Leningrad survived a terrible blockade, famine, bombing. People were waiting for the end of the war, but in the end, the coming peace brought new challenges. The city was in ruins, poverty, devastation and rampant street crime were everywhere: gangs and lone killers appeared. In the post-war years, they almost did not hunt for jewelry and money, they stole, mainly, clothes and food. Leningrad was overflowing with dubious elements and people desperate from poverty.
The townspeople no longer died of dystrophy, but most of them continued to experience a constant feeling of hunger. For example, in 1945-46, workers received 700 grams of bread per day, employees - 500 grams, and dependents and children - only 300 grams. There were plenty of products on the "black market", but for an ordinary St. Petersburg family with a modest budget, they were not available.
A bad harvest in 1946 further aggravated the situation. Not surprisingly, the crime curve in Leningrad quickly crept up. Lone robbers and organized gangs operated in all parts of the city. Robberies of food bases, shops, apartments followed one after another, armed attacks took place on the streets, in yards, and entrances. After the war, the bandits had a huge amount of firearms in their hands, it was not difficult to find and get it on the sites of recent battles. In the fourth quarter of 1946 alone, more than 85 robberies and armed robberies, 20 murders, 315 cases of hooliganism, almost 4,000 thefts of all kinds were committed in the city. These figures were considered then as very high.
It must be taken into account that among the bandits there were many participants in the war. At the front, they learned to shoot and kill, and therefore they did not hesitate to solve problems with the help of weapons. For example, in one of the Leningrad cinemas, when the audience made a remark to a company that was smoking and talking loudly, shots rang out. A policeman was killed and several visitors were injured.
Criminals from the criminal environment even followed a peculiar fashion - they wore metal fixes on their teeth and caps pulled low over their foreheads. When Leningraders saw that a gang of such young people was approaching them, they first of all tightly clutched food cards. The bandits snatched out the cherished pieces of paper right on the fly, sometimes leaving the whole family to starve for a whole month.
Law enforcement officials tried to bring down the wave of crime. The clearance rate was approximately 75%.
However, in a poor, dilapidated city, not only criminal gangs were operating. Criminal activity was also carried out by some officials who understood how to benefit from their power. The evacuees returned to the city on the Neva, the issues of distribution of housing, the return of property, etc., were acute. Dishonest businessmen also used the available information - what values are poorly protected.
In 1947, 24 unique items made of gold and precious stones were stolen from the Hermitage storerooms. The kidnapper was found and convicted, and the valuables were returned. In the same year, a large gang was exposed, which included criminals and officials from the city prosecutor's office, the court, the bar, the city housing department, and the police. For bribes, they were released from custody, terminated investigative cases, illegally registered, released from conscription. Another case: the head of the transport department of the Leningrad City Council sent trucks to the occupied regions of Germany, allegedly for equipment. In fact, he exported valuables and materials from there, built dachas here.
The famous Black Cat gang, which became known to many thanks to the movie The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, was actually a huge criminal community. She conducted her main activity in Moscow, but traces of her were also found in the city on the Neva.
In 1945, the Leningrad police opened a high-profile case. An investigation into a series of burglaries in house number 8 on Pushkinskaya Street led to the trail of a teenage gang. They caught red-handed the top of the gang - students of vocational school No. 4 Vladimir Popov, nicknamed Garlic, Sergei Ivanov and Grigory Shneiderman. During a search of the ringleader, 16-year-old Popov, a curious document was discovered - the oath of the kodla "Black Cat", under which eight signatures were affixed in blood. But since only three participants managed to commit crimes, they went to the dock. In January 1946, at a meeting of the people's court of the 2nd district of the Krasnogvardeisky district of Leningrad, the verdict was announced: the teenagers received from one to three years in prison.
Organized crime was also rampant. Moreover, gangs were often made up not of criminals, but of ordinary citizens. During the day they were ordinary workers of Leningrad enterprises, and at night ...
So, a gang of Eye brothers operated in the city. It was a real organized crime community. The gang was led by the brothers Isaac and Ilya Glaz, it consisted of 28 people and was armed with two Schmeiser assault rifles, six TT pistols, eighteen grenades, as well as a car in which the bandits carried out reconnaissance of future crime scenes and bypass routes, and a truck .. In a short time, from the autumn of 1945 to March 1946, the gang committed 18 robberies, using the tactics of night raids. The zone of action of this criminal group included the Nevsky, Kalininsky, Moscow and Kirovsky districts of the city. The scope of the gang's activities can be judged by the fact that the loot sales system covered the markets of Kharkov and Rostov! The Eye Brothers gang had a whole arsenal.
The operation to defeat the gang was developed in March 1946 by the former front-line soldier Vladimir Boldyrev, an operative worker of the criminal investigation department. Employees of the threat set up ambushes in places where the next robberies were likely to take place. As a result, during the attack on the store on Volkovsky Prospekt, the criminals were blocked and detained. The operation was carried out in such a way that not a single shot was fired. In 28 apartments, 150 rolls of woolen fabrics, 28 rolls of cloth, 46 rolls of silk fabric, 732 headscarves and 85 thousand rubles were confiscated from relatives and friends of the criminals! Distinctive feature The activity of this gang consisted in the fact that its leaders managed to establish close relations with some influential employees of the state apparatus of Leningrad and the region. To bribe them, the bandits even allocated a special fund in the amount of 60 thousand rubles.
Despite serious efforts to reform the Leningrad Criminal Investigation Department, crime receded slowly. It could not be otherwise, because its main causes - the post-war devastation, the difficult economic situation of the population - changed slowly. In the period from 1946 to 1950, the Leningrad City Court considered 37 cases on charges of banditry, in which 147 people were convicted.
From the diary of an eighth-grader of the 239th school in Leningrad V. Peterson
From the diary of 11-year-old Tanya Savicheva
The Savichevs are dead.
Only Tanya remained.
Everyone died."
Tanya herself was taken out in a serious condition in August 1942. She died of progressive dystrophy on June 1, 1944 in the village of Shatki Nizhny Novgorod region. Her older sister survived, which Tanya did not know about.
Everything has to be transferred. … All this will be counted on the road of the future life. We must be courageous. Be hardy and willpower to suppress the horrors of starvation. There is no other way out.
Recipe for Soup from swede tops with flour
(from a book published in Leningrad in 1942)
Turnip tops - 190 gr. Salt - 5 gr.
Flour - 3 gr. Fats - 5 gr.
Onion - 5 gr. Spices - 0.03 gr.
The years of the war determined a lot in the life of the city. Even by the beginning of 1953, the population of Leningrad was approximately 2.5 million people (80% of the pre-war). Especially not enough men from 20 to 50 years. But already in 1944, the process of restoration began. Special attention appealed to the development of shipbuilding and skilled engineering. Factories resumed the production of peaceful goods. The Electrosila and Metallic factories again produced generators and turbines. At Lenmeasokombinat mastered the production of urgently needed penicillin. At the same time, the production of military products was maintained and increased. Under the leadership of V.Ya. Klimov created jet engines for MIGs, TUs, Ilov. Zh.Ya. Kotin at the Kirov plant developed new models of tanks. New types of submarines were designed, including nuclear ones. Leningraders participated in the creation of Arzamas-16 (the center for the creation of atomic weapons), and the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk. Leningrad science, especially focused on military-industrial complex. Other branches of science were in a much more difficult situation. After August 1948, in Leningrad, as well as throughout the country, the persecution of geneticists began. The L.A. school of physiologists was destroyed. Orbeli. Attacks on linguists, historians, and economists soon followed.
In 1948, a new Master Plan for the development of the city was adopted. In 20-25 years, the urban area was to almost double, and the population to be 3.5 million people. But the city center was now preserved in the historical part of the city. It was planned to bring the city to the sea in the coastal part of the Vasilyevsky, Krestovsky, Petrovsky, and Volny Islands. During the restoration work, the most visible wounds were healed. Famous monuments took their places. In the place of vegetable gardens, flower beds were again broken. The townspeople were returned 125,000 radios seized at the beginning of the war. The construction of the stadium is completed. CM. Kirov. In the autumn of 1945, the Primorsky and Moscow Victory Parks were laid. Capital bridges were erected - Kamennoostrovsky and Ushakovsky. In 1950-1951. tram traffic was removed from Nevsky Prospekt. In 1950, almost all townspeople had running water and sewerage, and 25% had central heating. In 1944, the old names of Nevsky Prospekt, Liteiny Prospekt, Sadovaya Street, Palace Square and other city highways were returned. But in subsequent years, as part of the fight against "cosmopolitanism" and other campaigns, renaming in the historical center continued. Gagarinskaya became Furmanov Street, Geslerovsky became Chkalovsky Prospekt.
But everyday life changed very slowly. Until December 15, 1947, the card system was maintained. Workers received 700 grams of bread per day, employees - 500 grams, dependents and children - 300 grams. The crime rate remained high. In July 1947, 24 ancient items made of gold and precious stones found during excavations in Kerch were stolen from the Hermitage. The kidnapper has been found. A criminal group with the participation of employees of the city prosecutor's office, the court, the police, the city housing department, etc. was exposed. The housing crisis was extremely acute. At a number of factories, people huddled in workshops, change houses, several dozen people in rooms for singles. They dressed poorly. On December 15, 1947, the card system was abolished and a monetary reform was carried out. The new retail prices were more than three times the pre-war level. With an average salary of less than 500 rubles. a kilogram of bread cost 3-4 rubles, meat 28-32 rubles, butter - 60 rubles. In subsequent years, prices fell seven times. Prices for vodka fell especially intensively. But in August 1948, the price of tram travel doubled. Train ticket prices have increased. "Voluntary-compulsory" nature was a subscription to State loans, equal to at least a month's earnings. Gradually, the life of a successful part of the townspeople - the party-state and economic apparatus, the top of the intelligentsia, a narrow category of highly paid workers, part of the trade workers - included new radios, televisions, fashionable clothes.
The issues of public health and medical care were acute. The network of sanatoriums, rest houses, pioneer camps, stadiums was restored. In 1952, Leningraders G. Zybina (hammer throw), Yu. Tyukalov (rowing) became Olympic champions. As hospitals closed, schools returned to their buildings. From 1944 to 1954 there was separate education for girls and boys. By 1952, child homelessness was eliminated. The activity of universities has been restored. New departments and specialties appeared: nuclear physics, radiophysics, geophysics, computational mathematics, oceanography, mathematical physics, radiochemistry, etc. But graduate School fully experienced the blows of ideological campaigns.
The real leadership of the state and social life remained in the hands of the party apparatus. He in every possible way inflated the personality cult of Stalin. This was especially evident in December 1949 during the leader's 70th birthday. Meanwhile, surrounded by Stalin, there was an "undercover struggle" that directly affected Leningrad and Leningraders. Since 1944, Zhdanov moved to Moscow, becoming for a while the second person in the leadership. Nominees from Leningrad became secretaries of the regional party committees and the Central Committee of the republics. In March 1946, A.A. became the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). Kuznetsov. In 1947, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR N.A. was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. Voznesensky, who worked in Leningrad until the end of the 1930s. This caused dissatisfaction with Mr.M. Malenkova and L.P. Beria. Zhdanov's death in August 1948 changed the balance of power.
The beginning of the so-called. The "Leningrad case" was a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee with the participation of Stalin on February 15, 1949. During it, A.A. Kuznetsov, First Secretary of the Leningrad OK and the Civil Code of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks P.S, Popkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR M.I. Rodionov was charged with a number of charges: allegedly illegal holding of the All-Russian Wholesale Fair in January 1949, attempts to oppose the Leningrad Party organization to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, etc. Here N.A. Voznesensky was accused of concealing Popkov's "anti-Party behavior". On February 22, a joint plenum of the regional and city party committees was held in Leningrad with the participation of G.M. Malenkov. V.M. was elected the head of the party organization of the city. Andrianov. The witch hunt has begun. In total, in 1949-1952. More than 2,000 leaders of party-soviet and economic bodies, the vast majority of whom survived the blockade, were removed from work, partially repressed. In August-October 1949 Voznesensky, Kuznetsov, Popkov and others were arrested. In total, about 30 people were shot. The City Defense Museum, a symbol of heroism and resilience of Leningraders, was liquidated. Even in 1953, the 250th anniversary of the city was not celebrated in any way. All this was not a random, isolated phenomenon. It spoke about the situation in the country as a whole, and affected the spiritual life.
With the end of the war, it became more diverse: theater groups returned from evacuation, filming was underway at the Lenfilm studio, new books and poems were published. In 1948, broadcasts from the Leningrad Television Center began. In 1949, the premiere of the ballet by R.M. Gliere " Bronze Horseman”(in the main roles are the great artists N.M. Dudinskaya and K.M. Sergeev). Artist Yu.M. Neprintsev in 1950 exhibited the painting "Rest after the battle." The films "Heavenly slug", "Feat of the Scout" were very popular. But at the same time, the icy winds of ideological campaigns picked up again. On August 9, 1946, at a meeting of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, with the participation of Stalin, the question of the activities of the Leningrad Writers' Organization was heard. Leningrad literary magazines accused of preaching decadence, of publishing immature works. The main blow fell on the work of A.A. Akhmatova and M.M. Zoshchenko. On August 14, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad” was published. The Leningrad magazine was closed. Akhmatova and Zoshchenko were expelled from the Writers' Union. They stopped printing, depriving them of the opportunity to earn money. A wave of unbridled criticism affected many figures of Leningrad culture. In 1949-early 1953. within the framework of the policy of "state anti-Semitism" that arose in these years, there was a campaign against the so-called. "cosmopolitanism". Genuine scientists - Jews, Russians and people of other nationalities - were accused of "bourgeois objectivism", "groveling before the West." The political and economic faculty of Leningrad State University was destroyed, where six out of seven professors were arrested; the outstanding historian V.V. Mavrodin. Outstanding musicians G.V. Sviridov, D.D. Shostakovich, S.A. Lynching; film directors S.A. Gerasimov, M.K. Kalatozov, A.G. Zarkhi and others. The city was largely losing its outstanding spiritual position as the center of the capital.
The problem of crime in the environment of law enforcement agencies today is one of the most urgent. In the minds of the population, a stable negative attitude has been formed towards law enforcement agencies and, above all, towards the police. A policeman is perceived by the majority of Russian citizens not as a defender of the law and a fighter against crime, but as an extortionist in uniform, using his shoulder straps and certificate to obtain illegal income. This topic has been publicly discussed for the past fifteen years, however, the problem of corruption in law enforcement agencies has existed since its inception Russian state. The police of pre-revolutionary Russia in the eyes of society was associated with a system of small bribes, free service in shops, shops, ateliers, restaurants, etc. Having taken power in 1917, the Bolsheviks tried to create a new state system free from protectionism and corruption, however, it soon became infected with the same diseases. Even during the years of the Stalinist regime, when control over the life of society, as it seemed, was comprehensive, the NKVD-MVD bodies were forced to get rid of "criminal and morally corrupted elements." In the first half of 1947 alone, more than 150 employees of the Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Leningrad region , and for the next 3 months of the same year - 171 people. About 30% of them were employees of POW camps, 25% - employees of the militia of Leningrad and 20% - the system of corrective labor colonies (ITK) and camps. The most common crime was the misappropriation and squandering of state property (about 30% of the convicts, and half of them were employees of POW camps), theft of state property (over 20% of the convicted, mainly officers of prisoner of war camps, correctional labor camps and individual camp units ), desertion and unauthorized absences from service (24.5% of crimes). Basically, they were typical for ordinary policemen, firefighters and security units of the Office of Correctional Labor Camps and Colonies (UITLK) 1. The leadership of the NKVD-MVD was worried about cases of bribery in the police environment. Deputy Minister of the Interior of the USSR I. Serov noted in the spring of 1947: "I have information that there is an unofficially established fee for registration in sensitive areas, for the purchase of a passport, for a passport for a car, etc." 2. So, in 1945-1946, the inspector of the administrative group of the Leningrad City Police Department, Lieutenant Kazanin, and the detective of the Vasileostrovsky Regional Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, police lieutenant Tukhvatulin organized the issuance of passes for leaving Leningrad for bribes. Kazanin wrote out passes, and Tukhvatulin was looking for people who needed to leave , received money from them and issued passes received from Kazanin. Both were sentenced by a military tribunal to five years in prison in May 1946. Govorov Igor Vasilievich - candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, doctoral student of St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Chamova, a passport officer of the 19th militia department of Leningrad, was sentenced in 1947 for illegally registering citizens for bribes. Leningrad was revealed property confiscated and stored without registration. So, the head of the OBKhSS department, Morozov, confiscated from the detainee Neskvich gold coins of royal minting in the amount of 160 rubles. gold. These coins were kept by Morozov without any documentation for more than 13 months, as a result of which one of the five-ruble coins disappeared without a trace. Having seized 300 g of gold from the speculator Kosyrev, Morozov illegally used it in an operational combination. The gold was sold by Morozov's informer. Morozov appropriated part of the proceeds, and only after the start of an investigation into his activities he handed over to the financial department. When examining his office, objects made of gold were found, the origin of which Morozov could not explain. A fairly wide field for abuse was given by the relationship of operatives with their agents. The detective of the Petrograd RO of the NKVD of Leningrad, senior lieutenant of militia Smirnov, practiced appropriation of products and money intended for issuance to secret informants for Good work(for example, he took a receipt from a secret informant, Znamenskaya, that he gave her 7 kg of food, although he handed over only 2 kg) who actually either left the region or were in places of deprivation of liberty. Characteristically, in such cases, the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs limited itself to disciplinary punishment, without initiating criminal cases. Excessively close cooperation with secret informants brought some officers of the operational police services to the brink of crime. So, the assistant to the head of the Tikhvin Regional Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Vorobyov, recruited the speculator Saigin as a secret informant. Business relations between them turned into friendly, and then intimate. Saygina introduced Vorobyov to her fellow speculators. He became a regular participant in the feasts organized by "d,eltsy", and then he began to take money and food from them. In essence, one of the leaders of the regional department became the patron of the criminal group. Several times, when OBKhSS employees caught speculators red-handed, Vorobyov saved his "d, ruzey" from trouble. When the employees of the regional department, who did not share the benevolent attitude of their boss towards speculators, arrested Saigin for making a major illegal transaction, Vorobyov organized a provocation, accusing them of embezzling valuables seized during the search. In the spring of 1947, Vorobyov was arrested and tried by a military tribunal 6. The most characteristic manifestation of corruption in the law enforcement agencies of Leningrad was the undercover development "Scorpions". In the center of it was A.I. Karnakov. was a professional swindler. Posing as a responsible employee (district prosecutor, deputy director of the labor distribution bureau, head of the supply department aviation industry , deputy director of the complaints bureau of the Leningrad City Council, etc.), Karnakov acted as the organizer of many major scams in Leningrad back in the 1930s. He was repeatedly brought to criminal responsibility. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Karnakov was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, where he continued to engage in criminal activities. In 1943 he was arrested and sentenced to 8 years in labor camp. However, six months later he is released and appears in Leningrad. Here Karnakov establishes close ties with black market dealers and a number of government officials. Such violent activity could not hide from the attention of the state security agencies. In August 1944, the NKGB Directorate handed over compromising materials on Karnakov to the OBKhSS of the Leningrad police, and he was taken into undercover development. For about two years, the Karnakov case roamed the safes of various employees of the department, but no action was taken on it. It was explained quite simply. The head of one of the OBKhSS departments, Nelidov, turned out to be a very good acquaintance of Karnakov. For bribes, he ensured the safety of Karnakov, at his request, organized the termination of criminal cases and release from custody. He also involved two of his subordinates, detectives Zakusov and Antonov 7, in a criminal connection with Karnakov. Having established undercover surveillance over him, the OBB operatives found out that Karnakov maintains close ties not only with the criminal element, but also with a number of officials from various departments. Soon, the employees involved in this case received information that Karnakov, through several police officers from the regional departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was organizing the release from prison of persons arrested for speculation. Employees of the Special Inspectorate and the department of the counterintelligence department "SMERSH? Regional Ministry of Internal Affairs" were involved in the case, and when it was established that among Karnakov's criminal connections were employees of the prosecutor's office and the city executive committee - the Department of the Ministry of State Security of the region. The operational-investigative group was headed by one of the deputy chiefs of the KMGB. This case received the code name "Scorpions". Karnakov created a group of corrupt officials who solved a variety of issues - from obtaining an apartment and exemption from military service to the termination of criminal cases. About 700 connections of Karnakov with officials and illegal businessmen were revealed. Evidence sufficient to bring to trial, were collected for 316 people. Of those brought to justice, 59 people were police officers, 47 were prosecutors, lawyers and courts, 10 were from the city health department and social security, 7 were from the housing system, 8 were officers of the Leningrad Military District (including the deputy head of the personnel department of the Leningrad Military District Nikolaev), a number of officials persons of the VTEK and more than one and a half hundred bribe-givers (business executives, trade workers, employees of artels, bases, catering systems, etc.) 8. At the same time, unlike today, the facts of betrayal of official interests by police officers were quite rare phenomenon. Each such case was regarded as an emergency and without fail reported to the Minister of Internal Affairs to find out the causes and factors contributing to crimes of this kind. The leadership of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs identified a number of reasons that give rise to crime in the police environment. One of the first places was put forward by the weak work of the local apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the selection of personnel. Often, enrollment in the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs took place without a thorough special check. As a result, people with low moral and professional qualities ended up in the police. Another reason leading to an increase in crime in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, its leaders considered weak political and educational work with personnel, especially with newly hired ones. Most of the criminal manifestations were accounted for by persons who had worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs for less than two years. Of the 59 people brought to justice in the first half of 1947 by the Special Inspectorate of the Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Leningrad Region, 27 worked in the police for less than 1 year and 11 - from one to two years. For example, Balmont and Shvetsov, policemen of the Leningrad River Police Detachment, who were recruited in December 1946, were convicted of robbery less than six months later. They took 1,300 rubles from two train passengers on the Sabli-no-Toshio stage. and 3 kg of flour. This money "protectors of law and order" drank away. Balmont was sentenced to 18 years in prison, and Shvetsov - to 6. The policemen of the cavalry squadron Trofimov and Khvoenko, without having worked in the police even for three months, stole 170 kg of oats from the food warehouse. Trofimov was sentenced to 18 years in prison, Khvoenko - to 15. The policeman of the river police Melnikov managed to rob his neighbors in the service hostel five times in six months of work, and was sentenced to 20 years in prison 9. Among the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Leningrad Region, convicted in in the first half of 1947, command personnel accounted for 27%, for members and candidate members of the CPSU (b) - 29%. In general, in the Soviet Union in 1947, persons in command represented 43% of police officers brought to criminal responsibility. 10. Serious negative impact, according to the documents and orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the state of police crime was affected by alcohol abuse. For half a year, in 1947, 204 people were punished for drunkenness in the militia of Leningrad (24% of all violations), in the militia of the region - 57 people. In the second quarter of 1947, compared with the first quarter, the number of penalties for drunkenness in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Leningrad Region increased from 208 to 255 cases 11. All of the above reasons had an impact on the level of crime in law enforcement agencies. However, they were subjective. The leaders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs deliberately turned a blind eye to a number of objective reasons pushing law enforcement officers to violate the law. First of all, they must be financial situation law enforcement officials and the overall degree of corruption state system. In 1946, the salary of a city policeman was 450 rubles. policeman countryside- 200 rub. district commissioner - 600 rubles. detective - 700 rubles 12. At the same time, a family of four in Leningrad (with two working members and two children) spent about 1,800 rubles on buying food and paying for utilities. and after the abolition of food cards, the cost of living in major cities(Leningrad and Moscow) was approximately 1900 rubles. of which 946 rubles were spent on food. 720 rub. - for clothes, 98 rubles. - to pay for housing. A significant part of the policemen (including those with their families) lived in dormitories, in extremely difficult living conditions. The militia was the least provided division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The salaries of police officers, their supply of food and clothing, socio-cultural support lagged far behind other services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1946, former servicemen who were transferred to the police were not issued a new police uniform until the time limit for wearing the old combined arms uniform was expired. This instruction was canceled only after massive reports began to arrive from the localities that citizens were refusing to comply with the demands of policemen in general army uniform. In fact, police officers post-war period, like the majority of the country's population, lived in poverty. The level of their income did not exceed the subsistence minimum. The honesty and incorruptibility of police officers were not conducive to the general situation in the state apparatus. It is widely believed that Stalinism, by establishing total control in society, made corruption impossible. The facts refute this assertion. Spreading government controlled for all industries National economy gave impetus to the formation of the shadow economy. The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, devoted to the problem of bribery, noted in particular: “Bribery, which is the gravest and most intolerable crime in the Soviet state, has recently become widespread, especially in transport, in trade, supply and household organizations, where in some cases giving and receiving bribes officials is made in a hidden form under the guise of "gifts", illegal "bonuses" for early fulfillment of orders, for unscheduled dispatch of goods, for unscheduled merchandising of funds and orders, release of goods best quality etc." 14. During the financial audit of the Leningrad Region in 1949, the Ministry of Finance established numerous facts of illegal spending of public funds by the city and regional authorities and the use official position for personal purposes. The leadership of the regional committee, city committee, regional and city executive committees spent state money on organizing grandiose banquets, maintaining a hunting economy, where representatives of the nomenklatura rested, and purchasing expensive gifts for “patrons” from Moscow (A Kuznetsov, N. Voznesensky, etc.). The leaders of the city and the region were also accused of appropriating the furnishings of the Mariinsky Palace, issuing benefits to full-time employees of the executive committee from funds intended to help needy citizens, etc. 15. A similar situation was typical for all regions of the country. The atmosphere of "d, the war of morals" within the state apparatus could not but affect the situation in law enforcement agencies. The heads of the district, city, regional and republican departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs-MGB, just like the party-Soviet apparatus, were engaged in self-supply, squandered state funds for personal needs, used policemen as watchmen, gardeners, etc. The former head of the Yaskinsky district of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Leningrad Region, Chernyshev, together with the head of the financial unit of the regional department, spent over 15 thousand rubles. shameful to appropriate and take out of Germany more than 50 tons of trophy property, mainly furs, carpets, paintings, jewelry. As the former head of the NKVD operational center in Berlin, Major General A. Sidnev, testified during interrogation at the MGB: ".,.. There is hardly a person in Germany who would not know that Serov is, in fact, the main bigwig in part of the appropriation of the loot ... Serov received about a million German marks from me alone ... I simultaneously handed over to Serov's apparatus about 3 kilograms of gold and other valuables ... Over ten of the most precious things Serov took for himself ... In addition to me, a lot of gold things were given to Serov and other heads of sectors ... Serov's wife and his secretary Tuzhlov repeatedly came to the warehouse of the Berlin operational sector, where they took away carpets, tapestries, the best linen, silver utensils and cutlery, as well as other things in large quantities and took away with them ... Repeatedly seeing Serov off from the airfield in Berlin, I myself saw how his plane was loaded with chests, suitcases, bales and bundles. Serov took a lot of goods from Germany, and I can’t even I can't imagine where he could place him..." 17. Naturally, the rank and file officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs followed the example of high-ranking officials. It has become the norm for police officers to rob street vendors, collect fines without receipts, or draw up receipts with an underestimated amount of the fine. District and operational commissioners got drunk with the subordinate element and informers at their expense, appropriated the property of the detainees and the funds allocated for agents. The heads of departments and departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs received free food, alcoholic beverages, manufactured goods from trade institutions, collective farms, etc. The leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs considered the fight against " negative phenomena"one of the main tasks of its activity. The investigation of crimes committed by employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the consideration of complaints and statements about their misconduct was carried out by the Special Inspections of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the Departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the field. Criminal cases against ordinary policemen were initiated with the consent of the head of the Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, against officers - Sanctions of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR The secret service of the police, i.e. the identification of bribe-takers in an operational way, was assigned in 1943-1946. to 2 departments of the Counterintelligence Department "SMERSH? NKVD-UNKVD", and after the liquidation of "SMERSH" - to the corresponding departments of the Departments of the MGB. personnel militia and bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The most common measure of punishment was arrest (it was used in 60–70% of cases). The dismissal of discredited employees was also widely used. In 1946, 1,775 people were fired from the Leningrad police. for 9 months of 1947 already 3823 people. including 948 - from operational and commanding positions 18. Responsibility for the behavior of employees was assigned personally to the heads of departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. They pointed out the need to know about the behavior of their employees both at work and at home. However, all these measures did not give a significant effect. The level of malfeasance in the militia remained quite high. Along with the above reasons, this was facilitated by the fact that many local heads of services and divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, based on false concepts of the honor of the uniform, "the need to preserve the police personnel, and even personal preferences, often" covered "guilty subordinates. Thanks" patrons" in the authorities, some police officers violated the law for a long time, even in the case of frankly criminal acts (theft, bribes) they got off with disciplinary punishments. Thus, the problem of crime in the police is traditional for the Russian state apparatus. In many respects it is connected with the standard of living society as a whole.The crimes committed by law enforcement officers differ little from the crimes committed by other social groups. In the post-war period, police crime as a whole can be characterized as "poor". The main purpose of acquisitive crimes was food, alcohol, clothing. Most of the bribes were small. The fight against uncleanliness in the law enforcement system can only be successful along with the fight against crime in general. Notes1. Department of Special Funds of the Information Center of the Main Internal Affairs Directorate of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region (OSF ITs of the Main Internal Affairs Directorate of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region), f. 1, d. 130, l. 459.2. Ibid., d. 122, l. 321; d. 87, l. 153.3. Ibid., d. 122, l. 321; d. 130, l. 460.4. Ibid., 110, l. 231-232.5. There, l. 166.6. There, l. 130, 460.7. Ibid., d. 122, l. 321.8. IVANOV V.A. "Scorpions": corruption in post-war Leningrad. Political investigation in Russia: history and modernity. SPb. 1997, p. 247.9. OSF ITs GUVD St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, f. 2, d. 130. l. 461.10. Ibid., 102, l. 159.11. Ibid., 130, l. 461.12. There, f. 1,d. 121, l. 173.13. VAKSER A. "Miracle" of the revival or History without retouching. - Neva. 1992, - 11 - 12, p. 337.14. OSF ITs GUVD St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, f. 2, d. 76, l. 418.15. ZUBKOVA ELO. Personnel policy and purge in the CPSU (1949-1953). - Free Thought. 1999, - 4, p. 196.16. OSF ITs GUVD St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, f. 1, d. 130, l. 460.17. Zhukov G.K. Unknown pages of history. - Military archives of Russia, 1993, no. 1, p. 201-204.18. OSF ITs GUVD St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, f. 2, d. 93, l. 120.
As a result of hostilities, Leningrad suffered enormous damage. Over the entire period of the war, the enemy dropped more than 5,000 high-explosive and 100,000 incendiary bombs and about 150,000 artillery shells on Leningrad. About 5 million m of living space, 500 schools, 170 medical institutions, etc. were destroyed and damaged in the city, almost every house was damaged. From attacks by enemy aircraft and artillery, 3,174 buildings were completely destroyed and 7,143 buildings were damaged. The losses of the municipal economy amounted to 5.5 billion rubles, which amounted to 25% of the value of the fixed assets of the urban economy.
The Nazi barbarians destroyed and damaged hundreds of valuable historical monuments Russian and world culture. Bombs and shells hit many historic buildings; to the Opera Theater (former Mariinsky), the Engineering Castle, the Russian Museum, the Hermitage, the Winter Palace, etc. Wonderful suburbs were destroyed: Petrodvorets (former Peterhof), Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Strelna, Uritsk, etc.
Two months after the liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade, on March 29, 1944, the State Defense Committee (GKO) adopted a decision "On priority measures to restore the industry and urban economy of Leningrad in 1944."
In 1945, the Leningrad industry had already fulfilled the plan for the production of gross output by 102.5%. Leningrad began to give the front a large amount of military equipment, ammunition, equipment. At a number of factories, the production of radar, flight test and other sophisticated equipment, powerful radio stations, forging and pressing equipment, etc. began to be established. Industry was restored on a new, more high level, taking into account advanced science and technology, new technology. The volume of capital works for 1944-1945. amounted to about 2 billion rubles.
The plan of the fourth five-year plan (1946-1950) provided for the accelerated restoration of Leningrad as the largest industrial and cultural center of the country, the achievement of the pre-war level of production of the Leningrad industry and its further development.
The party organization and the working people of Leningrad faced extremely difficult tasks. The gross output of all enterprises in 1945 amounted to only 32% of the 1940 level. In September 1945, there were 749.7 thousand workers and employees in the city.
Work on the restoration of industry and urban economy began after the lifting of the blockade. Already in 1944, many workshops and workshops of Elektrosila, Metallic and other plants and factories, damaged during the war years, were restored and put into action. Restoration of power plants of Lenenergo presented significant difficulties. In 1945, they generated only 366 million kWh. In 1940, these power plants produced 1,598 million kilowatt-hours of electricity. The pre-war level of electricity production by these stations was significantly surpassed by the end of the fifth five-year plan.
Simultaneously with the restoration and development of the industry of the city, Leningraders restored residential buildings and architectural monuments. "We defended Leningrad - we will make it even more beautiful and better." Under this slogan, the communists of Leningrad raised hundreds of thousands of Leningraders to take an active part in the restoration work. For the thirtieth anniversary October revolution(1947) Leningrad has largely restored its pre-war appearance.
In the restoration of Leningrad, innovators became famous for their patriotic work: masonry master A. Kulikov, roofers Preobrazhensky brothers, plasterers Z. Safin, I. Karpov and many other builders. Bricklayer A. Parfyonov with his link laid more than 4 million bricks, completing 4 annual norms.
Tens of thousands of Leningraders, at the call of the party organization, daily restored the city, its enterprises, and historical monuments during hours free from their main work.
At the initiative of Leningraders, a patriotic movement for the creative community of workers in science and production began in the country. At Leningrad enterprises, the methods of work of Muscovites L. Korabelnikova, A. Chutkikh, I. Rossiysky, F. Kovalev and other notable innovators of production were studied and began to be applied. The workers, engineers and technicians of the Skorokhod factory, having supported the initiative of M. Rozhneva and L. Kononeko, the workers of the Kupavinskaya factory in the Moscow region, aimed at above-planned output due to savings, in just 4 months of 1949, 38 thousand pairs of shoes were made from the saved chrome over the plan.
The turner of the Leningrad Machine-Tool Plant named after Ya. M. Sverdlov G. Bortkevich initiated high-speed metal cutting, sharply increased the speed of the workpiece being turned, used cutters of improved geometry with hard alloy plates. As a result of the application of innovative labor methods, G. Bortkevich brought the output to 1400% of the norm, his initiative was taken up by the turners of the Leningrad enterprises.
The fourth five-year plan was carried out ahead of schedule by the Leningraders. In 1950, the gross output of Leningrad enterprises amounted to 128% compared to 1940, and the number of workers and employees was lower than pre-war (1317.1 thousand people against 1467.3 thousand people in 1940). Heavy industry naturally overtook other industries in the city in its development. In 1950, it exceeded the level of 1913 by 16 times.
During the years of the fifth five-year plan (1951-1956), Leningraders solved the task set by the Communist Party and the Soviet government - to develop Leningrad as one of the centers for further technical progress. The metal plant began manufacturing hydroturbines of such a capacity that in the past was considered a monopoly of American enterprises. At the Electrosila plant, under the leadership of chief engineer D. Efremov and chief designer E. Komar, a new design of a 100 thousand kW hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator was developed,
New forms of socialist emulation became widespread at Leningrad enterprises. In December 1953, the staff of the Elektrosila plant named after S. M. Kirov proposed to launch socialist competition for increasing output through better use of existing production facilities and equipment. With their production successes, the working people of Leningrad made a significant contribution to the early implementation of the Fifth Five-Year Plan in 4 years and 4 months.
The total volume of industrial output in Leningrad in 1955 increased by 83% against 1950 and amounted to 234% compared to 1940. The output of large-scale enterprises exceeded the level of 1913 by almost 29 times and more than 20 times the indicators of 1928 The number of workers and employees in September 1955 was 1,535.8 thousand people. The successes of Leningrad industry were achieved not by increasing the size of the labor force, but mainly by increasing labor productivity. In 1955, compared with 1950, output per worker increased by 45%.
Machine-building enterprises of Leningrad mastered and produced 354 major new types of machines, mechanisms, apparatus and instruments.
Taking into account the possibilities and internal reserves of production, in response to the decisions of the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956), the workers of the Leningrad industry assumed the obligation: in the sixth five-year plan (1956-1960) to double the output of gross output on the same production areas and with the same the number of workers. During the years of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, Leningrad will provide the country with six types of new hydraulic turbines, including gigantic turbines with a capacity of up to 300 thousand kW, that is, almost three times greater than the power of the machines installed at the Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station.
The V. V. Kuibyshev Carburetor Plant is to manufacture 4 times more carburetors on the same production facilities than in the previous five years. The plant named after L. M. Sverdlov will master the production of new types of large horizontal boring machines. At one of the shipyards in Leningrad, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" is being built. At the Baltic Plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze in 1956 for fisheries Far East powerful refrigerated diesel-electric ships were built, the construction of ships for the Great Volga began.
The plan of the first year of the sixth five-year plan was fulfilled by the Leningraders ahead of schedule. Compared with 1955, the output of gross output at the enterprises of the city increased in 1956 by 11%. As before, heavy industry developed especially rapidly;
Major successes in the implementation of the state plan were achieved by the following plants: Kirovsky, Nevsky machine-building named after V.I. Lenin, "Svetlana", "Sevkabel", rubber technical products, Proletarian locomotive repair, Kanonersky, mill plant named after V.I. Lenin, factory named after N.I. K. Krupskaya and other enterprises.
In 1956, new progressive undertakings arose at the enterprises of Leningrad. The noble turner of the Kirov Plant V. Karasev, in collaboration with the milling machine operator E. Savich and other workers, in 1956 designed a new milling cutter, which made it possible to increase labor productivity several times. V. Ya. Karasev was a delegate to the XX Congress of the CPSU and was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The innovators of the Kirov Plant, A. Loginov, a milling operator, and P. Zaichenko, a locksmith, initiated the movement for high-performance technical equipment and the comprehensive introduction of advanced labor methods at every workplace. The blacksmith-innovator of Nevsky enjoys well-deserved fame among the working people of Leningrad machine-building plant I. Burlakov, who in January 1957 was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. Innovators are well known in Leningrad - the weaver of the Rabochy factory, the deputy of the Supreme Council the USSR M. Materikova, cutter of the Skorokhod factory A. Svyatskaya. E. Sudakov, an innovator of the stamping shop of Elektrosila, designed ten original presses and machine tools. The shipbuilder, foreman of the scribers, K. Saburov, made 69 rationalization and inventive proposals for 7 years, and all of them were accepted for implementation in production.
The scientific research institutes and organizations of Leningrad are all-Union laboratories of technical progress. They tirelessly enrich the science and industry of the country latest discoveries in the field of engineering and production technology. There are about 300 research institutes in the city, higher educational institutions and institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. They employ about 13 thousand researchers. Many leading Soviet scientists work in Leningrad and make their creative contribution to the development of Soviet and world science.
The material well-being of the Leningrad working people is rising, housing and living conditions are improving. Housing construction is being carried out on a broad front, although the rapid growth in living space is still not keeping pace with the needs of the city, whose population in 1956, including the suburbs, was 3,176,000 people. In the sixth five-year plan, it is planned to build up to 4 million square meters. m of living space. Freight taxis https://gruzovoe.taxi/ will help citizens to carry out such a long-awaited housewarming as soon as possible.
By the 38th anniversary of the October Socialist Revolution, work was completed on the first section (Vosstaniya Square - Avtovo) of the Lenin Leningrad Metro. In 1957, the construction of the second section from Vosstaniya Square to Finland Station was completed. Preparatory work is underway for laying new metro lines.
The people of Leningrad are making a great contribution to the implementation of the Party's decision on a steep rise in agriculture. Hundreds of Party, Soviet and scientific workers, responding to the calls of the Party, left for the countryside and were elected chairmen of collective farms. The Leningrad party organization sent over 30,000 people to agriculture and the development of virgin and fallow lands. At the call of the party and the government, 18,000 young Leningraders left for the development of virgin and fallow lands. In addition, 9 thousand people. went to the northern and eastern new buildings of the country.
In May - June 1957, on the basis of the decisions of the February (1957) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the decisions of the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (May 1957), a radical restructuring of the management of industry and construction of Leningrad was carried out. According to the decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Leningrad economic administrative region was created, uniting the industry of Leningrad, Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. The restructuring of industrial management was met with great satisfaction by the people of Leningrad, for it makes it possible to make better use of the internal reserves of production, and to organize co-operation and specialization of enterprises more correctly.
At the head of the working people of Leningrad, successfully problem solving communist construction, there is a tried and seasoned detachment of the Communist Party Soviet Union- Leningrad organization of the CPSU. As of January 1, 1957, the city party organization consisted of 20 district committees, 4,620 primary party organizations, 4,228 workshop party organizations, and 9,548 party groups. The number of members and candidate members of the CPSU amounted to 245,445 people.
As of January 1, 1957, there were 344,913 members of the Komsomol in the Leningrad city Komsomol organization. For the heroism shown during the Great Patriotic War and active participation in socialist construction, the Leningrad Komsomol organization in 1948, on the days of the 30th anniversary of the Komsomol, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The Leningrad party organization is doing a tremendous job of putting into practice the historic resolutions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. On the basis of the decisions of the congress, party work was restructured, grass-roots party organizations were strengthened, management of economic and cultural development became more concrete and efficient, and ideological work intensified. The Leningrad communists with great perseverance are liquidating the consequences of the personality cult condemned by the Party. On the basis of the development of intra-Party democracy and adherence to the Leninist norms of Party life, the activity of the Communists increased significantly. The Leningrad party organization met with great satisfaction the measures taken by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet government to strengthen revolutionary legality. As it turned out in 1953, after the exposure and defeat of the criminal gang of Beria, in 1949 the so-called. "Leningrad case", in which a number of major party leaders were slandered and convicted (I. A. Voznesensky, A. A. Kuznetsov, Ya. F. Kapustin, P. S. Popkov, etc.), now fully rehabilitated. An attempt by the enemies of the party to defame the Leningrad cadres was frustrated.
The party organization of Leningrad has always been and remains a fighting monolithic detachment of the party, closely united around the Leninist Central Committee. The Leningrad communists demonstrated this again by unanimously approving the decision of the June plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1957) on the anti-party group of Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov, which with its factional activities caused serious damage to the party and tried to push the party off the Leninist path, change the party policy worked out by the XX Congress CPSU. In June 1957, the working people of Leningrad and the entire Soviet people celebrated the 250th anniversary of the founding of Leningrad with great enthusiasm.
In commemoration of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad, on May 16, 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established the medal "In Commemoration of the 250th Anniversary of Leningrad". By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 21, 1957, for the outstanding services of the working people of Leningrad to the Motherland, for the courage and heroism they showed during the days of the Great October Socialist Revolution and in the struggle against the Nazi invaders in the Great Patriotic War, for the successes achieved in the development of industry and culture, in the development and mastering of new technology, in connection with the 250th anniversary of Leningrad awarded the order Lenin.
On June 22, 1957, the Jubilee session of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies, dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Leningrad, took place at the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. M. Kirov. At the session, on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR A. A. Andreev solemnly presented the Order of Lenin to the city bearing the glorious name of the leader of the proletarian revolution, the founder of the Communist Party and the world's first socialist state - Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
For outstanding production achievements, the development of science and technology and the great contribution made to the development and implementation of new progressive labor methods at industrial enterprises, transport and construction sites of the city, 20 Leningraders were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, 7226 workers, engineers and technicians, workers of science and culture , as well as trade union, party and Komsomol workers of Leningrad were awarded orders and medals (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of June 21).
On July 6, 1957, members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU arrived in Leningrad to present awards: N. A. Bulganin, K. E. Voroshilov, O. V. Kuusinen, E. A. Furtseva, N. S. Khrushchev, N. M. Shvernik, who spoke at meetings and rallies of the teams of the largest factories.
On July 7, a 700,000-strong demonstration of the city's workers took place. It was a vivid evidence of the unity of the party and the people, the high political activity of the people of Leningrad, their combat readiness to fight under the banner of Lenin for new victories in communist construction.