Requirements USE codifier to knowledge
on the history of Russia in the XX - early XXI centuries.
The “*” sign marks those elements of the content that are checked using knowledge of general history.
2.2 Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries
2.2.4* Growth of economic and social contradictions in the conditions of forced modernization. Reforms S.Yu. Witte
2.2.5* Ideological currents, political parties and social movements in Russia at the turn of the century
2.2.6* Eastern question in foreign policy Russian Empire. Russia in the system of military-political alliances
2.2.7* Russo-Japanese War
2.2.8* Spiritual life of Russian society in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. critical realism. Russian avant-garde. Development of science and education system
2.2.9 Revolution 1905–1907 The formation of Russian parliamentarism. Liberal democratic, radical, nationalist movements
2.2.10 Reforms P.A. Stolypin
3.1 Russia in the First World War. Revolution and Civil War in Russia
3.1.1* Russia in the First World War. The impact of the war on Russian society
3.1.2* Revolution of 1917 Provisional Government and Soviets
3.1.3 The political tactics of the Bolsheviks, their rise to power. The first decrees of the Soviet government. constituent Assembly
3.1.4* Civil war and foreign intervention. Political programs of the parties involved. The policy of "war communism". Results of the Civil War
3.1.5 Transition to the New Economic Policy
3.2 USSR in 1922–1991
3.2.1 Formation of the USSR. Choice of merging paths. Nation-state building
3.2.2 Party discussions about the ways and methods of building socialism in the USSR. The cult of personality I.V. Stalin. Mass repression. Constitution of the USSR 1936
3.2.3 Reasons for curtailing the new economic policy. Industrialization, collectivization
3.2.4 The ideological foundations of Soviet society and culture in the 1920s–1930s "Cultural Revolution". Elimination of illiteracy, creation of an education system
3.2.5* Foreign policy strategy of the USSR in the 1920s–1930s USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
3.2.6* Causes, stages of the Great Patriotic War
3.2.7* The heroism of the Soviet people during the war. Partisan movement. Rear during the war years. Ideology and culture during the war
3.2.8* USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition
3.2.9* Results of the Great Patriotic War. The role of the USSR in the Second World War and the solution of questions about the post-war structure of the world
3.2.10 Recovery of the economy. Ideological campaigns of the late 1940s
3.2.11* cold war. Military-political alliances in the post-war system international relations. Formation of the world socialist system
3.2.12 XX Congress of the CPSU and the condemnation of the cult of personality. Economic reforms of the 1950s–1960s, the reasons for their failures. Economic slowdown
3.2.13* "Stagnation" as a manifestation of the crisis of the Soviet model of development. Constitutional consolidation of the leading role of the CPSU. USSR Constitution 1977
3.2.14* Modernization attempts Soviet economy and political system in the 1980s. Perestroika and Glasnost. Formation of a multi-party system
3.2.15* The USSR in world and regional crises and conflicts after World War II. "Detente" policy. "New Political Thinking". The collapse of the world socialist system
3.2.16* Features of development Soviet culture in the 1950s–1980s
3.3 Russian Federation
3.3.1 Crisis of power: the consequences of the failure of the "perestroika" policy. August events of 1991 Belovezhskaya agreements of 1991 and the collapse of the USSR
3.3.2* The political crisis of September-October 1993. The adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. The socio-political development of Russia in the second half of the 1990s. Political parties and movements of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation and member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States
3.3.3* Transition to a market economy: reforms and their consequences
3.3.4* The Russian Federation in 2000–2012: the main trends in the socio-economic and socio-political development of the country in present stage.
V.V. Putin. YES. Medvedev
3.3.5* Russia in the global integration processes and the emerging modern international legal system
3.3.6* Contemporary Russian culture
Theory by section
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My teaching materials by section
Here are worksheets, assignments for consolidation, presentations that can be useful both for students (for consolidating knowledge) and teachers (for preparing for the lesson).
Russia in late XIX- the beginning of the twentieth century. |  |
Russia from the Revolution of 1917 to the Great Patriotic War
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The Great Patriotic War
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USSR in the second half of the 20th century.
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Newest Russia
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Tests on some topics of the section
Here you can solve tests on the most difficult topics of this section, made up of questions from the bank of tasks USE past years.
Video footage
Diplomacy 1939 - 1945 (lecture 1). Andrey Nikolaevich Sakharov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Institute Russian history RAS |
Diplomacy 1939 - 1945 (lecture 2). Andrey Nikolaevich Sakharov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences |
Securities and socio-economic reforms in Russia (lecture 1). Yuri Petrovich Golitsyn, historian, specialist in the history of economic reforms |
Securities and socio-economic reforms in Russia (lecture 2). Yuri Petrovich Golitsyn, historian, specialist in the history of economic reforms |
Battle near Moscow. Documentary |
The defeat of German troops near Moscow. Newsreel 1941-1942 |
Stalingrad battle. Documentary |
Battle of Kursk Documentary |
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Berlin operation. Documentary |
Pioneers-heroes of the Great Patriotic War |
See other pages of the "History" section:
1 option
1. Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905 began with a Japanese attack on a naval base in (in)
1) Port Arthur
3) Novorossiysk
4) Vladivostok
2. Which of the named statesmen served as Minister of Finance in 1892-1903, Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1905-1906, was the head of the Russian delegation in Portsmouth at the peace talks with Japan in 1905 and one of the initiators of the signing of the Manifesto by Nicholas II on October 17, 1905. ?
1) M. T. Loris-Melikov
2) I. A. Vyshnegradsky
3) S. Yu. Witte
4) A. I. Guchkov
3. Which of these events is considered the end of the revolution of 1905−1907?
1) dissolution II State Duma
2) Lena execution
3) the emergence of dual power
4) Bloody Sunday
2) nationalization of the landed estates
4) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
5. What was one of the reasons for the First Russian Revolution of 1905−1907?
1) harsh working conditions and disenfranchisement of industrial workers
2) defeat in World War I
3) nationalization of enterprises and banks by the government
4) the growing conflict between the tsar and the State Duma
6. Read an excerpt from the emperor's letter and indicate in what year the events described in it took place.
“It seemed to choose one of two ways - to appoint an energetic military man and try with all his might to suppress sedition. And another way is to grant civil rights to the population, freedom of speech, press, assembly, unions, etc. In addition, the obligation to pass all sorts of bills through the State Duma ... This, in essence, is the constitution. Witte ardently defended this path. And everyone to whom I addressed answered me in the same way as Witte. The manifesto was drawn up by him and Alexei Obolensky. We discussed it for two days, and finally, after praying, I signed it.”
1) 1905
2) Council of Ministers
3) The State Duma
4) Constituent Assembly
8. Which three of the following events are associated with the revolution of 1905-1907?
Write the corresponding numbers in the answer.
2) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
3) " Bloody Sunday»
4) Milyukov's note
5) convocation of the First State Duma
6) regime of "dual power"
9. At the beginning of January 1905, the “Assembly of Russian factory workers of the city of St. Petersburg”, headed by the priest Gapon, decided to submit a petition to the tsar, which would set out the demands of the workers. The desire of the workers to submit a petition was known to the authorities, including the tsar.
Give three reasons why workers are dissatisfied with their position.
Test “The First Russian Revolution. Reforms of the political system”. Grade 9
Option 2
1. Which of the following events happened before the others?
1) the beginning of the First Russian Revolution
2) Russia's entry into World War I
3) publication of the manifesto on the legislative State Duma
4) the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War
2. Which of the listed statesmen served as Minister of Finance in the late XIX - early XX centuries. and carried out a monetary reform, during which the golden ruble became the basis of the monetary system?
1) M. M. Speransky
2) S. Yu. Witte
3) P. D. Kiselev
4) K. P. Pobedonostsev
3.What was the reason for the dissolution of the State Duma I?
1) revolutionary sentiments of the Duma deputies
2) the establishment of a military dictatorship in the country
3) the refusal of the Duma to adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People
4) expiration of the term of its activity established by law
4. What was one of the consequences of the All-Russian political strike in October 1905?
1) granting political rights and freedoms to the population of Russia (publishing the Manifesto)
2) the creation of a government responsible to the State Duma
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) creation of factory legislation
1)limiting the legislature of the king
2) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) the proclamation of Russia as a republic
6. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and indicate the year in which the events described took place.
“... October 17 ... under the threat of a general strike led by the headquarters of the Bolshevik section of the Social Democratic Party, and agrarian unrest of the peasants who demanded a redistribution of land, [ Grand Duke] Nikolai Nikolaevich convinced the sovereign to sign ... a manifesto that could satisfy only the chatty representatives of the Russian intelligentsia.
1) 1905
7. Read an excerpt from the speech of Nicholas II and indicate the title government agency, to whose representatives he addressed.
“The care given to me by the Most High Providence for the good of the Fatherland prompted me to call for assistance in the legislative work of the elected from the people.
With fiery faith in the bright future of Russia, I welcome those the best people whom I commanded my beloved subjects to choose from myself. Difficult and complex work is ahead of you. I believe that love for the Motherland, an ardent desire to serve it will inspire and unite you.”
1) Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
2) Council of Ministers
3) The State Duma
4) Constituent Assembly
8. Which three of the listed names refer to the political parties of the early 20th century? Write the corresponding numbers in the answer.
1) cadets
2) non-chaevs
3) People's Will
4) Petrashevites
6) SRs
9. When in the summer of 1905 negotiations began between the Russian and Japanese delegations on the conclusion of peace, patriotic forces in Russia opposed the conclusion of peace, nevertheless, the peace was concluded.
Give three explanations for the fact that the Russian delegation signed the peace treaty, despite the dissatisfaction of the patriots in Russia.
Below are two of the existing points of view on the results of the First
Russian Revolution of 1905–1907:
1. The concessions made by the authorities were sufficient for further
stable development of Russia along the path of moderate reform
("Union of October 17").
2. The first Russian revolution remained unfinished (RSDLP).
Which of these points of view do you prefer?
preferred. Give at least three facts that
can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point
vision.
Solution.
- The State Duma;
reforms;
shortened working day.
- preserved the monarchy;
their supporters;
(Third of June coup);
segments returned);
Answer.
When choosing the first point of view:
- during the revolution, a popular representation was created
- The State Duma;
- the legislative power of the king was limited
the State Duma and the State Council;
- a united government was created (Council
Ministers), which made it possible to develop a course of further
reforms;
- new Basic Laws were adopted (1906), in which
the changes that have taken place have been recorded;
- the population were guaranteed (according to the Manifesto on October 17
1905) civil rights(freedom of speech, conscience, etc.);
- redemption payments were cancelled;
- since 1906, the Stolypin agrarian reform began,
giving hope for a solution to the agrarian question;
workers gained the right to strike, form trade unions, was
shortened working day.
When choosing the second point of view:
- preserved the monarchy;
- the emperor retained great power in
legislative and executive spheres;
- the emperor retained the absolute right to veto
laws adopted by the people's representation;
- the emperor had the right to dissolve the State Duma;
- the emperor could make laws during the dissolution period
the State Duma (according to Article 87 of the Basic Laws);
- all officials (including ministers) were appointed by the emperor and remained in his exclusive subordination;
- the definition was retained in the Fundamental Laws
imperial power as autocratic;
- since 1906, the authorities have grossly interfered in elections
State Duma, providing an advantage for
their supporters;
- On June 3, 1907, the emperor violated the Basic Laws
(Third of June coup);
- the agrarian question was not resolved (there was no significant
increased peasant land use, were not
segments returned);
- the workers did not achieve an 8-hour working day;
- national inequality persisted;
there was no significant expansion of the rights of self-government
Please help me to solve the test, I will be sooooo grateful!!!
Revolution 1905-1907
1. What was the cause of the first Russian revolution?
1) lack of political rights and freedoms among the population
2) strengthening serfdom
3) start Russian-Turkish war
4) the assassination of Nicholas II.
2. What event in the course of the first Russian revolution occurred later than others?
1) the formation of the first Council of Workers' Deputies
2) all-Russian October strike
3) dissolution of the II State Duma
4) the formation of the party "Union of the Russian people".
3. What did the first Russian revolution lead to?
1) to the destruction of autocracy
2) to the liquidation of the peasant community
3) to the creation of representative legislative bodies of power
4) to the granting of independence to Poland and Finland.
4. What was the task of the first Russian revolution:
1) the elimination of serfdom
2) the destruction of the remnants of feudal fragmentation,
3) cancellation of the terms of the Paris Peace,
4) the destruction of landownership.
5. What ideas and requirements were included in the program of the Union of the Russian people?
1) Establishment constitutional monarchy
2) preservation and strengthening of autocratic power
3) Russia for Russians
4) convocation of the State Duma
6. The abolition of private ownership of land without redemption, turning it not into state property, but into public property without the right to buy and sell, was the demand of the party
1) cadets
2) Socialist-Revolutionaries
3) RSDR
4) Octobrists
7. An armed uprising in Moscow happened
1) in December 1905
2) in October 1905
3) in December 1906
4) in September 1905
8. The manifesto of October 17 was called:
1) "On the improvement of state supervision"
2) "On granting democratic rights and freedoms"
3) "On changing the regulation on elections to the State Duma"
4) "On the improvement public order»
9. What principles formed the basis of the Russian electoral system?
1) direct participation in the elections of the entire population
2) equal participation in the elections of the entire population;
3) curial system of elections
4) a multi-stage election system
10. The result of the strike of textile workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk was:
1) the appearance of the first Council in the country
2) restoring the autonomy of universities
3) issuance of a decree on elections to the First Legislative Duma
4) creation of the Workers' Liberation Union
11. In the First State Duma, the most numerous faction was:
1) Trudoviks
2) monarchists
3) cadets
4) RSDLP
12. Which provision does not correspond to the content of the Manifesto of October 17
1) cancellation of redemption payments
2) freedom of speech, press
3) universal suffrage
4) creation of the State Duma
13. Which party was in favor of reforms from above and the preservation of the title of "autocrat"
1) cadets
2) Union of the Russian people
3) RSDLP
4) Octobrists
14. What did the first Russian revolution lead to?
1) to the liquidation of the monarchy
2) to the destruction of communal land ownership,
3) to the establishment of an 8-hour working day
4) to the establishment of democratic rights and freedoms.
The revolution of 1917 became a turning point, which largely predetermined the course of not only Russian but also world history.
Attention! In the historical literature there is no consensus on the number of revolutions in Russia in 1917. According to the prevailing concept, two revolutions took place in Russia - February and October. AT last years the approach is gaining popularity, according to which in 1917 there was one revolution - the Great Russian Revolution of 1917, in which two stages are distinguished - the February and October events.
February Revolution of 1917
Causes of the February Revolution:political crisis:
- frequent changes in the composition of the government ("ministerial leapfrog") due to the inability of ministers to organize the life of the country in wartime conditions;
- the fall of the authority of the emperor, including in connection with the fact that G. E. Rasputin was surrounded by the imperial family (Rasputinism) and with the defeats of the Russian army in the First World War in conditions when, from August 1915, Emperor Nicholas II himself was the Supreme Commander;
- the preservation of autocracy, the exclusion of representatives of other classes, except for the nobility (the military-industrial committees created by the bourgeoisie to organize economic life in war conditions, did not receive any real rights);
- confrontation between the State Duma and the government, the emperor refused to create a government responsible to the State Duma;
economic crisis:
- reduction of arable land in connection with mass mobilization into the army and a reduction in production in agriculture;
- reduction of industrial production, closure of industrial enterprises due to the inability to deliver raw materials and fuel;
- rising prices for goods (inflation);
- unresolved land issue.
social crisis:
- deterioration financial situation workers;
- unresolved work issue;
- the introduction of a rationing system due to the inability of the authorities to ensure the supply of food to the cities in the required quantity;
- fatigue of the population from the war;
- the growing contradictions between the various estates of the Russian Empire.
The main tasks of the revolution:
- the overthrow of the autocracy;
- Russia's withdrawal from the war and the conclusion of a democratic peace;
- the solution of the agricultural problem.
As a result of the February Revolution, on March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, who on March 3 announced that he did not accept the throne and that the question of the future of the monarchy in Russia should be decided by the Constituent Assembly. New bodies created in Russia government controlled and it happened dual power: the Provisional Government and the Soviets claimed the role of all-Russian power. The executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies formally recognized the authority of the Provisional Government, but stated that the orders of the Provisional Government could be carried out only after approval by the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet. In addition, in the spring and summer of 1917, local governments were created in various regions - the Central Rada in Ukraine, the Mountain Government in the North Caucasus, etc.
The main activities of the Provisional Government:
- proclaimed political rights and freedoms (speech, press, unions, meetings and strikes);
- all class, national and religious restrictions have been abolished;
- the death penalty has been abolished;
- abolished censorship;
- carried out a complete and immediate amnesty for all political and religious matters;
- the police were replaced by the people's militia with elected authorities subordinate to local governments;
- arrested Nicholas II and the ministers of the tsarist government;
- An Extraordinary Commission was created to investigate the illegal actions of the tsarist government;
- an agreement was concluded with the Society of Manufacturers on the introduction of an 8-hour working day;
- proclaimed the principle of inviolability of private property.
Crises of the Provisional Government
The provisional government failed to resolve the main issues of Russian life in 1917. The government's decision to continue the war did not correspond to the mood of the main part of the population. The declarations of the ministers of agriculture on the need for a fair solution of the land issue came into conflict with the proclamation of the inviolability of private property, which outlawed the mass seizures of landed estates by peasants in the spring of 1917. Resolving the issue of political structure the state was delayed. Russia was proclaimed a republic only on September 1 after a military mutiny led by L. G. Kornilov. Active preparations for the elections to the Constituent Assembly began only in August. And the elections themselves were held in November 1917 after the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
The inability of the Provisional Government to solve the acute problems facing the country, taking into account the prevailing sentiments in society, and to lead the country out of the crisis became cause of his fall.
October Revolution
Preparation of the Bolsheviks to seize power. The course towards a socialist revolution was proclaimed by the leader of the Bolsheviks V. I. Lenin in April 1917 after his return from exile in the April Theses. But then he did not receive support, including among other leaders of the Bolshevik Party, since he did not correspond to the accepted among the Russian Social Democrats Marxist theory, according to which the socialist revolution could take place only in a country with highly developed capitalism. In Russia, the capitalist system of relations was still in the formative stage and had not fully established itself.The slogan put forward by V. I. Lenin “All power to the Soviets!” did not receive support in the Soviets themselves, representative bodies of public power, which in the spring and summer of 1917 were headed by representatives of the Menshevik Party. After the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in June and the dispersal of anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd on July 3-4, 1917, the Bolsheviks at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) set a course for preparing an armed uprising. The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" was temporarily removed. In late summer and early autumn, the Bolsheviks seek re-elections of the Soviets, and by autumn they take the Soviets under their control in both capitals and in large industrial centers of Russia.
V. I. Lenin in the articles “The Bolsheviks Must Take Power”, “Marxism and Insurrection”, “Advice from an Outsider”, etc. theoretically substantiated the possibility of the seizure of power in Russia by the socialist party.
Organizational preparation the uprising was carried out in October 1917: on October 10 and 16, the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) adopted resolutions on an armed uprising, on October 12 a military revolutionary committee (MRC) was created to protect Smolny (Bolshevik headquarters) from counterrevolution, on October 16 a Military Revolutionary Committee was created center (VRTs), which became part of the VRC, to prepare the seizure of power.
On October 24, 1917, the Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the Military Revolutionary Committee. Detachments of the Red Guard, soldiers and sailors capture the key points of the capital - railway stations, post office, telegraph, etc.
On the evening of October 25, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets begins its work, at which representatives of the RSDLP (b) had a majority. On the night of October 25-26, the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested, after which the congress adopted an appeal to "Workers, soldiers and peasants!" on the transfer of power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.
The Congress of Soviets adopted the first decrees of the Soviet government:
- Decree on peace, calling on the warring countries to stop hostilities and start negotiations on a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities;
- Decree on land, announcing the nationalization of the land and its transfer to the peasants;
- Decree on power, which created the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by V. I. Lenin.
L. B. Kamenev was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) - the body that exercised legislative power between congresses.
The Bolsheviks did not refuse to hold elections in Constituent Assembly. The demand for the convocation of the Constituent Assembly was contained in the programs of all political parties opposed to the autocracy. The idea of a constituent assembly was popular among the population. Elections were held on November 12 and 19, 1917. The Bolsheviks received 24.5% (175 out of 715) of the deputy seats. The Constituent Assembly opened on January 5, 1918. After the deputies refused to approve the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", i.e., to recognize, in this way, the power over themselves of the Soviets, the Bolshevik faction left the meeting room. On the evening of January 5, the meeting was dispersed by revolutionary-minded soldiers and sailors (sailor A. G. Zheleznyak announced to the deputies: “The guard is tired!” and asked to leave the premises). On the night of January 6-7, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was adopted. After working for 1 day, the Constituent Assembly in Russia ceased to exist. The deputies who disagreed with the decision of the Soviet government created in the summer of 1918 in Samara the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), dispersed in December 1918 by the Supreme Ruler A. V. Kolchak.
Social policy of the Bolsheviks in the first years of Soviet power:
- the prohibition of all opposition publications (October 27, 1917);
- the introduction of an 8-hour working day (October 29, 1917);
- adoption of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" (November 2, 1917);
- adoption of the Decree on civil marriage (December 18, 1917);
- adoption of the "Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people" (January 3, 1918);
- Proclamation of freedom of conscience, separation of church from state and school from church (January 20, 1918);
- the adoption of decrees that abolished estate system, ranks, titles and awards that existed in the Russian Empire;
- Adoption of the Labor Code in December 1918
Economic policy in the first years of Soviet power.
Two stages are distinguished in economic policy - the Red Guard attack on capital (October 1917 - spring 1918) and the policy of war communism (mid-1918 - March 1921).
During the period " Red Guard attack on capital»:
- banks were nationalized;
- all industry, transport and communications were nationalized;
- the state monopoly of foreign trade was introduced;
- in the course of the implementation of the Decree on Land and the "Basic Law on the Socialization of Land" dated February 9, 1918, landowners', church and all privately owned lands were confiscated, an equalizing redistribution of peasant allotments was carried out;
- food dictatorship introduced on May 13, 1918
Politics of war communism was an attempt to directly introduce the communist principles of production, distribution and consumption, which, in the conditions of the outbreak of civil war, was accompanied by emergency measures.
Measures of war communism:
- accelerated nationalization of industry;
- abolition of private property,
- centralized management of the economy;
- prohibition of free trade;
- introduction of surplus appropriation;
- prohibition of land lease;
- prohibition of the use of hired labor both in industry and in agriculture;
- an attempt to introduce direct product exchange between the city and the countryside;
- introduction of equal pay;
- naturalization of wages (ration system);
- the introduction of labor service;
- militarization of labor (forced mobilization into labor armies);
- cancellation of payment for housing, utilities, transport, postal services.
The policy of war communism aroused dissatisfaction among the population of the country and led in 1920 - early 1921 to an acute social and political crisis and mass demonstrations against the power of the Bolsheviks. The largest are the uprising of peasants in the Tambov province (Antonovshchina), the uprising of workers in Astrakhan, workers' strikes in Petrograd, the uprising of sailors in Kronstadt. What forced the leadership of the Bolshevik Party in March 1921 to abandon war communism and move on to the New Economic Policy. The call made in the Decree on Peace of October 26, 1917 to all warring parties to stop hostilities and start peace negotiations without annexations and indemnities was not supported by the Entente countries. The Soviet government at the end of November 1917 begins separate negotiations with Germany in BrestLitovsk. Among the leaders of the Bolsheviks there was no unity on the question of the war. "Left Communists" (N. I. Bukharin) advocated the continuation revolutionary war. L. D. Trotsky put forward the slogan "No war, no peace", hoping in many respects for the beginning of a world socialist revolution, which would remove the very problem of war. V. I. Lenin, in the conditions of the actual decomposition of the old tsarist army and the inability of the Red Guard detachments to resist the regular army of Germany, advocated making peace at any cost.
The Soviet delegation at the talks adopted the tactic of dragging out the negotiations as much as possible. But in February 1918, Germany issued an ultimatum and launched an offensive along the entire front. On March 3, 1918, the Soviet government was forced to sign a peace treaty on difficult conditions for Russia: the loss of the western territories, the payment of indemnities, the loss of the fleet, etc.
Russian Civil War
Causes of the Civil War:- exacerbation of socio-economic and political contradictions in the country as a result of the change of power;- the economic policy of the Bolsheviks, primarily nationalization and the abolition of private property;
- dispersal of the Constituent Assembly and the collapse of the democratic alternative for the development of the country;
- rejection of the Brest peace;
- the dominance in society of a psychological attitude towards confrontation and the solution of issues of political life by force;
- lack of democratic experience in finding a political and social compromise between various political forces and social strata.
Attention! In the historical literature, there are different points of view on the time of the beginning of the Civil War in Russia - February 1917 (overthrow of the autocracy), October 1917 (seizure of power by the Bolsheviks), May 1918 (mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps in Russia), July 1918. (uprising of the Left SRs against the Bolsheviks).
The most common dating of the Civil War is 1918–1922. AT civil war distinguish two stages - the Great War of 1918–1920, which ended with the cessation of hostilities in the European part of Russia after the defeat of the army of P. N. Wrangel in the Crimea, and the Small War of 1920–1922, during which the anti-Bolshevik forces and foreign invaders were defeated in Siberia and the Far East.
Main opposing forces:
- Bolsheviks (Red Army);
- White movement, which means a combination of anti-Bolshevik forces of different political orientations - monarchists, Cossacks, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, etc.;
- "green" (anarchist chieftains Zeleny, Makhno, etc.);
- national movements of various peoples who advocated separation from Russia.
The Russian Civil War was accompanied by foreign intervention, which included Germany, Great Britain, France, the United States and Japan.
Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks:
- the nationalization of land and the abolition of estate privileges ensured the support of the Soviet government from a significant part of the population;
- centralization of management, mobilization of all resources to achieve victory - the transformation of the country by the Bolsheviks into a single "military camp";
- successful national policy;
- the cementing role of the Bolshevik Party;
- the use of contradictions in the ranks of opponents who lacked military, ideological, political and social unity;
- the successes of the Bolsheviks in state building.