The revolutionary wars of France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, and then the Napoleonic wars, marked the onset of the era of mass bourgeois armies in the European military system. The leading principle of manning such armies was universal conscription without estates, with relatively (at that time) short terms of active military service, but with a mandatory stay of 10-20 years in reserve at the end of it. Such truly revolutionary changes were based on the patriotism and consciousness of the new subject of socio-political life - the bourgeois citizen. During the Napoleonic wars, the superiority of the new bourgeois army was fully demonstrated, despite the final defeat of France. Crimean War 1853-1856 showed that archaic feudal armies like the Russian one, or semi-feudal ones like the British one, became clearly ineffective.

The new army, usually small in Peaceful time, but increased many times when mobilization was announced, it required more officers, moreover, with better preparation capable of working with a new type of personnel, not serf recruits, but citizens.

By the time of the beginning of the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s-1870s. there was none of this in Russia. In the era of the reforms of Emperor Alexander II, Minister of War D. A. Milyutin, with the assistance of the chief head of military educational institutions, I. V. Isakov, carried out a complete reform of military educational institutions; the existence of the former cadet corps, which brought up within their walls both minors and adults at the same time, was recognized as non-pedagogical, and the cadet corps were divided into age groups.
For general education, from August 1863, the so-called military gymnasiums began to be gradually introduced, that is, general educational institutions without military discipline. At the same time, classroom departments were entrusted to both military and civilian officials who had the proper training for educational work. For special military education, those who completed the course of a military gymnasium were transferred to military schools established at the same time.

Pedagogical courses were established in the military department with the aim of preparing specially educated teachers of scientific subjects for military educational institutions, and in 1866 a special teacher's seminary of the military department was established in Moscow to train teachers and educators for military elementary schools. At the same time (1864) the Pedagogical Museum of Military Educational Institutions was founded.

Milyutin's reform of military schools was quickly carried out and took root well, since they were conceived broadly, not a single measure useful for its full implementation was overlooked. Since another major reform was already brewing at that time, the introduction of universal military service (implemented in 1874), for the advance training of a sufficient number of officers from military volunteers, 21 cadet schools were formed from 1864, of which 16 were infantry , cavalry - 2 and Cossack - 3.

By the end of the reign of Nicholas I, there were up to 6,700 cadets in the cadet corps, which ensured an average graduation of 520 officers per year. After the reform of military educational institutions, 4 military schools out of a total of 21 ensured the annual graduation of 400-500 officers.

Under Emperor Alexander III, a counter-reform of military educational institutions followed. In July 1882, all military gymnasiums were renamed into cadet corps, and only officers were appointed as educators, headed by company commanders. Thus, the former general education schools were given the character of preparatory military educational institutions. Although the successor of D. A. Milyutin, Minister of War I. S. Vannovsky, who himself had previously taken an active part in the transformation of the Nikolaev Cadet Corps, did not radically put the new corps on a military footing, he nevertheless returned the title of cadets and from 1885 ordered to withdraw the senior company for combat training in training camps. The teacher's seminary of the military department and pedagogical courses at the 2nd military gymnasium were abolished, military gymnasiums for those who came were transformed into boarding schools. Instead of military pro-gymnasiums, also, for the most part, converted into cadet corps, there were only two military schools for teaching the poor - Volskaya and Yaroslavskaya.

The number of military schools under Alexander III increased. Before the revolution of 1917 in Russian Empire there were about 30 military schools. The most prestigious were: Corps of Pages, Pavlovskoe, Aleksandrovskoe, Alekseevskoe, Kievskoe, Nikolaevskoe, Mikhailovskoe and Vladimirskoe.
The schools trained regular officers of the Russian army, they admitted students of the cadet corps (military gymnasiums), graduates of civilian secondary and higher educational institutions, regardless of class, at least 17 years old. In addition to passing the entrance exams, applicants had to submit: a petition to the Highest Name; certificate of registration to the recruiting station; about political reliability; on fitness for military service; a signature on non-membership of secret societies and no criminal record.

The term of study in military schools was 2 years, but with the outbreak of the First World War, it was gradually reduced and, in the end, decreased to 4 months.

Students of military schools were released in three categories: Those who completed the course in the first category, that is, who had at least 8 points on average, were issued second lieutenants; those who completed the course in the second category and had at least 7 points were issued warrant officers; and in the third category they were transferred to the army infantry regiments as junkers for six months and after this period they were promoted to officers without an exam.

All those accepted into the schools were divided into companies. School discipline was harsh. The first two or three months from the date of admission, the junkers were not allowed to go on vacation until they learned to salute and turn their heads 360 degrees. The junkers' day began at 5:45. in the morning, they quickly made the beds, cleaned their boots, washed their faces and were ready for the morning inspection. This was followed by prayer, gymnastics, morning tea and drill or training sessions. Students of military schools studied: fortification, instrumental photography, military history, military geography, chemistry, mathematics, God's law, tactics, German and French, artillery, military administration, topography, regulations and other disciplines.

Junkers took an active part in the civil war on the side white movement. For example, students of the Vladimir School, after the October Revolution, on October 29, 1917, participated in a city-wide anti-Bolshevik uprising organized by the Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and the Revolution, which was headed by supporters of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. At about 4 o'clock in the morning they disarmed the guard guarding the school, arrested the commissars of the Military Revolutionary Committee.

After 9 o'clock in the morning, the military units controlled by the Bolsheviks launched an attack on the school. The junkers fought back for about six hours, despite the artillery bombardment of the building and the overwhelming numerical superiority of the attackers. With well-aimed fire, they destroyed a gun crew that fired from Malaya Raznochinnaya Street. Then the gun was relocated to the corner of Bolshaya Porkhovskaya and Bolshaya Grebetskaya streets (now the corner of Chkalovsky Prospekt and Pionerskaya Street) and began to fire at the side of the building. Junkers continued to resist even when the uprising in other parts of the city, including the headquarters of the uprising - the Nikolaev Engineering School (Mikhailovsky Castle), was crushed. The building of the Vladimir School was captured by the Red Guards after 3 pm on October 29. According to the Menshevik newspaper New life”, During the siege, about 200 cadets were wounded and died, and 71 people became victims of lynching, so 20 Vladimirians were shot near the walls of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

On November 6, 1917, the school was disbanded. On the basis of the school in the premises of the Military Topographic School, the 1st Soviet Infantry Petrograd Courses of the Red Army were opened.

The unsatisfactory training of this part of the officers became clear even before the Crimean War, and at the same time, at some headquarters, on the private initiative of military commanders, cadet schools were opened. At the end of the war of 1853-56. it was supposed to arrange cadet schools in all army corps, but, due to lack of funds and the inconvenience of organizing military schools at corps headquarters, moving along with the troops from place to place, only three such schools were opened. Only with the transformation of the senior classes of the cadet corps into military schools, when some savings in cash were obtained, in 1864-1865. it was begun to open district cadet schools in the newly formed military districts; the passage of the course of cadet schools was made mandatory for all volunteers (and from 1875 - and casting lots) who wanted to acquire the right to be promoted to officers, and since 1868 the production of lower ranks to officers for length of service was discontinued.

The lower ranks of all classes and confessions (except the Jewish one) were accepted into the cadet schools, when they were honored with that by the closest authorities. The course in schools lasted 2 years, and those who had certificates of graduation from secondary educational institutions (7- and 8-grade gymnasiums and real schools) could enter directly into the senior class, but the majority entered the junior class either with a verification exam in the Russian language (passed 6 classes of secondary educational institutions), or with an exam in special lightweight programs (without this qualification).

Those who completed the course were released into their regiments as ensigns, standard junkers and under-horungers and were promoted to officers only by honoring their direct superiors: those classified by success in the sciences to the 1st category were promoted to officers in the very year of graduation from the school, after camp fees, and in the case lack of vacancies in their regiment could be transferred to other regiments; those assigned to the II category were promoted to officers not earlier than in the year following graduation, just as well as for vacancies, and during production it was allowed to transfer to other parts only those of them who had an education not lower than secondary. AT total number those graduating from cadet schools who graduated in the first category made up a very small percentage, and the majority of those who graduated in the second category did not have the required educational qualification and long years they expected, in the rank of lieutenant, to be promoted to officers for vacancies in their unit, reaching the rank of ensign (later second lieutenant) when their peers after graduating from military schools managed to go far ahead along the path of a service career.

If, with their service training and knowledge of the life of the lower ranks, the ensigns graduating from the cadet schools for the most part surpassed the officers who graduated from the course of military schools, then in their own way mental development, general education and theoretical military training, they were significantly inferior to them, as a result of which the composition of officers in the infantry and cavalry troops fell into two groups - those who graduated from military and cadet schools; the latter were appointed to responsible positions of commanders of individual units relatively rarely and usually ended their careers with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Recently, to eliminate this heterogeneity in the composition of the officer corps and to improve the general training of officers, new schools have been established - the Moscow and Kiev infantry (in 1900) and the Yelizavetgrad cavalry (in 1902), for young people with higher and secondary general education ; the staff of military schools, henceforth appointed exclusively for pupils of cadet corps, was expanded (the number of corps was significantly increased, and their staff was expanded), and finally, in 1901, all district cadet schools were transformed.

As of June 5, 1901, 7 infantry (Petersburg, Vilna, Tiflis, Odessa, Kazan, Chuguev and Irkutsk), 1 cavalry (Tver) and 3 Cossack (Novocherkassk, Stavropol and Orenburg) cadet schools were formed, and they are no longer called district; in each school, from 100 (in Irkutsk) to 400 (in St. Petersburg, Vilna and Tiflis) junkers are assigned according to the state, which are divided in combat terms into companies, squadrons and hundreds.

Training course lasts three years and is divided into 3 classes - 1 general and 2 special. Admission to schools is allowed: 1) young people of all classes who have reached the age of 16 and have the right to enter the service of volunteers, and 2) the lower ranks of all classes, awarded by the authorities. The following are admitted to the general class: those who have not completed the course of 6 classes of gymnasiums and real schools, after passing the entrance exam for special programs from the course of 6 classes, and those who have completed 6 classes, but do not have the right to enter military schools (where completion of the full course is required), - with a verification exam in the Russian language; in the first special class are accepted: without an exam - persons who have the right to enter military schools, and with a verification exam in the Russian language, mathematics and physics - persons who have completed 6 classes; examinations are held in the month of August and applicants are accepted according to the seniority of the points received, and the main headquarters, by the number of available vacancies, determines in advance how many young people of one or another category of education can be admitted to schools.

The general class serves to supplement secondary education; it teaches the Law of God, the Russian language, mathematics, physics and chemistry, geography, history, hygiene, drawing and one of the foreign languages; some of these items end up in special classes. Of the special military subjects taught, according to programs almost the same as in military schools, tactics, military history, topography, fortification, artillery, military administration, jurisprudence, military geography and military regulations, and in cavalry and Cossack schools, in addition, equestrian engineering and hippology. There are 27 lessons per week (50 minutes each); in addition, installed workshops in tactics, topographical drawing, military administration, jurisprudence and equestrian engineering, as well as weapons training in workshops. In the summer, the cadets are taken to camps, where, regardless of drill exercises, they are engaged in military-eye surveys in the field, solving tactical problems and sapper work. graduates full course cadet schools, according to the results of final exams, combat education and behavior, are divided into 3 categories and are promoted to officers on the same basis as cadets of military schools, but exclusively to infantry and cavalry units; the first category is issued by lieutenants and cornets with one year of seniority, the second category - by the same ranks without seniority, the third category - by non-commissioned officers with the right to be promoted to officers without an exam, but not earlier than a year later and only after honoring the combatant authorities.

All cadet schools are under the jurisdiction of the chief commanders of the military districts and are subordinate to the chiefs of the district headquarters; the highest supervision of the educational part in all schools belongs to the chief head of military educational institutions, and for the special cavalry business - to the inspector general of the cavalry.

See I. O. Bobrovsky, "Junker Schools" (3 volumes, St. Petersburg, 1872-76); “Regulations on the Junker Schools” (new edition, art. 892, 993 of book XV of the Code of Military Decrees of 1869, ed. 2) and instructions for the educational and educational part, announced in orders for the military department, 1901, No. 197 , 318 and 319.

Military schools existed in Russia until the October Revolution of 1917, after which they were liquidated as "centers of counter-revolution". Although some of them did not end their history on this: some military schools were revived in the White armies and existed for some time in exile.

CAVALRY SCHOOLS

Nikolaev Cavalry School

The building of the Nikolaev Cavalry School was located on Lermontovsky Prospekt of St. Petersburg. The glorious "School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers" was founded in 1823. During its 94-year existence, it gave the Imperial Russian Army more than one hundred excellent cavalry officers. From 1832 to 1834 M.Yu. studied here. Lermontov.

In 1859, the school was renamed the Nikolaev Cavalry School of Guards Junkers, and in 1864 it was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School with a contingent of junkers of 200 people and, in memory of its founder, Emperor Nicholas I, received the Sovereign's monogram on shoulder straps.

The general education classes of the Guards Junkers School were turned into a preparatory boarding school for young people entering the same school. The creation of the Nikolaev Cavalry School ensured the replenishment of cavalry units, while before that the officers who entered the cavalry were recruited from persons who graduated from infantry schools and did not receive any special education.

The training course of the school was similar to the course of infantry schools, but it also included special subjects: hippology and equestrian engineering. Every step of the cadet, both within the walls of the school and outside it, every little detail of life was strictly regulated by customs and traditions, sometimes harsh, but necessary for a cavalry officer.

In combat terms, the school was a squadron and a Cossack hundred. The Cossack hundred, the so-called Tsarskaya, was established at the school in 1890 for the cadets of the Don Cadet Corps. With regard to training and drill classes, incentives, penalties, internal regulations, the hundred were guided by the rules of the school. In St. Petersburg, a hundred were housed in a three-story school building, in which an arena and Cossack stables were built especially for them. Junkers of the Tsar's Hundred were known in St. Petersburg as exceptional in their dashing and prowess combat unit.

Together with the Cossack hundred, the staff of the Nikolaev Cavalry School at the beginning of 1914 consisted of 335 junkers: 215 in the squadron and 120 in the hundred.

Nikolaev Engineering School. Sapper work.

The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, along the edges of which there was a silver galloon.

After the outbreak of the First World War, the staff was expanded to 465 cadets, and the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. The school did not have time to take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded along with the rest of the military schools. Already by February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Petrograd Cavalry Command Courses were opened in his building and at his expense.

Tver Cavalry School

The Tver cavalry cadet school was opened in 1866. By 1908, the Tver cavalry school was a three-year one, young people with a 6-grade education were admitted here. In 1908, military school courses were organized at the school with a two-year course for graduates of the cadet corps and secondary educational establishments.

The junkers were housed semi-squadron in large bedrooms. Classes lasted from 8 am to 3 pm. Drilling classes included riding, charters, gymnastics, vaulting, rifle and drafts techniques, and work in the forge. Every two weeks the junkers had to "hand over rehearsals".

On the day of the school holiday, after a prayer service and a parade, a competition was held: figure riding, vaulting and felling for senior cadets (they acquired their own horses). Tverdy often went to parades in Moscow, staying at the Alekseevsky military school. In early June, the squadron went to the camp in Moscow, on the Khodynka field. Their neighbor in the camp was the Alekseevsky military school. Instrumental shooting, on foot, on horseback, squadron exercises, shooting were carried out there, guards were posted at the standard and the cash box.

In combat terms, the school was a squadron, with a staff of 150 cadets. The school holiday was celebrated on December 6th.

The cadets of the school had light blue epaulettes, with black edging, trimmed with silver galloon.

With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of eight-month accelerated graduations.

After the military schools were disbanded in November 1917, the 1st Soviet Tver Cavalry Command Courses were opened in the school building and at its expense.

Elisavetgrad Cavalry School

On September 25, 1865, the opening of the Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school in the Kherson province took place as part of one squadron of cadets of 90 people. The course was set to two years. The school was intended for staffing the officers of the cavalry units of the Kiev, Odessa and Kharkov military districts.

In 1868 the staff of the school was increased to 150 people. After 6 years, in 1874, the staff increased to 300 people. The junkers were divided into 2 squadrons: the first for the dragoon regiments, and the second for the lancers and hussars, 150 junkers in each squadron. In combat terms, the school was an equestrian division. In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was established at the school, which was not part of the squadrons.

In 1880 the school built its own camp. Until that time, junkers were seconded to cavalry regiments for the summer. At the same time, a preparatory class was opened, and after 6 years the Cossack department was transferred to the Novocherkassk school. In 1888, the school occupied the premises of the abolished Military Gymnasium - three buildings that were located in the very center of Elisavetgrad, at the end of Palace Street.

In 1901, under a new regulation, the cadet departments were transferred to a three-year course of study with a more extensive program. Those who completed the two-year course of the school before the reform were renamed into Estandard Junkers by order of the troops of the district and were candidates for production as officers. Those who graduated in the first category were promoted to cornets on the proposal of their immediate superiors in the last 4 months of the year of their graduation. In 1902, this educational institution was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School. After the reform, young people were already graduating with the rank of cornet.

Junker of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School in the arena. 1906

Until 1903, the cadets were listed in the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, having only a narrow cadet galloon on shoulder straps. In 1908, the cadets of the school were granted the uniform of the Uhlan model.

The epaulettes of the pupils of the Elisavetgrad School were scarlet with black piping.

The school was disbanded in November 1917. Junkers-Elisavetgrad took an active part in the Civil War.

COSSACK SCHOOLS

Novocherkassk Cossack School

The Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School was opened in August 1869 and was originally called the Novocherkassk Police Officer School. The school was intended to train the Don Cossacks (114 vacancies) and Astrakhan (6 vacancies).

With this name, the school existed until 1871, when it was renamed the Novocherkassk Cossack cadet school, and the students who studied in it began to be called junkers, not conscripts. In 1880, 6 vacancies of the Astrakhan Cossacks were transferred from Novocherkassk to the Orenburg school, and from that year the school began to train officers specifically for the Don army.

Until 1871, unlike the Cossacks and sergeants of combat units, the sergeants of the Novocherkassk school wore epaulettes with a longitudinal stripe of yellow lace, and from this year the bason stripe was replaced with silver, like the junkers of cavalry schools.

In 1901, the transformation of all cadet schools, including the Cossack ones, followed, namely: a three-year course of study was introduced instead of a two-year one. Junkers who completed the course in the first and second categories were issued officers, with the first category given a year of seniority. The first release of officers from the Novocherkassk school was made in August 1904. Until 1904, the cadets had to have their own uniforms in accordance with the established form, and from that time they began to be supported at the expense of the army.

In January 1904 the school was granted a banner. In 1905, the staff of the cadets of the school was increased from 120 to 180 people.

On the eve of the First World War, the cadets of the school wore scarlet epaulettes, without edging, trimmed with silver galloon, and since 1915 they were decorated with the silver cypher of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A".

With the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased from 180 cadets to 420 and a four-month accelerated course of study was established.

At the beginning of 1918, the Novocherkassk military school took part in the battles near Rostov. It should be noted that it became the first refuge Volunteer army. In it, soldiers and officers received uniforms, equipment, weapons and were organized for the first time.

The cadets of this school took an active part in the Civil War. The school ended its existence already in exile in 1923.

Orenburg Cossack School

On November 11, 1867, the Highest permission was received to open a cadet school in Orenburg for cadets and volunteers, conscripts from the nobility and senior officers' children of the troops of the Orenburg, Turkestan and West Siberian military districts. The opening of the school took place on December 20, 1867. The staff of students was determined to be 200 people. In 1876 it was increased from 200 to 300, including 150 infantry and 150 Cossack junkers. Young people were released into the troops as ensigns.

After the transfer in 1878 to the Kazan cadet school of infantry cadets of the junior class, the staff of the school was reduced to 250 cadets. In 1898, 16 vacancies were temporarily opened for the junkers of the Caucasian Cossack troops. In 1901, the school was reorganized from a two-class to a three-class one. The Cossack department of the Irkutsk cadet school was transferred to its composition and a staff of 120 cadets of all Cossack troops, except for the Donskoy, was established. Young people were issued by officers in the rank of cornet.

Until 1903, the school did not have a uniform uniform. Each junker wore the uniform of his army. Since 1903, a uniform uniform was introduced for all junkers, modeled on the Orenburg Cossack army.

In 1905, the school left the subordination of the chief of staff of the Kazan military district and came under the jurisdiction of the chief ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army. In 1908, it came under the control of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions.

In 1910, all district cadet schools were equated in rights to military schools, and the Orenburg School became known as the "Orenburg Cossack School". The school consisted of a hundred of 120 junkers. Each army had its own number of vacancies in it, for example: Orenburg - 36, Kuban - 18, Terek - 12, etc., sent money for the maintenance of their junkers (for uniforms, equipment, horses and food).

This fact is interesting: the competitive exam for admission was not general, but for the troops - it was possible to pass the exam with lower scores, but, having your own vacancy, to enter, it was possible to pass the exam with the best scores, and without a vacancy, not enter. 90% of the school consisted of children of ordinary Cossack families.

The training schedule was very tough: even in severe frosts - a training hour of shift driving on the garrison square. In soft snow - riding arena, cutting with a sword, pricks with a pike and, finally, horse riding. The senior class went hunting with their own wolves, released into the steppe into the wild.

In July, the school went on a training camp: on a hike through the Orenburg villages, villages and Tatar auls. In this campaign, the cadets performed the duties of ordinary Cossacks.

On the eve of the First World War, the cadets wore light blue epaulettes without encryption.

During the First World War, the staff of the school was increased from 120 to 150 cadets. A four-month course was introduced. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

After the coup of 1917, the Orenburg Cossack army with their ataman A.I. Dutov (a former teacher of tactics and engineering at the school) did not recognize the Soviet government. The school continued its activities until the end of 1919. Its cadets actively participated in the battles of the Civil War.

ARTILLERY SCHOOLS

Mikhailovsky Artillery School

The Mikhailovsky Artillery School was established on November 25, 1820, on the initiative of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. Prior to this, there was no military school in Russia that would provide such serious special artillery training. The school was formed as a training brigade of three companies for the preparation of fireworks and artillery officers. There was no position of head of the school as such. The military educational institution was entrusted to a special commander. However, the position of class inspector already existed. The school accepted young people aged 14 to 18 after entrance examinations. For the brigade, a place and a building on the banks of the Neva were purchased at auction, which housed the Mikhailovsky Artillery School until October 1917.

Tea shop in the camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

Initially, the school consisted of two departments: higher - officer and lower - cadet. Junkers at the opening of the school were divided by knowledge into 3 classes. In 1822, the senior (fourth) cadet class was established, from which the first promotion to officers followed in 1823.

The training course started in January. Junkers were considered to be in active service, therefore, upon admission, they were sworn in and obeyed the requirements of discipline. In the summer, the cadets of the two senior classes, together with the training brigade, were taken to the camp on the Volkovo field, where they studied the camp service, shooting and artillery formation. However, thorough drill artillery classes began only in 1826, when the school was given its own guns. The horses were delivered by a training brigade, and first the lower ranks were ridden, and from 1830 - the junkers. Since 1826, the school, along with other parts, began to camp in Krasnoye Selo. Since 1827, the training of junkers in riding began. Since 1832, the school received 8 three-pound "unicorns", thus making up an 8-gun battery.

In 1834, the school separated from the training brigade, the school commander, Colonel Kovanko, became the head of the artillery school, and a special battery commander was also appointed. In 1849, after the death of its founder, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, the school was named Mikhailovsky and came under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. On August 30, 1855, the officer classes of the school were renamed into the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy.

In 1861, the artillery departments of the third special classes of the cadet corps were concentrated in the artillery school. At the same time, an extensive chemical laboratory was set up and the teaching of chemistry was introduced. In 1865 the school became three-class. Admission to the junior class of the school was made from persons who had graduated from military gymnasiums and other secondary educational institutions, or who had passed exams according to a specific program. However, in reality, almost exclusively graduates of military gymnasiums entered the school, and the number of people who entered from the outside did not exceed 5-7%. In addition, at the end of the course, the pupils of the combined arms military schools were given the right to enter the senior class of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, for which this class was divided into 2 departments: mathematical - for those who had completed 2 classes of the school and drill (with a somewhat easier course) - for cadets other military schools.

1. Chief officer of the squadron of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers in dress uniform, 1862

Hat: the color of the crown is white, the band is red, with dark green piping, the chin strap is made of black patent leather. The cap was decorated with a golden eagle and a white hair plume.

2. Juncker Konstantinovsky school in summer full dress.

Golden metal instrument. Double-breasted uniform of dark green cloth, with a rounded collar, around the collar and cuffs - gold galloon. On the uniform there are buttons of yellow copper with a grenade. Red epaulettes with the letter "K" under the crown. Shoulder straps are trimmed with narrow galloon. Black leather belt with yellow copper buckle. The headdress is a kepi with a coat of arms and a black sultan. Bloomers - summer white from the guards flamish linen.

3. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in winter dress uniform.

The metal device is silver. Harem pants of dark green cloth with red piping. In dress uniform, the junkers of this school were supposed to wear a bayonet.

The number of hours devoted to the study of secondary and higher mathematics, compared with the volume of these courses at the end of the 50s, increased by more than 50%, and for the course of artillery - by almost 100%. In the same year, drill training was canceled at the academy, which led to an increase in the corresponding hours at the school. AT social relations the composition of the junkers was almost exclusively noble. Even after 1876, when the path to military schools was opened to all classes, its composition changed little. So, in 1878, out of 157 junkers, there were 130 hereditary nobles, 20 children of officers and officials, 1 of the clergy, 1 of hereditary honorary citizens, 1 of the children of non-commissioned officers, 4 of the children of the townspeople.

Since 1894, according to the new regulation on military academies, by no means all graduates of the artillery school became students of the academy. A compulsory two-year course was introduced at the school, and only junkers who were especially successful in the sciences could remain for an additional third year, which consisted of 60-80 people, while the first and second courses consisted of 180-190 people each. From now on, the school consisted of two batteries.

An additional course gave the preferential right to enter the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy or, in the absence of such a desire from the graduate, gave the right to enter the guard.

The production of "additional" officers took place not on August 6, but on April 28 in Tsarskoye Selo. It was not celebrated especially solemnly, rather, it was in the nature of a family celebration. The Sovereign personally congratulated the junkers, and after the production he invited all the graduates to breakfast at the Palace. During the production of officers from an additional third year, the cadets received 600 rubles for uniforms.

Since 1903, a three-year course of study was mandatory for all junkers. By 1913, the staff of the school consisted of 450 cadets. Drilling classes at the school included walking, horseback riding, riding in guns, exercises with guns, studying the material part of rapid-fire guns, charters and shooting rules.

A. Markov, in his book Cadets and Junkers, spoke of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School as follows: “Mikhailovtsy and the atmosphere of their school gave the impression of a real temple of science, and my old corps comrades acquired the appearance of scientists rather than frivolous cadets. It was felt that the school lives a serious working life, and there is no place for an ostentatious side, there is no place for "tsuku" and unnecessary bravado.

1. Junker of the Nikolaev Cavalry School.

Golden metal instrument. The cap of the sample of 1882 is made of cloth, with fur flaps, a scarlet top, St. Andrew's star and a cockade. The uniform of the sample of the guards dragoons, double-breasted, fastened with hooks. Bloomers are gray-blue, with a scarlet edging. Three-way sash. Shoulder straps are scarlet, along the free edges there is a gold galloon.

2. Chief officer of the infantry cadet school.

Lamb cap, model 1881, with a cockade and a coat of arms. The uniform of the sample of the army infantry of the "royal color" ( sea ​​wave). Bloomers are dark green with scarlet piping. On the collar there is patterned sewing of military educational institutions in two rows. Epaulettes - on a metal device.

3. Feldwebel of the military topographic school.

Silver metal device, uniform of the army infantry model of 1881, double-breasted black. Cap with a visor, black with light blue piping. Shoulder straps are black with a light blue edging and ciphered in the form of the letter "T". On shoulder straps there was a transverse stripe made of silver galloon, sergeants were supposed to have a saber with an officer's lanyard.

The Mikhailovsky Artillery School has always been famous for its balls, the ball on November 25, the day of the school holiday, was especially chic. Compete with the school could only Marine Corps and the Nikolaev Engineering School, but in terms of the size and spaciousness of the premises, the Mikhailovites were out of competition.

Junkers wore scarlet epaulets without piping, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "M". When riding, the Mikhailovites wore dark blue trousers. In the summer, in the camp, a protective tunic was often replaced by a canvas shirt, complemented by a white peakless cap.

The school did not take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 1st Soviet artillery command courses were created.

Konstantinovsky Artillery School

The Konstantinovsky Artillery School was located on Zabalkansky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. It traces its history back to the Noble Regiment, founded in 1807 under the Second cadet corps for the preparation of young people who wished to enter the military service. On April 17, 1855, the regiment was renamed the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps. In 1859, the corps was transformed into the Konstantinovsky military school, from which in 1894 the Konstantinovsky artillery school was created.

This school, in terms of staff and course of study, was quite similar to the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. In combat terms, it was divided into two batteries of 8 guns each.

The first head of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School was Colonel V.T. Chernyavsky, who had previously been the battery commander of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. He took with him several experienced officers from there, and with their help, in a few years, the young school was practically equal to Mikhailovsky. This school had excellent traditions, the cadets-Konstantinovtsy considered themselves the successors and continuers of the traditions of the Noble Regiment. In 1907, the 100th anniversary of the regiment was widely celebrated at the school.

1. Staff officer of the Nikolaev Cavalry School in a festive uniform out of order.

The uniform is double-breasted, lapel cut, "royal color" with a scarlet edging. The collar is slanted, dark green, cuffs with a toe. Buttoned scarlet lapel. Chakchira with a two-row scarlet stripe.

2. Junker of the Cossack Hundred in full dress.

The device is silver, the hat is black karakul, the scarlet is scarlet. In front is a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance, a white hairy sultan. The uniform of the Cossack cut is dark blue, the trousers are gray-blue with a single-row scarlet stripe. The sash is light blue, the epaulettes are silver with scarlet lining. White harness and checker of the Cossack sample.

3. Squadron cadet in dress uniform.

The device is gold. The uniform is double-breasted, with a scarlet edging, a scarlet lapel and two rows of gold buttons. Gold non-commissioned officer galloon on the collar and cuffs. Three-way sash. Cavalry epaulettes with scarlet lining. Shako Guards sample.

The cadets-artillerymen studied mainly exact sciences Keywords: mathematics, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, physics, chemistry, mechanics, drawing. In addition to general education and special military sciences, the cadets were trained on foot and equestrian formation, regulations, gymnastics, horseback riding and fencing. In the camps, a practical course of shooting and topographic survey was held, with the solution of tactical problems.

Pupils of the school wore scarlet epaulettes, with black edging and the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K".

Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

The school did not take part in the performance of the cadets in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 2nd Soviet artillery command courses were created.

Sergiev Artillery School

The Sergiev Artillery School was opened in 1913 in Odessa, at the 3rd station of the Bolshoi Fountain, near the Odessa Cadet Corps located there.

The school was equipped last word technology, an exceptionally good composition of teachers and course officers was selected. BUT personnel cadets very quickly learned the glorious traditions of the Mikhailovsky and Konstantinovsky artillery schools. Major General Nilus was appointed head of the school.

Junkers wore scarlet epaulettes with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich in the form of the letter "C".

Because of the outbreak of the war, the school did not have to make a single normal graduation: all the graduations, and there were 12 of them, were accelerated, and the 12th graduation did not complete the course, because the school was closed by the Bolsheviks, who occupied Odessa in January 1918. But the school ceased to exist temporarily - until October 1919, when it was restored by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, General A.I. Denikin. The staff was staffed by cadets, cadets, volunteers and volunteers who were in parts of the Volunteer Army.

The last, 15th graduation of the school completed the course already in exile in Bulgaria in 1922.

1–2. Junkers of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School in an overcoat and dress uniform.

Until 1909, the cadets of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School wore a cap instead of a hat (the school was attached to the Odessa Military District). Cap with scarlet top, dark green edging and dark green band. The overcoat is gray, the collar flaps are scarlet. In 1909, the school was given a cap of the Uhlan pattern with the silver State Emblem. The applied color of the school is scarlet.

3. Chief officer of the Tver cavalry school.

The device is silver. Outfit sample of army lancers. Uniform of "royal color". On the collar and cuffs sewing of military schools. In 1912, instead of the State Emblem, the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared on the cap.

Nikolaev Artillery School

Neither the Mikhailovsky, nor the Konstantinovsky, nor the Sergievsky artillery schools had such a large parade ground. The 1st set included 180 junkers.

Until the construction of its own building was completed, the school was temporarily housed in a damp and cold barracks, which had no running water and was poorly heated. Immediately after the first enrollment in the school, cadets of the second graduation were accepted, who began classes on May 20, 1916. The pace of classes did not slow down. In August, the cadets took a shooting course in the Darnitsa camp. In October 1916, the school was visited by Nicholas II, who spent 3 days here. During these days, the emperor tried his best to keep the spirit of the junkers alive. On December 22, 1916, the 2nd graduation of the school took place, amounting to 200 people. And immediately began to study the 3rd set. In February 1917 the school moved to its own building.

The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, without piping, with the yellow cypher of Nicholas II "H II" and the gold cypher in His Majesty's battery.

The February revolution did not bring significant changes to the life of the school. On the contrary, the junkers somehow pulled themselves together. The oath to the Provisional Government passed without a rise, and some of the junkers refused to take the oath. Young people tried in every possible way to avoid the penetration of "red agitators" into their environment. Discipline and tradition were strictly maintained.

In September 1917, the 6th recruitment began. Mostly it was civilian youth. Since October 25, together with other military schools in Kyiv, the school opposed the Bolsheviks.

On January 25, 1918, before the capture of Kyiv by the Bolsheviks, junkers of the 6th graduation, who did not have time to complete the full course, were issued certificates of completion of the 4-month course.

The school was disbanded in mid-February 1918. For all the time it took a course of training and 1,500 people were promoted to officers.

1. Chief officer of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in dress uniform.

In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack School was given the uniform of the Don Cossack cavalry regiments. The uniform is dark blue, single-breasted, without buttons, fastened with hooks, gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe. Papakha is slightly conical in shape with black short fur. The cap is scarlet, in front - a cockade. The officers were given a revolver holster with a cord and an officer's bandolier.

2. Junker of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in a marching uniform.

In 1912, the cadets of the school were given a camouflage uniform. Gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe, a dark blue cap with a scarlet edging, high boots, a brown belt, and a Cossack-style saber.

3. Senior sword-junker of the Orenburg Cossack School.

A uniform uniform for the cadets of the Orenburg Cossack School was introduced only in 1903 on the model of the Orenburg Cossack army: a black double-breasted uniform, a collar and cuffs trimmed with a wide silver galloon, gray-blue trousers with a light blue stripe. Scarlet epaulettes, encryption "O.U."

ENGINEERING SCHOOLS

Nikolaev Engineering School

In St. Petersburg, with one facade facing the Fontanka, the other with Inzhenernaya Street overlooked the ancient building of the Mikhailovsky (or Inzhenerny) Castle. This castle housed a military educational institution that gave Russia many big names - the Nikolaev Engineering School. Founded in 1804 as special school for the training of engineering conductors, in 1819 it was renamed the Main Engineering School, which in 1855 was renamed Nikolaev. In 1863, the school merged with the Engineering Academy, which was formed on August 30, 1855 from officer classes. Since 1855, the course of study at the school was set to three years, and the staff was 126 junkers; senior year was considered mandatory. Junkers of the Nikolaev Engineering School were largely pupils of civilian educational institutions. So, in 1868, 18 were identified from among those who entered the junior class from military gymnasiums, and from outside - 35. In 1874 - from military schools and gymnasiums - 22, from outside - 35. In 1875 - from the military schools and gymnasiums - 28, from outside - 22. Admission to the senior class of persons who graduated from military schools was also carried out.

The school was preparatory institution for admission to the engineering academy of junkers succeeding in the sciences, and also trained officers for service in the combat unit of the engineering department; in sapper, railway and pontoon battalions or in mine, telegraph and fortress sapper companies. There, young people served for two years while retaining the right to enter the Nikolaev Engineering Academy.

The full contingent of the school on the eve of the First World War was 450 cadets (150 for each course).

From the very foundation of the engineering school, the junkers treated the sciences with respect. Being part of the Engineering Department, which was always considered a scientist, they highly valued knowledge.

The Nikolaev Engineering School was considered "the most liberal". The relationship between the cadets and their educators - officers and teachers - was almost ideal. The relations of the junkers among themselves are friendly and simple. As a result, smart officers left the school, who knew their specialty well and preserved the most fair and humane treatment that they had learned in the school in relations with the soldiers. Educational part was excellent: the best composition of the capital's professors, especially the teachers valued the mind, the ability to analytical thinking scientific and creative activity of young people was encouraged.

1. Chief officer of the Nikolaev Engineering School in dress uniform.

The metal device of the school is silver. Uniform and shako of "royal color". Straight hair sultan, on the sides of the shako - axes on the device. On the collar and cuffs - sewing of military educational institutions.

2. Junior harness-junker of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in dress uniform.

Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, black trousers, boots with spurs, black leather belt with a gold plaque, a checker on the shoulder belt, a shako with a pompom.

3. Juncker of the military topographic school in dress uniform.

A black double-breasted uniform with a light blue edging, a black leather belt with a silver badge, a black felt shako.

1. Vice non-commissioned officer of the Vladimir School in dress uniform.

The metal device is gold. Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, with two rows of buttons, high boots, black felt shako.

2. Staff officer of the Pavlovsk military school.

Uniform and shako of "royal color". Straight white hair sultan, on the collar and cuffs sewing of military educational institutions.

3. Junker of the Pavlovsk military school in a gymnastic shirt and field cap.

Khaki summer shirt without breast pockets. A khaki cap with a visor, a black leather belt with a gold badge.

1. Junker of the Irkutsk military school in dress uniform.

Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, with two rows of gold buttons, high boots, black leather belt with a gold badge. Papakha of gray fur with a protective cloth top trimmed crosswise with a white-orange-black non-commissioned officer's cord.

2. Junker of the Irkutsk military school in an overcoat.

AT winter time The junkers wore a gray infantry overcoat. The collar flaps are scarlet with a dark green edging and a button. In frost below -10 ° C, the junkers wore a cap, which could be passed under shoulder straps, either worn on the head or tied around the neck.

3. Chief officer of the Irkutsk military school in a coat.

The collar flaps of the coat are scarlet with a dark green edging and a button, the crown of the cap is “royal color”, the band is red.

The Nikolaev Engineering School gave Russia many outstanding military leaders. Suffice it to recall General E.I. Totleben - the hero of the defense of Sevastopol and Plevna, General K.P. Kaufman, who led the military operations during the annexation of Central Asia to Russia, General F.F. Radetsky - the hero of the battles at Shipka and in the Caucasus, G.A. Leer - an outstanding military writer and professor, whose works on strategy are known to the whole world and, finally, General R.I. Kondratenko - the hero of Port Arthur.

The cadets of this school had scarlet epaulettes without edging with the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I "H I".

Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

The school took active steps against the Bolsheviks on October 29-30, 1917 in Petrograd. And it was disbanded on November 6, 1917. The 1st Soviet Engineering Command Courses were opened in its building and at its expense in February 1918.

Alekseevskoye Engineering School

The Alekseevsky Engineering School was established in March 1915 in Kyiv as the Second Engineering School. All graduations of the school were accelerated eight-month.

The junkers' shoulder straps were scarlet without piping with a yellow and applied silver monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A" at the company of His Highness.

The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. The school was disbanded in November 1917.

Camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

INFANTRY SCHOOLS

Alexander Military School

On September 16, 1863, by order No. 330 of the military department, the first Russian military schools were created, including the Alexandrovskoye in Moscow, which was located in the building of the disbanded Alexandria Orphan Corps on Znamenka. On October 9, 1863, Colonel B.A. Shvanebach was appointed its first head. From the cadet corps, along with the building, the following were transferred to the school: a church, a library, an archive, all material property of the senior classes, as well as marble plaques with the names of distinguished cadets and black marble plaques with the names of graduate officers who were killed and died from wounds.

On April 27, 1867, Emperor Alexander II visited the school for the first time, who was very pleased with the school and its students. He assumed the title of chief of the school. On May 16, 1886, Emperor Alexander III assumed the title of chief.

Junckers who successfully completed the course of the school were awarded prizes (Engelson, Ushakov, in the amount of 100 to 200 rubles). During the existence of the school, such famous professors as Klyuchevsky, Chuprov, Smyslovsky gave lectures within its walls.

In 1900, the "Society for the Aid to the Former Alexandrovites" was organized.

Chemical laboratory at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

Before the outbreak of the First World War, the school had 600 cadets, which were divided into 4 companies. On the shoulders of the junkers there were white epaulettes, without edging, with the scarlet monogram of Emperor Alexander II "A II". In the company of His Majesty there is an applied metal cypher of the Sovereign on the instrument.

From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 1000 people and amounted to 1600 junkers. The practice of accelerated, four-month releases began. Young people up to 30 years old were accepted for an accelerated course, they could also be married. Construction exercises were carried out daily for several hours. Some subjects were abolished: the Law of God, Russian and foreign languages, military history, geography.

At the end of October 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities in Moscow. The headquarters of the fight against the Bolsheviks was created in it, officer companies were formed here. After the defeat of the junkers in Moscow, the school was disbanded. However, on January 31, 1919, it was revived in the Volunteer Army.

In 1921, the monogram of Emperor Alexander II was returned to the school.

In emigration, there were societies of former pupils of the school.

Pavlovsk Military School

The Pavlovsk military school is the oldest school in St. Petersburg. It was created in 1863 from the special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, which transferred its banner to the school. The school was located on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street, next to the 2nd Cadet Corps and the Military Topographic School. The Pavlovsk School was what is called "the first of the first." A. Markov, the author of the well-known book Cadets and Junkers, wrote: “The Pavlovsk military school had its own, inherent face and its own special spirit. It was as if the spirit of the stern Emperor, who gave him his name, reigned here. It was felt in everything that this, indeed, was the military school from which the best combatants of our glorious army came out.

Mikhailovsky Artillery School. Eye photography.

Over the 50 years of its existence, from 1863 to 1913, the Pavlovsk School graduated 7730 officers, 52 former cadets of the school became holders of the Order of St. George the Victorious. Over 200 officers were killed in action and died of their wounds. By 1913, 1/4 of the available officers of the General Staff consisted of former "Pavlons". The chiefs of the school were emperors, starting with Alexander II and ending with Nicholas II.

In combat terms, the Pavlovsk Infantry School consisted of a battalion of 4 companies, and by 1914 its staff consisted of 400 cadets and 66 in excess of the set. With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. The staff of the school was increased to 1000 cadets.

The junkers had scarlet epaulettes without piping with the yellow cypher of Emperor Paul I "П I" and the gold applied cypher of Emperor Nicholas II "Н II" in His Majesty's company.

The school did not take part in the October battles in Petrograd, because on the night of October 25 it was surrounded by soldiers of the reserve Grenadier Regiment and the Red Guards of the Putilov and Obukhov factories, and disarmed under the threat of machine-gun fire. Whole command staff Together with the head of the school, General Melnikov, he was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The school was disbanded on November 6, 1917.

Alekseevsky military school

The Alekseevsky military school was founded in 1864 as the Moscow infantry cadet school and existed under this name until 1897, when it was renamed the Moscow military school.

In 1886, 2 departments were opened in it: with a one-year course for young people with higher education and two years for high school graduates. At first, the school was under the jurisdiction of the General Staff, and in 1897 it was transferred to a two-year military school course. Thus, the opportunity opened up for young people from the outside to enter the school, without first being enrolled in the regiments as volunteers. At the end of the course, the pupils were promoted directly to officers, and did not return to their regiments as ensigns, as was the case before.

Nikolaev Engineering School. Camp guard at the banner.

In 1897, the school was subordinated to the chief head of military educational institutions. In 1906, the heir to the Tsarevich became the chief of the Moscow Military School Grand Duke Alexey Nikolaevich. Since then, the school was called Alekseevsky.

The school was located in the Red barracks, next to the 3rd Moscow Emperor Alexander II Cadet Corps. The camp of the school was located on Khodynka, in Serebryany Bor.

During its existence from 1864 to 1913. the school gave the Russian army about 8150 officers, to this figure we still need to add those released, starting from July 12, 1914 - 200 people, October 1, 1914 (thirteen-month course) - 200 people, December 1, 1914 (4 months) - 200 people, February 1, 1915 - 300 people; 4 editions of 1915: May, July, September and October - 1200 people; 6 issues in 1916 - 3600 people. In just 52 years of its existence, about 13,850 officers were trained at the school.

The junkers had scarlet epaulettes without edging with the yellow monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A" and with a gold applied monogram at the company of His Highness.

Before the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school consisted of 500 cadets, who were distributed among the 4th companies. With the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 700 people and amounted to 1200 cadets. The school turned into a two-battalion structure.

During the October battles in Moscow, the school took active steps against the Bolsheviks. In November 1917 it was disbanded.

The 1st Soviet Moscow Infantry Command Courses were located in its building.

Kiev military school

The Kiev military school was established in 1897 on the basis of the Kiev infantry cadet school, founded in 1865. This school was open to military junkers and volunteers with insufficient education. It consisted of 4 companies, and the total number of cadets numbered 400 people. The school had a banner, the highest granted on May 6, 1896.

Fencing lesson at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

October 1, 1914 took place latest release Junkers with the rank of second lieutenant. The school switched to the practice of four-month accelerated graduations. The staff was increased to 630 junkers. Combat officers, in addition to their direct work, were involved in lecturing on tactics and topography. Due to the fact that with the outbreak of World War I, 3 more military schools were opened in Kyiv, on September 26, 1914, the school was given the name "1st Kiev Military School".

The junkers wore light blue epaulettes, with scarlet edging, without encryption.

In November 1920, due to the complete evacuation of the Crimea, the school left its homeland. The last - the 69th graduation of the school took place already in exile, in Bulgaria, in 1923.

Junker at the review of gymnasts in Tsarskoye Selo.

Vilna military school

The school was opened in 1864 as an infantry cadet school. The training course was divided into senior and junior. Initially, the staff of the school was defined as 200 cadets. From 1874 the staff was increased to 300 people. It should be emphasized here that since 1868, in the school, along with the infantry junkers, Cossack officers were preparing to receive the officer rank. In 1876, they were separated into a special cavalry platoon - the Cossack department - with a staff of 35 cadets, and three years later a preparatory class was opened for volunteers with poor training. However, in 1885 the Cossack department and the preparatory class were closed.

In 1901, the school was reorganized into a three-year school, programs in the main subjects were equalized with military schools, cadets began to be issued second lieutenants. In 1904–1905 the staff of the school was increased to 400 cadets, divided into 4 companies. In 1906, second lieutenants, ensigns, promoted to these ranks for military distinctions due to wartime circumstances, were allowed to enter the school to take a course in science. In 1910, the school was renamed into a military one. hallmark Vilniants always had equality.

The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, with white edging, without encryption.

With the outbreak of the First World War, a four-month accelerated course of study was introduced at the school. The staff has been increased from 500 to 900 junkers.

In 1915 the school was evacuated to Poltava.

The building of the Pavlovsk military school in St. Petersburg.

Vladimir Military School

The school was opened on December 1, 1869; Initially, it had 1 company of 200 cadets and was divided into 2 classes - junior and senior. In 1880, by order of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, another preparatory class was added, which, however, was closed in 1881 and the school again became a two-class class. On September 1, 1901, the school was reorganized according to a new type, and its composition increased to 400 cadets, with a division into 4 companies. On November 18, 1908, the Sovereign Emperor, the Highest, ordered from September 1, 1909 to call the school "St. Petersburg Military School." A year later, it was given the name "Vladimir Military School" in honor of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the former commander of the St. Petersburg Military District, who had been in charge of the school for 24 years. The school was located in the building of the former military gymnasium.

The cadets of this school wore white epaulettes, with scarlet edging, with the scarlet monogram of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in the form of the letter "B".

With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign. The staff of the school was increased from 400 to 885 cadets.

During the days of the October battles of 1917, the Vladimir Military School put up fierce resistance to the Bolsheviks, who could not cope with the half-disarmed Vladimir residents during the day. The school was subjected to the most severe artillery shelling, and after the surrender - a pogrom. According to the data cited by the Menshevik newspaper Novaya Zhizn, during the siege of the Vladimir Military School, about 200 cadets were wounded and died, and 71 people became victims of lynching.

According to the decree of November 6, 1917, signed by the People's Commissar for Military Affairs N.V. Krylenko, the Vladimir Military School, among others, was disbanded. At the expense of the school, the 1st Soviet Infantry Petrograd Courses of the Red Army were opened in the premises of the Military Topographic School.

Canteen in the camp of the Pavlovsk military school.

Kazan military school

The Kazan Infantry Cadet School (since September 1, 1909 - the Kazan Military School) was founded on September 1, 1866 according to the type of cadet schools opened on the basis of an order from the military department of September 20, 1864 No. 285.

The school was intended to recruit officers not only for two divisions that were stationed in the Kazan Military District, but it was supposed to accept lower ranks and cadets from the troops of the Moscow District, who, due to lack of vacancies, could not be accepted into the Moscow cadet school. Therefore, the staff of the school was set at 200 cadets.

The first head of the school was appointed battalion commander of the Alexander Military School, Lieutenant Colonel Loboda.

From 1904, junkers were produced upon graduation to second lieutenants, and from 1904 to 1909, 768 junkers were promoted to second lieutenants. The staff of the school in 1870 was increased to 300, and in 1876 it was increased to 400 cadets. The course was originally a two-year course, in 1879 a preparatory class was added, closed in 1886. In 1901, the school was reorganized. A three-year course of study was established, with 2 classes of special and one general. Young people with a complete secondary education were accepted into the 1st special class without an exam, and a general class was opened for those who had the rights of volunteers of the second category. Reception was allowed not only from the troops, but also from outside. This measure gave an excess of applicants to enter the school, as a result of which a competitive entrance examination was introduced. In 1905, on the occasion of hostilities and significant losses of officers, a supernumerary was allowed, which reached 112 people.

January 27, 1903 the banner was granted to the school. In 1906, 89 warrant officers were additionally admitted to the school, partly into the general, partly into special classes. On September 1, 1909, the Kazan Infantry Cadet School was renamed the Kazan Military School.

The junkers had scarlet shoulder straps with a light blue edging.

Since the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school has increased from 470 to 600 people.

The school took part in the fighting against the Bolsheviks in Kazan. According to the decree of November 6, 1917, it was disbanded. On February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Kazan Infantry Command Courses were opened in the building and at the expense of the school.

Tiflis military school

The school was founded in 1864 during the reign of Alexander II by the governor of the Caucasus, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich.

At first, the staff of junkers was defined as 50 people. In the autumn of 1865, the reception began. The study lasted 2 years; volunteers and junkers from the troops were allowed to receive. For camp time, the junkers were seconded to the nearest military units, and at the end of the course they returned to their units with the rank of junkers and were promoted to officers on the recommendation of their superiors.

In 1866, the staff of junkers was increased to 200 people, and in combat terms, the school was one company. In 1871, the staff was determined to be 300 people. And the cadets are divided into two companies. In 1879, a camp was opened especially for the school near the village of Suram, and the sending of cadets to the troops for camp time was stopped.

In 1901 the school was reorganized; and 3 classes are open; general - the purpose of which was to give the junkers a complete general education, and the first and second special ones, in which military subjects were studied according to the programs of military schools. Both volunteers and young people from the outside were allowed to receive. At the end of the course, the cadets were promoted to second lieutenants of the army infantry.

Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, junior officers - 11, full-time cadets - 400, supernumerary - 31.

The junkers had blue epaulettes, with a white edging, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "M".

With the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 700 cadets.

The Tiflis military school was disbanded in 1918.

Band of the Junkers of the Pavlovsk Military School.

Chuguev Military School

The school was founded on September 1, 1865. On January 27, 1903, it was granted a banner, which was consecrated on June 29, 1905.

The school was reorganized from a two-hundred to a four-hundred staff by order of the military department No. 218 of 1888, and by order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the two-year course was replaced by a three-year course, and the cadets from the school began to be issued immediately as officers, and not ensigns.

Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, full-time junkers - 400, supernumerary - 44.

From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 1200 cadets. During the war years, accelerated releases were made. A four-month course of study was established.

The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power. The school was disbanded on December 15, 1918.

Odessa military school

The Odessa school was opened in 1865 as an infantry cadet school. The junkers, who entered it from volunteer combat units, wore the uniform of their regiments and, at the end of the course of study, were released as ensigns in their own units. Since 1902, there were 2 special classes in the school, where people with completed secondary education were admitted, and 1 general class, in which young people who did not have a secondary education were admitted. In 1903 the school was granted a banner. Beginning in 1904, cadets who graduated from college were no longer issued ensigns, but were promoted by the Highest Order to second lieutenants in part of the troops, according to the selected vacancies. In 1908, the general class was abolished, and on September 1, 1910, the school was renamed the Odessa Military School. The school token was approved by Nicholas II on May 1, 1908, and the badge - in 1913. Since 1909, the school has been publishing an illustrated magazine "Junker leisure", which reflected the glorious traditions of this educational institution.

The junkers wore white epaulettes, with a light blue edging, without encryption.

From 1866 to 1902 The school released 4701 ensigns as ensigns. On the eve of the First World War, the school consisted of 4 companies, there were 11 junior officers, 400 full-time junkers and 35 supernumeraries.

The school was disbanded at the beginning of 1918, and its pupils took an active part in the Civil War in the South of Russia.

Irkutsk military school

The school was founded in 1874 for volunteers from the Cossacks. From 1878 to 1901 there was a preparatory class at the school - due to the low level of education of the Cossack population of Siberia. By order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the school was transformed into a three-class infantry school for 100 cadets, and the Cossack cadets were transferred to the Orenburg Cossack School. The military school began to be called from 1909. An interesting fact is that during the war of 1904-1905. with Japan, junkers trained state militia warriors in various Siberian garrisons. The graduation of the school in 1905 joined the ranks of the 4th Siberian Army Corps, which operated in Manchuria. In 1905, the school was granted a banner, solemnly consecrated on November 26 of the same year.

The cadet oath of the school, unlike most Russian military schools, was taken not in October, but on December 6 on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and after the accession to the throne of Nicholas II, on the day of his namesake. In this school, the use of alcohol by the Junkers threatened with expulsion. The camp of the school was located 5 km from the city, on the river. Ushakovka. After the first course, the cadets carried out summer maneuvers 60 km from Irkutsk, in the Usolye region, after the second - in the Baikal region. The Irkutsk military school was replenished not only with Siberians. Almost half of the junkers came from the Baltics (Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Germans), some from the Western Territory: Belarusians and Poles, some from the Caucasus (Armenians, Georgians) and many young people from northern Russia.

Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in the camp. The construction of the bridge.

School graduates served in the garrisons of Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.

The junkers of this school had white epaulettes without piping and without encryption.

From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 490 cadets. The cadets of the school during the First World War were released into the Siberian rifle regiments, which over the years have lost up to 85% of their composition.

In December 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities against the Bolsheviks in Siberia and ceased to exist in early 1918.

Nikolaev Military School

After the outbreak of the First World War, the school was formed in Kyiv as the 2nd Kiev. On October 15, 1914, it was renamed into Nikolaevskoye. Initially, the staff of the school was set at 440 junkers, later expanded to 530 junkers.

The junkers of this school wore white epaulettes with scarlet edging and the scarlet stenciled cypher of Emperor Nicholas II (“N II”) and with a gold applied cypher in the company of His Majesty.

The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. This military educational institution was disbanded in November 1917.

Tashkent military school

The youngest school was the Tashkent military. It opened at the end of 1914. Initially, its staff consisted of 176 cadets, later it was expanded to 220. The construction of its own building was only in the project, so the 1st company occupied the building of the Public Assembly, the 2nd was engaged in the Pushkin School. In December 1916 the school was granted a banner. In the same year, the badge of the Tashkent Military School was approved. It was a silver Bukhara star with a six-pointed golden cross on it, placed above a golden crescent and a corresponding inscription. The junkers of this school wore crimson epaulettes.

From October 28 to November 1, 1917, the cadets of the Tashkent Military School, together with the cadets of the Tashkent Cadet Corps, fought hard battles with the Bolsheviks in the city.

Delivery of "rehearsals" at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SCHOOL

On Bolshaya Spasskaya Street in St. Petersburg there was a white long building of the most modest of the St. Petersburg military schools - the Military Topographic.

On January 28, 1822, the Corps of Military Topographers was created, for the recruitment of which, nine months later, the St. Petersburg School of Topographers was opened. It was renamed several times: from 1832 it was called the School of Topographers, from 1863 - the School of Topographers, and finally, on August 1, 1867, it was renamed the Military Topographic School.

The school accepted young people from 17 to 22 years old, who graduated from secondary schools, according to a competitive exam consisting of the Russian language, algebra, arithmetic, rectilinear trigonometry, geometry and physics. Cadets, at their request, could be credited for competitive examinations with the grades obtained upon graduation from the corps.

In combat terms, the school was 1 company. The staff of junkers was small, and on the eve of World War I consisted of only 100 people. The course of study was three years and very intense. In addition to topography, higher geodesy, artillery and fortification, Junker topographers studied spherical trigonometry, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, and physics. Many hours were devoted to practical work on geodetic calculations, topographic drawing, cartography, calligraphy, surveying and geodetic work. Junkers got acquainted with the order of office work and accounting, with photography, electroplating and lithography.

Unlike other metropolitan military schools that leave for camps in Krasnoye Selo, topographers from April 29 to August 15 were on practical work in Vitebsk region, near the town of Rezhitsa.

After graduating from college, second lieutenants-topographers were seconded to infantry regiments guards and army for 6 months to get acquainted with the military service, and at the end of this period they were enlisted for shooting in St. Petersburg, Riga, Grodno, Odessa, Tiflis, Tashkent, Khabarovsk and Omsk.

The junkers wore black epaulets with light blue piping and a yellow cipher in the form of the letter "T".

With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to an eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

The school did not take part in the performance of the Junkers in Petrograd on October 29, 1917, since it was surrounded by the Bolsheviks. It was disbanded on November 6, 1918. In February 1918, the 1st Soviet Infantry Command Courses of the Red Army were opened in its premises.

Russian Junkers, 1864-1917. History of military schools Vorobieva Alla Yurievna

UNKER SHAPE

UNKER SHAPE

Junkers of military schools were privileged ranks - they had non-commissioned officer distinctions: a galloon of the color of a metal device on the collar and cuffs and a button on the overcoat collar flap. They also wore fringed buttonholes on the collar and cuffs: yellow guards - in the Nikolaev Cavalry School and white army - in the rest.

The cut of the uniform in military and cadet schools corresponded to the type of troops for which the cadets were trained in this school, i.e. the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School wore the uniform of the model of guards dragoons, Elisavetgrad and Tver - army dragoons, and from 1908 - army lancers. The rest of the schools had uniforms of the army infantry and artillery.

In 1909–1910 all military schools received certain types of shakos, and in terms of the status of the junker they were even closer to the elite of the Russian army - the Imperial Guard.

Choir choir junkers-aleksandrovtsy.

The uniform of the junkers until 1917 underwent repeated changes. Yes, in the early 1960s. 19th century junkers of the newly created military schools wore a double-breasted uniform of dark green guards cloth, with a red rounded collar without buttonholes and edging, yellow copper buttons with a grenade without a number, around the collar and cuffs - a gold galloon 1/2 inch wide (2.2 cm ). Junkers of the Konstantinovsky Military School wore red shoulder straps with the letter "K" under the crown, Pavlovsky - light blue, with the letter "P" - under the crown, in Alexander - white, with the letter "A" - under the crown. Shoulder straps were sheathed with a narrow galloon. Junkers wore a waist belt made of black patent leather and a yellow copper belt badge, with grenada, without a number. Later, in 1872, the cadet uniform became single-breasted with an 8-button closure.

Junkers of the Pavlovsk military school before leaving for the city. 1913

Initially, the headdress of the junkers was a helmet - with a coat of arms and a device made of yellow copper and a black plume. In 1864, military schools, like the rest of the infantry, received kepi caps of the 1862 model.

The hat was black cloth, with a red piping along the top, and a red band without edging, a coat of arms, a buttonhole - from a non-commissioned officer's braid and a chin strap modeled on army troops.

Junker trousers were divided into winter and summer ones. In winter, junkers wore bloomers made of dark green Guards cloth with red edging, and in summer white trousers made of Guards flamboyant cloth.

Junkers wore an overcoat of gray Guards cloth in winter, with red flaps on the collar, from 1864 - with a dark green edging, and in 1871 a button was added to them. The same buttons and shoulder straps were worn on the overcoat as on the uniform.

For classes on the territory of the school in the autumn and winter, the cadets were supposed to have a short raincoat modeled on the sailor uniform of that time from dark gray cadet cloth (which in reality was black). Here it is necessary to make a reservation that in 1864 an order was issued according to which, in order to save dye for the lower ranks of all military branches, dark green and dark gray uniforms were supposed to be sewn from black cloth.

In winter, the junkers wore mittens and a camel hood.

They also relied on a cartridge bag, modeled on an army bag made of black patent leather, and smoothbore guns. The pistol was carried only by sergeants.

In those same years, the cadets of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School wore a double-breasted uniform with a black velvet collar and red piping around the collar. The shoulder boards of the junkers, sheathed in a narrow galloon with the letter "M" under the crown, were red. The belt plate was smooth, blued. The hat of the artillerymen differed from the headdresses of other military schools with a black velvet band trimmed with red piping. For training in horse-artillery formation, junkers wore leggings lined with leather. Feldwebel-artillerymen relied, in addition to a pistol, a checker.

The uniform of the squadron of the Nikolaev Cavalry School of the Guards Junkers was even more elegant. Double-breasted, lapel cut, it was fastened with 7 guards buttons. Cavalry junkers wore red epaulettes with a dark green edging, and with full dress - metal epaulettes. They also relied on a hat, the crown of which was white, and the band was red. The hat was decorated with a white hair sultan. In 1864, the junkers of this school also received a cap with a black top, and an orange lace with a blue gap began to be sewn onto the band.

But the junkers of the 4th Orenburg military school, created in the same 1864, wore a hat made of black mutton fur in winter, with a red cloth top, and in summer a black cloth hat.

Officers of military and artillery schools wore uniforms similar to the cadets, but on the collar and cuffs they had two embroidered smooth buttonholes. On March 22, 1874, they received sewing from military educational institutions in 2 rows.

In 1882, after the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander III, new uniforms were introduced for the junkers of infantry and special schools. The device in the infantry and artillery schools is gold, in engineering - silver. The cap was worn black, without a visor (the so-called peakless cap) with a scarlet edging, and the band was scarlet for infantry schools, and black for special ones. There was a cockade on the band. Feldwebels wore a cap with a visor. Junkers relied on a double-breasted uniform of the army infantry sample of 1881. At special schools, the collar and cuffs of the uniform had a scarlet edging. Bloomers were worn short and long, without edging. The winter uniform was complemented by a lambskin cap of the 1881 model and a gray infantry overcoat.

In 1885, the cadets were given a gymnastic shirt of the cavalry and horse artillery model as a summer uniform.

The officers of military schools had a uniform of "royal" color (sea wave), on the collar and cuffs - in 2 rows sewing of military educational institutions.

Junker shoulder straps were sheathed around the edges with gold or silver galloon. In the Pavlovsk School they wore scarlet epaulettes with a yellow stenciled cypher of Emperor Paul I. Pupils of Konstantinovsky - light blue with the monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K"; Aleksandrovsky - white with the cypher of Emperor Alexander II "A II", Mikhailovsky Artillery - scarlet with the monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich in the form of the letter "M", Nikolaev Engineering - scarlet, with the monogram "H I". The sash at the sergeants of the Mikhailovsky Artillery, Nikolaev Engineering and Pavlovsk Schools was scarlet, Konstantinovsky - light blue, and Alexander - white. Buttons and belt plaques of red copper with a grenade, and in Pavlovsky, Alexander and Nikolaev Engineering - with a crown.

In 1882, the Nikolaev Cavalry School received the following uniforms: a golden device, a double-breasted uniform of the sample of the guards dragoons, with a scarlet edging, fastened with hooks. Bloomers are short and long, gray-blue with a scarlet edging. Boots are high with spurs and low. The junkers had scarlet epaulettes, with a gold galloon along the free edges. The top of the cap was dark green with a scarlet edging and a scarlet band with dark green piping. Wahmisters and junkers wore a sash, the extreme stripes of which were scarlet, and the middle one was black. In winter, the junkers wore a gray overcoat of the guards cavalry sample, which was decorated with scarlet, with black piping, collar flaps, and a cloth hat with a scarlet top and fur flaps. In full dress, they were supposed to have a “boyarka” hat with a scarlet top and black lamb lapels.

In 1890, the Cossack Hundred was established at the Nikolaev Cavalry School. The usual form of hundreds was a dark blue uniform with a silver device and blue Cossack trousers with a red stripe. The commander of a hundred wore the uniform of the unit of troops in which he was listed.

The junkers of the other two cavalry schools - Elisavetgrad and Tver - until 1896 were listed in the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, having only a narrow cadet galloon on shoulder straps. In 1896, they were given the uniform of the army dragoon model of 1881. The device is silver, a cap with a peak, a dark green crown and a scarlet edging. The band of the cap was scarlet. Pupils wore a double-breasted uniform without buttons, which adorned the collar with scarlet flaps and edging, scarlet shoulder straps, decorated with silver galloon along the free edges. Junker trousers were gray-blue in color, without edging, the sash was cloth, scarlet. The winter uniform was complemented by a “boyarka” hat. On the front of the cap is the State Emblem. The junkers wore a gray overcoat without buttons on the side, with scarlet collar flaps and dark green piping.

In 1885, the Military Topographic School was established. He was given a silver instrument. The double-breasted uniform of the 1881 army infantry model, the collar and cuffs of which had a light blue piping. The cadets of the school wore dark green epaulettes, with a light blue edging and yellow encryption in the form of the letter "T". On the free edges of shoulder straps was decorated with silver galloon. In winter, the junkers wore a lambskin cap of the 1881 model with a cockade and a coat of arms.

Speech at the camp of the Vladimir Military School.

Novocherkassk and Orenburg Cossack schools until 1903 did not have a uniform uniform. Each junker wore the uniform of his army. From the Cossacks and sergeants of combat units they were distinguished only by the galloon on the free edges of the shoulder strap.

In 1894, the Konstantinovsky Infantry Military School was transformed into the Konstantinovsky Artillery School. It received a form similar to the form of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School and the monogram of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K" on shoulder straps.

On October 20, 1894, Nicholas II ascended the throne. Three years later, in 1897, the gradual transformation of cadet schools into military schools began. They were given uniforms on the model of other military schools, with minor clarifications. The device became not gold, but silver. Junkers of the Moscow School wore scarlet epaulettes, those of the Kiev School - light blue. To match the shoulder straps, the sergeants of the Moscow School wore a scarlet sash, and the Kiev one - light blue. And the officers, instead of sewing military educational institutions, had sewn smooth buttonholes.

The rest of the infantry cadet schools a little later, in 1901, were assigned the following uniforms: the golden device was yellow copper, in contrast to the infantry military schools, where the golden device for the junkers meant red copper. The junkers wore a dark green (black) cap, with a scarlet piping and a light blue band with two scarlet piping. Double-breasted uniform of the sample of the guards infantry in 1881, the collar and cuffs of which were decorated with a gold army non-commissioned officer galloon. Bloomers were short and long. In winter, the cadets still wore a lambskin hat with a cockade and a coat of arms.

Shoulder straps of the cadet infantry schools.

In 1902, the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared on the belt badge and buttons of the infantry and special military schools, which in 1904 was replaced by an eagle.

In 1907, the uniform of the junkers changed again: they began to wear a double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging along the side and cuffs. On the back of the uniform are pocket flaps. A little later, in 1909, a dark green edging was added to the overcoat collar flaps and to the uniform collar.

In the same 1909, the St. Petersburg and Kazan infantry cadet schools were transformed into infantry military schools. They were given uniforms similar to the uniforms of the Pavlovsk and Alexander military schools. At the same time, the Alekseevsky and Kiev military schools received a golden device instead of a silver one. A year later, the Odessa, Chuguev, Vilna, Irkutsk and Tiflis schools were transformed into military ones.

Shoulder straps of infantry military schools.

In 1909–1910 a significant event took place. Junkers of infantry, special and infantry cadet schools were given a shako of the guards infantry model of black felt, on which the coat of arms of military educational institutions flaunted in front - an eagle with lowered wings in radiance. In full dress uniform, junkers wore a non-commissioned officer's pom-pom on a shako. The only exception was the cadets of the Irkutsk military school, who had a hat.

The changes also affected the Cossack and cavalry schools.

In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack cadet school was given the uniform of the Don Cossack cavalry regiments. Shoulder straps are scarlet, with the encryption "N.U." Orenburg Cossack cadet school - the form of the Orenburg Cossack cavalry regiments. Shoulder straps scarlet, encryption "O.U."

Review of the Nikolaev Engineering School on the occasion of the consecration of the banner. February 19, 1903

In 1912, the encryption on the shoulder straps of both Cossack schools was abolished; shoulder straps of the Novocherkassk school remained scarlet, and those of the Orenburg one became light blue. The officers of these schools received sewing of military educational institutions on the collar.

In the same year, the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School were given a cap with a scarlet crown, scarlet edging and a scarlet band with dark green piping; double-breasted, with a scarlet edging of a lapel cut, a uniform with a stretched scarlet lapel; collar and cuffs with gold non-commissioned officer galloon; in full dress - cavalry gold epaulettes. A three-striped sash became an unconditional decoration: the extreme stripes are scarlet, the middle stripe and the edging are dark green. And a year later, the Cossack Hundred was assigned the following uniforms: a silver device, a black astrakhan hat. In front, a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance. Black patent leather chin strap. A cap with a scarlet crown and scarlet edging, a scarlet band with dark blue piping. Dark blue uniform of the Cossack cut. The junkers relied on a silver non-commissioned officer galloon, dark blue trousers with a single-row scarlet stripe, they wore scarlet epaulettes with a silver braid around the edges, as well as a light blue sash.

At the beginning of the century, in 1901, the Elisavetgrad and Tver cadet schools had a silver device. Junkers wore a lambskin hat, the cloth bottom of which was scarlet, a cap with a dark green crown, scarlet piping and a scarlet band. Junkers relied on a double-breasted dragoon uniform of the 1897 model with a scarlet edging and gray-blue cropped trousers. Shoulder straps of the Elisavetgrad School - scarlet with a dark green edging, yellow encryption "E.Yu." At the Tver School - light blue with a dark green edging, coded "T.Yu." On the free edges - silver galloon.

In 1904, the applied colors of the Tver School changed. It became light blue instead of scarlet, the device remained silver. The cap has also changed: now its cloth bottom has become light blue. Junkers of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School, as part of the Odessa Military District, wore a cap instead of a hat. And the eagle from the lamb's cap was fitted to the crown, the color of which was scarlet with a dark green edging and a dark green band, while for the “Tvertets” the crown was light blue, the edging was dark green, the band was dark green. In 1910, the Tver cadet school was transformed into a cavalry school, and two years later, both schools were given the coat of arms of military educational institutions instead of the State Emblem, and the officers were given sewing of military educational institutions.

By the beginning of World War I, uniforms were divided into wartime uniforms and peacetime uniforms.

Wartime uniform

The wartime uniform included:

1) a marching cloth shirt of protective cloth with shoulder straps or a tunic - for cavalry and Cossack schools;

2) black short trousers, for cavalrymen - gray-blue;

3) waist belt with a badge in infantry, artillery and engineering schools. Junkers of other schools wore a single-pin belt;

4) shoulder harness for cadets of artillery and cavalry schools;

5) a saber with a lanyard (in artillery and cavalry schools), a bayonet or a cleaver at the Junker belt in infantry and engineering schools;

6) high boots and spurs (if such were relied upon by the school);

7) a khaki cap with a visor;

8) brown gloves (in the ranks - to whom they were assigned; when leaving on vacation - at will);

9) an overcoat of an infantry or cavalry type;

10) a revolver holster with a revolver and a cord to it (in artillery schools, sergeant majors of infantry and engineering schools and sergeant majors of cavalry schools), in other schools the cadets carried a rifle;

11) headphones;

12) hood.

Note. The wartime uniform was worn by the junkers by order of the head of the school.

Peacetime uniform

The peacetime uniform was divided into: a) front; b) ordinary; c) service; d) home.

The peacetime uniform included: First of all, the full dress uniform, which included: a uniform, short trousers, a waist belt, sergeant majors had a white leather belt (in reality it was a fawn leather belt), in artillery and cavalry schools - a sword, an officer's lanyard , to whom it was assigned, high boots, spurs - in artillery and cavalry schools, a shako with a pom-pom and tassels, awards and badges, white suede gloves, an overcoat, headphones by special order.

The dress uniform was worn by the junkers:

1) those present at reviews and parades of units of the troops;

2) those present at the parades on the days of church holidays, holidays of parts, as well as on the day of the school holiday;

3) those present at the consecration of banners and standards;

4) on the days of the accession to the throne of the Sovereign Emperor, the Holy Coronation of Their Majesties, the birth and name day of Their Majesties;

5) groomsmen participating in the marriage ceremony;

6) at the burial of generals, staff and chief officers, as well as at the burial of lower ranks;

7) going on vacation on public holidays.

The ordinary uniform differed from the front one in that the cadets wore a shako without a pom-pom and brown gloves instead of white ones. As for the greatcoats, they, as in full dress, were supposed to be worn only in the sleeves.

Cavalry junkers with this uniform wore shoulder straps instead of epaulettes. The sultan was removed from the lancer's cap or shako and the lapel was unfastened.

The ordinary uniform was worn by the junkers:

1) those present at the nailing of banners and standards in the Highest Presence;

2) those present at church ceremonies on Sundays and holidays;

3) those present at the laying and consecration of churches and government buildings;

4) those present at the marriage ceremony, godparents from the font and at the removal of the Holy Shroud;

5) at official balls and dance parties in educational institutions;

6) at the burial of civil officials of all departments, civilians and ladies;

7) at official memorial services;

8) in all cases when an order was received from the authorities to be in military uniform.

The junkers also had a service uniform, which was worn when going to combat training and in all cases when no other form was indicated, with all service outfits, when dismissed on ordinary days, and also on vacation in the country. In official uniform, it was supposed to appear to the authorities at the apartment. At the same time, it was necessary to remove the overcoat, put on a weapon and a waist belt over the uniform, and keep the headdress in your hands. This uniform was also worn by junkers during the holidays, when they appeared at the commandant's office to present a vacation ticket.

The service uniform included: a uniform, which, as a rule, at the location of the school, on the orders of the head of the school, was replaced by a shirt, shortened trousers, a waist belt, high boots, a peakless cap (sergeant majors had a cap with a peak), military awards and signs, brown gloves, an overcoat in sleeves or slip-on, earmuffs on special occasions, hood on special orders.

For everyday inner life in schools there was also a so-called home uniform. She was put on by the junkers during lectures, rest and some drills; during dinner, the junkers always had to be in home uniforms. It included a khaki gymnastic shirt with epaulettes (and until 1908 - a white uniform), long black trousers, a waist belt, short boots, a peakless cap when leaving the school building, awards and signs - if desired, an overcoat - also if desired, if there was no special order to put on an overcoat when leaving the school building.

The junkers had 3 types of hats: a shako, a peakless cap and a summer cap. Junkers of the Cossack schools and the Irkutsk military school - hats.

Out of order, the removed headdress was supposed to be held in the left lowered hand as follows: the shako - bottom forward, coat of arms up, thumb outside, towards the coat of arms, and the rest of the fingers inside; peakless cap - behind the crown, cockade forward, chin strap removed; a cap with a visor - behind the visor, bottom forward, thumb over the visor, towards the cockade, the rest of the fingers are inside.

In all cases, when the headdress was removed, the glove from the right hand was also removed at the same time. She was placed on a visor or on the crown of a headdress and held with a hand. In the ranks, the removed shako was held on the left bent arm at the height of the belt, with the coat of arms (cockade) to the right. The cap of the infantry and engineering schools - in the outstretched and lowered left hand, cockade forward.

As for the overcoat, it served as outerwear for all forms without exception. It could be worn in sleeves, saddle or rolled over the left shoulder (for equestrian ranks it was tied to the saddle).

At temperatures above +10 ° C, all cadets, when they were dismissed on vacation, had to be without overcoats; from +5 to +10 ° C, the cadets threw on their overcoats; below +5 ° C - put them in sleeves. Rolled overcoats were only for the junkers who were in the ranks. The junkers present at the reviews and exercises put on their overcoats in the same way as the troops did. Junkers were not allowed to wear waterproof coats and capes. Hoods and headphones were worn in frost below -10 ° C. At the same time, the hood could be worn under shoulder straps, either on the head, or tied around the neck in the form of a stand-up collar. Hoods or headphones in the ranks were worn by special order.

The junkers of most military schools had one more accessory of the form, which they were very proud of and which was not supposed to have other lower ranks. These are gloves. In full dress and when attending balls, theaters, concerts, junkers were allowed to wear white suede gloves. In other cases, brown gloves were relied upon: kid or cotton gloves in the summer, and woolen gloves the rest of the year. In the ranks, brown cotton or woolen gloves relied on sergeants and senior junkers. Other cadets, while in the ranks, put on brown woolen gloves only when the frost was more than -10 ° C, by special order.

Pupils of cavalry and artillery schools wore spurs. They relied on all cadets of non-commissioned officer rank when they were dismissed on vacation.

Emperor Nicholas II inspects the formation of cadets in the Krasnoselsk camp. 1912

When leaving on vacation, the junkers also had to carry weapons. For infantry junkers, it was a bayonet in a sheath, for cavalrymen and artillerymen - a saber, for junker belts - a cleaver with an officer's lanyard and a revolver for artillerymen. Feldwebels, in addition to a revolver, relied on a saber with an officer's lanyard. At the location of the school, only sergeants and junkers were allowed to wear spurs with high boots. They also carried a revolver in a revolver holster. An officer's lanyard relied on the uniform of commanding officials from the junkers.

It is necessary to say a few words about the insignia of sergeant majors and junker belts. So, sergeants were assigned on shoulder straps stripes from a wide gold or silver galloon (depending on the type of troops); they had a cap with a visor and additional braid along the upper edge of the outer rim of the shako. The senior junker belts were assigned 3 stripes for epaulettes from the fringe braid, the younger ones - two stripes. Also relied on an officer's lanyard.

The junkers, who were still vice sergeants or vice non-commissioned officers in the cadet corps, were kept on shoulder straps: the first - a longitudinal stripe, the second - a transverse stripe along the bottom of the shoulder strap made of narrow galloon. The same ranks were supposed to take off their weapons when visiting a church, at balls and dances.

The awards on the chest of the junker had to be worn in full dress and ordinary uniforms in all cases, while in official uniforms - only on vacation. Crosses and medals were worn either on a uniform or on a tunic, or attached to an overcoat worn in sleeves.

Examination in higher mathematics at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

The badges established for persons who graduated from higher or secondary educational institutions of a civil department, the cadets had the right to wear with all forms of clothing, when it was announced in the order for the school.

The badges received for competitive shooting at the school and the prize watch with a chain on the junker had the right to wear in full dress and ordinary uniforms, as well as in service uniform - on vacation. Junker glasses could only be worn outside the ranks. They were forbidden to wear pince-nez, rings, and key chains. From 1911, junkers were allowed to wear watches without exposing the chains.

The uniform was fastened with all buttons and both collar hooks. Bloomers were supposed to be pulled up with a corset, the overlap was not allowed. The overcoat, worn in the sleeves, was fastened with all the hooks, and with a loop - with the hooks of the collar and the upper side hook. During walks at the location of the school, it was allowed not to fasten the hooks of the collar when the overcoat was turned over, and not to wear a waist belt over the overcoat when it was worn in the sleeves. The peakless cap was supposed to be put on so that one finger passed between it and the right eyebrow, and four fingers above the left ear. During riding, the chin straps were lowered and adjusted so that they fit close to the chin; at all other times they were removed. The shako and cap were put on straight, without tilt.

The gymnastic shirt was fastened with all buttons, girded with a waist belt. The shirt collar was allowed to be unbuttoned only in smoking rooms and in bedrooms during the afternoon rest.

The hood was worn under shoulder straps, the cap folded flat on the back, the ends crossed on the chest (and the left one was on top), bent and tucked into the waist belt. If the hood was put on the head, then its ends were wrapped around the neck. If it was tied around the neck, then the ends were tied in a knot in front of the collar.

The block with awards was located on a double-breasted uniform - in the middle of the chest, on a single-breasted uniform, an overcoat worn in the sleeves, and on a gymnastic shirt - on the left side of the chest. Breastplates established for graduates of civilian higher educational institutions and some secondary educational institutions were worn on the right side of the chest on a uniform, gymnastic shirt and overcoat worn in sleeves. A badge for competitive shooting was also worn on the right side of the chest.

Soft form Detention itself can be carried out in soft and hard form. An unsuspecting citizen under investigation with a written undertaking not to leave can be "sent to a temporary detention facility (KPZ)" - if he has committed a crime for which the law provides

From the book Notes of the Popadya: Features of the Life of the Russian Clergy the author Sysoeva Julia

Rigid form You can be detained in a rigid form anywhere: in an apartment, in a restaurant, at a train station, on the street, in the metro. We recommend not to be indignant: it is with the indignation of the “citizen” that the

From the book The Renaissance. Life, religion, culture the author Chamberlin Eric

From the book The Great Pyramid of Giza. Facts, hypotheses, discoveries author Bonwick James

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From the book Children's World of Imperial Residences. Life of monarchs and their environment author Zimin Igor Viktorovich

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The form of palace servants Palace servants were provided with state uniforms. Servants who worked "in public", in addition to everyday clothes, were provided with festive and ceremonial liveries. The cost of the palace uniform, of course, depended on the position of the servant in the palace hierarchy.

From the book Spiral of Russian Civilization. Historical Parallels and the Reincarnation of Politicians. Lenin's political testament author Helga Olga

The name as a form of political protest If myoho was the property of only kings, then any educated person had a common posthumous name, which was called shiho. Since the kings were educated people, they also had shiho, but unlike mere mortals,

From the book The main process of mankind. Reporting from the past. Appeal to the future author Zvyagintsev Alexander Grigorievich

Spiral - a form of development of society Recently, it is fashionable to talk about the rings and circles of time as a tool for the study of history. Cycles rule the world, it is the moment of appearance that means entering into certain time cycles that endow this moment of time

From the book About love and pain author Copernicus Alexander

The form did not always discipline the content. I would especially like to dwell on the work of translators. It was difficult and responsible work. After all, the success of the accusation largely depended on the ability to competently, quickly and absolutely adequately translate what was heard.

From the book On the other side of loneliness. Communities of unusual people by Christy Niels

Chapter 41. SS: black uniforms, black deeds Even ardent critics of Nazism usually do not mind the fact that Hitler came to power through elections. In agitation, propaganda, organizing mass events, he really had no equal. Allegedly for adherence to constitutional

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Love as a form of existence of protein bodies What is said below does not refer to love. This concerns possessiveness, which can be called love. Almost everyone has met such an attitude in life, and many have shown it. So don't think I'm talking about love in general;

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9.5 The Village as a Form of Collective Life In connection with the problem of drug use, many collective settlements of people who use drugs have arisen. This form of collective life is similar to the village. The living conditions of drug addicts and their staff are the same; they

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Management as a modern form of domination The liberal-democratic myth indignantly rejects the project approach to history and society as a whole, and on various grounds. From a liberal point of view, design is simply impossible, since the source of history

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Books

• Commemorative book of the Naval Department for 1875,. St. Petersburg, 1875. Printing house of the Naval Ministry. Printed binding with gold stamping. Gilded trim. The safety is good. The attention of readers is invited to "Memorial book ...
• Rules for admission to military schools and programs of subjects drawn up in accordance with the requirements for the entrance exam to these institutions for 1872,. Original title: Rules for Admission to Military Schools and Programs of Academic Subjects Compiled in Accordance with the Requirements for the Entrance Examination? in these wound up i am in 1872 ...