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Brought up in battles, in the midst of abusive bad weather | Portraits of Field Marshals of the Russian Army

Russian Army

You are immortal forever, O Russian giants,
In battles, they were brought up in the midst of abusive bad weather!
A. S. Pushkin, "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo"

“In their gigantic millennial work, the builders of Russia relied on three great foundations - the spiritual power of the Orthodox Church, creative genius Russian People and the Valor of the Russian Army.
Anton Antonovich Kersnovsky

His Serene Highness Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1850

In battle and battle, the soldier wins, but it is known that the mass of even excellently trained fighters is worth little if it does not have a worthy commander. Russia, having shown the world an amazing type of ordinary soldier, whose fighting and moral qualities have become a legend, has also given birth to many first-class military leaders. The battles fought by Alexander Menshikov and Pyotr Lassi, Pyotr Saltykov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Ivan Paskevich and Iosif Gurko entered the annals of military art, they were studied and are being studied in military academies all over the world.

Field Marshal General - the highest military rank in Russia from 1700 to 1917. (The Generalissimo was outside the system of officer ranks. Therefore, the field marshal general was actually the highest military rank.) According to the "Table of Ranks" of Peter I, this is an army rank of the 1st class, corresponding to the general admiral in the navy, the chancellor and the actual privy councilor of the 1st class in civilian service. In the military regulations, Peter retained the rank of generalissimo, but he himself did not assign it to anyone, since “this rank only belongs to the crowned heads and great sovereign princes, and especially to the one whose army is. In his non-existence, he gives command over the entire army to his general field marshal.

His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (the one whose wife Pushkin molested). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1856

His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1929

Count Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky (a native of Prussia in the Russian service). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1729.

His Serene Highness Prince Peter Khristianovich Wittgenstein (Ludwig Adolf Peter zu Sein-Wittgenstein). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1826

Prince Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1814

1812 - Most Serene Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov Smolensky. Promoted to Field Marshal 4 days after the Battle of Borodino.

Count Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin. A courtier and a very mediocre commander, whom Catherine II favored for her zeal in enthroning her. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1797.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov.

Count Ivan Grigoryevich Chernyshev - Field Marshal General for the Navy (this is a strange title, awarded in 1796, Paul I came up with for him in order not to give the rank of Admiral General). He was more of a courtier than a soldier.

Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

Prince Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1794. Five years later, in 1799, he received the title of Generalissimo.

His Serene Highness Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1784

Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1773

Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev.

Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1770

Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1769

Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky, the last hetman of the Zaporizhia Army from 1750 to 1764. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1764

Count Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin. In 1744-1758 - state chancellor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762.

Count Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin.

Duke Peter August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sondergburg-Beck. Quite a "career" general in the Russian service. Governor-General of St. Petersburg from 1761 to 1762. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762

Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (Mosaic portrait, workshop of M.V. Lomonosov). The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761

Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov

Count Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761

Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Count Alexander Borisovich Buturlin. Better known as the Moscow mayor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Pyotr Petrovich Lassi. Irish in the Russian service. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1736.

Pyotr Petrovich Lassi.

Count Burchard Christopher Munnich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1732.

Count Burchard Christopher Munnich.

Prince Ivan Yurievich Trubetskoy. The last boyar in Russian history. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1728.

Sheremetev

Boris Petrovich

Battles and victories

An outstanding Russian commander during the Northern War, diplomat, the first Russian Field Marshal (1701). In 1706 he was also the first to be elevated to count Russian Empire dignity.

In the people's memory, Sheremetev remained one of the main heroes of that era. Soldiers' songs, where he appears exclusively as a positive character, can serve as evidence.

Many glorious pages from the time of the reign of Emperor Peter the Great (1682-1725) are associated with the name of Sheremetev. The first field marshal general in the history of Russia (1701), count (1706), holder of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, one of the richest landowners, he always, by virtue of his character, remained in a special position with the tsar and his entourage. His views on what was happening often did not coincide with the position of the king and his young associates. He seemed to them a man from the distant past, with whom the supporters of the modernization of Russia according to the Western model fought so fiercely. They, the “thin ones”, did not understand the motivation of this blue-eyed, overweight and unhurried person. However, it was he who was needed by the king in the most difficult years of the Great Northern War.

The Sheremetev family was connected with the reigning dynasty by blood ties. The family of Boris Petrovich was one of the influential boyar families and even had common ancestors with the reigning Romanov dynasty.

By the standards of the middle of the 17th century, his closest relatives were very educated people and did not shy away from talking with foreigners, taking everything positive from them. Boris Petrovich's father, Pyotr Vasilyevich Bolshoy, in 1666-1668, being a Kyiv governor, defended the right to exist of the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. Unlike his contemporaries, the governor shaved his beard, which was a terrible nonsense, and wore a Polish dress. However, he was not touched because of his military and administrative talents.

Born on April 25, 1652, the son of Peter Vasilyevich was assigned to study at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. There Boris learned to speak Polish, Latin, got an idea of Greek and learned a lot that was unknown to the vast majority of his compatriots. Already in early youth, Boris Petrovich became addicted to reading books and by the end of his life he had collected a large and well-organized library. The boyar was well aware that Russia needed progressive reforms and supported the young Tsar Peter.

However, he began his "sovereign service" in the traditional Moscow style, being at the age of 13 granted to the room stewards.

The military career of the young nobleman began only in the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682). The tsar appointed him as an assistant to his father, who commanded one of the "regiments" in the Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681). In 1679, he already acted as a "comrade" (deputy) governor in the "big regiment" of Prince Cherkassky. And just two years later, he headed the newly formed Tambov city category, which, in comparison with the modern structure of the armed forces, can be equated with the command of a military district.

In 1682, in connection with the accession to the throne of the new tsars Peter and Ivan, he was granted the title of boyar. The ruler Princess Sofya Alekseevna and her favorite, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, remembered Boris Petrovich in 1685. The Russian government was in difficult negotiations with the Commonwealth on the conclusion of the "Eternal Peace". This is where it took someone who knew European etiquette and foreign languages boyar. His diplomatic mission was extremely successful. After lengthy negotiations, they managed to conclude an “Eternal Peace” with Poland and achieve legal recognition of the fact that Moscow had conquered Kyiv 20 years ago. Then, after only a few months, Sheremetev already unanimously headed the embassy sent to Warsaw to ratify the treaty and clarify the details of the anti-Ottoman alliance being created. From there, then I had to call on Vienna, which was also preparing to continue the fight against the Turks.

The diplomatic path better matched the military one with the inclinations and talents of the intelligent but cautious Boris Petrovich. However, masterful Fate decided otherwise and led him through life by no means the most convenient road. Upon returning from Europe to Moscow, the boyar again had to put on a military uniform, which he no longer took off until his death.

In infantry, Field Marshal Sheremetev can rightly be called the first of the Russians, from the ancient noble family, tall, with soft features and in all respects like a big general.

Swede Ehrenmalm, opponent of Sheremetev

Boris Petrovich commanded the regiments of his Belgorod rank during the unsuccessful second Crimean campaign (1689). His detached position in relation to the events in Moscow in the summer of 1689, when Peter I came to power, played a bad joke on him. The boyar was taken under "suspicion". There was no disgrace, but until 1696 Boris Petrovich would remain on the border with the Crimean Khanate, commanding his "rank".

During the first Azov campaign in 1695, Sheremetev led the army against the Turkish fortresses on the Dnieper. Boris Petrovich turned out to be more successful than the tsar and his associates. In the campaign of 1695, the Russian-Ukrainian army took three fortresses from the Turks (July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen, August 1 - Eski-Tavan, August 3 - Aslan-Kermen). The name of Sheremetev became known throughout Europe. At the same time, Azov was never taken. Allied help was needed. In the summer of 1696, Azov fell, but this success showed that a further war with the Ottoman Empire was possible only with the combined efforts of all countries participating in the "Holy League".

Trying to please the tsar, Boris Petrovich of his own free will and at his own expense went on a trip to Europe. The Boyarin left Moscow three months after Peter himself left for the West and traveled for more than a year and a half, from July 1697 to February 1699, spending 20,500 rubles on this - a huge amount at that time. The true, so to speak, human price of such a sacrifice becomes clear from the description given to Sheremetev by a well-known Soviet researcher epoch XVIII century Nikolai Pavlenko: “... Boris Petrovich did not differ in disinterestedness, but he did not dare to steal on the scale that Menshikov allowed himself. The representative of the oldest aristocratic family, if he stole, then so moderately that the size of the stolen did not cause envy among others. But Sheremetev knew how to beg. He did not miss the opportunity to remind the tsar of his "poverty", and his acquisitions were the fruit of the royal awards: it seems that he did not buy estates ... "

Having passed through Poland, Sheremetev again visited Vienna. Then he went to Italy, visited Rome, Venice, Sicily, and finally reached Malta (having received audiences during the trip with the Polish king and the Elector of Saxony Augustus, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold, Pope Innocent XII, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III) . In La Valletta, he was even knighted in the Order of Malta.

Not a single Russian could boast of such a European "train". The very next day after his return, at a feast at Lefort, wearing a German dress with a Maltese cross on his chest, Sheremetev boldly introduced himself to the tsar and was treated with delight by him.

However, the mercy was short-lived. The suspicious "Herr Peter", according to the soon published "boyar list", again ordered Boris Petrovich to go away from Moscow and be "near the city of Arkhangelsk." They remembered him again only a year later, with the beginning of the Northern War (1700-1721). The war began in August with the march of the main forces of the Russian army to Narva. Boyar Sheremetev was appointed commander of the "local cavalry" (horse noble militia). In the Narva campaign of 1700, the Sheremetev detachment acted extremely unsuccessfully.

During the siege, Sheremetev, who was conducting reconnaissance, reported on the approach of a large Swedish army to Narva. Russian military leaders, according to Swedish historians, panicked. The captured major of the Swedish army, the Livonian Patkul, allegedly told them that an army of 30 to 32 thousand people approached Charles XII. The figure seemed quite reliable, and they believed it. The king also believed - and fell into despair. During the battle near Narva on November 19 (30), 1700, the valiant "local cavalry", without engaging in battle, shamefully fled, carrying Boris Petrovich into the water, who desperately tried to stop her. More than a thousand people drowned in the river. Sheremetev was saved by a horse, and the royal disgrace was averted by the sad fate of all the other generals, who were captured by the triumphant enemy in full force. In addition, after a catastrophic failure, the tsar made a temporary compromise with the moods of his aristocracy and chose a new commander among the most well-born national elite, where Sheremetev at that time was the only person with any knowledge of military affairs. Thus, we can say that, in fact, the war itself at the end of 1700 put him at the head of the main forces of the Russian army.

With the advent of the second military summer, Boris Petrovich in the royal letters addressed to him began to be called Field Marshal General. This event closed the protracted sad chapter in Sheremetev's life and opened a new one, which, as it turned out later, became his "swan song". The last setbacks came in the winter of 1700-1701. Prompted by the impatient royal shouts, Boris Petrovich tried to carefully “feel” Estonia with his saber (Peter sent the first decree demanding activity only 16 days after the disaster at Narva), in particular, to capture the small fortress of Marienburg, which stood in the middle of an ice-bound lake. But everywhere he was rebuffed and, having retreated to Pskov, he began to put in order the troops he had.

The combat effectiveness of the Russians was still extremely low, especially in comparison with the European enemy, albeit not numerous. Sheremetev had a good idea of ​​the strength of the Swedes, because he got acquainted with the organization of military affairs in the West during a recent trip. And he conducted the preparation in accordance with his thorough and unhurried character. Even the visits of the tsar himself (in August and October), who were eager to resume hostilities as soon as possible, could not significantly speed up the events. Sheremetev, constantly pushed by Peter, began to make his devastating campaigns in Livonia and Estonia from Pskov. In these battles, the Russian army was tempered and accumulated invaluable military experience.

The appearance in Estland and Livonia in the autumn of 1701, 9 months after Narva, of fairly large Russian military formations by the high Swedish military command was perceived with some skepticism - in any case, such a reaction was noted by the supreme commander in chief, King Charles XII. The local Livonian commanders immediately sounded the alarm and tried to convey it to the king, but they had no success in this. The king made it clear that Livonia had to manage with the forces that he left them. The raids of the Russian detachments of Sheremetev in September 1701 were so far seemingly episodic and, at first glance, did not pose a great threat to the integrity of the kingdom.

The battles near Räpina Manor and Rõuge were only a test of strength for the Russians, a serious threat to the Swedes in this region lurked in the future. The Russians were convinced that “the Swede is not as terrible as he is painted”, and that under certain conditions it will be possible to win over him. It seems that Peter's headquarters realized that Karl had given up on Livonia and Ingermanland and left them to their own fate. It was decided to use these provinces both as a kind of training ground for gaining combat experience and as an object for achieving the main strategic goal - access to the Baltic coast. If this strategic goal was unraveled by the Swedes, then they did not take adequate measures to counter it.

Peter, pleased with the actions of the field marshal in the Baltic states, wrote to Apraksin:

Boris Petrovich stayed in Livonia fairly well.

This passivity untied the hands of the Russian army and made it possible to open new theaters of military operations that were inconvenient for the enemy, as well as to seize the strategic initiative in the war. fighting Russians with the Swedes until 1707 were of a strange nature: the opponents, as it were, stepped on each other's tail, but did not enter into a decisive battle between themselves. Charles XII with the main forces was chasing Augustus II all over Poland at that time, and the Russian army, having grown stronger and on its feet from the devastation of the Baltic provinces, proceeded to conquer them, recapturing cities one by one and step by step imperceptibly approaching the achievement of its main goal - access to the Gulf of Finland.

It is in this vein that all subsequent battles in this area, including the battle of Erastfer, should be considered.

In December 1701, cavalry general B. Sheremetev, having waited for the reinforcements to arrive and the concentration of all troops into one fist, decided to inflict a new sudden blow on the Livonian field army, Major General V.A. von Schlippenbach, located in winter quarters. The calculation was based on the fact that the Swedes will be busy celebrating Christmas. At the end of December, the impressive corps of Sheremetev, numbering 18,838 people with 20 guns (1 mortar, 3 howitzers, 16 guns), set out from Pskov on a campaign. Sheremetev used about 2,000 sleds to transfer troops across Lake Peipus. This time Sheremetev did not act blindly, but had intelligence about the forces and deployment of Schlippenbach's units: spies from Dorpat told him about this in Pskov. According to the information received, the main forces of the Swedes were stationed in this city and its environs.

The commander of the Livland field corps, Major General Schlippenbach, against whom the Russian actions were directed, had about 5,000 regular and 3,000 irregular troops scattered over posts and garrisons from Narva to Lake Luban. Due to the inexplicable either carelessness or indiscretion of Schlippenbach, the Swedes learned too late about the movement of large enemy forces. Only on December 28/29, the movement of Russian troops at the Larf manor was noticed by patrols of the Landmilitia battalion. As in previous operations, the element of tactical surprise for Sheremetev's corps was lost, but on the whole his strategic plan was a success.

Schlippenbach, having finally received reliable news about the Russian movement, was forced to give them a decisive battle. Taking with him 4 infantry battalions, 3 cavalry regiments, 2 dragoon regiments and 6 3-pounder guns, he moved towards Sheremetev. So on January 1, 1702, a counter battle began at Erastfer, the first hours of which were unsuccessful for Sheremetev's troops. Encounter combat is generally a complex matter, and for the not fully trained Russian soldiers and officers, it turned out to be doubly difficult. During the battle, confusion and uncertainty arose, and the Russian column had to retreat.

It is difficult to say how this Sheremetev operation would have ended if the artillery had not arrived in time. Under the cover of artillery fire, the Russians recovered, again lined up in battle formation and decisively attacked the Swedes. A stubborn four-hour battle ensued. The Swedish commander was about to retreat behind the positions fortified with a palisade near the Erastfer manor, but Sheremetev guessed the enemy’s plan and ordered to attack the Swedes in the flank. Russian artillery, mounted on a sledge, began to fire at the Swedes with grapeshot. As soon as the Swedish infantry began to retreat, the Russians overturned the enemy squadrons with a swift attack. The Swedish cavalry, despite the attempts of some officers to put it in combat formation, fled in a panic from the battlefield, overturning its own infantry. The ensuing darkness and fatigue of the troops forced the Russian command to stop the pursuit; only a detachment of Cossacks continued to chase the retreating Swedish troops.

Sheremetev did not dare to pursue the retreating enemy and returned back to Pskov, justifying himself to the tsar by the fatigue of his horses and deep snow. So the Russian troops won their first major victory in the Northern War. Of the 3000-3800 Swedes who participated in the battle, 1000-1400 people were killed, 700-900 people. fled and deserted and 134 people. were taken prisoner. The Russians, in addition, captured 6 cannons. The losses of Sheremetev's troops, according to a number of historians, range from 400 to 1000 people. E. Tarle gives the number 1000.

This victory brought Sheremetev the rank of Field Marshal and the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. The soldiers of his corps received a silver ruble each. The significance of the Erastfer victory was difficult to overestimate. The Russian army demonstrated its ability to smash a formidable enemy in the field, albeit with superior forces.

The Russian army was ready to take decisive action in a new campaign on the territory of Estonia and Livonia only by the beginning of July 1702. With approximately 24,000 dragoons and soldiers, Sheremetev finally crossed the Russian-Swedish border on July 13.

On July 18/19, Sheremetev's corps met with the Swedes in the battle of Hummelshof. The Swedes were the first to start the battle. The Swedish cavalry unleashed a blow on 3 regiments of Russian dragoons. The Swedish artillery provided effective assistance to the cavalry. Russian units began to retreat. At this time, the Swedish cavalrymen, sent to eliminate the alleged flank coverage, themselves entered the rear and flanks of the Russian cavalry and attacked it. The situation for the Russians was critical, the Swedish cavalry captured 6 cannons and almost the entire convoy from us. The situation was saved by the dragoons. They delayed the onslaught of the enemy and fought desperately at the bridge over the river. At the most critical moment, 2 more dragoon regiments (about 1300 people) from Sheremetev's main forces came to their aid, and this decided the outcome of the battle. Schlippenbach could have broken the enemy in parts, but missed the opportunity to send infantry and cannons to the aid of his cavalry.

Soon military happiness, it seemed, again began to lean in favor of the Swedes. They were also approached by two battalions, which directly from the march entered the battle. But they failed to turn the tide of battle in their favor. Its outcome was decided with the approach to the battlefield of the main forces of the Russian corps.

After effective artillery preparation, which upset the ranks of the Swedish cavalry, the Russian troops launched a general offensive. The front of the Swedish cavalry collapsed. Its advanced units turned into a stampede, crushed their infantry and rushed to flee along the road to Pernau. The attempts of individual small detachments of infantry and cavalry to hold back the onslaught of the Russian troops were broken. Most of the infantry also fled from the battlefield and took refuge in the surrounding forests and swamps.

As a result, the Swedes suffered a heavy defeat. The ratio of forces in the battle was 3.6:1 in favor of the Russians. About 18 thousand people took part in the battle from our side, and about 5 thousand people from the Swedes.

O. Sjögren believes that up to 2 thousand Swedish soldiers fell on the battlefield, but this figure seems to be underestimated. Russian contemporary sources estimate enemy losses at 2400 killed, 1200 deserters, 315 prisoners, 16 cannons and 16 banners. The losses of Russian troops are estimated at 1000-1500 people killed and wounded.

After Gummelshof, Sheremetev became the practical master of all southern Livonia, but Peter I considered securing these lands for himself premature - he still did not want to quarrel with Augustus II. According to an agreement with him, Livonia, after recapturing it from the Swedes, was to go to Poland.

After Gummelshof, Sheremetev's corps made a series of devastating raids on the Baltic cities. Karkus, Helmet, Smilten, Wolmar, Wesenberg were devastated. We also went to the city of Marienburg, where the commandant Tillo von Tillau surrendered the city to the mercy of Sheremetev. But not all Swedes approved of this idea: when the Russians entered the city, artillery captain Wolf and his comrades blew up a powder warehouse, and many Russians died with them under the rubble of buildings. Angry for this, Sheremetev did not release any of the surviving Swedes, and ordered all the inhabitants to be taken prisoner.

The Russian army and Russia as a whole, during the march to Marienburg, was enriched by another unusual acquisition. Colonel R.Kh. Bauer (Bour) (according to Kostomarov, Colonel Balck) looked after a pretty concubine for himself there - a 16-year-old Latvian, Pastor Gluck's servant, and took her with him to Pskov. In Pskov, Field Marshal Sheremetev himself laid eyes on Marta Skavronskaya, and Marta obediently served him. Then Menshikov saw her, and after him - Tsar Peter himself. The matter ended, as you know, with the fact that Marta Skavronskaya became the wife of the Tsar and Empress of Russia Catherine I.

After Hummelshof, Boris Petrovich commanded the troops during the capture of Noteburg (1702) and Nienschantz (1703), and in the summer of 1704 he unsuccessfully besieged Dorpat, for which he again fell into disgrace.

In June 1705, Peter arrived in Polotsk and, at a military council on the 15th, instructed Sheremetev to lead another campaign against Lewenhaupt in Courland. The latter sat as a big thorn in the eyes of the Russians and constantly attracted their attention. Peter’s instructions to Field Marshal Sheremetev said: “Go on this easy campaign (so that there is not a single footman) and, with the help of God, search for the enemy, namely General Levenhaupt. All the power of this campaign lies in cutting him off from Riga.

At the beginning of July 1705, the Russian corps (3 infantry, 9 dragoon regiments, a separate dragoon squadron, 2,500 Cossacks and 16 guns) set off on a campaign from Druya. Enemy intelligence worked so poorly that Count Lewenhaupt had to be content with numerous rumors, and not real data. Initially, the Swedish commander estimated the enemy forces at 30 thousand people (Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt berättelse. Karolinska krigare berättar. Stockholm. 1987).

The Courland Caroline Corps, stationed near Riga, consisted of about 7 thousand infantry and cavalry with 17 guns. Under such conditions, it was very difficult for the count to act. However, the Russians left him no choice. The king's instructions were unequivocal. Sheremetev was supposed to lock up Lewenhaupt's corps in Courland. The task is more than serious.

In anticipation of the enemy, the count retreated to Gemauerthof, where he took up advantageous positions. The front of the Swedish position was covered by a deep stream, the right flank ran into a swamp, and the left flank into a dense forest. Lewenhaupt's corps was significantly superior in its qualities to Schlippenbach's Livonian field army.

The military council convened on July 15, 1705 by Sheremetev decided to attack the enemy, but not head-on, but using military cunning, simulating a retreat during the attack, in order to lure the enemy out of the camp and hit him from the flank with cavalry hidden in the forest. Due to the uncoordinated and spontaneous actions of the Russian commanders, the first stage of the battle was lost, and the Russian cavalry began to retreat in disarray. The Swedes vigorously pursued her. However, their previously covered flanks were exposed. At this stage of the battle, the Russians showed steadfastness and a bold maneuver. With the onset of darkness, the battle ceased, and Sheremetev retreated.

Charles XII was extremely pleased with the victory of his troops. On August 10, 1705, Count Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. At the same time, Sheremetev was keenly experiencing failure. It took the consolation of Tsar Peter himself, who noted that military happiness is changeable. However, this Swedish success did little to change the balance of power in the Baltics. Soon Russian troops took two strong Courland fortresses Mitava and Bausk. The weakened corps of Lewenhaupt at that time sat out behind the walls of Riga, not daring to go into the field. Thus, even the defeat brought great benefits to Russian weapons. At the same time, Gemauerthof showed that the Russian military leaders still had a lot of work to do - most dangerously, to train the cavalry and work out coherence between the military branches.

From this time, the decline of Sheremetev's career will begin. In 1708, he will be declared one of the culprits for the defeat of the Russian army in the battle of Golovchino. In the victorious battle of Poltava (1709), Boris Petrovich will be the nominal commander in chief. Even after the Poltava triumph, when awards poured generously on most of the generals, he had to be content with a very modest award, more like a formal go-ahead - a run-down village with a downright symbolic name Black Dirt.

At the same time, it cannot be said that Peter began to treat the field marshal very badly. It suffices to recall one example. In 1712, upon reaching his 60th birthday, Boris Petrovich fell into another depression, lost his taste for life and decided to retire from the worldly bustle to a monastery in order to spend the rest of his days there in complete peace. He even chose a monastery - the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Peter, having learned about the dream, became angry, advising his comrade-in-arms to "throw the nonsense out of your head." And, to make it easier for him to do this, he ordered to marry immediately. And without delaying the matter, he immediately personally looked for a bride - the 26-year-old widow of his own uncle, Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin.

Some modern researchers, evaluating the real achievements of Sheremetev from the point of view of European military art, agree with the tsar, giving the field marshal a not very flattering mark. For example, Alexander Zaozersky, the author of the most detailed monograph on the life and work of Boris Petrovich, expressed the following opinion: “... Was he, however, a brilliant commander? His successes on the battlefields hardly make it possible to answer this question in the affirmative. Of course, under his leadership, Russian troops more than once won victories over the Tatars and over the Swedes. But you can name more than one case when the field marshal suffered defeat. In addition, successful battles took place with the preponderance of his forces over the enemy; therefore, they cannot be a reliable indicator of the degree of his art or talent ... "

But in the people's memory, Sheremetev forever remained one of the main heroes of that era. Soldiers' songs can serve as evidence, where he appears only as a positive character. This fact was probably influenced by the fact that the commander always took care of the needs of ordinary subordinates, thereby favorably differing from most other generals.

At the same time, Boris Petrovich got along well with foreigners. Suffice it to recall that one of his best friends was the Scot Jacob Bruce. Therefore, the Europeans who left written evidence about Russia of the time of Peter the Great, as a rule, they speak well of the boyar and classify him among the most prominent royal nobles. For example, the Englishman Whitworth believed that "Sheremetev is the most polite person in the country and the most cultured" (although the same Whitworth did not highly appreciate the boyar's military leadership: "... Greatest sorrow king - lack of good generals. Field Marshal Sheremetev is a man who undoubtedly has personal courage, who happily completed the expedition entrusted to him against the Tatars, who is extremely beloved on his estates and by ordinary soldiers, but still has not dealt with a regular enemy army ... "). The Austrian Korb noted: "He traveled a lot, was therefore more educated than others, dressed in German and wore a Maltese cross on his chest." With great sympathy, even the enemy, the Swede Erenmalm, spoke of Boris Petrovich with great sympathy: “In infantry, Field Marshal Sheremetev, from an ancient noble family, tall, with soft features and in all respects similar to a big general. He is somewhat fat, with a pale face and blue eyes, wears blond wigs, and both in clothes and in carriages he is the same as any foreign officer ... "

But in the second half of the war, when Peter nevertheless put together a strong conglomerate of European and his own young generals, he began to trust the field marshal less and less to command even small corps in the main theaters of operations. Therefore, all the main events of 1712-1714. - the struggle for northern Germany and the conquest of Finland - did without Sheremetev. And in 1717 he fell ill and had to ask for a long vacation.

From Sheremetev's will:

take my sinful body and bury it in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery or where the will of His Majesty will take place.

Boris Petrovich never returned to the army. He was ill for two years, and died, never having lived to win. The departure from the life of the commander finally finally reconciled the king with him. Nikolai Pavlenko, one of the most thorough researchers of the Petrine era, wrote the following on this occasion: “The new capital lacked its own pantheon. Peter decided to create it. The grave of the field marshal was supposed to open the burial of noble people in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. At the behest of Peter Sheremetev's body was delivered to St. Petersburg and solemnly buried. The death of Boris Petrovich and his funeral are as symbolic as the whole life of the field marshal. He died in the old capital, and is buried in the new one. In his life, the old and the new also intertwined, creating a portrait of a figure in the period of transition from Muscovite Russia to the Europeanized Russian Empire.

BESPALOV A.V., Doctor of History, Professor

Sources and literature

Bantysh-Kamensky D.N. 3rd Field Marshal Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev. Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. In 4 parts. Reprint reproduction of the 1840 edition. Part 1–2. M., 1991

Barsukov A.P. The Sheremetev family. Book. 1-8. St. Petersburg, 1881-1904

Bespalov A.V. Battles of the Northern War (1700-1721). M., 2005

Bespalov A.V. Battles and sieges of the Great Northern War (1700-1721). M., 2010

Military travel journal of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev. Materials of the military-scientific archive of the General Staff. vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 1871

Zaozersky A.I. Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev. M., 1989

History of the Russian State: Biographies. XVIII century. M., 1996

History of the Northern War 1700-1721. Rep. ed. I.I. Rostunov. M., 1987

Myshlaevsky A.Z. Field Marshal Count B.P. Sheremetev: Military travel journal of 1711 and 1712. SPb.: Voen.-uchen. set Ch. headquarters, 1898

Maslovsky D. North War. Documents 1705-1708. SPb., 1892

Pavlenko N.I. Chicks of Petrov's nest: [B. P. Sheremetev, P. A. Tolstoy, A. V. Makarov]. 2nd ed. M., 1988

Letters of Peter the Great, written to General Field Marshal ... Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev. M. Imp. university, 1774

"Russian Biographical Dictionary". vol. 23. St. Petersburg: Imp. ist. Society, 1911

Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great. v. 1-9. St. Petersburg, 1887-1950

Northern War 1700-1721 Collection of documents. v. 1., IRI RAN. 2009

Soviet historical encyclopedia. 1976. v. 16

Internet

Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich

Field Marshal General (1828-1901) Hero of Shipka and Plevna, Liberator of Bulgaria (a street in Sofia was named after him, a monument was erected). In 1877 he commanded the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. To quickly capture some of the passes through the Balkans, Gurko led an advance detachment, composed of four cavalry regiments, an infantry brigade and a newly formed Bulgarian militia, with two batteries of horse artillery. Gurko completed his task quickly and boldly, won a series of victories over the Turks, ending with the capture of Kazanlak and Shipka. During the struggle for Plevna, Gurko, at the head of the troops of the guard and cavalry of the western detachment, defeated the Turks near Gorny Dubnyak and Telish, then again went to the Balkans, occupied Entropol and Orkhanie, and after the fall of Plevna, reinforced by the IX Corps and the 3rd Guards Infantry Division , despite the terrible cold, he crossed the Balkan Range, took Philippopolis and occupied Adrianople, opening the way to Constantinople. At the end of the war, he commanded military districts, was a governor-general, and a member of the state council. Buried in Tver (settlement Sakharovo)

Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich

Commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army in the years civil war. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations Civil war to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

Outstanding Russian commander. He successfully defended the interests of Russia both from external aggression and outside the country.

Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich

Surprisingly, a Russian general who did not speak Russian, who made up the glory of Russian weapons at the beginning of the 19th century.

He made a significant contribution to the suppression of the Polish uprising.

Commander-in-Chief in the Battle of Tarutino.

He made a significant contribution to the campaign of 1813 (Dresden and Leipzig).

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

If someone has not heard, write to no avail

Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich

Known mainly as one of the secondary characters in the story "Hadji Murad" by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the middle of the 19th century.

Having shown himself excellently during the Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign Crimean War Loris-Melikov led reconnaissance, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, having won a number of important victories over the united Turkish troops and for the third time captured Kars, which by that time was considered impregnable.

Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich

Adjutant general, cavalry general, adjutant general... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: "For courage"... In 1849, Ridiger participated in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the borders of the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of the Russian troops near Vilyaghosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the fortress of Arad. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops located in Hungary and Transylvania ... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all the troops located in the area of ​​​​the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as the Warsaw military governor.

Alexander Davydov

Commandant of Port Arthur during his heroic defense. The unprecedented ratio of losses of Russian and Japanese troops before the surrender of the fortress is 1:10.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

The Greatest Commander and Diplomat!!! Who utterly defeated the troops of the "first European Union" !!!

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich

Gathered and coordinated a team of talented military leaders

Paskevich Ivan Fyodorovich

Hero of Borodin, Leipzig, Paris (division commander)
As commander in chief, he won 4 companies (Russian-Persian 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish 1828-1829, Polish 1830-1831, Hungarian 1849).
Knight of the Order of St. George 1st class - for the capture of Warsaw (according to the statute, the order was awarded either for saving the fatherland or for taking the enemy capital).
Field Marshal.

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Creator of the modern Airborne Forces. When for the first time the BMD parachuted with the crew, the commander in it was his son. In my opinion, this fact speaks of such a remarkable person as V.F. Margelov, everyone. About his devotion Airborne Troops!

Prince Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

The most remarkable of the Russian princes of the pre-Tatar period of our history, who left behind great fame and a good memory.

Golovanov Alexander Evgenievich

He is the creator of the Soviet long-range aviation (ADD).
Units under the command of Golovanov bombed Berlin, Koenigsberg, Danzig and other cities in Germany, attacked important strategic targets behind enemy lines.

Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich

Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (September 18 (30), 1895 - December 5, 1977) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Chief of the General Staff, member of the Stavka Supreme High Command. During the years of the Great Patriotic War in the position of chief General Staff(1942-1945) took an active part in the development and implementation of almost all major operations on the Soviet-German front. From February 1945 he commanded the 3rd Belorussian Front, led the assault on Königsberg. In 1945, he was commander-in-chief of the Soviet troops in the Far East in the war with Japan. One of the greatest commanders of World War II.
In 1949-1953 - Minister of the Armed Forces and Minister of War of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), holder of two Orders of Victory (1944, 1945).

Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich

Marshal of the Soviet Union. From June 1942 he commanded the troops of the Leningrad Front, in February-March 1945 he simultaneously coordinated the actions of the 2nd and 3rd Baltic fronts. He played a big role in the defense of Leningrad and the breakthrough of its blockade. Awarded the Order of Victory. The generally recognized master of the combat use of artillery.

Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin

Major General F.I. Tolbukhin proved himself during the Battle of Stalingrad, commanding the 57th Army. The second "Stalingrad" for the Germans was the Iasi-Kishinev operation, in which he commanded the 2nd Ukrainian Front.
One of the galaxy of commanders who were brought up and nominated by I.V. Stalin.
The great merit of Marshal of the Soviet Union Tolbukhin is in the liberation of the countries of South-Eastern Europe.

Veide Adam Adamovich(1667-1720) - Russian commander, infantry general. From the family of a foreign colonel who served the Russian tsars. Service began in the "amusing" troops of Peter l. Member of the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Training in military affairs on the orders of Peter took place in Austria, England and France. In 1698, he compiled the "Military Charter", which / provided for and strictly described the duties of the military officials. Participated in the drafting of the "Military Regulations" of 1716. During the Northern War, he commanded a division at Narva (1700), where he was taken prisoner and stayed there until 1710. He also commanded a division in the Prut campaign. Participated in expeditions of the Russian army to Finland, Pomerania, Mecklenburg. Particularly distinguished himself in the Gangut naval battle. From 1717 - President of the Military Collegium.

Greig Samuil Karlovich(1736-1788) - military leader, admiral (1782). Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy

Sciences (1783). A native of Scotland. He served as a volunteer in the English Navy. In Russia since 1764. He was accepted into the service as a captain of the 1st rank. He commanded a number of warships of the Baltic Fleet. During the Mediterranean expedition of the squadron of Admiral G. A. Spiridov, he was an adviser on maritime affairs to A. G. Orlov. In the Battle of Chesme, he commanded a detachment that destroyed the Turkish fleet, for which he was awarded the hereditary nobility. In 1773-1774. commanded a new squadron sent from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea. In May 1775, he delivered Princess Tarakanova, captured by A. G. Orlov, to St. Petersburg. Since 1777 - the head of the naval division. In 1788 he was appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet. Defeated the Swedes in Gogland naval battle. He made a great contribution to the rearmament of the Russian fleet, the reconstruction of ports and naval bases.

Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich(1741-1820) - military leader, field marshal general (1807), count (1797). He began his service as an ensign in 1759. Then - the adjutant wing of P.I. Shuvalov, adjutant general of Uncle Peter III - Prince George of Holstein. With the coming to power of Catherine II, he was arrested, but soon released / From 1763 - commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. distinguished himself in battles near Khotyn (1769), at Larga (1770), Cahul (1770). In November 1770, the troops led by him occupied Bucharest. From 1774 he commanded a division in Ukraine. Then he was Ryazan and Tambov governor-general, inspector-general (1787-1796). In November 1790 he was appointed commander of the Kuban corps and head of the Caucasian line. At the head of a 7,000-strong detachment, he occupied Anapa (June 22, 1791). He achieved the accession to Russia of the territory of Dagestan. In 1796 retired. After the accession to the throne of Paul I, he was returned and appointed commander of the troops in Persia. Since 1798 - Kyiv, then Podolsk Governor-General. In 1799 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Rhine Army. In 1800, for criticizing the military reform of Paul I, he was dismissed. In 1806, Mr.. again returned to service and was appointed commander in chief of troops in Georgia and Dagestan. From 1809 - Commander-in-Chief in Moscow, member of the Indispensable (since 1810 - State) Council, senator. Since 1812 - retired.

Panin Petr Ivanovich(1721-1789) - military commander, general-in-chief, brother of N.I. Panin. During the Seven Years' War, he commanded large formations of the Russian army, proving himself to be a capable military leader. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd army, stormed the fortress of Vendora. In 1770, he resigned, becoming one of the leaders of the palace opposition. In July 1774, despite the negative attitude of Catherine II, he was appointed commander of the troops aimed at suppressing the Pugachev uprising.

Repnin Anikita Ivanovich(1668-1726) - military figure, field marshal general (1725). One of Peter's companions!. From 1685 - lieutenant of "amusing" troops. Since 1699 - major general. Member of the Azov campaigns. He took part in the creation of a regular Russian army in 1699-1700. In 1708 he was defeated, for which he was demoted, but in the same year he was restored to the rank of general. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the central section of the Russian army. In 1709-1710. led the siege and capture of Riga. From 1710 - Governor-General of Livonia, from January 1724 - President of the Military Collegium.

Repnin Nikolay Vasilievich(1734-1801) - military figure and diplomat, field marshal general (1796). Served as an officer since 1749. Member of the Seven Years' War. In 1762-1763. ambassador to Prussia, then to Poland (1763-1768). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded a separate corps. In 1770, he stormed the fortresses of Izmail and Kiliya, participated in the development of the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace. In 1775-1776. ambassador to Turkey. In 1791, during the absence of G. A. Potemkin, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the war with Turkey. Governor-General of Smolensk (1777-1778), Pskov (1781), Riga and Revel (1792), Lithuanian (1794-1796). In 1798 he was dismissed.

Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich(1725-1796) - an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general (1770), count (1744). Enlisted in the guard at the age of six, from the age of 15 he served in the army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1743 he was sent by his father to St. Petersburg with the text of the Abo peace treaty, for which he was immediately promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. Then, together with his father, he was awarded the title of count. During the Seven Years' War, commanding a brigade and a division, he distinguished himself near Gross-Jegersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). Since 1761 - general-in-chief. After the overthrow of Peter III - in disgrace. Since 1764 under the patronage of the Orlovs, he was appointed president of the Little Russian Collegium and governor-general of Little Russia (remained in this position until his death). In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army, and then the 1st Army. In the summer of 1770, within one month, he won three outstanding victories over the Turks: at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. From 1771 to 1774 he acted at the head of the army in Bulgaria, forcing the Turks to make peace with Russia. In 1775 he was given the honorary title Zadunaisky. Under Potemkin, Rumyantsev's position at court and in the army weakened somewhat. In 1787-1791. commanded the 2nd Army. In 1794 he was appointed commander in chief of the army in Poland. An outstanding military theorist - "Instructions" (1761), "Rite of Service" (1770), "Thoughts" (1777).

Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich(1736-1816) - military and statesman, field marshal general (1796), prince (1814). He began his military service in 1748. Member of the Seven Years' War. Since 1762 - major general. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. (in the capture of Khotin in 1769, etc.). Since 1773 - general-in-chief, vice-president of the Military Collegium and trustee of the heir Pavel Petrovich. From 1783 he was the chief educator of the Grand Dukes Konstantin and Alexander. From 1788 - and. about. President of the Military College. Since 1790 - Count. In 1796-1802. - President of the Military College. In 1807 - the head of the militia. In 1812-1816. - Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.

Saltykov Petr Semenovich(1696-1772) - military figure, field marshal general (1759), count (1733). Military training began under Peter I, who sent him to France, where he remained until the 1930s. Since 1734 - major general. Participated in hostilities in Poland (1734) and against Sweden (1741-1743). Since 1754 - general-in-chief. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, he commanded landmilitia regiments in Ukraine. In 1759 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army and proved to be an outstanding commander, having won victories over the Prussian troops near Kunersdorf and Palzig. In 1760 he was removed from command. In 1764 he was appointed governor-general of Moscow. After the "plague riot" he was dismissed.

Spiridov Grigory Andreevich(1713-1790) - military leader, admiral (1769). From an officer's family. In the Navy since 1723. Sailed on the Caspian, Azov, White and Baltic Seas. Since 1741 - the commander of the battleship. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739, the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1762 - Rear Admiral. Since 1764 - the chief commander of the Revel, and since 1766 - the Kronstadt port. Since 1769 - the commander of the squadron, which made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea. He successfully led the fleet in the battle in the Strait of Chios (1770) and in the Battle of Chesma (1770). In 1771-1773. commanded the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean. He made a great contribution to the development of Russian naval art.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729-1800) - an outstanding Russian commander. Generalissimo (1799). Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). In 1742, he was enrolled in the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment. He began his service in it as a corporal in 1748. In 1760-1761. in the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was an officer of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief V.V. Fermor. In 1761 participated in the fighting against the Prussian corps near Kolberg. In 1770 he was promoted to major general. Since 1773 - on the Russian-Turkish front, where he won the first victory at Turtukay, and then at Girsovo. In June 1774, he put to flight the 40,000th army of the Turks at Kozludzha, having only 18 thousand people. In the same year he was sent to the Urals to suppress the Pugachev uprising. In 1778-1784. commanded the Kuban and Crimean corps, and then prepared an expedition against Persia. During the war with the Turks of 1787-1791. in the rank of general-in-chief he was appointed commander of the corps. In 1787, he defeated the Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit, and then defeated the Turks at Focsani and Rymnik. In 1790, he took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm. From 1791 - commander of troops in Finland, in 1792-1794. - in Ukraine. Participated in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1794, and then (1795-1796) commanded troops in Poland and Ukraine. There he compiled his main military book, The Science of Victory, in which he formulated the essence of the tactics he used as a well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. In February 1797 he was dismissed and exiled to the Konchanskoye estate. However, soon, at the request of Russia's allies in the 2nd anti-French coalition, he was appointed commander of the allied forces in Italy, where, through his efforts, the entire territory of the country was liberated from the French in just six months. After the Italian campaign. in the same 1799, he undertook the most difficult campaign in Switzerland, for which he was awarded the rank of generalissimo. Soon he was dismissed again. Died in exile.

Rules of War by D. V. Suvorov

1. Act only offensively. 2. In a campaign - speed, in an attack - swiftness; steel arms. 3. Methodism is not needed, but a correct military outlook. 4. Full power to the commander in chief. 5. Beat and attack the enemy in the field. 6. Don't waste time in sieges; maybe some Mainz, like a storage point. - Sometimes an observation corps, a blockade, and best of all, an open assault. - There is less loss. 7. Never split forces to occupy points. Bypassed the enemy - so much the better: he goes to defeat ... End of 1798-1799 Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich(1744-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral (1799) .. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1766. He served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 he was assigned to the Don Flotilla. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded the battleship St. Paul. In 1788 the vanguard of the Black Sea squadron led by him played a decisive role in the victory over Turkish fleet at about. Fidonisi. From 1789 - Rear Admiral. From 1790 - Commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He won major victories over the Turks in the Kerch naval battle (1790), near about. Tendra (1790), near Cape Kaliakria (1791). Since 1793 - Vice Admiral. He led the campaign of the military squadron in 1798-1800. to the Mediterranean. In 1799, he stormed the fortress on about. Corfu. During the Italian campaign of Suvorov (1799) he contributed to the expulsion of the French from southern Italy, blockading their bases in Ancona and Genoa, commanding landing forces that distinguished themselves in Naples and Rome. The squadron was withdrawn at the request of the Allies in 1800. Since 1807 - retired.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov had a difficult fate, with ups and downs and the highest opals. On the path of a warrior to its peak, he walked for a long time, with great difficulty, having gone through more than one war. The talent of a military leader was especially brightly revealed at the end of his life, in the “thunderstorm of the 12th year”, when he happened to become not just a worthy rival of the French Emperor Napoleon, but his winner.
The commander could be proud of his pedigree, rooted in the distant XIII century. For centuries, the Kutuzov family served the Fatherland. His father was I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who began his army service as a military engineer and ended it as a senator and lieutenant general engineering troops. He received from his contemporaries for his mind and education the nickname Reasonable Book. Mikhail was born in St. Petersburg on September 5, 1747. In 1761, 14-year-old Mikhailo Kutuzov, having "approximately" mastered the full curriculum, received the first officer rank of ensign engineer. At the age of 15 he is promoted to captain and appointed as a company commander in Astrakhan infantry regiment, whose commander was 32-year-old A.V. Suvorov. Baptism of fire 16-year-old infantry captain Kutuzov received in 1764 in Poland, where he went as a volunteer.
In the ranks of the army commander P.A. Rumyantsev, a 22-year-old officer distinguished himself in the battles at the Ryaba Mogila, on the Larga and Kagul rivers in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. It was then that his undoubted commanding qualities appeared: courage and determination, resourcefulness and initiative, composure in critical situations of battle. The young officer demonstrated an enviable ability to deal with the soldiers, who earned fame for Russian weapons with their blood: he was able to lead people in battle.
At the end of the war, Lieutenant Colonel M.I. Kutuzov takes part in the reflection of the Turkish landing in the Crimea, near Alushta. In a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) he received a severe through wound in the head. Doctors considered the wound fatal, but the wounded man survived. In 1774 he was awarded the first Order of St. George the Victorious, 4th class. Then Empress Catherine II, experienced in people, said: “It is necessary to take care of Kutuzov. He will be a great general for me.”
At the age of 30, M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the regiment. In this position, he showed himself brilliantly: he thoughtfully arranged officer cadres, correctly selected his closest assistants. He knew how to encourage zealous servants, treated negligent people strictly, up to their expulsion from the regimental staff. The regiment became one of the exemplary, and in 1782 its commander received the rank of brigadier.
In 1785, Major General M.I. Kutuzov is entrusted with the formation of the Bug Chasseur Corps. He quickly carried out "combat knocking together" in the spirit of Suvorov's "Science of Victory". He personally selected people, taught young soldiers who came from musketeer regiments, and recruits in marksmanship, skillful use of bayonet fighting, taught not to get lost in hand-to-hand combat, to easily navigate and move in the forest, field, mountains, summer and winter. He instilled the ability to act independently in loose formation.
The formation of M.I. Kutuzov as a military leader took place during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. The Bug Jaeger Corps takes part in the siege of the Ochakov fortress, Kutuzov receives a second through-the-hole bullet wound in the head, loses his right eye. The award for his courage was the Order of St. Anne immediately of the highest, 1st degree. In 1790 he took part in the assault on the Izmail fortress. Commands the sixth assault column that attacked the New Fortress. After the victorious attack A.V. Suvorov appoints a major general as commandant of Ishmael. For his valor during his assault, Mikhail Illarionovich was immediately awarded promotion and a military award - the rank of lieutenant general and the Order of St. George 3rd class. In 1791, he was awarded the Order of St. George the Victorious, 2nd class, for his distinction in the battle of Machinsky. It was already recognized by all the award of the commander's rank.
In 1792 Lieutenant General M.I. Kutuzov was sent as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Turkey, where he proved himself not only a great diplomat, but also a brilliant military intelligence officer. “As a statesman, he brought such great benefits to Russia in the field of military policy, which even the bright glory of the commander does not and should not overshadow,” said one of his contemporaries.
Upon returning to Russia, M.I. Kutuzov in 1794 was appointed chief director of the land gentry (cadet) corps: many of his pupils would become participants in the Patriotic War of 1812, famous military leaders.
Paul I, who became emperor in 1796, sends Kutuzov on a diplomatic mission to Berlin, the capital of Prussia, and promotes him to the generals of the infantry. After M.I. Kutuzov takes command of the Finnish Inspectorate and begins to prepare its troops in case of war against Sweden. The awards of the orders of John of Jerusalem and St. Andrew the First-Called follow. In 1799 M.I. Kutuzov is appointed Lithuanian military governor.
In May 1800, in Volyn, Mikhail Illarionovich began the formation of an army, one of two that were intended for operations against France. Commands troops on large maneuvers near Gatchina. On the western border of M.I. Kutuzov is subordinate to the troops of the Ukrainian, Brest and Dniester inspections.
NEW Emperor Alexander I appoints General of Infantry M.I. Kutuzov as military governor of St. Petersburg. But soon the monarch, dissatisfied with the actions of the city police, removes him from office. The fall lasted three years.
In 1805, the Russian-Austrian-French war began: the imperial aspirations of Napoleon Bonaparte could not but meet with opposition from the leading powers of Europe. Experienced General M.I. Kutuzov was appointed commander of the Podolsk army, which was ordered to be the first to come to the aid of the allies and enter into direct subordination to the emperor of Austria.
However, self-confident Austrians started the war without waiting for the approach of the allies. Decisively acting Napoleon at Ulm forced the army of General K. Mack to capitulate. Napoleon's strategy was to achieve major political goals by conducting lightning campaigns and campaigns, concentrating the main efforts to defeat the enemy in one or two pitched battles. This strategy then ensured victory for the Napoleonic army over the armies of Western European states.
So, the 32,000th Podolsk army (with the remnants of the Austrian troops - 50,000) was alone against more than 200,000 French army. Napoleon launched a new offensive. M.I. Kutuzov, having unraveled his plan, began to retreat, not linking himself to the defense of Vienna. He sought to wear down the enemy, after which he himself had to move on to active operations on the left bank of the Danube.
Near Krems on November 11, Napoleon first met a worthy opponent, calling the lost battle "a massacre." French losses more than doubled those of the Russians.
Soon the Austrians give Vienna to the French without a fight. The threat of encirclement looms over the Podolsk army. The army, hiding behind the rearguard detachment of Major General P.I. Bagration, begins to withdraw. At Schöngraben, a stubborn battle takes place, in which the French failed to gain the upper hand.
All Napoleon's plans to encircle and destroy the Kutuzov army are collapsing. Subsequently, A.P. Yermolov, the hero of the anti-Napoleonic wars, will say: "This retreat is rightly placed among the famous military events of the present time."
Skillfully breaking away from the pursuers, the Podolsk army at Olmutz connects with reinforcements. At the military council M.I. Kutuzov reasonably spoke out in favor of a further withdrawal to Moravia to gather forces. The Austrian generals opposed, supported by the emperors Alexander I and Franz I. The combined army, led by two monarchs, moved to Austerlitz, where Napoleon was already waiting for her.
On December 2, 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place, after which M.I. Kutuzov was actually removed from the main command, and the allied army was defeated.
Austria signed a humiliating peace with France. The royal court placed all responsibility for the defeat in the battle of Austerlitz on the commander, deprived of power.
On the battlefield M.I. Kutuzov will return only at the very end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. However, after the unsuccessful assault on Brailov due to a conflict with the commander-in-chief, Field Marshal Prince A.A. Prozorovsky, in the spring of 1809, he was sent to a new "honorary exile", having received the appointment of the Vilna Governor-General.
The war dragged on. In March 1811, Emperor Alexander I was forced to appoint M.I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army.
The Russian army crosses the Danube. On July 4, the fierce Ruschuk battle took place. It lasted 12 hours, and as a result, the army of the Grand Vizier Ahmet Pasha, who had a fourfold superiority in strength, was defeated and retreated. After that, M.I. Kutuzov went to a military trick in order to lure the defeated Turkish army to the opposite, left bank of the Danube. He decides to leave the Ruschuk fortress and after the victory ... retreat to the opposite shore. So the grand vizier found himself in a skillfully set trap.
The Turkish army, rushing after the Russians, was blocked. M.I. Kutuzov sent a letter to Akhmet Pasha and “resolutely demanded” that the enemy commander conclude an indefinite truce and give him the remnants of the Turkish army and its weapons “for preservation”. The Turks, who were not considered prisoners of war, but "guests" of the Russian army, received food from her. During the negotiations on May 27 in Bucharest, peace was signed with Turkey.
Peace has become a true triumph of the military-diplomatic activity of M.I. Kutuzov. 27 days before the start of the Napoleonic Russian campaign, the commander managed to destroy the strategic plans of Bonaparte: Russia not only secured its southern flank, but also became a Danubian power, and France lost an ally, whose participation in the war with Russia was a big bet.
Academician E.V. Tarle wrote: "Thus, Kutuzov the diplomat inflicted a heavy blow on Napoleon in 1812 even earlier than Kutuzov the military leader." Emperor Alexander I, having received news of the ratification of the “useful” Bucharest peace, elevated the commander, along with his offspring, “to the princely dignity of the All-Russian Empire” and conferred on him the title of lordship.
WITH THE BEGINNING of the invasion of Napoleon's army into Russia, General of Infantry M.I. Kutuzov was out of work in St. Petersburg. But soon he was given command of the Narva Corps to defend the capital. The noble assembly of the Moscow province, which was attended by the emperor himself, elects the commander to the post of head of the Moscow militia. The next day, the nobility of the capital province unanimously takes the same decision. Having received a message about the first such appointment, Mikhail Illarionovich exclaimed: “This is the best reward for me in my life!”
Meanwhile, the 1st and 2nd Western armies continued their retreat deep into Russia. The strategic defense of the Russian army was active. Its goal was to buy time and create favorable conditions for the defeat and expulsion of the enemy. The question arose of a single commander-in-chief. Emperor Alexander I instructed a specially created Special Committee to consider the issue of the candidacy of the commander-in-chief of all active armies. The committee met on the evening of August 5, the day the burning Smolensk was abandoned. The decision was made unanimously - Kutuzov: "All Russia wants his appointment." The sovereign approved the decision only on the 8th - at court they continued to consider the commander the “culprit” of the Austerlitz disaster.
The commander-in-chief arrived at the troops in Tsarevo-Zaimishche on August 17, which caused great enthusiasm lower ranks and officers. They started talking about a general battle, the field for which was found only near the city of Mozhaisk near the village of Borodino. On August 26, the “battle of the giants” took place here. Kutuzov reported to the emperor: "... Be that as it may, Moscow must be protected."
The battle of Shevardino became the prologue of the Battle of Borodino. A day later, the general battle itself took place. Napoleon hoped for a brilliant victory equal to the “Austerlitz sun”. Russian troops were ready to stand up for the Fatherland, for Moscow in a "mortal battle".
Officer of the 12th Light Artillery Brigade N.E. Mitarevsky, who was next to the commander at Borodino, wrote about Kutuzov: “Some kind of force seemed to come from the aged leader, inspiring those who looked at him. I believe that this circumstance was partly one of the reasons why our army, smaller in number, having lost confidence in success with incessant retreat, could with glory withstand the battle with an invincible enemy until then.
The battle of Borodino did not reveal a winner. The official Kutuzov report stated that “the troops fought with incredible courage. Batteries passed from hand to hand and ended up with the fact that the enemy did not win a single step of land anywhere with their superior forces. The British writer Walter Scott in his book "The Life of Napoleon" writes: "... After the battle, the French retreated to their former places, leaving the bloodied battlefield in possession of the Russians."
After the battle on the Moskva River (as French historiography calls the battle of Borodino), Napoleon was forced to admit that out of the fifty battles he had given in this general battle, his troops showed the greatest valor and achieved the least success. The battle of Borodino revealed the crisis of Napoleon's general battle strategy. The Russian army continued to fight.
In the course of the Battle of Borodino, M.I. Kutuzova skillful maneuvering on the battlefield. The maneuver was used by him in order to put his troops in the most advantageous position in relation to the enemy, to create conditions for striking him and repelling his attacks. It is well known that the raid of the Cossack regiments of M.I. Platov and the cavalry corps F.P. Uvarov, held at a time of crisis. He upset the attack prepared by the enemy, forced Napoleon to transfer part of his forces to the breakthrough site.
For Borodino great commander Russia M.I. Kutuzov was granted the rank of field marshal general. Thanksgiving prayers were held in churches in honor of Borodin. Meanwhile, the Kutuzov army left the capital city of Moscow. The commander drove through its streets in a carriage with curtained windows: he understood the gravity of the decision made at the military council in Fili. This was done in the name of preserving the army for future victories. The further course of the Patriotic War showed that this was the right decision.
Having made the brilliantly executed Tarutinsky flank march-maneuver, the Russian army, which Napoleon had lost (!) From sight for several days, set up a fortified camp across the Chernishnia River. Under the leadership of M.I. Kutuzov, the Russian army was reorganized, understaffed, supplied with weapons, ammunition, food and prepared for active hostilities. The merit of M.I. Kutuzov is that he managed to successfully solve the main strategic task - to radically change the balance of power in favor of the Russian army. Its number was increased to 130 thousand people. Taking into account more than 100 thousand people of trained and trained replacements who directly participated in the hostilities, the superiority over the enemy has more than doubled.
In Tarutino M.I. Kutuzov completed the development of a plan for the encirclement and defeat of Napoleon's army with the participation of the army of Admiral P.V. Chichagov and the corps of General P.Kh. Wittgenstein. M.I. Kutuzov rejected Napoleon's proposals for peace or truce sent to the camp with the French General J.A. Laurinston.
The official historiographer of the Patriotic War of 1812, General A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky wrote: “Staying in Tarutino was for Kutuzov one of the brilliant epochs of his glorious life. Since the time of Pozharsky, no one has stood so high in the sight of Russia ...
In Tarutino, in an incredibly short time, Kutuzov brought the army to the most harmonious position, tired of a thousand-mile retreat and bloody battles, handed weapons to the people, laid siege to Napoleon in Moscow and ... derived all the benefits from a new kind of war.
Having successfully implemented part of his strategic plan waging war and changing the line of operations of the main Russian army, M.I. Kutuzov switched to a new tactical solution - a "small war" - actions on communications and behind enemy lines with the help of army partisan and peasant detachments. As a result, the Grand Army of the Emperor of the French began to melt every day from the attacks of Russian flying squads. The "Small War" actually deprived the French of reinforcements, food and fodder.
After the defeat in the Battle of Tarutino, Napoleon began to retreat. Leaving Moscow gave him a chance to save the Great Army, or rather what was left of it. Leaving the city, he gave a barbaric order - to blow up the Moscow Kremlin. But the rain put out some of the wicks, and the appearance of Cossack patrols did not allow the miners to fulfill the order of the emperor.
Army partisans guarded the French on all roads. Having received the news that Bonaparte was moving to Kaluga, Kutuzov decisively and quickly blocked his path at Maloyaroslavets. In a bloody battle, the French occupied a burned-out town on the Puddle River, but did not dare to break through further. Napoleon turned his army to the Smolensk road ravaged by his army, along which the invader went to Moscow.
Kutuzov switched to parallel pursuit of the Great Army. On the heels of the retreating were the Cossack regiments of the Don ataman M.I. Platov and the army vanguard of the infantry general M.A. Miloradovich. There were daily clashes.
The Great Army during the Kutuzov "small war" was melting before our eyes. The Russian commander demanded the main thing from the troops: not to give the Napoleonic troops a day of rest, not to allow them to change the route of flight from Russia. Giving orders to the chief of his staff, Major General A.P. Yermolov, the commander-in-chief pointed out: "The army needs speed!"
For the liberation of the ancient city-fortress on the Dnieper, Emperor Alexander I granted His Serene Highness Prince M.I. Kutuzov the title Smolensky.
The crossing of the Berezina became a real tragedy for the French army. Those remnants of it that were able to avoid death here finally melted away on their last journey to the state border. The Grand Army ceased to exist as military force. Arriving in Vilna, Kutuzov, with every right to do so, was able to notify the people of Russia, the army and Emperor Alexander I: "The war ended with the complete extermination of the enemy."
DURING the war, M.I. Kutuzov enriched military art new ways of doing things. M.I. Kutuzov skillfully applied the offensive along the outer lines of operations by delivering concentric strikes in order to encircle and destroy enemy troops. This method proved to be effective in the battle on the Berezina. Napoleon, unlike M.I. Kutuzova preferred to operate along internal lines of operations and sought to achieve success by delivering strong blows to disunited separate parts of the enemy. This method of conducting an offensive brought success in wars in which small armies participated in a limited area. In the Patriotic War of 1812, military operations were carried out by numerically grown armies in a theater with a frontal width of more than 600 kilometers and a depth of up to 1,000 kilometers. Under these conditions, the conduct of the offensive along the internal lines of operations was no longer effective.
The award for the victory for the commander-in-chief of the main active army, Field Marshal His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky M.I. Kutuzov became the highest military award of the Fatherland - the Order of St. George, 1st degree. He became the first of four people in the 148-year history of the existence of the Russian Imperial Military Order to earn all four of its degrees. Such an honor after him will be awarded to commanders in the field marshal rank M.B. Barclay de Tolly, I.I. Dibich-Zabalkansky and I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky. The great Suvorov did not lead this glorious cohort only for the reason that he received his first George the Victorious immediately of the 3rd class, bypassing the lowest degree.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, with his military feat, entered forever into Russian history as the savior of the Fatherland. Expressing the general feelings of the people and the army, the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin wrote:
When the voice of the people's faith
I called out to your holy gray hair:
"Go rescue!" You got up and saved.
With the name of commander M.I. Kutuzov is associated with the beginning of the liberation campaigns abroad of the Russian army in 1813-1814, which ended with the capture of Paris. Its commander-in-chief was well aware that the extermination of the Great Army did not yet mean the collapse of the Napoleonic French Empire. Leading the military operations of the Russian-Prussian troops, Kutuzov, in addition, "uses all means in order to attract the people" of the Duchy of Warsaw to the side of Russia. Success crowned his diplomatic efforts to withdraw Austria from the war. The Prussian monarch Friedrich Wilhelm III conferred on the commander at once two highest orders of the now allied kingdom - the Black Eagle and the White Eagle. In his penultimate letter to the family of M.I. Kutuzov wrote: “I have so many worries, I have to bother so much that God forbid I stay alive.” He felt that his strength, undermined by the tension of the war, was leaving him.
The allied forces of Russia and Prussia were advancing along the land of Saxony, approaching its capital city of Dresden. The last stop was the town of Bunzlau. Here Mikhail Illarionovich fell ill, although, overcoming his illness, he continued to lead the troops, signing orders and instructions. In Bunzlau, he was brought the keys to the fortress of Thorn, which capitulated to the Russian troops.

The great commander of Russia passed away on Wednesday, April 28, at 21:30. The news of his death came to active army on the eve of the battle with the French near Lutzen. Emperor Alexander I ordered this sad news to be kept secret for the time being, so as not to undermine the spirit of the troops before the battle.
"Savior of the Fatherland" in the "thunderstorm of the 12th year" Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was buried with full honors on June 11 in the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. When the funeral train from the Silesian Bunzlau arrived in the city of Narva, ordinary people unharnessed their horses from the wagon and rolled it in their arms to the capital of Russia with a large gathering of saddened people.
The bright memory of the great warrior Fatherland has been alive for two hundred years. It is in monuments, names of streets, squares, settlements, metro stations, in books, films, paintings, for the soldiers of Russia, starting from the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, in the military order of Kutuzov three degrees.
LEADERSHIP art of M.I. Kutuzov is carefully preserved and creatively used in our time. Generals and officers Armed Forces Russia is studying the military heritage of the commander. They draw interesting and instructive lessons from how, for example, M.I. Kutuzov the problem of interaction between troops. Its practical implementation was hampered by the extremely limited possibilities for the rapid movement of troops, the imperfection of the means of communication of that time. Despite this, during the war of 1812 it was possible to achieve coordinated actions of the troops. The direct organizers of this interaction were the commander-in-chief of the Russian army M.I. Kutuzov and the General Staff, which was created in accordance with the "Institution for the management of a large army in the field." The Commander-in-Chief and the General Staff coordinated the actions of the army, corps and partisan detachments by purpose, place and time by setting specific tasks and issuing orders. The main document that determined the tasks of the troops and the nature of their interaction was the "Table of Army Movements" introduced by Kutuzov. The main method of management used by the commander-in-chief was the setting of tasks by issuing written orders and instructions, through officers and generals of the General Staff, orally in person.
M.I. Kutuzov, while retaining the overall leadership of military operations, skillfully relied in his activities on the General Staff, provided the commanders of the armies and corps commanders with broad initiative and independence. In the course of the war, the role of headquarters as command and control bodies increased significantly, which helped to increase the effectiveness of troop operations. Napoleon, not trusting his headquarters and corps commanders, sought to resolve all issues personally, replacing his subordinate generals. This method of control turned out to be ineffective in a war characterized by an increased spatial scope and the participation of mass armies in it.
For the military art of M.I. Kutuzov is characterized by the skillful use of reserves. For example, in the Battle of Borodino, he allocated one infantry corps, a cuirassier division and artillery in the amount of 306 guns to his main reserve. In addition, each wing had special reserves: the right wing - 9 Cossack regiments and a cavalry corps, the left wing - grenadier and cuirassier divisions, two artillery brigades. In terms of their strength and composition, these reserves were capable of solving important tactical tasks in the course of battle and battle. In defense, the reserves were entrusted with the tasks of restoring the situation in one of the sections of the position, of conducting counterattacks and delivering surprise strikes against the enemy. In the offensive, the reserves were used to develop success, consolidate the achieved lines and pursue the retreating enemy.
In achieving success in battle, M.I. Kutuzov great importance attached to the skillful use of all troops. Infantry in offensive and defensive battles skillfully combined fire, maneuver and bayonet strikes and, in cooperation with cavalry and artillery, decided the outcome of the battle and battle.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who with his courage and military labor put himself in the ranks of the great commanders of the Fatherland, was and remains a role model for generals and officers of the modern Russian army.

Great Russian commanders and naval commanders. Stories about fidelity, about exploits, about glory ... Ermakov Alexander I

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (1652–1719)

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev

Among the associates of Peter the Great, Boris Petrovich Sheremetev occupies a special place. It was he who had the honor of winning the first major victory at Erestfer over the previously invincible Swedes. Acting cautiously and prudently, Sheremetev taught Russian soldiers to field warfare, tempered them by moving from smaller to larger tasks. Using offensive tactics with a limited goal, he recreated the morale and combat capability of the Russian troops and deservedly became the first field marshal in Russia.

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev was born on April 25, 1652. He belonged to an old aristocratic family, originating, like the Romanovs, from Andrei Kobyla. The surname Sheremetevs originated from the nickname Sheremet, which was worn by one of the ancestors at the end of the 15th century. The descendants of Sheremet are already mentioned as military leaders in the 16th century. Since that time, the Sheremetev family began to supply boyars.

Boris Sheremetev's career usually began for the offspring of a noble family: at the age of 13 he was granted a stewardship. This court rank, which provided closeness to the king, opened up wide prospects for promotion in ranks and positions. However, Sheremetev's stewardship dragged on for many years. Only in 1682, at the age of 30, he was granted a boyar.

A propensity for military affairs manifested itself in Boris Petrovich from childhood. He acquired the skills of a military leader while serving under the leadership of his father. In 1681 he commanded the troops in repulsing the raid Crimean Tatars in the rank of governor and governor of Tambov.

Sheremetev also successfully proved himself in the diplomatic field. In 1686, he was one of four members of the Russian delegation at the peace negotiations with the ambassadors of the Commonwealth. For the successful signing of eternal peace, Sheremetev was granted a gilded silver bowl, a satin caftan and 4,000 rubles. In the summer of the same year, he headed the embassy sent to Warsaw to ratify the peace treaty. Boyarin showed an unconventional approach to negotiating: he asked for an audience with the Queen, which flattered her vanity, and thus enlisted support for his undertakings. From Poland, Sheremetev went to Vienna, where he could not achieve success. However, he was the first of the Russian representatives who managed to present a letter directly to the emperor. Prior to this, such letters were accepted by ministers. In Moscow, the results of Sheremetev's embassy were positively assessed, and the boyar received a large estate in the Kolomna district as a reward.

In 1688, Boris Petrovich was appointed commander of the troops stationed in Belgorod and Sevsk. Staying away from Moscow saved Sheremetev from the need to participate in the events of 1689. In the struggle for power, Peter I won. But this circumstance did not change the position of the boyar - for many years he was not called to the court. Apparently, Boris Petrovich did not enjoy the favor of the young tsar. This is also evidenced by the fact that in the first Azov campaign (1695), Peter entrusted him with command of the troops, which dealt only a distracting blow. Trust had to be won by deed, and Sheremetev spared no effort. Without much difficulty, he destroyed the Turkish fortresses along the Dnieper, and a year later he resolutely suppressed all attempts by the Turks to recapture them.

In June 1697, Tsar Peter instructed Boris Petrovich to carry out a responsible diplomatic mission in a number of European countries. The purpose of Sheremetev's trip was to cobble together an anti-Ottoman alliance of European powers. Create such an alliance Russian government failed, but an anti-Swedish coalition was formed, which included Russia, Denmark and Saxony.

On August 18, 1700, peace was signed with Turkey, and the next day, August 19, the war with Sweden began. The beginning of the Northern War did not bode well for the Allies. Overcoming impassability, horse and foot regiments of the Russian army, accompanied by a huge convoy, moved towards Narva. By mid-October, the army concentrated under the walls of the fortress.

While the Russian army was moving towards Narva, the Swedish king Charles XII, who at the age of 18 showed remarkable military talents, managed to force the Danish king to capitulate. Then he put the army on ships, crossed the Baltic Sea and landed in Revel and Pernov. He hurried to Narva to free it from the siege.

Sheremetev, at the head of a reconnaissance detachment of five thousand irregular cavalry, was sent to meet the Swedes. In three days, advancing 120 miles to the west, he captured two small Swedish detachments. The prisoners showed that the 30,000-strong army of the Swedish king was moving towards Narva. Sheremetev retreated, sending a report to the tsar. Peter expressed dissatisfaction with the retreat and ordered the boyar to return to his original place.

Meanwhile, the Swedish troops left Reval on November 4 and moved east. Sheremetev was the first to come into contact with the enemy. He took for defense the only road that lay between two cliffs. There was no way around it, because all around were swamps and bushes. But Sheremetev, instead of destroying two bridges across the river and getting ready for battle with the Swedes, hastily retreated to Narva. He arrived there early in the morning on November 18, saying that the army of Charles XII was moving towards the fortress behind him. Peter had already departed for Moscow before Sheremetev's arrival, leaving command of the army to Duke Charles de Croix, recently recruited into the Russian service. The battle began at 11 o'clock on November 19, 1700. Russian regiments were located near the walls of Narva in a semicircle total length seven miles. This made it easier for the Swedes, gathered into a fist, to break through the thin line of defense of the Russian army.

Another condition that favored the Swedes was heavy snow that fell at two o'clock in the afternoon. The enemy imperceptibly approached the Russian camp, filled up the ditch with fascines and took possession of the fortifications and cannons. Panic broke out among the Russian troops. Shouts of "The Germans cheated on us!" added to the confusion. Salvation was seen in flight. The cavalry, led by Sheremetev, rushed in fear to swim across the Narova River.

Boris Petrovich safely crossed to the opposite shore, but more than a thousand people drowned. The infantry also took to their heels the only bridge. A stampede began, the bridge collapsed, and Narova accepted new victims.

The "Germans" really changed. De Croix was the first to go to the Swedish camp to surrender. His example was followed by other mercenary officers, of whom there were many in the Russian army. However, not everyone panicked.

Three regiments - Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky and Lefortovsky - did not flinch, showed stamina and skillfully defended themselves from the pressing Swedes. With the onset of darkness, the battle ceased. Charles XII was preparing to resume it the next day, but the need for this disappeared: negotiations began late in the evening. Karl promised to let the Russian troops through to the opposite bank with banners and weapons, but without cannons.

The exit of the encircled began in the morning, and the Swedish king violated the terms of the truce. Only the guards passed without hindrance - the Swedes did not dare to touch them. Other regiments were disarmed, stripped, the carts were looted. Moreover, 79 generals and officers were captured. The Russian army lost all artillery and at least 6,000 soldiers. The Swedes did not get this victory in vain: they lost 2000 people - the fourth part of their small army.

Narva did not add glory to Sheremetev's military reputation. Twice his actions were blamed: he refused to fight the Swedes when he commanded a detachment of 5,000 cavalry; later, together with the cavalry, Sheremetev fled in a panic from the battlefield. True, the defeat at Narva was primarily a tribute to Russia's unpreparedness for war.

Considering the "Russian peasants" not dangerous for themselves, Charles XII turned all his efforts against Augustus II of Saxony. The war began to be fought in two separate theaters: the Polish (the main forces of the Swedes with the king) and the Baltic (barrier). Leaving the last corps of Schlippenbach (8000 people) in Livonia and the corps of Krongiort (6000 people) in Ingria, Karl considered these forces sufficient to contain the Russians.

Indeed, horror and confusion seized Russia at the news of the Narva rout. The army lost its chiefs, lost all its artillery. The spirit of the troops was undermined. Amid the general despondency, only Peter I was not lost. During the winter of 1700-1701, the army was reorganized, ten dragoon regiments were re-formed, and 770 guns were cast from church bells - twice as many as were lost near Narva.

By the spring of 1701, the main forces of the Russian army (35,000) were concentrated at Pskov. The troops were led by Boris Petrovich Sheremetev. The boyar decided to move into the Swedish borders, to join the battle only if there was an overwhelming superiority and, acting carefully and prudently, gradually accustom the troops to field warfare. The year 1701 passed in minor skirmishes, but on December 29 Sheremetev won the first major victory over the Swedes at Erestfer (up to 2000 prisoners were taken). The trophies were 16 banners and 8 cannons. The Swedes were killed up to 3000, the damage of the Russians was 1000 people. The victory raised the spirit of the Russian troops. Sheremetev was awarded the order Andrew the First-Called with a gold chain and diamonds and granted the rank of Field Marshal.

In 1702, Peter decided to take advantage of the disunity of the Swedish forces and break them apart. Sheremetev was to act in Livonia against Schlippenbach, while Peter, with the main forces, was heading to Ingria - against Krongiort. On July 18, the field marshal utterly defeated the enemy at Hummelshof, completely destroying Schlippenbach's corps. He possessed 30,000 soldiers against 7,000 Swedes. The battle was fought with extreme ferocity, 5500 Swedes were killed, only 300 were taken prisoner with 16 banners and 14 guns.

Russian losses - 400 killed and 800 wounded. This victory turned Sheremetev into the absolute master of Eastern Livonia.

The success of the field marshal was noted by the king: "We are very grateful for your labors."

The next operation involving Sheremetev was connected with the capture of the Old Russian Nut, renamed by the Swedes into Noteburg. One of the conditions for success, laid down in the plan of the operation, was the complete surprise of the strike. Peter I, accompanied by two guards regiments, moved from Nyukhcha to the White Sea to Noteburg. The command of the assembled troops (over 10,000) was handed over by the tsar to the field marshal. The siege work began on September 27, and on October 11 the assault began. The fortress fell.

On December 4, 1702, Sheremetev's victories in Livonia and the capture of Noteburg were marked by a solemn march of troops through three triumphal gates built in Moscow. The hero of the occasion himself did not participate in the festivities, for he arrived later.

In the spring of 1703, Sheremetev took Nyenschantz, near which Peter founded Petersburg. Further, Koporye, Yamburg, Wesenberg fell before the troops of the field marshal. By the beginning of the 1704 campaign, the Russian army had become so strong that it was able to simultaneously besiege two powerful fortresses - Narva and Derpt. Peter I led the siege of Narva himself, and sent Sheremetev to Dorpat. Here the field marshal aroused the tsar's displeasure with the slowness of action. However, on July 13 Dorpat fell. The winners got 132 cannons, 15 thousand cores, significant food supplies. On August 9, Narva also fell. Thus, in four campaigns of 1701-1704, the Swedish troops left against the Russian army were exterminated, most of the Baltic states were conquered, and the Russian troops (60,000 people) were accustomed to actions in the open field.

In 1705, the tsar sent a field marshal to Astrakhan, where a rebellion of archers broke out. Sheremetev received the decree on the new appointment on September 12. The field marshal dealt harshly with the rebels, although Peter I recommended that he proceed with caution. The successful completion of the punitive expedition was noted by the tsar: Sheremetev received estates, a count title and 7 thousand rubles.

At the end of 1706, the field marshal returned to the active army. By this time, Charles XII was preparing for an offensive in Russia. Sheremetev participated in the work of the military council and the development of a plan for the further conduct of the war. It was decided, without accepting a general battle, to retreat into the depths of Russia, acting on the flanks and behind enemy lines. The year 1707 passed in anticipation of the Swedish invasion. In September 1708, Charles XII made the final decision to go to Ukraine.

In an unusually harsh winter for those places in 1709, the army of Charles XII needed rest and food. The Swedes in Ukraine did not find either one or the other. Sheremetev commanded the troops, but did not have much success.

From the first days of April, Karl's attention was riveted to Poltava. If the king succeeded in forcing the garrison of the city to surrender, then in this case the connections of the Swedes with the Crimea and especially with Poland, where there were significant forces of the Swedes, would be facilitated, and the road from the south to Moscow would also be opened. Peter I arrived near Poltava on June 4, and on June 16, the military council convened by the tsar decided to cross the Vorskla River with the whole army and have a general battle. In the Battle of Poltava, which took place on June 27, Peter was the main character. An important contribution to the victory was made by Menshikov, Bour and Bruce. The role of Sheremetev was less noticeable: he led the reserve and practically did not participate in the battle. Generous rewards awaited the participants of the Poltava victory. The first in the award list of senior officers was Boris Petrovich, granted by the village of Black Mud. Then Sheremetev moved to Riga and at the end of October 1709 began the siege. The protracted siege of the city and the fortress continued until July 4, 1710. The Swedish garrison then capitulated. In December 1710, the war with Turkey began.

The Prut campaign, in which the field marshal took part, ended extremely unsuccessfully. The peace treaty, signed on July 12, inflicted a deep wound on Boris Petrovich. The fact is that the vizier demanded as hostages the fulfillment of the terms of the agreement between Chancellor Shafirov and the field marshal's son, Mikhail Borisovich.

The year 1718 became very difficult for the field marshal. Troubles are associated with the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the deep conviction of the tsar that Sheremetev sympathized with Alexei. On June 8, senators, nobles, senior officers and church hierarchs were summoned to the capital for his trial. Under the death sentence, the prince was signed by 127 secular people, but the signature of the field marshal is not there. Boris Petrovich did not come to Petersburg. Peter was inclined to explain Sheremetev's absence by simulating illness. The tsar was mistaken in this case, but it cost the old field marshal the loss of peace of mind in the last months of his life.

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev died on February 17, 1719. By order of the tsar, his body was delivered to St. Petersburg and solemnly buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Great is the service to the Russian army of the first Field Marshal, who had the most difficult task of re-educating the "Narva fugitives" and gradually turning them into victorious soldiers.

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BORIS PETROVICH SHEREMETEV (1652-1719) Count (1706), Field Marshal General (1701). The Sheremetev family is one of the most ancient Russian families. It originates from Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose descendants gave Russia the Romanov dynasty. In addition to the Romanovs, Andrei Ivanovich became

From the book Crowd of Heroes of the 18th century author Anisimov Evgeny Viktorovich

Boris Sheremetev: Russian Cunktator When, after another military campaign, Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev came to Moscow or St. Petersburg for Christmas, where he had to build a new house at the behest of the tsar, he was greeted like no other of Peter's generals

From the book Favorites of the rulers of Russia author Matyukhina Yulia Alekseevna

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (1652 - 1719) Boris Petrovich Sheremetev is a descendant of an ancient boyar family, a diplomat, a military leader. Since 1665, he began his service at the court. In 1679, he received the post of comrade (i.e., deputy) governor of the Big Regiment. In 1681 a new

From the book Russian military history in entertaining and instructive examples. 1700 -1917 author Kovalevsky Nikolay Fedorovich

FIELD MARSHAL GENERAL Boris Petrovich Sheremetiev 1652-1719 Count, associate of Peter I in the war with Sweden. For many years he led the Russian troops operating in the Baltics. For the first victory over the Swedes at Erestfer (1701) he was awarded the rank of field marshal and the Order of St. Andrew

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Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev F.I. Sheremetev was highly respected by his contemporaries, so they called him "the husband of war and council." Long years he was in the palace and voivodship service. At the same time, he won victories not only on the battlefields, but also during

From the book Commanders of Peter I author Kopylov N. A.

Sheremetev Boris Petrovich Battles and victoriesOutstanding Russian commander of the Northern War, diplomat, first Russian Field Marshal General (1701). In 1706, he was also the first to be elevated to the dignity of a count of the Russian Empire. In the people's memory, Sheremetev remained one of

From the book Secrets of the Russian Aristocracy author Shokarev Sergey Yurievich

Boyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev Boyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev is the opposite of Prince F.I. Mstislavsky. Boyar Sheremetev can hardly be accused of inactivity and weakness, however, his vigor was of a different kind than that of the adventurous warehouse figures - B. Ya.

From the book St. Petersburg. Autobiography author Korolev Kirill Mikhailovich

Northern War: the capture of Nyenschanz, 1703 Anikita Repnin, Alexei Makarov, Boris Sheremetev, John Den The fortress of Nyenschanz remained the most important Swedish fortification on the Neva, and it was vital to capture it. Peter I entrusted the command of the campaign to Nyenschanz field marshal

From the book Russian Istanbul author Komandorova Natalya Ivanovna

The baton was picked up by P.P. Shafirov and M.B. Sheremetev Captured Tolstoy suffered both morally and physically. The jailers treated him unceremoniously and cruelly. Subsequently, he wrote about his condition and conditions of detention in a Turkish dungeon: “I boldly convey my suffering and

From the book History of Russia. Time of Troubles author Morozova Lyudmila Evgenievna

Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev F.I. Sheremetev enjoyed great respect among his contemporaries, so they called him "the husband of war and council." For many years he was in the palace and voivodship service. At the same time, he won victories not only on the battlefields, but also during

From the book Hidden Tibet. History of independence and occupation author Kuzmin Sergey Lvovich

1719 Lhasa administration...

From the book Generals of the XVII century author Kargalov Vadim Viktorovich

Chapter six. Alexey Shein, Boris Sheremetev