Municipal state educational institution Korzhevskaya high school
Project on:
6th grade
Head: Maskova Yu.N.,
teacher of history and social studies
School phone: 88424177555
2016 - 2017 academic year
Introduction.
II.Main resource
- The emergence of medieval cities as centers of crafts and trade
City population
How did the townspeople live?
III.Conclusion.
IV. Bibliography
Introduction.
Subject Medieval city.
This topic attracted me relevance because contacts of various peoples are actively developing in the modern city. And in the past, in the era of feudalism, the city was the center of ethno-cultural processes, an active participant in the formation folk culture in all its diversity. There was, perhaps, not a single significant area of \u200b\u200bfolk culture to which the townspeople would not have made a contribution. But if the role of the city and the urban population in the development of the spiritual culture of the people has long been recognized by researchers, then the material culture of the townspeople, until recently, has not yet been studied by ethnographers to such an extent that such generalizations could be made in this area. At the same time, the material culture of the city is an integral part of folk culture.
Goals:
Determine the place of the city in feudal society, its essence.
Determine the prerequisites for the formation of a feudal city.
W adachi :
View related resources.
Hypothesis: a feudal city is a specific settlement with a relatively high population density, a fortified settlement with special rights, concentrating legal privileges not on agricultural production, but social functions associated with small-scale production and the market.
Thing work - Medieval city.
Practical significance this study is to use this material on the classroom hours, additional information on the lessons of the history of the Middle Ages.
Research methods :
Search for reliable sources of information using documents, books, use of computer technology;
Stages of the project:
Preparatory: - choice of topic and its concretization (relevance - the definition of goals and the formulation of tasks).
Search and research: - an appeal to parents with a request to be involved in the work of the project; - correction of terms and schedules - conducting search and research activities.
Translational and design: - work on the presentation - design of the project - pre-defense of the project
Finalization of the project, taking into account comments and suggestions: - writing a script for protecting the project - preparing for the publication of the project. 5.Final: protection of the project.
Chapter 1. The emergence of medieval cities as centers of crafts and trade.
The first of these was the production of products by order of the consumer, when the material could belong to both the consumer-customer and the craftsman himself, and labor was paid either in kind or in money. Such a craft could exist not only in the city, it had a significant distribution in the countryside, being an addition to the peasant economy. However, when an artisan worked to order, commodity production did not yet arise, because the product of labor did not appear on the market. The next stage in the development of the craft was associated with the entry of the artisan into the market. This was a new and important phenomenon in the development of feudal society.
An artisan who was specially engaged in the manufacture of handicrafts could not exist if he did not turn to the market and did not receive there, in exchange for his products, the agricultural products he needed. But by producing products for sale on the market, the artisan became a commodity producer. So, the emergence of a craft, isolated from Agriculture, meant the emergence of commodity production and commodity relations, the emergence of exchange between the city and the countryside and the emergence of opposition between them.
Artisans, who gradually emerged from the mass of the enslaved and feudally dependent rural population, sought to leave the countryside, escape from the power of their masters and settle where they could find the most favorable conditions for selling their products, for conducting their own independent handicraft economy. The flight of peasants from the countryside led directly to the formation of medieval cities as centers of crafts and trade.
The peasant artisans who left and fled the village settled in different places depending on the availability of favorable conditions for crafts (the possibility of selling products, proximity to sources of raw materials, relative safety, etc.). Craftsmen often chose as the place of their settlement precisely those points that played the role of administrative, military and church centers in the early Middle Ages. Many of these points were fortified, which provided the artisans with the necessary security. The concentration of a significant population in these centers - feudal lords with their servants and numerous retinues, clergy, representatives of the royal and local administration, etc. - created favorable conditions for the artisans to sell their products here. Artisans also settled near large feudal estates, estates, castles, the inhabitants of which could be consumers of their goods. Craftsmen also settled near the walls of monasteries, where many people flocked on pilgrimage, settlements, located at the intersection of important roads, at river crossings and bridges, at river mouths, on the banks of bays, bays, convenient for parking ships, etc. Despite the difference in the places where they arose, all these settlements of artisans became centers of population, engaged in the production of handicrafts for sale, centers of commodity production and exchange in feudal society.
Chapter 2City population.
personal addiction
Craftsmen of a certain profession united within each city in special unions - workshops. In Italy, workshops arose already from the 10th century, in France, England, Germany and Czech Republic- from the 11th-12th centuries, although the final registration of the workshops (obtaining special charters from the kings, recording workshop charters, etc.) occurred, as a rule, later. In most cities, belonging to a guild was a prerequisite for doing a craft. The workshop strictly regulated production, and through specially selected officials he made sure that each master - a member of the workshop - produced products of a certain quality. For example, the weaver's workshop prescribed what width and color the fabric should be, how many threads should be in the warp, what tool and material should be used, etc. The workshop charters strictly limited the number of apprentices and apprentices that one master could have, they forbade work at night and on holidays, limited the number of machines for one artisan, and regulated the stocks of raw materials. In addition, the guild was also a mutual aid organization for artisans, providing assistance to its needy members and their families at the expense of an entrance fee to the guild, fines and other payments in case of illness or death of a member of the guild. The workshop also acted as a separate combat unit of the city militia in case of war.
In almost all cities of medieval Europe in the XIII-XV centuries, there was a struggle between craft workshops and a narrow, closed group of urban rich ( patriciate). The results of this struggle varied. In some cities, primarily those where craft prevailed over trade, workshops won ( Cologne, Augsburg, Florence). In other cities, where merchants played a leading role, handicraft workshops were defeated ( Hamburg,Lübeck, Rostock).
In many old cities Western Europe existed since the Roman era Jewish communities. Jews lived in special quarters ( ghetto), more or less clearly separated from the rest of the city. They were usually subject to a number of restrictions.
Chapter 3How did the townspeople live?.
Houses were built in two or three floors, the upper floors hung over the lower ones. The house was not only a dwelling, but for many it was also a place of work: a workshop or shop was located on the lower floor. Medieval houses did not have numbers, they were replaced by bas-reliefs indicating the occupation of the owner - a boot or shoe for a shoemaker, a pretzel for a baker. Most of the houses in the city were wooden, thatched or tiled. During frequent fires, entire neighborhoods burned out.
For a long time in the cities of Western Europe there were no pavements and street lighting, water supply and sewerage. Rubbish, slop was usually thrown directly into the street. The accumulated sewage from the streets was rarely removed. Gutters and garbage hauling by wagons have become commonplace in major cities only in the 14th century.
City streets began to be paved with stone first of all by order of the king in the cities of France, but in most cities of Europe there were no pavements. In rainy times, there were such puddles that one could drown in them.
Epidemics broke out due to crowding and dirt, crowds of people in cities various diseases which killed a lot of people. The only spacious place in the city was the market square. Here stood the city scales. From the fountain on the square, the townspeople took water. Not far from it rose the main city church - the cathedral, usually the most beautiful building in the city. On the market square, the townspeople built the town hall - the building of the city council. From above it was crowned with a tower with a city clock and an alarm bell. His alarm ringing could announce disasters: a fire, the beginning of an epidemic, an attack by an enemy. The town hall housed the city treasury, a prison and an arsenal.
Later, other public buildings began to be erected in the cities: covered markets, commercial warehouses, hospitals, educational establishments.
findings.
Around the X-XI centuries. all appeared in Europe the necessary conditions to separate handicrafts from agriculture. At the same time, the handicraft that separated from agriculture is small-scale industrial production based on manual labor passed through a number of stages in its development.
Cities played in the development of the internal market under feudalism essential role. By expanding, albeit slowly, handicraft production and trade, they drew both the master and peasant economy into commodity circulation and thereby contributed to the development of productive forces in agriculture, the emergence and development of commodity production in it, and the growth of the domestic market in the country.
The main population of medieval cities were artisans. They were peasants who ran away from their masters or went to the cities on the terms of payment of dues to the master. Becoming townspeople, they gradually freed themselves from personal addiction from the feudal If a peasant who fled to the city lived in it for a certain period, usually one year and one day, then he became free. A medieval proverb said: "City air makes you free." Only later did merchants appear in the cities. Although the bulk of the townspeople were engaged in crafts and trade, many residents of the city had their fields, pastures and gardens outside the city walls, and partly within the city. Small livestock (goats, sheep and pigs) often grazed right in the city, and the pigs ate garbage, leftover food and sewage, which were usually thrown directly into the street.
Compared with modern city The population of the medieval city was small. Usually it did not exceed 5-6 thousand people, and often it was even less: 1-2 thousand. Only a few cities in Western Europe, such as London or Paris, had several tens of thousands of inhabitants.
Although the main occupations of the townspeople were crafts and trade, the inhabitants of the city did not break with agriculture for a long time. Cultivated fields, orchards and orchards stretched out in front of the city walls, and herds grazed on pastures. And small livestock (goats, pigs) often grazed right in the city.
The townspeople were cramped in a small space, squeezed by the rings of walls. The streets were narrow, like cracks. The width of the main streets did not exceed 7-8 meters, and lanes - 1-2 meters. In Brussels, one of the streets was called "Street of one person" - two people could not pass each other on it.
Conclusion.
At all times, cities have been the centers of the economic, political and spiritual life of the people, they have been the main engines of progress. Cities did not arise suddenly, the process of their formation was long.
The medieval city stood out from the rest of the world so much that it resembled a "civilization within a civilization." Nature does not know cities where everything is man-made: houses, cathedrals, city walls, water pipes, stained-glass windows, pavements... Here, like nowhere else, one can feel the transforming will, mind and hand of man. In the city, the man-made habitat prevails over the natural one.
The city is a meeting place for people of different nationalities, beliefs, cultures. It is open for connections with the outside world: for trade, science, art, exchange of experience. People of dozens of professions and occupations lived in cities: artisans and merchants, scientists and students, guards and officials, householders and day laborers, feudal lords and their servants ... feudal lords and clergy who moved to cities, and fugitive peasants found themselves in the whirlpool of urban life, were influenced by the world of money and gain, joined the habits and way of life of the townspeople.
In the 14-15 centuries, the former centers of the medieval world - the castle and the monastery - give way to cities. The city became the center of a small commodity structure - trade, crafts, money circulation. The city approved the existence and significance of small and medium-sized property, based not on the possession of land, but on personal labor and commodity exchange. The city became the center, the focus of hired labor and new categories of labor - administrative, intellectual, service and others.
It was the cities, from the point of view of many historians, that gave the unique originality of Western European civilization.
Bibliography.
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Slide 8
Exercise
Why cities fought for their independence?
Slide 9
Cities arose on the land of the feudal lord. In the beginning, the lords exempted new residents from paying taxes. Why? But with the growth of cities, seniors sought to get more income from them. R: townspeople uprising free ransom
Slide 10
The liberated cities became communes. Cities paid taxes to the king. City Council (self-government) Elected by the townspeople, in charge of the treasury, court, troops Mayor (burgomaster) Head of the Council The townspeople were freed from personal dependence.
slide 11
"City air makes free" "Year and day"
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slide 12
Artisan's workshop
Master Journeyman Apprentices Page 109 What was the difference between the position of an apprentice and an apprentice?
slide 13
craft shop
Shop: (from German "feast") - the union of craftsmen of one specialty. 110
Slide 14
The role of workshops in the life of the city.
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slide 15
Trade and banking
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slide 16
Exercise
Prove that trade destroyed the natural character of the economy, and contributed to the development of market relations.
Slide 17
Merchants did business at their own peril and risk. Roads were bad, goods fell from carts and legally became the prey of the landowner. “What fell from the cart. That is gone.” They were attacked by pirates and robbers. To protect their business, merchants united in guilds. They hired guards for their caravans.
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Slides captions:
§ 13 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL CITIES
What changes in the economy of medieval Europe led to the emergence of cities? Exercise
Separation of handicrafts from agriculture. X-XI centuries growth of cities Causes of cities
Page 103-104, 104-105 V: Harvests have grown, products have become more diverse Successes in the development of agriculture Prove it! Separation of handicraft from agriculture Why?
near large monasteries and castles at the crossroads near river crossings near sea harbors The city - a type of settlement - is a center of crafts and trade. Citizens are a layer of society. The emergence and growth of cities is a natural consequence of the separation of craft from agriculture. Locations of cities Why?
Page 105, 106 Where did the first cities arise? How did the citizens defend their city?
FIGHT OF CITIZENS WITH SENIORS.
Why cities fought for their independence? Exercise
Cities arose on the land of the feudal lord. In the beginning, the lords exempted new residents from paying taxes. Why? But with the growth of cities, seniors sought to get more income from them. R: townspeople uprising free ransom
The liberated cities became communes. Cities paid taxes to the king. City Council (self-government) Elected by the townspeople, in charge of the treasury, court, troops Mayor (burgomaster) Head of the Council The townspeople were freed from personal dependence.
"City air makes free" "Year and day"
Craftsman's workshop Master Journeyman Apprentices Page 109 What was the difference between the position of an apprentice and an apprentice?
Craft workshop Workshop: (from German "feast") - the union of artisans of one specialty Page. 110
The role of workshops in the life of the city. Page 111
Trade and banking
Prove that trade destroyed the natural character of the economy, and contributed to the development of market relations. Exercise
Merchants did business at their own peril and risk. Roads were bad, goods fell from carts and legally became the prey of the landowner. “What fell from the cart. That is gone.” They were attacked by pirates and robbers. To protect their business, merchants united in guilds. They hired guards for their caravans.
Why? Page 114 Trade with the East was considered especially profitable. Hansa - "union", "partnership"
Fairs and banks. Fairs became the center of trade in Europe. They gathered 1-2 times a year and merchants from many countries came to them. Artists performed at the fairs, news was exchanged. It was very profitable to keep the fair in the city. she brought in a huge income.
Merchants from different countries needed foreign currency and money changers appeared at the fairs. For the exchange, they took a certain% and quickly grew rich. Soon money changers became usurers - that is, lend money at interest. Bankers emerged from them. Huge amounts of money were concentrated in their hands.
Homework § 13
Textbook History of the Middle Ages, Grade 6;
slide 2
Exercise
What changes in the economy of medieval Europe led to the emergence of cities?
slide 3
Separation of handicrafts from agriculture.
X-XI centuries growth of cities Causes of cities
slide 4
Page 103-104, 104-105 V: Harvests have grown, products have become more diverse Successes in the development of agriculture Prove it! Separation of handicraft from agriculture Why?
slide 5
City - a type of settlement - a center of crafts and trade. Citizens are a layer of society. The emergence and growth of cities is a natural consequence of the separation of craft from agriculture.
near large monasteries and castles at the crossroads near river crossings near sea harbors Locations of cities Why?
slide 6
Page 105, 106 Where did the first cities arise? How did the citizens defend their city?
Slide 7