russian state, his interest in distant Siberia manifested itself. Ivan IV decided to expand the number of yasak payers at the expense of Siberia. Yasak in Siberia was collected from the indigenous population mainly with the skins of fur-bearing animals: sable, mink, ermine.

The main ways of advancement of Russian explorers, obviously, were the rivers Cherdyn, Vishera, Tavda, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Tom.

The starting point for the colonization of the Kuznetsk Basin was the foundation in 1604 of the city of Tomsk, which opened the way for Russian explorers to the middle and lower Pritomye. It is believed that the first news about the sending of armed detachments by the Tomsk governor up the Tom River dates back to 1607-1608).

One of the first islandsthat arose on the Kuznetsk land, there was a prison in the Abagur region, founded in 1615. In the same year, the village of Yagunovo was founded.

Finally, the Tomsk governor raised the issue of building a permanent fortification in the upper reaches of the Tom river before the Siberian order. The solution of the issue was delayed: the central and local authorities did not have the necessary forces and means. And only in 1617 from Moscow followed a decree on the construction of a prison on the Tom river. By order of the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, transmitted through the Tobolsk governor Prince I.S. Kurakin and the Turin governor D. Velyaminov, the Tomsk governor recruited a detachment from his service people, also from the service people of Tyumen and Verkhoturye.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kuznetsk prison was after Tomsk the southernmost point of land development in Siberia. The status of the city of Kuznetsk - received in 1622. In the same year, Kuznetsk received its first coat of arms. Kuznetsk land became Russian.

Founding of Kuznetsk in 1618

First and second Kuznetsk prisons

The decree from Moscow on the construction of the first prison on the Kuznetsk land was delivered to Tomsk, apparently not earlier than the autumn of 1617. It was to this time that the very first document that we know refers to, which mentions this royal decree - an unsubscribe from the Tobolsk voivode, Prince Ivan Kurakin, to the Turin voivode Danila Velyaminov.

In particular, it says that according to this decree "... it was ordered to set up a prison in Kuznetsy or somewhere convenient, and for a prison camp it was ordered to send people from all Siberian cities."

Further, the Tobolsk voivode asks the Turin voivode to "... for that cautious stakes ..." send 10 people of archers, who "... order ... To serve the chosen one yourself." Apparently, Ivan Kurakin addressed the governors of other Siberian cities with the same request.

All these detachments gathered in Tomsk, most likely, only by the end of September. It was out of the question to immediately send them to build a prison during the autumn thaw, and besides, the Kuznetsk people lived in such conditions when they "... and the swamps bypassed and the great and rusty swells ...", that is these features of the terrain hindered the speedy dispatch of service people even more.

But still, at the end of autumn, when the first frosts hit and the earth froze a little, a small detachment came out of Tomsk, consisting of Tomsk, Verkhoturye and Tyumen service people led by the Tomsk son of the boyar Ostafy Kharlamov - Mikhalevsky. The detachment consisted of 45 people, of which there were 25 Tomsk residents, and representatives of Verkhoturye and Tyumen - 10 each.

This detachment reached only the Tyulyubersky volost, which was located approximately halfway from Tomsk to the construction site of the prison, and not "... to the mouth of Kondoba (Kondoma) ...", as was ordered. O. Kharlamov-Mikhalevsky decides to spend the winter here, apparently, but the reason for the "great snows", which was reported by service people in the first years of the development of the region, saying that "... to fight ... in the winter of the Kuznetsk people is not possible. .." And the severe Siberian frosts, obviously, also delayed the further advance of the detachment.

This forced stop, probably, became known to the Tomsk governors, and in an effort to speed things up, they sent an additional detachment of service people from the city on February 18, 1618, led by the Cossack head Molchan Lavrov and the Tatar head Osip Kokarev.

The new detachment advanced on skis and, presumably, joined up with the first very soon.

And already on May 3, 1618, the main part of the united detachment returned to Tomsk, and Lavrov and Kokarev, who brought them, reported to the governors in a moving house that "... in the Kuznetsk volosts at the mouth of the Kondoma river ... a prison was set up, and a fortress was made, and the Kuznetsk volosts of people were brought under the sovereign's royal high hand. And besides, they also brought with them a small yasak, which they managed to collect, apparently, only from the nearest volosts. Thus, the Kuznetsk prison was "established" in April-May 1618.

A small detachment of servicemen remained in the new prison under the command of O. Kharlamov-Mikhalevsky, who was appointed his clerk. Some researchers mistakenly consider him the first Kuznetsk governor. The Russian administrative practice of that time shows that clerks were appointed to the new prisons before the arrival of the governor from Moscow.

In May, from Tomsk, 8 people were sent "for a change" to the Kuznetsk prison - "year-olds" - service people who were supposed to serve in the new prison for one year and then return back to Tomsk. This detachment was headed by the Tatar head O. Kokarev and the son of the boyar Bazhen Kartashev, who probably replaced O. Kharlamov-Mikhalevsky as a clerk.

The first Kuznetsk governors were Timofei Stepanovich Bobarykin and Osip Gerasimovich Anichkov, who arrived in the Kuznetsk prison in 1619.

In 1620, judging by written sources, the Kuznetsk prison was moved to a new place, "... near arable land and hay meadows and near fishing ..."

The main reason for its postponement was the fact that before the city administration, represented by voivode T.S. Bobarykin and O.G. Anichkov, the task was to supply the garrison with local bread.

In the old place there was no land "convenient" for arable farming, and therefore the prison was moved to the right bank of the Tom in the area, which is now clearly marked by the Transfiguration Cathedral.

When, on the eve of the transfer of the prison, the governors read out the “sovereign decree” about this, the service people first tore up this document, and then beat one of the governors. Such a reaction of service people can be explained by the fact that at that time the local garrison consisted only of Tomsk "year-olds", that is, temporary people in this region.

They were forced to plow the land, and this was undesirable, since agriculture fixed them in the Kuznetsk Territory, which at that time was still uninhabited and dangerous due to the threat of attacks by nomads.

But still, in 1621, under the leadership of the governor T.S. Bobarykin, under the walls of the prison, "... near the Stone" (here we mean Mount Voznesenskaya), the first arable land was laid, which until 1624 was cultivated only by service people.

The prison of 1618 is considered, therefore, the I Kuznetsk prison, and the prison of 1620 is considered the II Kuznetsk prison.

According to other written sources, the prison was not moved anywhere, and it was built (or the old one was renovated), "... where it used to be."

We know exactly the location of the prison in 1620 thanks to written and archaeological sources. As for the location of the prison in 1618, we cannot say anything definite here. There is not enough written and archaeological data on this issue.

At the moment, there are two main versions of the location of Kuznetsk Ostrog I.

According to the first version, it was located on Kondoma, six kilometers from its mouth. This place is called "Krasnaya Gorka" (near the Abagur sinter plant). Then the prison in 1620 was moved to the right bank of the Tom.

According to the second version, the prison was not moved anywhere, but it still stood on the right bank of the river. Tom, where the Transfiguration Cathedral is now located.

The first inhabitants of Kuznetsk

If initially Russian servicemen who came from Tomsk became the inhabitants of the Kuznetsk prison, then already in 1620 peasants settled on the territory of the prison. With the creation of a system of fortified prisons and agricultural camps located around them, the final formation of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region took place. It included arable land located on the territory of Tomsk and Kuznetsk districts. In the course of the reforms of Peter I, lower territorial units, districts, were introduced in the counties. The territory of the future Kuzbass included the Sosnovsky and Verkhotomsky districts of the Tomsk district and the Kuznetsk and Mungatsky districts of the Kuznetsk district. The land located on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory was the "sovereign's tithe arable land", and those working on it belonged to the category of "arable peasants".

In 1665, there were 238 in the Kuznetsk jail, and in 1705 - 368 service and quitrent people. There were quitrents in other prisons as well. The vast majority of Russian people continued to arrive on the Kuznetsk land without permission. At the beginning of the 18th century, there were only a few dozen people who were forcibly exiled from the peasant class. In a small number, service people also referred here, among whom were even foreigners.

In the XVIII century, the main population of the Kuznetsk land were peasants, consisting of three categories: state, economic and ascribed. All these groups of peasants were formed during the 18th century. State peasants appeared as a result of the tax reform of 1724. In Kuzbass, this estate included plowed, quitrent peasants, unauthorized migrants from European Russia, service people engaged in agriculture.

"These are paintings from the history of the service of the Siberian Cossack army. An album of works by the artist, ethnographer and writer N. N. Kazarin, who lived for a long time in Siberia and Central Asia as a soldier, and then as a chronicler of local events. The album was intended as a gift to the future Emperor Nicholas II "to the most august chieftain" and was presented to him in the summer of 1891, when he was returning through Siberia from a trip to Far East Russia. Its main theme concerns Cossack folk history east of the Urals, beginning with Ermak's victory over Khan Kuchum in 1582 and continuing with other events from three centuries of history.

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History of the fortress

Kuznetsk Fortress - a monument of history, military engineering and architecture of federal significance - is located in the city of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region.

The construction of the Kuznetsk fortress began in 1800 and was completed in 1820. It was part of a system of fortifications, the main purpose of which was to contain the aggressive plans of Qing China in relation to southern Siberia.

The main stages in the history of the Kuznetsk fortress

First stage (second half of the 17th - 18th centuries)

The formation of a defensive system on the mountain (called Mogilnaya, and since the 19th century Voznesenskaya), where the Kuznetsk fortress is now located, was preceded by the construction at its foot of the Kuznetsk prison in the early 17th century. Fortifications of the Kuznetsk prison in the 17th century. and at the beginning of the XVIII century. were wooden or wood-earthen. They had the traditional tower style for that time. Walls with towers surrounded not only the prison itself, but the entire perimeter of the city of Kuznetsk. On the Grave Hill in the 17th century. could pass part of this wall with 2-3 towers. Here, judging by the information of 1668, a ditch could have been dug and a rampart had been poured. In 1717, an earthen citadel was built on the cape of Mogilnaya Gora.

According to G.F. Miller: "The moment when the fortress, by the highest decree of the Tsar's Majesty, was elevated and proclaimed a city, falls on the year 1689 from the Nativity of Christ. The prison, however, did not disappear from this, and is still located in the center of the city. Moreover, outside it for greater protection against enemy attacks by the Kyrgyz or Kalmyks, in 1717, at the very top of the Tom bank, north of the prison, another citadel was founded, connected with the city by means of a wooden wall from the side opposite the river. built of logs laid on top of each other and stakes driven between them and having 8 gates, is 2 versts 284 fathoms.

"The citadel, which was built according to the structure of the local mountainous coast from ramparts poured in a quadrangle with bastions at the corners and with two gates over which wooden towers stand, has a length of 188 sazhens and a width of 38 sazhens. Apart from the chapel, there are no more buildings. And the gates of both this citadel and the lower city are protected by cannons ... "

Second stage (first half of the 19th century)

At the end of the XVIII century. wood-and-earth fortifications of Kuznetsk, including those on Mogilnaya Gora, came into "complete disrepair." But the city of Kuznetsk still remained an important stronghold on the eastern flank of the grandiose border linear system from the Caspian to Altai. Therefore, the commander of the Siberian Corps, Lieutenant General Gustav Shtrandman, prepared a project for the modernization of the Kuznetsk fortifications, which consisted in the construction of two earthen fortresses of the bastion style - on Mogilnaya Gora and at its sole. In April 1798, Emperor Paul I approved Strandman's project, and a year later one fortification (the so-called "Swamp Citadel" - at the foot of the mountain) was already built. Construction on Mogilnaya Gora began only in 1800.

Along the main perimeter of the Kuznetsk fortress, which has the shape of an elongated rectangle, the fortifications were supposed to consist of an earthen rampart with redans, to which ramps were poured from the inner platform for lifting guns. At the tip of the Cape of Mogilnaya Gora, an additional square-shaped earthen redoubt was designed, connected with the fortress by a long rampart with a redan. Semi-bastions are arranged at the corners of the fortress. The semi-bastions, located on the floor side of the Mogilnaya Hill, were lined with sandstone slabs on the outer and inner sides. The width of the platform for artillery on these semi-bastions is planned to be up to 20 m. Between the stone semi-bastions, a brick three-story observation tower was built.

Already in 1806, the system of defensive ditches and ramparts was almost completely formed.

Of the buildings that previously existed on the territory occupied by the Kuznetsk fortress, only a wooden chapel was preserved. The construction of the fortress was carried out by prisoners and civilian contractors.

List of objects of the Kuznetsk fortress

(in order of occurrence))

Guardhouse. The stone one-story building of the guardhouse with a high hip roof was built before 1806. A drawing of 1810 has been preserved. The building had stove heating. In front of the house, a raised wooden flooring was arranged - a parade ground front, on which stood a sentry booth.

Powder cellar.The stone powder magazine was built before 1806. We have a drawing of the cellar for 1810 and 1811. The building was supposed to store artillery gunpowder. The cellar was fenced with a log palisade, slightly exceeding its height. In 1810, the "turf" gable roof was covered with gray stone slabs, and a cornice was laid out of brick to drain water from the roof. Around the cellar is lined with gray stone on lime.

Soldier barracks.

The building was built during the period 1806-1808. The area of ​​glazing windows in the barracks is much smaller than in officers' houses. The house has two entrance nodes with through passages.

Ober-officer's house.

This building was built during the period 1806-1808. The building had stove heating.

Soldier kitchen.

The building was built in 1807. It was intended for cooking and baking bread, and could also be used as a dining room. The plan of the house has 8 outputs.

Headquarters officer's house.

The building was built during the period 1807-1809. Apartments for senior officers were arranged here, and at one time the office was also located. The building had stove heating. The walls of the house are plastered.

Storeroom.

This stone building was built in 1808 and was intended to store artillery pieces and materiel. There are ramps at every doorway. The floor in the arsenal is lined with stone slabs on lime. The walls are plastered. Heating is not provided.

Barnaul travel tower.

Stone 3-storey building with a wooden observation tower. It was built during the period 1809-1810. The road to Barnaul went to this tower. The lower tier of the fortress gates is made of rubble stone "with vaults and upper floors made of brick". The roof of the third tier is arranged in the form of a tetrahedral dome with a lookout tower on top. The observation tower is covered with a tetrahedral pyramid and has a barred railing.

Semi-bastions with stone facing. On both sides of the Barnaul tower, close to it, two earthen semi-bastions were built, lined with rubble - Tomsky and Kuznetsky. From the inside of the fortress, ramps lined with stone lead to the semi-bastions.

Rubble stone for lining the fortifications was mined in a quarry arranged on an outcrop of the rocky foundation of the Voznesenskaya Mountain, 150 m to the North East of the Kuznetsk semi-bastion.

The large length of ramparts on the northwestern and southeastern sides of the fortress suggested the presence of additional passages here. To do this, in the middle part of the northern and southern ramparts in 1809, two grades were built. The southern variety is located in the curtain between the first and second redans, and the northern one is between the fourth and fifth. There was a ditch in front of the sortias, and therefore the sortias were supplied with wooden bridges.

Southern sort It was a rectangular building with a gable roof. Its gates were double-leaf with a semi-circular completion.

northern sort had a larger volume than the southern one, since the height of the shaft from the northeast was much greater. The gates of the northern sort were also double-winged and had a semi-circular completion. The height of the gate was less than the gate of the southern grade. For the construction of a bridge across the moat, opposite the northern grade, behind the moat, a platform was made of rubble stone on lime.

The headquarters and the chief officer's house are in one connection with the soldiers' barracks.This building was built in the period 1810-1813, it adjoined the Kuznetsk half-bastion and had a basement made of rubble stone. The outer side of the stone plinth is much higher than the inner one due to the exit of the outer wall of the building onto the sharply falling mountain slope. The entrance nodes face the inside of the fortress and are marked with small resalites. According to the project, it was supposed to place a sortia between the two buildings, but this was not done. The placement of two buildings here in one connection can only be judged by planning decision. The building had stove heating. The roof is covered with iron.

Wooden room for storing fire extinguishers.The building was erected in 1818 on a stone foundation with a brick plinth. The floor was paved with rubble. The building was used as housing for the fire brigade and had a porch with a canopy for storing fire extinguishers. The house had stove heating.

The construction of the Kuznetsk fortress was completed in 1820. The total area of ​​the fortress was 2.5 hectares. The Kuznetsk fortress crowned a whole stage in the development of the Siberian fortification.

Third stage (second half of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century)

Strategically, by the time construction was completed, the fortress turned out to be unnecessary. Since the end of the 1830s. the consistent withdrawal of military units from the territory of the Kuznetsk fortress begins. In 1846, it was finally removed from the balance sheet of the Military Ministry and transferred to the Altai Mining Department. In the fortress, it was supposed to keep only the city prison and the infirmary from this year. In 1850, all military ranks from the fortress were "taken to apartments." In 1857, all the buildings of the fortress were transferred to a civil department with the payment of 435 silver rubles to the Cabinet of His Majesty.

In the fortress, the internal buildings were rebuilt several times, some of them were sold for scrap. In the 1860s single people lived in one of the converted buildings of the fortress lower ranks Kuznetsk disabled team.

Since the mid-1860s, all the fortifications (except for the prison prison and the hospital) have been resold “in private hands for scrapping to the merchant Ivanovsky”. In 1870, on the basis of the rebuilt ruins of a stone barracks, the Kuznetsk prison of the Tomsk province for criminals was organized on the fortress. She got the nameKuznetskyprisonlock

On the territory of the fortress, the powder magazine continued to be used for its former purpose. The northern grade was walled up on the side of the stream and used as a warehouse.

In 1872, in violation of the construction charter of 1868, which prohibited the reconstruction of the gates of ancient fortresses, demolition and reconstruction of the passable observation tower of the Kuznetsk fortress began to be built on the basis of its lower floor of the gate church for the needs of the prison. In 1876, the built church was consecrated in the name of St. Elijah the Prophet. In 1877, the dilapidated Ascension Chapel was dismantled and, in the same year, a new one-story wooden chapel on a rubble foundation was rebuilt nearby, also consecrated on Ascension Day.

The construction of the prison and the construction of the gate church indirectly contributed to preventing the final destruction of the remains of the Kuznetsk fortress - its ramparts, grades and stone semi-bastions.

Fourth stage (second quarter of the 20th century)

The Kuznetsk prison castle functioned until 1919, when during the capture of the city of Kuznetsk by partisans, the prison buildings were burned. The cast-iron cannons left on the stone bastions of the Kuznetsk fortress were dropped from them by 1927. In 1919, 2 of the fortress cannons were taken out by Altai partisans for use in the assault on the village. Togul. One of them is installed at the monument to the partisans in this village. Currently, 4 of the former fortress cannons stand near the local history museum in Novokuznetsk, two - near the museum in Kemerovo and one cannon in the Novosibirsk local history museum.

In the 1920s the Ascension Chapel was destroyed, the cross from which was kept in the Transfiguration Cathedral until 1934 (at present, only a fragment with a memorial inscription, which is in the Novokuznetsk Museum of Local Lore, has survived from it). In 1935, the remains of the gate of Elijah's church burned down. The practice of systematic dismantling of the stone buildings of the fortress for the needs of local construction began in the 19th century. continued until the end of the 1940s.

Fifth stage (second half of the 20th century)

Since the 1950s on the territory of the Kuznetsk fortress, a number of measures are being taken, the purpose of which was to prevent the final destruction of this monument. Here, on a part of the foundation of a soldier's barracks (the one that was used as a prison), a one-story residential house was built, where the watchman settled.

The status of a monument of republican significance was assigned to the Kuznetsk fortress by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of June 30, 1960, No. 1327. Unfortunately, the Kuznetsk fortress in this decree was incorrectly attributed as an architectural monument of the 17th century. After that, several projects for the restoration of the fortress ruins were created.

In the late 1970s, after archaeological excavations in 1973, the guardhouse was restored. Its former foundation was removed and replaced with a concrete basement. The watchman was relocated to the building of the guardhouse, and the dilapidated gatehouse, built on the foundation of the barracks, was destroyed. At the same time, it was made unsuccessful attempt restore the lost parts of the half-bastions lined with stone.

Sixth stage (late XX - early XXI centuries)

By the decision of the Executive Committee of the Novokuznetsk City Council dated November 28, 1991, No. 597, the Kuznetsk Fortress Historical and Architectural Museum was opened with a plan for its subsequent placement on the territory of the Kuznetsk Fortress. Thus, one of the tasks assigned to the new museum was the restoration of a monument of history and architecture of republican significance. Unfortunately, the guardhouse soon burned down on the fortress.

Since 1991, archaeological surveys and excavations of individual objects began to be regularly carried out on the territory of the Kuznetsk fortress in order to prepare for their restoration. On the basis of this work, in 1998, a large-scale compensatory construction was carried out on the Barnaul tower and adjacent half-bastions. According to the new project, on the former site of the ruins explored by archaeologists, a soldier's barracks was built. Landscaping was carried out: paths were paved with slabs, lawns were arranged, etc.

In 2008, the building of the chief officer's house was recreated, the southern and northern sorts. The foundation of the headquarters officer's house was cleared.

At present, the museumified Kuznetsk Fortress includes more than a dozen architectural and militaryfortificationobjects of varying degrees of preservation. Slide 19

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Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk) was founded by the conquerors of Siberia. Ostrogs, from which most of the Russian Siberian cities grew, served as a defense against attacks by local nomadic tribes. Kuznetsk also began its existence from the prison. The prison was founded in 1618 on the left bank of the Tom River.
Russian people called the local population "Kuznetsk people" for their ability to smelt iron from local ores and make metal products. In this regard, the new prison began to be called Kuznetsk. Two years later, the prison was moved to the high right bank of the Tom River - a strategically more advantageous place. In the 1680s, Kuznetsk gradually acquired the status of a city.

In 1804, Kuznetsk became part of the newly formed Tomsk Governorate as a county town and the center of the Kuznetsk District.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Kuznetsk was a small provincial town with a population of just over 3,000 people. Revolution and Civil War had little effect on his economic situation. In 1914, on the left bank of the Tom, the village of Sad-Gorod arose. In 1931, it was renamed the city of Novo-Kuznetsk, which is associated with the construction of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, and in 1932 it was merged with the city of Kuznetsk and transformed into the city of Novokuznetsk. May 5, 1932 the city was renamed Stalinsk. With this name, the city existed until November 1961, when it returned to its former name - Novokuznetsk.
City N of four centuries. Part 1
City N of four centuries. Part 2 (History of Novokuznetsk for 400 years. A film by Anna Zavaryko (NOVO-TV, 2018)
Kuznetsk tales: animated series about the history of Novokuznetsk (10 episodes) (NOVO-TV, 2018)
Connection of times "Poetic environment" walks along Novokuznetsk (TVN, 2019)
Stronger than steel: a film about Novokuznetsk dedicated to the 55th anniversary of ZSMK / with the participation of Vladimir Mashkov (EVRAZ, NOVO-TV, 2019)

Novokuznetsk - garden city: versions

Version one. In Soviet times, on the forecourt of Novokuznetsk, visitors were greeted by the lines of Vladimir Mayakovsky: "I know - the city will be, I know - the garden will bloom..."(On June 30, 2017, this art object - a quote by V. Mayakovsky - was restored on the residential buildings of Privokzalnaya Square).
Why did Mayakovsky become an iconic figure for a city he had never been to?

Initially, V. Mayakovsky's poem about our city had the title "Khrenov's story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk", then it was changed to "The story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk", and twenty years later the original name was returned again. Who was this Khrenov, and how did he meet the poet? This man's name was Iulian (Jan) Petrovich Khrenov. Once Yan Petrovich came to Kuznetskstroy on business, and then met with the poet, shared his emotions with him.

His story inspired Mayakovsky to create such an enthusiastic poem, which even entered the school curriculum. In 1937, Khrenov was repressed, so his surname disappeared from the title of the poem, returning back only after rehabilitation.

Version two. One of the public transport stops in Novokuznetsk is named Sadgorodskaya. Also in late XIX At the beginning of the 20th century, the English architect Howard put forward the concept of building garden cities. In Kuzbass, the Kuznetsk joint-stock company of coal mines (“Kopikuz”), which was formed in 1912 and set itself the task of developing coal deposits in the depths of Kuzbass, became interested in a similar project.

For the export of coal mined in the south of Kuzbass, they began to build Kolchuginsky railway with a branch to Kuznetsk. Construction reached only the left-bank part, where there was no settlement yet.
The station was named Kuznetsk, and the settlement in the area of ​​the station in 1914 was named Garden City. The project of the village was commissioned to the famous architect A. D. Kryachkov. But it was never implemented, only the name remained of these ideas. As the locals said: "The garden here is imaginary, but the city is supposed." But the name has survived to this day.

Novokuznetsk - the city of F. M. Dostoevsky's first love

The whole world enthusiastically reads the works of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, but few people know that the writer literally went "to the ends of the world" for his love.

For a long time, the writer's letters were documentary evidence that Fyodor Dostoevsky got married in Kuznetsk. In the fall of 2007, employees of the Kemerovo Regional Museum of Local Lore, working in State Archive Novosibirsk region, discovered the original metric book of the Odigitrievskaya church of 1857 with a record of the wedding of F. M. Dostoevsky: on February 6, according to the old style (February 18, according to the new one), the writer married a resident of Kuznetsk Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. She was not a native blacksmith, but came here a year before the events described.

The love story of Fyodor Mikhailovich and Maria Dmitrievna began long before their arrival in Kuznetsk. They met in Semipalatinsk, where the writer served. He really liked a young, but already married woman. When Dostoevsky realized that he was deeply in love, he, in spite of everything, went for Isaeva to Kuznetsk, where her husband was transferred to serve. The researchers found that in total Dostoevsky spent twenty-two days in Kuznetsk. He either came here or went back to Semipalatinsk on duty. After the sudden death of her husband, Maria Isaeva agreed to become the wife of F. M. Dostoevsky ... Odigitrievsky Church, where the wedding took place, is the first stone building built in Kuznetsk.

Unfortunately, the first marriage of F. M. Dostoevsky did not last long, seven years after the wedding, Maria Dmitrievna died of consumption. And now there is no trace left of the Odigitrievsky church ...

In November 2011, on the occasion of the 190th anniversary of the birth of the great Russian writer, the Novokuznetsk city ​​Library them. N. V. Gogol opened the Internet site "Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky and Kuznetsk" on the network, covering the stay of Fyodor Mikhailovich in our city. The site presents fragmentary texts published since 1903. Local researchers, artists, cultural figures are also represented, who in their work refer to the writer's "Kuznetsk period".

Articles about Novokuznetsk from encyclopedias, published since 1773	Symbolism Novokuznetsk
Novokuznetsk in photos	Complete bibliography about Novokuznetsk
Districts Novokuznetsk	Streets Novokuznetsk

List of literature about the city with texts

Our city of harsh beauty [Text]: (informational and methodological materials for the 375th anniversary of Novokuznetsk) / Central City Library. N. V. Gogol, Information and Bibliographic Department; [comp. Bykova O. V.; ed. Protopopova E. E.]. - Novokuznetsk, 1993. - 242 p.

The city that stepped into the centuries [Text]: collection of articles / Central City Library. N. V. Gogol, Sector of local history bibliography; [comp. L. A. Kulemeeva]. - Novokuznetsk, 2003. - 100 p. : ill. - 385 years of Novokuznetsk.

And "Far Kuibyshevo" is getting closer ... [Text]: thematic and bibliographic collection / TsBS im. N. V. Gogol, Library "Kuibyshevskaya"; authors-comp. T. G. Zelenina, M. S. Nikolenko; tech. editorial and design by E. V. Kuzakova. - Novokuznetsk, 2008. - 99 p.

Kuznetsk in the life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky [Text]: annotated index of literature / Novokuznetsk Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky, Central City Library. N. V. Gogol; [ed.: Ashcheulova T. S., Bondarenko O. V., Kireeva T. N., Protopopova E. E.; annotations and systematization: Protopopova E. E.; Ed.: Kogan G. N., Kushnikova M. M.]. - Novokuznetsk: Kuznetsk fortress, 1996. - 33 p.

Monuments and memorable places of the Great Patriotic War of the Kuibyshev region [Text]: thematic collection / Municipal institution Centralized system. N. V. Gogol, Library "Kuibyshevskaya"; [ed.: Nikolenko M.S.; editor: N. D. Sycheva; cover design: Anchokova S. M.]. - Novokuznetsk, 2010. - 70 p. - On tit. l .: 65th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War dedicated to... The streets will tell you [Text]: streets, avenues, boulevards and squares of Novokuznetsk: reference book / Central City Library. N. V. Gogol; auth.-stat. E. E. Protopopova; scientific ed. S. D. Tiviakov; lit. ed. L. N. Arefieva; cons.: A. S. Shadrina, L. I. Voigt, O. V. Bykova. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - Novokuznetsk, 1999. - 80 p.

Fez - Baydaevka [Izomaterial]: [booklet] / MU CBS im. N. V. Gogol, Library "Feskovskaya". - Novokuznetsk, 2010. - 1 sheet. : a photo.

MBOU "Average comprehensive school No. 36"

Methodical development local history lesson

on the topic: "From the Kuznetsk prison to Novokuznetsk"

Developed by:

History and social studies teacher

Chekalova Elizaveta Nikolaevna

Novokuznetsk

Target: fostering a sense of patriotism among students, interest in history native land.

Tasks:

Expansion and systematization of students' knowledge about the history of their native city.

Development of cognitive interest by attracting the attention of pupils to the past and present of Novokuznetsk.

Equipment: presentation with photographs of the Kuznetsk basin, the Kuznetsk fortress, streets and squares modern city; historical photos Kuznetsk; portraits historical figures Novokuznetsk.

During the classes:

1. Poems about Novokuznetsk (children read)

Showing off on the banks of the Tom,

You stand, Novokuznetsk dear,

Proud of the scope of your streets

Your labor glory.

Watching the mountains rise

From the depths of the mined coal,

In the glow of the miners' lamps,

Mined coal for you.

Like elastic steel sparkles,

Mighty bridges are rising.

And the park grows green

And you are younger again.

So always be brighter and more beautiful,

My favorite city

native Be proud

Our fatherland

Her protection and armor.

Lukyantseva L.

2. Greeting the teacher, introducing the topic of the lesson

3. Children garden reports and presentation

Report 1. "Kuznetsk fortress"

About 30 thousand years ago, on the territory where our city is now located, tribes of hunters lived. This is evidenced archaeological excavations mounds and sites of ancient man, his rock paintings. In 1603, in Moscow, Prince Toyan first heard about the existence of the Kuznetsk Tatars. Here is how A. Luchshev writes about this: “At the beginning of the 17th century, the vast area adjacent to the Tom river, Mrass and Kondoma were inhabited by Turkic tribes, who received the name Kuznetsov or Kuznetsk Tatars from the Russians, because they had long been engaged in the smelting of iron ore and preparing various handicrafts from it. Thanks to this, both the area and the prison built later began to be called Kuznetsk.

Russians appeared on the Kuznetsk land at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1607, several Tomsk Cossacks sent to the volosts of the Kuznetsk Tatars to collect yasak (tribute) returned empty-handed. The entire population of this area was constantly worried and did not submit to Russian weapons until 1618, when the boyar son Kharlamov, together with the Tatar head Kokorev and the Cossack head Molchanov, founded the Kuznetsk prison on the mountain at the confluence of the Kondomy Tom.

Report 2. "City of Kuznetsk" (1622 - 1932).

In 1622, the Kuznetsk prison received the title of the city of Kuznetsk or Kuznetsk-Siberian to distinguish it from the city of Kuznetsk in the Penza province. The city was directly subordinated to Moscow. Since Kuznetsk was a stronghold against Tatar raids, a stone fortress was built, which has survived to this day.

Until the last quarter of the 18th century Kuznetsk was the military-administrative center of the vast territory of the Kuznetsk district, which stretched 720 versts in length and 600 west in width.

AT early XIX century, the county included 19 volosts with a population of 50 thousand people. But the city is gradually losing all military and strategic importance, since the borders Russian Empire are expanding, and there is no need for a guard line from Kuznetsk to Biysk. Kuznetsk, due to its remoteness from the industrial and cultural centers of Russia and off-road, turns into a typical provincial town. Its population grew very slowly from 1897 to 1917, it grew by only 37 people.

The history of Kuznetsk is closely connected with many famous people.

In 1864-1865. in Kuznetsk lived a famous publicist V.V. Bervi-Flerovsky, whose book The Condition of the Working Class in Russia was highly appreciated by K. Marx.

In 1906, V.V. visited his parents. Kuibyshev.

The first love of the great Russian writer F.M. is also connected with Kuznetsk. Dostoevsky to M.D. Isaeva. Their wedding took place in the Odigidrievskaya Church of Kuznetsk in 1857.

Report 3. "City of Stalinsk" (1932 - 1961).

The history of the new city is closely connected with the construction of the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works, the construction of which began in the fall of 1927. Peasants and workers from all over the country begin to arrive in the area of ​​the future construction site. In April 1929, the technical project of the plant was approved, taking into account the latest achievements of science and technology of that time. The management of the future plant appears on the Gorbunovskaya site, and the entire construction site receives the name Kuznetskstroy, which soon became legendary. Around the construction site, the construction of a factory settlement began. By October 1929, the first public buildings were built: an outpatient clinic, a bathhouse, shops, a bakery, and a temporary club. In 1930, the construction of ten capital stone houses began. In 1931 another 33 stone buildings were built.

In 1932, the new and old towns were merged. By the beginning of 1932, the housing stock of the new city already consisted of 501 buildings. In 1933, the inhabitants of the city received 54460 m? living area, including 20 stone houses. The quality of housing is also improving. Along the street, which later received the name of S.M. Kirov, they began to build four-story houses of a new type - with balconies, high ceilings, large windows, and a more convenient layout of apartments. In October, the city's first city theater (the theater of metallurgists) opens. “Stalinsk is becoming a cultural working center,” wrote the central newspapers in 1933.

Report 4. "City of Novokuznetsk" (1961 - 2007).

Nowadays the city of Novokuznetsk is the most Big city Kemerovo region. Novokuznetsk is the largest industrial center. It is not for nothing that the city is called the metallurgical capital of Russia in the east of the country; four largest metallurgical enterprises operate on its territory - the Kuznetsk Metallurgical and West Siberian Metallurgical Plants, the Aluminum and Ferroalloy Plants. Novokuznetsk is a city of coal, cement, chemistry, construction industry, metalworking and electric power industry. Novokuznetsk is a major transport hub connecting Asian states with the east of Russia.

Novokuznetsk is the most beautiful city in the South of Siberia. Every year it changes, our city gets prettier. Ensembles of beautiful buildings make up a unique mosaic of streets, squares, squares.

Novokuznetsk is the birthplace of many of us - our Small Motherland. Loving your city means knowing its history, being proud of its past and striving to become worthy citizens of the city in the future.

4. Quiz about Novokuznetsk

Quiz questions:

In what year was the Kuznetsk prison built? (In 1618, forty-five Tomsk Cossacks began the construction of the Kuznetsk prison).

Name the first state educational institution, which appeared in Kuznetsk. When was it opened? (The first state educational institution in Kuznetsk - People's School. It was opened in 1790, and a few years later, in 1826, the District School was opened. Education here lasted five years: three years in the first grade and two years in the second.)

Name the oldest enterprise in Kuznetsk and the year of its foundation. (The oldest enterprise in Kuznetsk is the Brewery, which was built in 1898.)

Who owned the first stone house for housing in Kuznetsk and when was it built? (About 1780, the merchant Muratov built himself a stone house near the Odigitrievskaya Church, which was later occupied by the district treasury.)

What Russian writer, and in what year was he in Kuznetsk? (Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich visited Kuznetsk. He was twenty-two days - in total he was in Kuznetsk in 1856 - 1857. Dostoevsky went here to see Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. It was in our city , February 6, 1857, Fedor Mikhailovich married Maria Isaeva in the Odigitrievsky church.)

Name "Seven Wonders of Novokuznetsk".

(Kuznetsk Fortress; House-Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky; Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works; Memorial Complex"Boulevard of Heroes"; Transfiguration Cathedral; two hundred and fifty apartment building on Metallurgov Avenue, 39; Waterfall stream.)

What architectural monument are the following lines written about:

"He ascended majestically,

Domes shone,

And not only for Kuznetsk

He became the main symbol. (About the Transfiguration Cathedral.)

5. Final word of the teacher

Now, when the townspeople are leaving for the south and the capitals, it is especially interesting why the founders of the city came to the Siberian wilderness almost four centuries ago. About what the city was like in 1618 and what was left from those ancient times, he told the weekly AiF-Kuzbass historian Peter Lizogub.

Two stories

Most of the Kuzbass cities were created as workers' settlements with opening enterprises. Pyotr Petrovich, Novokuznetsk - an exception to this list? Does it have a different origin story?

The city has two stories. The first is the history of Kuznetsk, founded in 1618. Second Paradise - the history of modern Novo-Kuznetsk, which dates back to the second half of the 20s of the twentieth century. If speak about modern history, then the official date of birth of Novokuznetsk is July 3, 1931. It was formed from a working village garden city at the metallurgical plant under construction. On the same day, the working settlements of Prokopyevskiy and Anzhero-Sudzhenskiy received the status of a city, in this sense we have the same story with them.

However, the city traces its history back to more ancient times, from the foundation in 1618 of the Kuznetsk prison - one of the oldest in Siberia, from major cities Only Tomsk, Tyumen, Tobolsk are older. The foundation of Kuznetsk falls on pre-Petrine Russia. The first Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich, ascended the throne in 1613, and Kuznetsk appeared five years later. It is symbolic that this is the first city in Siberia founded after the Troubles.

The appearance of the prison is associated with the colonization of Siberia by the Russian state. The main goal of founding the Kuznetsk prison and settling the Cossack garrison here was very pragmatic: obtaining furs from the local population, its explanation - the imposition of yasak (tax). At that time, furs (primarily sable) were the gold reserves of the state, fur could be profitably sold abroad.

There is an opinion that the prison is a prison, therefore, initially the city was inhabited by criminals exiled here. Was the Kuznetsk jail really a prison?

The meaning of "prison" appeared later, and in the 17th century it was a type of defensive fortification. It was a log dug vertically, close to each other, a kind of strong fence on which platforms for defenders or towers were installed. This term arose as a contrast to the word "city" - there the protective wall was made of horizontally arranged logs. Later, the city became an administrative center, the opposite of the village. Accordingly, the prison began to be perceived as a city. In the documents of the 1670s, “Kuznetsky Ostrog” is used less and less, they simply write “Kuznetsky” or a city, that is, Kuznetsk has never been a village.

The Kuznetsk prison appeared in late April-early May. The Cossacks who arrived here erected it in two weeks. Initially, it was located on the left bank of the Tom. Two years later, the prison was moved to the right bank, in the area of ​​​​the current Soviet Square, closer to the modern Transfiguration Cathedral. True, this transfer causes some controversy. More arguments for the fact that the prison was originally on the left bank. But this is where the controversy begins. common sense: Didn't the founders see that the Tom floods during the flood and floods the left bank?

"Under the high sovereign's hand"

From the first day of its existence, the city was named Kuznetsk. Did the Russians who moved here take over blacksmithing from the Shors and began to make steel? That is, the "steel heart of Siberia" was born already then, 395 years ago?

The Kuznetsk Tatars, the ancestors of the Shors, lived here, and the prison got its name from them. But blacksmithing was of little interest to the Russians. The ancestors of the Shors were hunters, lived in small clans, it was relatively easy to explain them or "bring them under the sovereign's high hand." Before the arrival of the Russians, they were often attacked by nomads - black Kalmyks, white Kalmyks (today's Teleuts), Yenisei Kyrgyz (ancestors of the Khakasses), who lived off wars, raids, border robbery. With the advent of the prison, they switched their aggression to the Russian service people, the Siberian Cossacks, who made up the Kuznetsk garrison, so that the prison arose in the middle of the “non-peaceful land”.

Kuznetsk at that time was the "hot spot" of our country. For more than 100 years, it remained the southernmost Russian city in Siberia, almost every year it took on the blows of nomadic tribes. Therefore, it is no coincidence that this year the city authorities appealed to the president to grant Novokuznetsk the status of a city of military glory: he played important role in strengthening the southern border of the Russian state. The title has not yet been given, but, nevertheless, this does not detract from the merits of Kuznetsk.

Ostrog was under siege more than once, only military artillery rescued us. There is a legend: when the main garrison went to Tomsk to help, Kuznetsk was left decapitated, old and small remained. A detachment of nomads secretly approached, laid siege to Kuznetsk - the teenagers had to take up arms. One 12-year-old boy aimed a cannon at the very camp of the enemy, and one of his shots was enough for the nomads, who did not expect a rebuff, to flee in panic. This legend symbolically proves the fact that throughout its history Kuznetsk has never been taken by nomads.

Today almost 550 thousand people live in Novokuznetsk, its area is 424 sq. kilometers. It is the largest city of the Kemerovo region. How did it all start 395 years ago?

In the first years of its existence, the prison was a small patch of land fenced in a circle. Its area did not exceed 200 sq. m. This was enough for a garrison of 50 people. Inside the prison there was a voivodship house, a moving out hut (the main administrative building), a church, a prison, several huts for ordinary Cossacks, a fur barn.

Save the rest

- Is there anything left in the city from the day it was founded: buildings, monuments, household items, dynasties?

In the course of a few excavations on Sovetskaya Square, including last year, archaeologists have discovered things that can be attributed to the beginning of the 17th century. - iron nails, a gold kopeck from the time of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) and many other everyday artifacts. Of the non-archaeological finds, a part of the cross presented by Peter the Great in 1717 to the “God-protected city of Kuznetsk” has been preserved. In the 1920s, this cross was given to a school for handicrafts, that is, for destruction. Fortunately, Konkordy Evreinov, who was a passionate local historian, worked as an artist at school, he saved a fragment of the relic and transferred it to the local history museum.

Of the oldest stone buildings, the house of the merchant Muratov, built in 1780 (located on Sovetskaya Square), which later housed the treasury, has been preserved. As for dynasties, they are found all the time in the city. Shabalins, Vagins, Kurtukovs, Valishevskys, Ananyins are possible descendants of the Kuznetsk service people.

Only five years remain before the grandiose anniversary - the 400th anniversary of Kuznetsk. What monuments of the history of power should be paid attention to in order to preserve them for posterity?

First, I would like officials to give historians the opportunity to continue excavations on Sovetskaya Square and its environs. Secondly, you need to save what is left. For example, the current appointment of the Treasury and its future fate is not clear. No matter how the planned grandiose construction has hushed it up and ultimately destroyed it. Thirdly, according to historians, it is necessary to demolish the prison and restore in its place the Odigitrievsky Church, in which Dostoevsky was married.

These plans once seemed real, in any case, the head of the Kuznetsk region gave very significant promises. Let the church become a monument-remake. It is architecturally beautiful, plus it can become a place of pilgrimage for fans of Dostoevsky's work, especially foreigners, for whom he is more of a cult figure than for us. Yes, and Dostoevsky Street itself requires reconstruction. In the implementation of these plans, we will not only preserve historical artifacts, but Novokuznetsk will become a more attractive place for tourists.