At the end of the 18th century, a vast area in the Khlynovskaya All Saints Sloboda south of the church belonged to the merchants Athanasius, Philip and Fyodor Mashkovtsev. In 1790, after the redevelopment of the city, the Mashkovtsevs began to build a residential building on this estate - along Spasskaya Street. In 1815, Alexander Fedorovich Mashkovtsev donated the estate to the order of public charity, and a provincial hospital was opened in the building. Orders of public charity - founded in 1775 by Catherine II, provincial institutions that were in charge of organizing public schools, hospitals, shelters and almshouses. After the zemstvo reform of 1864, most of the affairs of the order went to the zemstvo. In 1854, the provincial hospital was transferred to a new building behind Glasisnaya Street (behind the modern Oktyabrsky Prospekt). And on the estate on Spasskaya in 1867-1869. Zemstvo built a long two-story half-stone house and several other buildings - designed by architect N.A. Andrievsky. In 1872, these buildings were opened school for the dissemination of agricultural and technical knowledge and the training of teachers.
In the second half of the 1860s. county zemstvos began to open with great energy in the countryside primary schools. The only question problem that the uyezd zemstvos could not quickly solve on their own was the attraction of good teachers to new schools. An idea came up: to open in Vyatka for training rural teachers school, and one where pupils would be given not only general education, but also knowledge in the field of agriculture and crafts - so that future folk teachers could teach peasants not only literacy and arithmetic, but also rational ways of doing business. The difficulty was that there was no such educational institution anywhere in Russia, but this did not stop things. Time after time, at the sessions of the provincial zemstvo, the project for the future school became clearer and clearer.
Vyatka Alexander real school. View of the main building from the southwest. Photo from the beginning of the 20th century (from the site "Our Vyatka"). Above the cornice is a sign: "Alexandrov Zemstvo Real School. 1880-1900". On the roof there is a pavilion for a telescope and meteorological instruments.
On December 12, 1869, a special commission of the Zemstvo presented the training program at the teacher's school to the provincial assembly. The meeting approved the program and allocated 25 thousand rubles for the annual maintenance of the school, instructing the commission to draw up the charter of the educational institution. The zemstvo assembly expected that there would be no difficulties with the approval of the charter by the government, and classes at the school would begin in September 1870. In the spring of 1870, the charter was ready. The previously assumed name "Zemskaya teacher's agricultural school" was replaced by a new one - "School for the dissemination of agricultural and technical knowledge and the training of folk teachers." However, further hitches followed. Twice the Ministry of Public Education did not approve the charter of the school, demanding amendments. The following point caused the most objections from officials: Teaching Staff schools, according to the Vyatka Zemstvo, was supposed to get rights public service- on a par with employees of public schools. Neither in 1870 nor in 1871 the school was opened. Finally, the main contradictions were resolved: the school was opened as a private educational institution, more precisely, a zemstvo, on the full support and responsibility of the zemstvo, but under the supervision of the ministry public education. In January 1872, the trustee of the Kazan educational district P.D. Shestakov approved the charter of the school. In October of the same year, the first entrance exams were held, out of 60 candidates, 30 people were accepted for training. By class, the composition of the students was distributed as follows: children of peasants - 11, clergy - 13, burghers - 3, merchants - 3. Later, the children of peasants and burghers made up almost half of the pupils, another third - children of the clergy, that is, the composition of students was the most democratic.
Vyatka. Alexander real school. View of the main building from the southeast. From a postcard from the end of the 19th century.
By 1872, the Zemstvo had spent 100,000 rubles on the construction of the school. Three buildings along Spasskaya Street were adapted for classes. Were equipped classrooms, laboratories in chemistry and physics, a gymnasium, a library has been assembled. An exemplary farm with a barnyard and an experimental field of 30 acres (the city society ceded the land free of charge) and several workshops were set up: a smithy, a foundry, a metalwork, a carpentry and a bookbinding. A workshop for fire engines was later opened at the foundry. In addition, the collection of the Vyatka Public Museum with rich collections of exhibits on history, zoology and mineralogy was acquired as the property of the school. In terms of its equipment, the school was one of the best secondary educational institutions in Russia. Almost all pupils received a scholarship (120 rubles a year) from the funds of the provincial or district zemstvos.
The main building of the real school, photo from the album "Orders of Lenin Kirov Region" (1979).
Academic year The school was divided into two semesters: winter and summer. During the summer semester Special attention devoted to field work, classes began at 6 o'clock in the morning. It was believed that for future rural teachers, an early rise in the summer is absolutely necessary (three students did not want to obey such a routine and were expelled). The curriculum included the following subjects: the law of God, the Russian language, history, mathematics, drawing, physics, chemistry, geography, natural history (that is, the beginnings of botany, zoology and mineralogy), singing, gymnastics (optional). In addition, during the winter session, hours were allocated for teaching crafts (in workshops), and during the summer - agriculture(in the field, in the garden, in the barnyard). Summer excursions to the Country Garden were provided under the guidance of a teacher of natural history. On the farm and barnyard every week three pupils were on duty in turn, two more were on duty in the workshops; and duty did not interfere with attending classes. The school course was designed for grades 4 and 5 (grade 5 is an additional pedagogical one). In 1874, an elementary school was opened at the school, in which 55 pupils were admitted in the first year. The school staff consisted of a director, five teachers and two assistants. Worked here the best teachers cities. The candidate was appointed the second director of the school mathematical sciences P.A. German (his son A.P. German - a scientist in the field of mining mechanics, academician). The teachers of the school I.V. Ishorsky, V.G. Kotelnikov, M.L. Peskovsky, V.N. Panteleymonov were widely educated and talented teachers.
Commemorative book of the Vyatka province for 1873, teaching staff zemstvo school.
As already mentioned, the Zemstvo achieved the opening of the school with with great difficulty. Later, friction between the Vyatka Zemstvo and the trustee of the Kazan educational district Shestakov over the school continued. The first director of the school was considered by the zemstvo to be inappropriate for the position and fired. The trustee objected, as the director was fired without his knowledge. Among other things, it turned out that the trustee disapproves of the dual nature of the educational institution: pedagogical and agricultural. According to the trustee, the curriculum was allegedly too extensive and one thing should have been arranged: a teacher's seminary or an agricultural school. It was argued that graduates would not wish to enter the positions of teachers and would look for other occupations upon leaving the school. The trustee suggested changing curriculum, in case of disobedience, he threatened to leave the school without the right to give graduates the title of people's teacher and conscription benefits. In addition, the county zemstvos saw their elementary schools (where graduates of the Vyatka school would go as teachers) precisely as schools with teaching practical knowledge agriculture and handicrafts. The Glazov zemstvo had already petitioned for the opening of such a school, but had been refused. With such friction, the very existence of the educational institution was called into question. (By the way, it was P.D. Shestakov who appointed the inspector public schools Simbirsk province Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov.)
Vyatka. Alexander real school. Photo from the beginning of the 20th century. Behind the main building on the street. Spasskaya, two more school buildings are visible. Above the stone house with six windows along the facade (built in 1823 as a kitchen at the provincial hospital), a second wooden floor was later built on (photos 5 and 10). The third school house (wooden) was built in 1795, in 1873 it was bought as an apartment for the director of the school (the building has not been preserved).
In 1878, the Minister of Public Education, Count Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy, visited the city of Vyatka to inspect educational institutions. In addition to other schools, he also visited the zemstvo school. The minister interviewed the pupils of the school, and their knowledge was found to be unsatisfactory. As expected, Count Tolstoy, who was a supporter of classical secondary education, criticized the school program and rejected it. Zemstvo and pedagogical council turned to the minister for advice: what to do with the school? He proposed to convert the school into a real one or into a teacher's seminary - on the basis of programs already developed for such educational institutions. And so they did.
The most famous student of the school later turned out to be Stepan Khalturin, in his honor a memorial plaque was installed on the building (it has not survived to this day). True, he studied here for only one year and was expelled due to poor progress. However, it should be noted that in craft Khalturin had fives, and bad marks he received for unlearned lessons. Khalturin spent most of his time reading books taken from public library or from acquaintances. The craft skills acquired at the school later allowed him to get a job as a carpenter in the Winter Palace, where only a skilled craftsman could be accepted. However, Khalturin settled in the palace for one purpose - to arrange an explosion and kill the emperor.
The buildings of the Alexander Real School (houses No. 65 and 67 on Spasskaya St.), modern view.
In 1880, the zemstvo school in Vyatka was transformed into a real one. The agricultural farm and workshops of the former school were closed (except for the workshop of fire engines - it was taken over by the Zemstvo as a separate institution). On October 1, 1880, the solemn opening of the real school took place, during the ceremony, the assistant trustee of the Kazan educational district announced that the Sovereign Emperor, at the request of the Vyatka Zemstvo, allowed the school to be called Aleksandrovsky (with this name - Aleksandrovskoye Vyatskoe zemstvo real- school and existed until 1918). All pupils of the former school - 120 people in five classes - were transferred to the new educational institution. The first real school in the Vyatka province was opened in the county town of Sarapul - in 1873, the school in Vyatka became the second. The Vyatka School was taken under the guardianship of the Ministry of Public Education, however, it was still maintained entirely at the expense of the Zemstvo. The affairs of the school were in charge of the board of trustees (which was responsible for material support) and the pedagogical council (determined educational process). Lists of trustees and teachers of the school from 1880 to 1917 can be found in the "Commemorative books of the Vyatka province". Among the pupils of the school were architect I.A. Charushin, art critic N.A. Mashkovtsev, artists N.N. Khokhryakov, A.A. Rylov and A.I. Denshin, writer A.S. Green.
Vyatka, view of the city from the western side. Postcard 20th century In this picture, in addition to the main building, you can see the outbuildings of the school on Glasysnaya Street and the school garden.
The most famous of the pupils of the school is undoubtedly Alexander Grin (Grinevsky). He failed to finish school. In the Autobiographical Tale, Greene recalled his stay at the school in the following way: “In history, the law of God and geography, I had marks 5, 5-, 5+, but in subjects that require not memory and imagination, but logic and ingenuity, - deuces and units: mathematics, German and French fell victim to my passion for reading the adventures of Captain Hatteras and the Noble Heart. While my peers smartly translated from Russian into German such tricky things, for example: "Did you get your brother's apple, which he gave him my mother's grandfather?" - "No, I did not get an apple, but I have a dog and a cat," - I knew only two words: kopf, gund, ezel and elephant. With French, the situation was even worse. at home, my father almost always decided for me, the accountant of the zemstvo city hospital; sometimes, for my dullness, a crack flew in. My father solved problems with enthusiasm, sitting up on a difficult problem until the evening, but there was no case that he did not give the right solution. I hastily read the lessons in class before the lesson, relying on my memory. The teachers said: "Grinevsky is a capable boy, his memory is excellent, but he is ... a mischievous, tomboy, naughty..."
Vyatka. Moscow st. at the entrance to the city. To the right is the garden of the real school.
By the way, this passage shows that teaching foreign languages in a real school it was set very high. The situation at the school was solid: Green mentions parquet, paintings, a large beautiful aquarium in the teachers' room. The teachers at the school were not only experts in their subject, but also good educators. This is indicated by the following episode in the story: “In the first grade, having read somewhere that schoolchildren published a magazine, I myself compiled a number of a handwritten magazine (I forgot what it was called), copied into it several pictures from the Picturesque Review and other magazines ", he composed some stories, poems - stupidity, probably extraordinary - and showed everyone. My father, secretly from me, took the magazine to the director - a plump, good-natured person, and then one day I was called to the director's room. In the presence of all the teachers, the director handed me magazine, saying: "Here, Grinevsky, you should do more with this than pranks ..." Unfortunately, Grinevsky did not know the measure in pranks, and the rules in those days were very strict. He composed an epigram on teachers ("Inspector, fat the ant is proud of its thickness..." etc.) Grinevsky was expelled. Judging by his recollections, the resentment of the aforementioned inspector played the main role.
Pupil of the Vyatka Alexander real school.
Real schools in Russian Empire- secondary educational institutions, in the program of which, unlike classical gymnasiums, a significant role was assigned to the study of exact and natural sciences. in gymnasiums training course was based on the study humanitarian disciplines, in the first place - the classical languages, ancient Greek and Latin. The charter of real schools of 1872 declared their goal "a general education adapted to practical needs and to the acquisition of technical knowledge." The course of the school was designed for six grades, from the fifth grade, training took place in two departments - the main one and the commercial one (graduates of the commercial department most often entered the service in trading companies and banks). At the main department, it was allowed to open an additional seventh grade with three groups: general (for preparation for entering technical institutes), mechanical engineering and chemical engineering (for preparation for technical institutes). In 1880, the charter of real schools was changed: in primary school the study of general education disciplines was strengthened, the mechanical-technical and chemical-technical groups in the graduating class were canceled. Subjects that were taught in real schools (according to the charter of 1880): the Law of God, calligraphy (in the first two grades), Russian, history, geography, foreign languages (German and French), mathematics, physics, natural history (i.e. .botany, zoology and mineralogy), drawing, drafting, writing and bookkeeping (only in the commercial department). as optional subjects singing and gymnastics were taught.
The main building of the real school (house number 67 on Spasskaya street), modern view.
In 1910, there were 427 students in the school, of which 178 (41%) belonged to the peasant estate, 127 to the urban estates, and 122 to the others (as can be seen, the composition of the students here was also quite democratic). Russians are the vast majority, 410 people. 69 people were admitted to the first grade that year, 47 reached the 6th grade. In the first six grades there were parallel groups (today they are called the letters "A" and "B"), in the group there were from 22 to 35 pupils. 36 people were admitted to the seventh grade that year. The tuition fee in 1910 was 30 rubles. Some pupils studied for free, successful students received zemstvo scholarships. In addition, there was a scholarship of 150 rubles named after N.A. Milyutin, established in a technical school.
The second educational building of the real school (house number 65 on Spasskaya street).
On the eve of 1917, the Vyatka Real School owned three buildings along Spasskaya Street, a student dormitory building in the courtyard (built in 1899 according to the project of architect I. Charushin; now the building houses regional center adoption, guardianship and trusteeship), outbuildings on Glasisnaya Street (in their place - building No. 2 of the Medical College built in the 1980s) and a garden at the corner of Glasisnaya and Moskovskaya Streets (the garden was cut down long ago, the territory belongs to the machine-tool plant). The report of the Gubernia Zemstvo Council of 1910 notes that "the main building is extremely unsatisfactory" (primarily because the building was already too cramped for such a large number of students). The question of the construction of a new building by the provincial zemstvo assembly was considered repeatedly. A project was drawn up, funds were allocated for the procurement of building materials, but the construction never took place.
The building of the boarding school (dormitory) of the real school was built in 1899 according to the project of the architect I.A. Charushin. Photo by D. Zonov.
In 1918, the school buildings were occupied by the Red Army units, and in 1920 they were transferred to the Vyatka Institute of Public Education. After the liberation from the military quarters, the buildings were in poor condition: electrical wires were removed or torn, central heating batteries burst, inventory was plundered. Repairs were carried out by the institute and the department of public education. From 1922 to 1935, a reclamation technical school was located in the buildings of the real school, then a hospital. Since 1980, the buildings belong to the medical school (college). In 1967-1968. two memorial plaques were installed on the main building of the school: "The outstanding revolutionary worker Stepan Nikolaevich Khalturin studied in this house in 1874-1875" and "In this building in June 1921 the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee M.I. .Kalinin". Two houses of a real school on the street. Spasskaya are considered as monuments of history and culture. Currently, they are abandoned, are in disrepair and are gradually being destroyed.
Vyatka. Alexander real school. Postcard 20th century
In the third issue of the almanac "Vyatskiye Zapiski" fragments from the memoirs of the agronomist V.I. Yufereva (1876-1962). Among other things, Yuferev talks about his studies at the Alexander Real School in the 1890s. Here is a small snippet.
“First of all, as soon as it turned out that I was accepted into the school, they sewed a uniform for me. Wearing a uniform both in a real school and in a gymnasium was mandatory ... copper badge, the same pants oversized. Dress uniform- a black single-breasted uniform with a standing collar and a mass of copper buttons. A uniform cap with a yellow piping and a copper badge of two intertwined leaves attached to the front with the letters "RU" in the middle. The coat is also made of black officer-cut material with a pleat and a strap on the back, copper buttons ... A mandatory accessory of the uniform when a student went to school was a book bag behind his shoulders, leather with a hairy surface. God forbid, I had to come to school with a knapsack under my arm: it would fly in, that you would not rejoice. The gymnasium students, unlike the realists, were dressed in gray with light-coloured buttons. These are the little soldiers and walked around the city. We loved it as kids. Not some ordinary guys, but realists...
I quickly got used to my new comrades. I did not feel any fear of them, they were all my peers, there were no overage who could command over the kids. And before many of my peers, I even had some advantage. Developing in the vastness of the river and forest, I was a physically strong boy, it cost me nothing to overcome anyone. And, indeed, I remember myself in the first grade in fistfights with my comrades, it was on fists, because. I excelled in this sport. These were not fights caused by anger, hatred. They fought, they played. The breaks were short, then peacefully dispersed.
I also remember well the teaching staff headed by the director and the inspector. Yes, and no wonder, because. many teachers brought our class to graduation. The director was Vasily Lvovich Nikologorsky - a man of impressive appearance, which was facilitated by some fullness of the body. He began to look especially imposing when he subsequently received the rank of a real state councilor, in other words, a civilian general ... For us, students, he, like a director, like a boss, reigned in the empyreans. He did not condescend to us in the events of ordinary life. Failed students were not dragged to him for reprisal, he was far from it ... He taught history. During the first half of the lesson, he called the students to answer the task, and then told the lesson for the next time. He spoke well, so it was interesting to listen to him. Turning to the story, he took off his gold-rimmed glasses, wiped them and his eyes with a handkerchief, and then began to tell about the reign of various kings...
Inspector Alexander Nikitich Panteleevsky taught physics and mathematics (algebra). He was a thunderstorm for our brother, the disciples. It is not clear to me until now what he was catching up with such fear. He never shouted at the guilty, did not lose his temper, did not even raise his voice. But nevertheless, when the class supervisor called the student to the inspector, his soul went into his heels ...
In the case of serious misconduct, such as tobacco smoking or general indiscipline of the student, which were detected more than once, a call was made to either parents or guardians for appropriate suggestion. The most severe punishment was the dismissal of a student from the school, in exceptional cases with the issuance of the so-called "wolf passport", in other words, such a certificate that deprived the subject of such punishment of the right to enter any other educational institution. But it seems to me that this measure had more of a mythical character, the character of a threat. I don't remember anyone being subjected to such cruel punishment during their seven years at school...
From my childhood, I have retained the habit of going out at 9 o'clock in the evening for half an hour, to walk the streets for an hour. I adhered to this habit in Vyatka as well. But in ordinary attire - in uniform - it was, of course, impossible to make such walks. And in winter, I put on a large father's coat, and put on a fur hat with ears on my head. In this form, I fearlessly met the inspector on the street. I was calm that he wouldn't recognize me...
The teacher of the law was Archpriest of the Vladimir Church, Fr. Alexey Emelyanov. He was already an old man, it was easy to learn from him, moreover, he did not skimp on grades. O. Alexei was no stranger to science. He wrote a little book on natural history, once he brought it to class and showed it to us... For staying in a real school, we had to go to confession and take communion once a year. The passage of this procedure was certified by the issuance of a special certificate from the priest with the application of the appropriate church seal. With the end of the real school, the obligatory nature subsequently disappeared, and in the future, all my life, I never went to confession. Sometimes my mother reprimanded me for it. But religiosity is gone...
From the moment I entered the school, Grigory Ivanovich Pinegin appeared instead of the departed teacher of the Russian language Knyazev ... Gr. Iv. was, moreover, the librarian of the student library. If I found the most favorable conditions in Orlov in the city library, then you would try to get an interesting book from Gr. Iv. He didn't let me near the bookcase. The student could not choose a book according to his own taste. Gr. Iv. he stood near the cupboard and supplied the students with books of his own choice, usually giving out all sorts of uninteresting junk. For this reason, the students hardly used the student library. In general, the situation with the supply of books, at least for me, was very bad. In the city public library, students were not allowed to borrow books, and there were no other book sources anywhere. True, at the end of the exercise I got access to one private library, but somehow things didn’t start there. Went down and quit a few times. Thus, all seven years of my stay at the real school, with the exception of vacations, I sat in Vyatka absolutely without books. But on the other hand, when I came to Orlov, I greedily pounced on books ...
Natural history was taught by Sergei Nikolaevich Kosarev, a relatively young man with an intelligent face, but a completely bald skull. He read his subject in an interesting way, tried to illustrate what was being told, brought various plants and fruits. Once he brought apples and, having cut them, gave them to each student in pieces. When we went away for the summer, he supplied us with insect-killers, special pins, and boxes in which butterflies and beetles could be impaled. I used to, as soon as I came home, on the same day I rushed to catch all sorts of insects. Since that time, I began to get involved in collecting herbarium. The collected plants were determined by the determinants, and then dried and pasted on paper. In the end, I collected a rather large herbarium ...
At the real school there was an agricultural museum. Serg. Nick. led them. The museum was open on Sundays. There were visitors. Serg. Nick. he was always present, walked around the museum and gave explanations ... It was felt that he was a good person and knew his subject.
Our German Ernst Avgustovich Westerman enjoyed great respect among the students. This was a tall man. He combed his hair back. The red beard, divided into two halves, was up to the middle of his chest, and was thrown over his shoulders during the wind. With his beard, he caught everyone's eyes. He was handsome, had an impressive bearing... His students were extremely respected for his gentle and fair attitude, for the diligence with which he taught his subject... The foundations laid down in Ern's lessons. Aug., very useful to me later, when I finished high school I entered the Polytechnic in Riga, where almost all special subjects were taught in German... I generally had a penchant for studying foreign languages, and then, after graduating from all educational institutions, I continued to independently study first German, then English and, finally, French. ..
Gymnastics teachers often changed. It was all military people - officers of various ranks, sergeants. The so-called lower ranks were not allowed to teach. Some of the teachers were good gymnasts, they themselves showed the students various gymnastic tricks. For summer classes in the courtyard of the school, and for winter classes in a special high hall, devices and devices were built - parallel bars, mares, ropes for climbing on hands ...
I graduated from a real school in 1896, I did not stay in any class. Upon graduation, I was issued two certificates with marks - one for six classes and the second for the seventh, additional class. The marks were as follows: for six classes: "excellent" - 3, "good" - 9, "satisfactory" - 3; for the seventh grade "excellent" - 2, "good" - 9, "satisfactory" - 1. This shows that for all the years I have firmly maintained my line of behavior - to study for fours.
School is over. We all sighed with great relief, feeling free ... "
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At the end of the 18th century, a vast area in the Khlynovskaya All Saints Sloboda south of the church belonged to the merchants Athanasius, Philip and Fyodor Mashkovtsev. In 1790, after the redevelopment of the city, the merchants Mashkovtsevs began to build a residential building along Spasskaya Street on this estate. In 1815, Alexander Fedorovich Mashkovtsev donated the estate to the order of public charity, and a provincial hospital was opened in the building. ( Orders of public charity- Provincial institutions founded in 1775 by Catherine II, which were in charge of organizing public schools, hospitals, shelters, almshouses.) After the zemstvo reform of 1864, most of the affairs of the order went to the zemstvo.
In 1854, the provincial hospital was transferred to a new building behind Glasisnaya Street (behind the modern Oktyabrsky Prospekt). The plot on Spasskaya was inherited from the order to the provincial zemstvo. Here in 1867-1869. Zemstvo built a long two-story semi-stone house and several other buildings (designed by architect N.A. Andrievsky). In 1872, these buildings were opened school for the dissemination of agricultural and technical knowledge and the training of teachers.
1. Vyatka Alexander real school. View of the main building from the southwest. Photo from the beginning of the 20th century (from the site "Our Vyatka").
Above the cornice is a sign: "Alexandrov Zemstvo Real School. 1880-1900". On the roof there is a pavilion for a telescope and meteorological instruments.
In the second half of the 1860s. county zemstvos began with great energy to open elementary schools in the countryside. The only issue that the uyezd zemstvos could not quickly resolve on their own was to attract good teachers to new schools. An idea came up: to open a school in Vyatka for the training of rural teachers, and one where pupils would be given not only general education, but also knowledge in the field of agriculture and crafts - so that future folk teachers could teach peasants not only literacy and arithmetic, but also rational farming methods. The difficulty was that there was no such educational institution anywhere in Russia, but this did not stop things. Time after time, at the sessions of the provincial zemstvo, the project for the future school became clearer and clearer. On December 12, 1869, a special commission of the zemstvo presented to the provincial assembly a training program in teacher's school. The meeting approved the program and allocated 25 thousand rubles for the annual maintenance of the school, instructing the commission to draw up the charter of the educational institution. The zemstvo assembly expected that there would be no difficulties with the approval of the charter by the government, and classes at the school would begin in September 1870. In the spring of 1870, the charter was ready. previously proposed name "Zemstvo teacher's agricultural school" was replaced with a new "School for the dissemination of agricultural and technical knowledge and the training of folk teachers". However, further hitches followed. Twice the Ministry of Public Education did not approve the charter of the school, demanding amendments. Most of all objections from officials were caused by the following point: the teaching staff of the school, according to the idea of the Zemstvo, should have received the rights of civil service - on a par with employees of public schools. Neither in 1870 nor in 1871 the school was opened. Finally, the main contradictions were resolved: the school was opened as a private educational institution, more precisely, a zemstvo, on the full support and responsibility of the zemstvo, but under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. In January 1872, the trustee of the Kazan educational district, Pyotr Dmitrievich Shestakov, approved the charter of the school. In October of the same year, the first entrance exams were held, out of 60 candidates, 30 people were accepted for training. By class, the composition of the students was distributed as follows: children of peasants - 11, clergy - 13, burghers - 3, merchants - 3. Later, the children of peasants and burghers made up almost half of the pupils, another third - children of the clergy, that is, the composition of students was the most democratic.
2. Vyatka. Alexander real school. View of the main building from the southeast. From a postcard from the beginning of the 20th century.
3. The main building of the real school, photo from the album "Order of Lenin Kirov Region" (1979).
By 1872, the Zemstvo had spent 100,000 rubles on the construction of the school. Three buildings along Spasskaya Street were adapted for classes. Classrooms, laboratories in chemistry and physics, a gymnasium were equipped, a library was assembled. An exemplary farm with a barnyard and an experimental field of 30 acres (the city society ceded the land free of charge) and several workshops were set up: a smithy, a foundry, a metalwork, a carpentry and a bookbinding. At the foundry workshop was later opened fire truck workshop. In addition, the school acquired a collection Vyatka public museum with rich collections of exhibits on history, zoology and mineralogy. In terms of its equipment, the school was one of the best secondary educational institutions in Russia. Almost all pupils received a scholarship (120 rubles a year) from the funds of the provincial or district zemstvos.
The academic year at the school was divided into two semesters: winter and summer. During the summer semester, special attention was paid to field work, classes began at 6 am. It was believed that for future rural teachers, an early rise in the summer is absolutely necessary (three students did not want to obey such a routine and were expelled). The curriculum included the following subjects: the Law of God, the Russian language, history, mathematics, drawing, physics, chemistry, geography, natural history, zoology, botany, mineralogy, singing, gymnastics (optional). In addition, during the winter session, hours were allocated for teaching crafts (in workshops), and during the summer session, for agriculture (in the field, in the garden, in the barnyard). Summer excursions to the Country Garden were provided under the guidance of a teacher of natural history. On the farm and barnyard every week three pupils were on duty in turn, two more were on duty in the workshops; and duty did not interfere with attending classes. The school course was designed for grades 4 and 5 (grade 5 is an additional pedagogical one). In 1874, an elementary school was opened at the school, in which 55 pupils were admitted in the first year. The school staff consisted of a director, five teachers and two assistants. The best teachers of the city worked here. Candidate of Mathematical Sciences Petr Alexandrovich German (his son A.P. German is a scientist in the field of mining mechanics, academician) was appointed the second director of the school. The teachers of the school I. V. Ishorsky, V. G. Kotelnikov, M. L. Peskovsky, V. N. Panteleymonov were widely educated and talented teachers.
4. Commemorative book of the Vyatka province for 1873, the teaching staff of the zemstvo school.
As already mentioned, the Zemstvo achieved the opening of the school with great difficulty. Later, friction between the Vyatka Zemstvo and the trustee of the Kazan educational district Shestakov over the school continued. The first director of the school was considered by the zemstvo to be inappropriate for the position and fired. The trustee objected, as the director was fired without his knowledge. Among other things, it turned out that the trustee disapproves of the dual nature of the educational institution: pedagogical and agricultural. According to the trustee, the curriculum was allegedly too extensive and one thing should have been arranged: a teacher's seminary or an agricultural school. It was argued that graduates would not wish to enter the positions of teachers and would look for other occupations upon leaving the school. The trustee proposed to change the curriculum, but in case of disobedience, he threatened to leave the school without the right to give graduates the title of public teacher and conscription benefits. In addition, the county zemstvos saw their elementary schools (where graduates of the Vyatka school would go as teachers) precisely as schools with the teaching of practical knowledge in agriculture and crafts. The Glazov zemstvo had already petitioned for the opening of such a school, but had been refused. With such friction, the very existence of the educational institution was called into question. (By the way, it was the trustee of the Kazan educational district P. D. Shestakov who appointed I. N. Ulyanov to the post of inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province.)
In 1878, the Minister of Public Education, Count D. A. Tolstoy, visited the city of Vyatka to inspect educational institutions. In addition to other schools in the city, he also visited the zemstvo school. As expected, the minister, who was a supporter of classical education, did not approve the school program. Zemstvo and the pedagogical council turned to the minister for advice: what to do with the school? He proposed to convert the school into a real one or into a teacher's seminary - on the basis of programs already developed for such educational institutions.
The most famous student of the school later turned out to be Stepan Khalturin, in his honor a memorial plaque was installed on the building in Soviet times (it has not survived to this day). True, he studied here for only one year and was expelled due to poor progress. It should be noted, however, that in the craft Khalturin had fives, and poor grades were the result of the fact that he paid little attention to the lessons. He spent most of his time reading books borrowed from the public library or from acquaintances. Later, the skills in the craft acquired at the school allowed him to get a job as a carpenter in the Winter Palace, where only a skilled craftsman could be accepted. However, Khalturin settled in the palace for one purpose - to arrange an explosion and kill the emperor. His brother, Pyotr Khalturin, studied at the same school, successfully graduated from it and served as a folk teacher in the schools of the Oryol district, and later became an agronomist. In 1921, Pyotr Nikolaevich was present in Vyatka at a meeting at the opening of a monument to his brother.
5. Vyatka. Alexander real school. Photo from the beginning of the 20th century.
Behind the main building on the street. Spasskaya, two more school buildings are visible. Above the stone house with six windows along the facade (built in 1823 as a kitchen at the provincial hospital), a second wooden floor was later built on (photos 6 and 13). The third school house (wooden) was built in 1795, in 1873 it was bought as an apartment for the director of the school (the building has not been preserved).
6. Buildings of the Alexander Real School (houses No. 65 and 67 on Spasskaya St.), modern view.
7. Vyatka, view of the city from the western side. Postcard from the beginning of the 20th century.
In this picture, in addition to the main building, outbuildings of the school are visible on the street. Glacis and school garden.
8. Vyatka. Moscow street at the entrance to the city. To the right is the garden of the real school.
II. Alexander real school.
In 1880, the zemstvo school in Vyatka was transformed into a real one. The agricultural farm and workshops of the former school were closed (except for the workshop of fire engines - it was taken over by the Zemstvo as a separate institution). On October 1, 1880, the solemn opening of the real school took place, during the ceremony, the assistant trustee of the Kazan educational district announced that the Emperor, at the request of the Vyatka Zemstvo, allowed to name the school Alexandrovsky(with this name - Aleksandrovskoye Vyatskoe zemstvo real- school and existed until 1918). All pupils of the former school - 120 people in five classes - were transferred to the new educational institution. The first real school in the Vyatka province was opened in the county town of Sarapul - in 1873, the school in Vyatka became the second. The Vyatka School was taken under the tutelage of the Ministry of Public Education; however, it was still maintained entirely at the expense of the Zemstvo. The affairs of the school were in charge board of trustees(responsible for material support) and pedagogical council(educational process). Lists of trustees and teachers of the school from 1880 to 1917 can be found in the "Commemorative books of the Vyatka province". Among the pupils of the school were the architect I. A. Charushin, the art critic N. G. Mashkovtsev, the artists N. N. Khokhryakov, A. A. Rylov and A. I. Denshin, the writer A. S. Green.
9. Class notebook of a 6th grade student of the Alexander Vyatka Zemstvo Real School
Koshkarev Alexander for 1904-1905. Museum of Slobodsky
The most famous of the pupils of the Vyatka real school was Alexander Grin (Grinevsky). He failed to finish school. In the Autobiographical Tale, Greene recalled his stay at the school in the following way: “In history, the Law of God and geography, I had marks 5, 5-, 5+, but in subjects that require not memory and imagination, but logic and ingenuity, - deuces and units: mathematics, German and French fell victim to my passion for reading the adventures of Captain Hatteras and the Noble Heart. While my peers smartly translated from Russian into German such tricky things, for example: "Did you get your brother's apple, which he gave him my mother's grandfather?" - "No, I did not get an apple, but I have a dog and a cat," - I knew only the words: kopf, gund, ezel and elephant. With French, the situation was even worse. Problems assigned to be solved at home , my father almost always decided for me, the accountant of the zemstvo city hospital; sometimes a crack flew in for my dullness. My father solved problems with enthusiasm, sitting up on a difficult problem until the evening, but there was no case that he did not give the correct solution. I hurriedly recited it in class before class, relying on my memory. The teachers said:
- Grinevsky is a capable boy, he has an excellent memory, but he is ... a mischievous, tomboy, naughty ... "
By the way, this passage testifies that the teaching of foreign languages in the real school was very well organized. The situation at the school was solid: Green mentions parquet, paintings, a large beautiful aquarium in the teachers' room. The teachers at the school were not only experts in their subject, but also good educators. This is indicated by the following episode in the story: “In the first grade, having read somewhere that schoolchildren published a magazine, I myself compiled a number of a handwritten magazine (I forgot what it was called), copied into it several pictures from the Picturesque Review and other magazines ", he composed some stories, poems - stupidity, probably extraordinary - and showed everyone. My father, secretly from me, took the magazine to the director - a plump, good-natured person, and then one day I was called to the director's room. In the presence of all the teachers, the director handed me magazine, saying:
- Here, Grinevsky, you should do more with this than with pranks ... "
Unfortunately, Grinevsky did not know the measure in pranks, and the rules in those days were very strict. After reading "Collection of Insects" by Pushkin, Grinevsky composed an epigram on teachers ("Inspector, fat ant, proud of his thickness..."). Grinevsky was expelled. Judging by his recollections, the resentment of the aforementioned inspector played the main role.
10. Pupil of the Vyatka Alexander real school.
From here - ROO "Academy of Russian symbols" MARS "
Real schools in the Russian Empire - secondary educational institutions, in the program of which, unlike classical gymnasiums, a significant role was assigned to the study of exact and natural sciences. In gymnasiums, the curriculum was based on the study of the humanities, primarily - classical languages, Latin and Greek. The charter of real schools of 1872 declared their goal "a general education adapted to practical needs and to the acquisition of technical knowledge." The course of the school was designed for six grades, from the fifth grade, training took place in two departments - mostly and commercial(graduates of the commercial department most often entered the service in trading firms and banks). At the main department, it was allowed to open an additional seventh grade with three groups: general (for preparing to enter universities), mechanical engineering and chemical engineering (for preparing for technical institutes). In 1880, the charter of real schools was changed: in the elementary grades, the study of general education disciplines was strengthened, and the mechanical-technical and chemical-technical groups in the senior class were canceled. Subjects that were taught in real schools (according to the charter of 1880): the Law of God, calligraphy (in the first two classes), Russian, history, geography, foreign languages (German and French), mathematics, physics, natural history (i.e. botany, zoology and mineralogy), drawing, drafting, writing and bookkeeping (only in the commercial department). Singing and gymnastics were taught as optional subjects.
In 1910, there were 427 students in the Vyatka real school, of which 178 (41%) belonged to the peasant estate, 127 to the urban estates, and 122 to the others (that is, here the composition of the students was quite democratic). 69 people were admitted to the first grade that year, 47 reached the 6th grade. In the first six grades there were parallel groups (today they are called the letters "A" and "B"), in the group there were from 22 to 35 pupils. 36 people were admitted to the seventh grade that year. The tuition fee in 1910 was 30 rubles. Some of the pupils studied for free, and successful students received zemstvo scholarships. In addition, there was a scholarship of 150 rubles named after N. A. Milyutin established at the technical school.
11. Vyatka. Pupils of the Alexander real school. 1916
On the eve of 1917, the Vyatka real school owned three buildings along Spasskaya Street, a student dormitory building in the courtyard (built in 1899 according to the project of architect I. A. Charushin; now the regional center for adoption, guardianship and guardianship is located in the building), outbuildings for Glasisnaya Street (in their place is building No. 2 of the Medical College built in the 1980s) and a garden at the corner of Glasisnaya and Moskovskaya Streets (the garden has long been cut down, the territory belongs to a machine-tool plant). In the report of the lips. The Zemstvo Council of 1910 notes that "the main building is extremely unsatisfactory" (primarily because the building was already too cramped for such a large number of students). The question of the construction of a new building by the provincial zemstvo assembly was considered repeatedly. A project was drawn up, funds were allocated for the procurement of building materials, but the construction never took place.
12. The main building of the real school (house No. 67 on Spasskaya street), modern view.
13. The second educational building of a real school (house No. 65 on Spasskaya street).
An interesting detail is the old outer frames, the sashes open outwards.
14. The building of the boarding school (dormitory) of a real school, built in 1899 according to the project of architect I. A. Charushin. An example of the "brick" style. Photo by D. Zonov.
15. Vyatka. Quarter No. 53 with estates of real and trade schools, early 20th century Scheme from the book by A. G. Tinsky "Vyatka. Main Street".
1 - the main two-story semi-stone building of the real school (1869)
2 - semi-stone building of a real school (built in 1823 as a kitchen of the hospital of the order of general charity)
3 - a two-story wooden house with an apartment for the director of a real school (built in 1795, bought for the school in 1873)
4 - two-storey stone building of the dormitory of the real school (1899, architect I. A. Charushin)
5-8 - one-story wooden buildings of a real school, a bathhouse
9 - real school garden
10 - two-storey semi-stone building of the hostel of the vocational school
11 - stone building of workshops of the vocational school
12 - a one-story stone building of the workshops of the school for the distribution of agricultural and technical. knowledge and teacher training (1874)
13-20 - buildings of workshops of fire engines of the provincial zemstvo.
III. The history of the school buildings after 1917.
In 1918, the school buildings were occupied by the Red Army units, and in 1920 they were transferred to the Vyatka Institute of Public Education. After the liberation from the military quarters, the buildings were in poor condition: electrical wires were removed or torn, central heating batteries burst, inventory was plundered. Repairs were carried out by the institute and the department of public education. From 1922 to 1935, a reclamation technical school was located in the buildings of the real school, then a hospital. Since 1980, the buildings belong to the medical school (college). In 1967-1968. two memorial plaques were installed on the facade of the main building of the school: "The outstanding revolutionary worker Stepan Nikolaevich Khalturin studied in this house in 1874-1875" and "In this building in June 1921, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, M. I. Kalinin, spoke to students and teachers of the pedagogical institute." Two houses of a real school on the street. Spasskaya are considered as monuments of history and culture. Currently, they are abandoned, are in disrepair and are gradually being destroyed.
16. Vyatka. Alexander real school. Postcard 20th century
IV. Memories of the school.
In the third issue of the almanac "Vyatka Notes" fragments from the memoirs of the agronomist V. I. Yuferev (1876-1962) were published. Among other things, Yuferev talks about his studies at the Alexander Real School in the 1890s. Here is a small snippet.
“First of all, as soon as it turned out that I was accepted into the school, they sewed a uniform for me. Wearing a uniform both in a real school and in a gymnasium was mandatory ... dress uniform - black single-breasted uniform with a standing collar and a mass of copper buttons. Uniform cap with a yellow piping and attached to the front a copper badge of two intertwined leaves with the letters "RU" in the middle. The coat is also made of black material of an officer's cut with a fold and a strap on the back, copper buttons ... A mandatory accessory of the uniform, when a student went to school, was a satchel for books over his shoulders, leather with a hairy surface. The high school students, unlike the realists, were dressed in gray with bright buttons. some ordinary guys, but realists ...
I quickly got used to my new comrades. I did not feel any fear of them, they were all my peers, there were no overage who could command over the kids. And before many of my peers, I even had some advantage. Developing in the vastness of the river and forest, I was a physically strong boy, it cost me nothing to overcome anyone. And, indeed, I remember myself in the first grade in fistfights with my comrades, it was on fists, because. I excelled in this sport. These were not fights caused by anger, hatred. They fought, they played. The breaks were short, then peacefully dispersed.
I also remember well the teaching staff headed by the director and the inspector. Yes, and no wonder, because. many teachers brought our class to graduation.
The director was Vasily Lvovich Nikologorsky - a man of impressive appearance, which was facilitated by some fullness of the body. He began to look especially imposing when he subsequently received the rank of a real state councilor, in other words, a civilian general ... For us, students, he, like a director, like a boss, reigned in the empyreans. He did not condescend to us in the events of ordinary life. Failed students were not dragged to him for reprisal, he was far from it ... He taught history. During the first half of the lesson, he called the students to answer the task, and then told the lesson for the next time. He spoke well, so it was interesting to listen to him. Turning to the story, he took off his gold-rimmed glasses, wiped them and his eyes with a handkerchief, and then began to tell about the reign of various kings...
Inspector Alexander Nikitich Panteleevsky taught physics and mathematics (algebra). He was a thunderstorm for our brother, the disciples. It is not clear to me until now what he was catching up with such fear. He never shouted at the guilty, did not lose his temper, did not even raise his voice. But nevertheless, when the class supervisor called the student to the inspector, his soul went into his heels ...
In the case of serious misconduct, such as tobacco smoking or general indiscipline of the student, which were detected more than once, a call was made to either parents or guardians for appropriate suggestion. The most severe punishment was the dismissal of a student from the school, in exceptional cases with the issuance of the so-called "wolf passport", in other words, such a certificate that deprived the subject of such punishment of the right to enter any other educational institution. But it seems to me that this measure had more of a mythical character, the character of a threat. I don't remember anyone being subjected to such cruel punishment during their seven years at school...
From my childhood, I have retained the habit of going out at 9 o'clock in the evening for half an hour, to walk the streets for an hour. I adhered to this habit in Vyatka as well. But in ordinary attire - in uniform - it was, of course, impossible to make such walks. And in winter, I put on a large father's coat, and put on a fur hat with ears on my head. In this form, I fearlessly met the inspector on the street. I was calm that he wouldn't recognize me...
The teacher of the law was Archpriest of the Vladimir Church, Fr. Alexey Emelyanov. He was already an old man, it was easy to learn from him, moreover, he did not skimp on grades. O. Alexei was no stranger to science. He wrote a book on natural history, once brought it to class and showed it to us ...
For staying in a real school, we had to go to confession and take communion once a year. The passage of this procedure was certified by the issuance of a special certificate from the priest with the application of the appropriate church seal. With the end of the real school, the obligatory nature subsequently disappeared, and in the future, all my life, I never went to confession. Sometimes my mother reprimanded me for it. But religiosity is gone...
From the moment I entered the school, Grigory Ivanovich Pinegin appeared instead of the departed teacher of the Russian language Knyazev ... Gr. Iv. was, moreover, the librarian of the student library. If I found the most favorable conditions in Orlov in the city library, then you would try to get an interesting book from Gr. Iv. He didn't let me near the bookcase. The student could not choose a book according to his own taste. Gr. Iv. he stood near the cupboard and supplied the students with books of his own choice, usually giving out all sorts of uninteresting junk. For this reason, the students hardly used the student library.
In general, the situation with the supply of books, at least for me, was very bad. In the city public library, students were not allowed to borrow books, and there were no other book sources anywhere. True, at the end of the exercise I got access to one private library, but somehow things didn’t start there. Went down and quit a few times. Thus, all seven years of my stay at the real school, with the exception of vacations, I sat in Vyatka absolutely without books. But on the other hand, when I came to Orlov, I greedily pounced on books ...
Natural history was taught by Sergei Nikolaevich Kosarev, a relatively young man with an intelligent face, but a completely bald skull. He read his subject in an interesting way, tried to illustrate what was being told, brought various plants and fruits. Once he brought apples and, having cut them, gave them to each student in pieces. When we went away for the summer, he supplied us with insect-killers, special pins, and boxes in which butterflies and beetles could be impaled.
I used to, as soon as I came home, on the same day I rushed to catch all sorts of insects. Since that time, I began to get involved in collecting herbarium. The collected plants were determined by the determinants, and then dried and pasted on paper. In the end, I collected a rather large herbarium ...
At the real school there was an agricultural museum. Serg. Nick. led them. The museum was open on Sundays. There were visitors. Serg. Nick. he was always present, walked around the museum and gave explanations ... It was felt that he was a good person and knew his subject.
Our German Ernst Avgustovich Westerman enjoyed great respect among the students. This was a tall man. He combed his hair back. The red beard, divided into two halves, was up to the middle of his chest, and was thrown over his shoulders during the wind. With his beard, he caught everyone's eyes. He was handsome, had an impressive bearing... His students were extremely respected for his gentle and fair attitude, for the diligence with which he taught his subject... The foundations laid down in Ern's lessons. Aug., were very useful to me later, when, after graduating from high school, I entered the Polytechnic in Riga, where almost all special subjects were read in German ...
In general, I had a penchant for learning foreign languages and then, after graduating from all educational institutions, I continued to independently study first German, then English and, finally, French ...
Gymnastics teachers often changed. It was all military people - officers of various ranks, sergeants. The so-called lower ranks were not allowed to teach. Some of the teachers were good gymnasts, they themselves showed the students various gymnastic tricks.
For summer classes in the courtyard of the school, and for winter classes in a special high hall, devices and devices were built - parallel bars, mares, ropes for climbing on hands ...
I graduated from a real school in 1896, I did not stay in any class. Upon graduation, I was issued two certificates with marks - one for six classes and the second for the seventh, additional class. The marks were as follows: for six classes: "excellent" - 3, "good" - 9, "satisfactory" - 3; for the seventh grade "excellent" - 2, "good" - 9, "satisfactory" - 1. This shows that for all the years I have firmly maintained my line of behavior - to study for fours.
School is over. We all sighed with great relief, feeling free ... "
Education took place in 6 classes, of which in I-IV they gave general education, starting from grade V, in addition to the main department, at first it was still commercial. Also originally there was an additional class VII with chemical engineering and mechanical departments. Subsequently, additional departments were closed: in 1886 the commercial department, in 1889 the chemical-technological department and the additional VII class, in 1893 a preparatory class was organized instead of the mechanical department.
Classes were held in more than 20 classrooms and specially equipped classrooms - natural history, drawing, mechanical, laboratories (clinical and physical), halls (drawing and gymnastics), carpentry workshop.
The course of study included: the Law of God, Russian, German and French, trigonometry, physics, geography, civil and natural history, drawing, jurisprudence. Teachers in a number of subjects could choose textbooks and teaching aids at their discretion. For example, the author of the textbooks "Review Russian history compared with the most important states" and "Brief physical geography" was the director Slovtsov.
The teaching staff under I. Ya. Slovtsov consisted of 12 people. The inspector of the school (assistant director) was a graduate of St. Petersburg University A. Ya. Siletsky, the class supervisor was the candidate of the same university A. D. Petrov (he also headed the weather station). The law of God was taught by a graduate of the Tobolsk Seminary I.P. Lepekhin, mathematics was taught by a candidate of St. Petersburg University P.G. Zakharov and a graduate of Kharkov University P.I. Pereshivalov, history and geography were taught by a graduate of Moscow University I.F. Vinokhodov, calligraphy and drawing led by a graduate of the Stroganov School of Technical Drawing N. V. Kuzmin. The German language teacher Ya. I. Miller graduated from the Saratov Real School, and F. L. Kaufman received the skills of a German teacher French at the Universities of Bonn and Brussels.
Education was paid, but initially 10 scholarships named after N. G. Kaznakov and P. I. Podaruev were established to help talented students. On March 19, 1881, the Brotherhood of the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky was established at the school to help students from all educational institutions of Tyumen. In some cases, the brotherhood paid for the education of talented children from poor families, in others it provided students with food, clothing, teaching aids, etc.
The construction of the building began on May 31, 1877, on the day of the 40th anniversary of the visit to Tyumen by the heir to the Russian throne, Grand Duke Alexander Nikolayevich, after whom the school got its name. The building was erected on Aleksandrovskaya Square (now the Revolution Fighters Square), the corner of Tsarskaya (now Republic Street) and Telegraphnaya (now Krasin Street, named after one of the famous graduates of the school).
The style of the building is eclectic. Architect's project
In the 19th century, the Alexander Real School was opened in Tyumen (now - agricultural university Northern Trans-Urals). This name was given by the authorities in honor of Emperor Alexander II, who visited our city in 1837. It's big educational facility became one of the most amazing sights of Tyumen.
The beginning of the history of the school was put in 1875, when he came to our city governor general Western Siberia Nikolai Kaznakov. Having traveled around Tyumen, he came to the conclusion that there is not enough male gymnasium. The Tyumen merchant of the 1st guild, Prokopy Podaruev, got excited about the idea and decided to allocate funds for the construction of such an educational institution. To implement the plan, the St. Petersburg architect Vorotilov came to us and brought the project of a two-story brick building with a semi-basement floor.
The construction of the educational facility was supervised by Bogdan Zinke, who held the position of Tyumen city architect. The school was built in just one year. It turned out a luxurious building with cozy rooms, spacious corridors, high flat ceilings. The school consisted of two departments: scientific and technical. It also had a hall for artistic and technical drawing, an excellent library and an excellent museum. The library and museum, based on the collections of the director of the institution, were located on the lower floor, where there were also historical and physical rooms, an office, a chemical laboratory, a doctor's room, and the director's apartment. On the top floor there were classrooms, a house church in the name of Alexander Nevsky, a student church, auditorium, tea room, classes for gymnastics, teachers' council room. And on the basement floor there is a gymnasium.
The architecture of the school is eclectic. This large educational facility, which has a complex, fractionally divided U-shaped plan with courtyard wings, has become one of the best in Russia. The front facade of the building was decorated with ledges of parapets and rusticated pilasters. Along the perimeter, the school was entwined with a stylized arcade belt under the eaves. Twin pilasters were used in the interior of large front rooms. On September 15, 1879, the first lesson was held at the Alexander Real School. Judging by the photographs from the archives, there were no more than 20 students in the classes. The school taught the law of God, jurisprudence, trigonometry, geography, physics, natural and civil history, Russian, French and German languages, Painting. The level of training of students was high, graduates of the school were willingly admitted to the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.
Celebrity Forge
The director of the school, Ivan Yakovlevich Slovtsov, was a recognized scientist in our country and abroad. The educational institution owes much of its fame to him. Slovtsov was born in Tyumen, in the family of a priest. Graduated physical and mathematical faculty of Kazan University, worked in the military gymnasium of Omsk as a teacher of natural history. It was on the basis of the extensive collections of zoology, botany, archeology, ethnography, collected by Slovtsov in Omsk, that the first museum of the Alexander Real School in Tyumen was opened. Later it served as a base for the regional museum of local lore. Many future students studied within the walls of the Alexander Real School. prominent figures, who glorified their names throughout the country: this is the artist Pavel Rossomahin, and Dr. Stanislav Karnatsevich, and the singer Alexander Labinsky, etc.
Leonid Krasin, known to us as a revolutionary and ally of Lenin, studied at the school from 1880 to 1887. The Krasin family lived on Podaruevskaya Street. Today it is st. Semakova, 7. From 1889 to 1892. the future famous writer Mikhail Prishvin also studied here. I.I. Ignatov - one of the richest merchants in Tyumen - was the uncle of M.M. Prishvin. Ignatov's house was located on Novozagorodnaya Street, and young Mikhail lived in it during his studies. Today it is a dilapidated house on Gosparovskaya, 41. I must say that Prishvin was one of the best students of a real school. And before the Great Patriotic War, N.I. studied here. Kuznetsov - legendary scout, who made an invaluable contribution to the Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
Rebellious 1905
The revolution that began in 1905 did not pass without a trace for the school. The students went on strike and demanded to abolish the compulsory attendance of divine services, to abolish extra-curricular supervision. According to young people, the regime of the “correctional colony” dominated the educational institution, and they insisted on changing it. The teaching staff went to meet the students in many requirements. However, Slovtsov resigned after these events. Instead, P.A. became the director of the school. Ivachev. In 1919, the Alexander Real School was closed. A year later, an agricultural technical school was opened in it, the director of which was Pavel Avgustovich Marten. All college teachers had higher education were polite and friendly towards students.
Siberian mausoleum
During the war years, the building of the Agricultural College housed a sarcophagus with the body of Lenin, where he was secretly brought from the Moscow mausoleum. To store the body of the leader of the world proletariat, an ordinary student auditorium No. 15, located on the second floor, was allocated. The agricultural technical school was surrounded cast-iron-brick a fence isolating it from neighboring houses, the building was guarded around the clock by sentries. The safety of the mummy of the leader of the world proletariat was ensured by a special laboratory led by Professor B.I. Zbarsky. The head of the laboratory lived on the first floor of the building with his family.
I must say that Professor Zbarsky chose a room for storing Lenin's body for a long time. We needed a house that could provide an uninterrupted supply of electricity. It was hard to find such a place in the days of the war. Zbarsky almost came to the conclusion that Tyumen was not suitable for receiving such an "honored guest", but at the last moment he remembered that in the very center of the city there was a two-story stone building with solid walls and a good microclimate. This was the Agricultural College. Only one minus was found near the building - huge windows overlooking the sunny side of the street, which made it difficult to maintain the necessary regime for storing the body in it. Therefore, the windows were bricked up, thanks to which the room was dark, like in the Mausoleum.
In 1959, the Tyumen Agricultural Institute was organized on the basis of the technical school. And on the site of Lenin's room, there is now a museum that reveals the history of the Alexander real school.
School today
Today, the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals is located in the building of the Alexander Real School. educational institution is an regional center educational activities, scientific support and production of science-intensive products in the agro-industrial complex of the Tyumen region. He participates in the formation of regional agrarian policy and in the implementation of federal programs in the profile of his activity, which is adapted to the specifics natural conditions and socio-economic infrastructure of the productive forces of the region. Currently, more than 5,000 students study at the university.
The art gallery is located within the walls of a monument of civil architecture of the 19th century, an object of cultural heritage regional significance- the former building of the Alexander real school. The gallery is located opposite the Blonie garden and is one of the departments of a large museum association - the Smolensk State Museum-Reserve.
This superbly built three-story building, which has a palace representativeness, is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful in Smolensk. Even contemporaries liked its silhouette and the contrasting color of the red and white facades. The building was designed by architects M.F. Meisher and O.F. Harten. It is luxurious not only from the outside, but also from the inside: a three-flight front staircase with openwork cast-iron steps has survived to this day.
The main facade of the building is divided by blades into 5 parts and has a stepped silhouette, growing towards the middle, which is emphasized by a gabled pediment. On the side sections, the floors are separated by cornices. Groups of arched windows alternate with groups of rectangular ones. The interior rooms are grouped along corridors with transverse arches. The large vestibule is divided by a corridor along the longitudinal axis. The building has four mutually isolated cellars, each of which is covered with a duct vault. On the east side, the main facade is continued by three-span gates. They represent an arched passage with two gates (the left gate is false) and are stylized as Romanesque architecture. Above the arch is a coat of arms with a cannon and the numbers "1812".
Alexander real school - the first real school in Smolensk. It was opened on July 1, 1877 at the initiative of the Provincial Zemstvo with the support of the City Duma. The school was a six-year school, had a main and a commercial department. Since 1880, it has been called Aleksandrovsky in honor of Emperor Alexander II. Among the graduates of the school are writer Ivan Sokolov-Mikitov, who glorified his native city, researcher Central Asia Pyotr Kozlov, artist Pyotr Lalenkov, geologist Yuri Bilibin, one of the first people's commissars for agriculture of the RSFSR Semyon Sereda, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol Nikolai Chaplin and other famous people.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War and the occupation of Smolensk, the building was badly damaged. In 1947, it was completely restored according to the project of the architect Daniil Kovalenko. Since 2010, an art gallery has been located within the walls of the former school, having moved from the building of the former museum of Princess Tenisheva.
The exposition of the Art Gallery is extensive and diverse in its composition. A significant section is the collection of ancient Russian art of Princess Maria Tenisheva, represented by icons of the 15th-19th centuries. The pride of the collection is the works of Vasily Tropinin, Ivan Aivazovsky, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Valentin Serov, Ilya Repin, Konstantin Korovin, Alexander Benois, Lyubov Popova and other masters of Russian art. Among the paintings of the Russian exposition there are also sculptures by Mark Antokolsky. Fans will appreciate the domestic painting and sculpture of the XX century. This period is also represented by Smolensk artists.
On the basis of the manor collections, an extensive collection of works by Western European artists was formed, including examples of Italian, Dutch, Flemish, Dutch painting of the heyday. The names of many authors, such as Bernardo Strozzi, Giovanni Pellegrini, Simon Lutihuis, Jan Asselein, are not often found in the provincial collections of Russia. Paintings by Spanish artists of the 17th century are of undeniable value, one of which is Saint Justa, painted by Francisco de Zurbaran. German painting is represented by numerous works of landscape painters of the Munich School, French - by masters from Rococo to Impressionism. Also among the unique Western European paintings in the museum is the painting "Madonna and Child" by an unknown Dutch author of the 15th century.
The art gallery provides conditions for educational work with schoolchildren and students, a hall for temporary exhibitions from the museum's funds. Guides will help visitors to trace the development of Russian art in all the variety of names and genres, to get an idea of the most valuable works and features of the museum collection as a whole.