for the national economy is carried out in the system vocational education. ) Under the term " Technical education"" is also understood as a set of scientific, theoretical and practical knowledge and skills that allow those who have received this education to solve production, technical, economic, and other tasks in their specialty. Along with the special, there are auxiliary and general Technical education Auxiliary Technical education aims to give students of universities and students of secondary specialized educational institutions the technical knowledge and skills necessary for the study and use of machines, mechanisms, devices, automated controls used in many areas of science, education, and culture. to auxiliary Technical education include technical and technological disciplines that are studied at geological, chemical, physical, biological and other faculties universities, at agronomic and veterinary faculties of page - x. higher education institutions, in medical, pedagogical and other institutes and secondary specialized educational institutions. Auxiliary value Technical education increases as various fields of science and culture are equipped with technical means (techniques for experimental research, computer technology, teaching aids, apparatus and devices for diagnostics and treatment, etc.). General Technical education gives a secondary general education school, laying the foundations of technical knowledge, skills and abilities in the process of labor, polytechnic training (see. Polytechnic education ).training of engineers and technicians for industry, construction, transport, communications, agriculture and forestry. (Training of skilled workers for National economy is carried out in the system of vocational education (See Vocational technical education).) Under the term “T. about." is also understood as a set of scientific-theoretical and practical knowledge and skills that allow those who have received this education to solve production, technical, economic, and other tasks in their specialty. Along with the special, there are auxiliary and general t. Auxiliary T. o. aims to give students of universities and students of secondary specialized educational institutions the technical knowledge and skills necessary for the study and use of machines, mechanisms, devices, automated controls used in many areas of science, education, and culture. To auxiliary T. about. include technical and technological disciplines that are studied at the geological, chemical, physical, biological, and other faculties of universities (See Universities) , at agronomic and veterinary faculties of page - x. universities, in medical, pedagogical and other institutes and secondary specialized educational institutions. The value of the auxiliary T. o. increases as various fields of science and culture are equipped with technical means (technology experimental studies, Computer Engineering, technical means training, devices and devices for diagnostics and treatment, etc.). General T. o. provides a secondary general education school, which lays the foundations for technical knowledge, skills and abilities in the process of labor, polytechnic education (see Polytechnic education).
The system of special T.o. in the USSR includes the following industries: geological, mining, energy, metallurgical, machine-building, instrument-making, radio-electronic, forest engineering, chemical-technological, technological (in the production of food products and consumer goods, as well as consumer services), construction, geodetic, hydrometeorological, transport and communications (on the content and development of branches of TO, see special articles, for example, mining education, transport education, and others).
Specialists with higher T. o. are prepared at polytechnic and industrial institutes, industry technical colleges (including factories-technical colleges (See Factory-technical college)) , at the technical faculties of some universities, as well as in higher technical military educational institutions(see Higher educational institutions and articles about certain groups of technical universities, for example Aviation institutes, Energy Institutes). The number of technical colleges in the USSR is about the course project) (for example, in engineering institutes - on the theory of machines and mechanisms; on machine parts, hoisting machines and mechanisms). At senior courses, 3-5 course projects are carried out in the specialty (for engineering, construction and architectural specialties - 6-9). Students pass educational practice in training workshops, on training grounds, etc. and industrial practice (See Industrial practice) at enterprises. Obtaining a higher T. o. ends with the preparation and defense of a diploma project (See Graduation Project) (or a thesis (See Graduation Work) of an experimental nature). Graduates receive the qualification of an engineer of the relevant specialty, equivalent in terms of scientific level to the qualification, which is awarded, for example, to graduates of higher technical educational institutions in the USA, Great Britain, Japan and other countries who defended their thesis for the 2nd professional academic degree - Master.
Technicians are trained in specialized secondary educational institutions (see Secondary specialized educational institutions) in a wide range of specialties (but narrower profiles than in technical colleges). Educational plans secondary technical educational institutions (technical schools) are designed for 3.5-4 years (for graduates of an 8-year school) and 2.5-3 years (for graduates high school). Technical schools on the basis of an 8-year school provide not only special knowledge, but also general education. Particular importance is attached industrial training(600-700 hours of study time), during which students receive qualifications in a working profession, as well as production work and industrial practice in their specialty. As well as in technical colleges, in secondary technical educational institutions a system of course design has been adopted and, at the end of training, the defense of a graduation project (see Secondary Specialized Education).
To receive T. o. without interruption from work there are correspondence and evening technical colleges and technical schools, as well as faculties (departments) at daytime higher and secondary specialized educational institutions. Terms of study in the evening and correspondence systems T. o. at 6-12 months more than in the corresponding specialties of full-time departments. Many technical colleges have general technical faculties (1-3 courses), which provide students with general technical and general scientific training, which makes it possible to continue technical education in the future. in the chosen specialty. A systematic increase in the scientific level of training of specialists is ensured by the research work of the departments of universities, the introduction of elements of research into laboratory works, course and diploma projects. To level up scientific research problem laboratories and computer centers have been organized in technical colleges, and research institutes in some of them. For the training of engineers who own the basics of technical sciences, along with deep mathematical, physical, economic knowledge, the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology have been created in the system of Soviet higher education. , a number of engineering-mathematical faculties at technical colleges, and so on. Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in the technical sciences are trained primarily in postgraduate studies at technical colleges and scientific research institutes.
In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, in connection with the rapid renewal and expansion of knowledge in technical o. the system is also included advanced training(See Advanced training) and retraining of leading engineering and technical workers and specialists. In institutes for advanced training (See Institutes for advanced training) , in courses at enterprises, organizations and educational institutions, specialists with higher and secondary education study latest achievements science and technology, means of complex mechanization and automation of production processes, effective methods scientific organization of production, labor and management. Faculties for advanced training of specialists with higher education have been set up in universities, and in a number of institutes (for example, at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, the Moscow Institute of Management, etc.) - faculties for training organizers of industry and construction. At Moscow State University, Moscow aviation, energy, engineering and physics. institutes, MVTU im. N. E. Bauman, Leningrad Institute of Technology, Novosibirsk University, etc. created special faculties for the retraining of engineers in new, promising areas of development of science and technology.
T. o. has achieved significant success. in other socialist countries, where the number of students and pupils receiving T. o. is constantly growing and in some countries (for example, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Bulgaria) is up to 40-50% of the total number of students. Systems T. o. meet the requirements of the national economy and national characteristics countries. In a number of countries (for example, in Poland, Hungary, and the SRR), two types of engineers are being trained: professional (training period 4 years) and masters (4-5 years). Professional engineers are prepared mainly for practical activities, master engineers - for research and design organizations. In NRB T. o. close in structure to the Soviet T. o. The largest centers of T. o. in the socialist countries: Warsaw and Poznan polytechnics, Krakow Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (Poland); Dresden and Magdeburg technical universities, Freiberg Mining Academy (GDR); Prague Polytechnic Institute, Higher Technical School in Kosice, School of Mining and Metallurgy in Ostrava (Czechoslovakia); Budapest (Hungary), Sofia (NRB), Belgrade (SFRY) polytechnical institutes, etc.
In the capitalist countries, higher technical education. is carried out at universities and specialized higher technical educational institutions, secondary - at university colleges and other secondary technical educational institutions for various purposes. In a number of countries, a specialist who has received a higher technical education is issued an engineer's diploma, which does not entitle him to conduct engineering work (to be the author of a project, etc.); he receives broad rights after the award of engineering qualifications by the relevant engineering societies; it is awarded upon having several years of practical work experience and passing special examinations (see above). Higher education and the Enlightenment section of the country articles).
Higher T. o. in the USA, as a rule, they receive it in 2-3 stages: the first (4 years) covers the study of general scientific and special technical disciplines and ends with the assignment of a Bachelor's degree to the graduate of the Faculty of Engineering ; the second (about 1 year) - is aimed mainly at increasing the level of theoretical knowledge in the chosen specialization, developing the skills of independent research work and ends with passing exams or defending a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science. Introduced an academic degree in engineering (for example, at MIT (See MIT)) , which can be obtained by bachelors after completing an additional course of study (up to 2 years). Those who have received a master's degree often go to work in research and design organizations. In large firms the third stage of T. about is organized. directly at the workplace for persons with a bachelor's or master's degree. During this stage (up to 1 year), students study the technology, organization and management of production, as well as the specifics of the production of the company and the specific enterprise where they will work. The system is being improved special schools and institutions, designed to improve the skills of specialists and the implementation of the so-called. continued education of technical personnel. In many technical colleges and institutes in the UK, training is based on the system of the so-called layer cake (sandwich), designed for 4-5 years and providing for alternation (after 3-6 months) theoretical classes with practical work in industry. In France, engineering and technical personnel are usually trained at universities and special institutes of various profiles ( higher schools mining, bridges and roads, air navigation, etc.). The course of study is 4-6 years, usually consists of 3 cycles, and during the second, the student takes exams for the degree of Licentiate and can receive the title of engineer, after the end of the third - the degree of doctor of the 3rd cycle and, if he has the title of engineer, he can become an applicant for the degree of doctor -engineer. In Japan, T. o. is carried out on the basis of institutes and branch technical institutes, as a rule, within 4 years. Those who complete the course receive a bachelor's degree, after additional (1-2 years) training - a master's degree.
The most important centers of technological education in the USA are the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge), the Carnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh), the Brooklyn and Washington Institutes of Technology, and the technical faculties and colleges of Harvard, Columbia, California, Illinois, Stanford, and other universities; in Great Britain - technical faculties and colleges of the universities of Cambridge, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh, Leeds, Sheffield, etc.; in Germany - Mining Academy in Clausthal, higher technical schools in Aachen, Hamburg, Cologne, etc.; in France - higher technical schools and technological institutes in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Strasbourg, institutes of metallurgy in Paris and Saint-Etienne, etc.
In developing countries T. about. carried out in India - Bombay, Kharagpur, Kanpur and Madras Institutes of Technology, Bengal College of Engineering, engineering colleges in Pune and Varanasi; in Burma, the Rangoon Institute of Technology and the Mandalay Institute of Technology; in Egypt - Cairo and Alexandria Universities, Al-Tabbi Metallurgical Institute; in Algeria - the National Polytechnic School, the Annab Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, etc.
In accordance with the needs of scientific and technological progress, many countries are developing and implementing reforms of technical education aimed primarily at improving it qualitatively.
Lit. see at Art. Higher education and articles about industries special. education.
A. I. Bogomolov, A. A. Parkhomenko.
Special Technical education in the USSR includes the following industries: geological, mining, energy, metallurgical, machine-building, instrument-making, radio-electronic, forest engineering, chemical-technological, technological (in the production of food products and consumer goods, as well as consumer services), construction, geodetic, hydrometeorological, transport and communications (on the content and development of industries Technical education see special articles e.g. Mining education, Transport education and etc.).
Specialists with higher Technical education are prepared at polytechnic and industrial institutes, branch technical colleges (including technical colleges ), at the technical faculties of some universities, as well as in higher technical military educational institutions (see. Higher education institutions and articles about individual groups of technical universities, for example , ). The number of technical colleges in the USSR is about all higher educational institutions (266 in 1975), in the Union and autonomous republics, in many industrial centers, polytechnic and branch technical colleges have been established. Training of specialists in higher education institutions is designed for 5-6 years. Curriculum of each specialty Technical education consists of general scientific, general engineering and special disciplines. The cycle of general scientific disciplines includes socio-economic sciences (history of the CPSU, political economy, Marxist-Leninist philosophy, scientific communism), higher mathematics, theoretical mechanics, physics, chemistry, foreign language and others - depending on the specialty; general engineering include: descriptive geometry and graphics, computer technology in engineering and economic calculations, machine parts, the theory of mechanisms and machines, technology of structural materials, materials science, strength of materials, electrical engineering, hydraulics and hydraulic machines, heat engineering with thermodynamics and others - depending on special training requirements. General scientific and general engineering disciplines provide training for specialists general profile. In the cycle of special disciplines, general special disciplines are of particular importance, laying scientific basis special training (for example, the theory of various technological processes; theory, calculation and design of certain machines, devices; automation, etc.). Much attention is paid to the economic training of future engineers: in all specialties, specific economics and organization, planning and production management are studied. In the curricula of all specialties there is a course of labor protection, including the basics of safety and fire fighting equipment. In accordance with the requirements of scientific and technological progress, courses in industrial electronics, automation, automation of production processes, the use of atomic energy in the national economy, etc. have been introduced into the curricula of higher education institutions. The number of hours for studying mathematics has been significantly increased; into the program general course included probability theory, math statistics, elements of linear programming and optimal process control. Most often, the first two (sometimes three) years are studied disciplines common to all specialties. Special training in most cases begins with the 3rd-4th course. In the process of learning, students independently perform a number of settlement and graphic works and course projects (for example, in engineering institutes, on the theory of machines and mechanisms; on machine parts, hoisting machines and mechanisms). At senior courses, 3-5 course projects are carried out in the specialty (for engineering, construction and architectural specialties - 6-9). Students have practical training in training workshops, on training grounds, etc. and industrial practice at enterprises. Getting a higher Technical education ends with preparation and protection graduation project (or thesis experimental character). Graduates receive the qualification of an engineer of the relevant specialty, equivalent in terms of scientific level to the qualification, which is awarded, for example, to graduates of higher technical educational institutions of the USA, Great Britain, Japan and other countries who defended a dissertation for the 2nd professional academic degree - master's.
Technicians are trained in secondary specialized educational institutions in a wide range of specialties (but narrower profiles than in higher educational institutions). The curricula of secondary technical educational institutions (technical schools) are designed for 3.5-4 years (for those who have completed an 8-year school) and 2.5-3 years (for those who have completed secondary school). Technical schools on the basis of an 8-year school provide not only specialized knowledge, but also general education. Particular importance is attached to industrial training (600-700 hours of study time), during which students receive qualifications in a working profession, as well as industrial work and industrial practice in their specialty. As well as in higher educational institutions, in secondary technical educational institutions a system of course design has been adopted and, upon completion of training, the defense of a graduation project (see. Secondary special education ).
For getting Technical education without interruption from work there are correspondence and evening technical colleges and technical schools, as well as faculties (departments) at daytime higher and secondary specialized educational institutions. Terms of study in the evening and correspondence systems Technical education at 6-12 months more than in the corresponding specialties of full-time departments. Many technical universities have general technical faculties (1-3 courses), which provide students with general technical and general scientific training, which allows them to continue further Technical education in the chosen specialty. A systematic increase in the scientific level of training of specialists is ensured by the research work of departments of universities, the introduction of research elements into laboratory work, course and diploma projects. In order to raise the level of scientific research, problem laboratories and computer centers have been organized in higher educational institutions, and in some - research institutes. To train engineers who master the basics of technical sciences, along with deep mathematical, physical, economic knowledge, in the system of Soviet higher education, , , a number of engineering and mathematical faculties in technical universities, etc. Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in technical sciences are trained mainly in graduate school universities and research institutes.
In the context of the scientific and technological revolution, due to the rapid renewal, expansion of knowledge in Technical education the system is also included advanced training and retraining of leading engineering and technical workers and specialists. AT , in courses at enterprises, organizations and educational institutions, specialists with higher and secondary education study the latest achievements in science and technology, means of complex mechanization and automation of production processes, effective methods of scientific organization of production, labor and management. Faculties for advanced training of specialists with higher education have been set up in universities, and in a number of institutes (for example, at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, the Moscow Institute of Management, etc.) - faculties for training organizers of industry and construction. At Moscow State University, Moscow aviation, energy, engineering and physics. institutes, MVTU im. N. E. Bauman, the Leningrad Technological Institute, Novosibirsk University, and others have created special faculties for the retraining of engineers in new, promising areas of development of science and technology.
Significant progress has been made Technical education in other socialist countries, where the number of students and students receiving Technical education, is constantly growing and in some countries (for example, in Czechoslovakia, Poland, NRB) up to 40-50% of the total number of students. Systems Technical education meet the requirements of the national economy and the national characteristics of countries. In a number of countries (for example, in Poland, Hungary, and the SRR), two types of engineers are being trained: professional (training period 4 years) and masters (4-5 years). Professional engineers are trained mainly for practical activities, master engineers - for research and design organizations. In NRB Technical education close in structure to the Soviet Technical education Major centers Technical education in the socialist countries: the Warsaw and Poznań Polytechnic Institutes, the Krakow Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (Poland); Dresden and Magdeburg Technical Universities, Freiberg Mining Academy (GDR); Prague Polytechnic Institute, Higher Technical School in Kosice, School of Mining and Metallurgy in Ostrava (Czechoslovakia); Budapest (Hungary), Sofia (NRB), Belgrade (SFRY) polytechnical institutes, etc.
In capitalist countries higher Technical education is carried out at universities and specialized higher technical educational institutions, secondary - at university colleges and other secondary technical educational institutions for various purposes. In a number of countries, a specialist who has received a higher Technical education, an engineer's diploma is issued, which does not give the right to conduct engineering work (to be the author of a project, etc.); he receives broad rights after the award of engineering qualifications by the relevant engineering societies; it is awarded upon having several years of practical work experience and passing special examinations (see above). Higher education and the Enlightenment section of the country articles).
Higher Technical education in the USA, as a rule, they receive it in 2-3 stages: the first (4 years) covers the study of general scientific and special technical disciplines and ends with the award of a degree to the graduate of the Faculty of Engineering bachelor; the second (about 1 year) - is aimed mainly at increasing the level of theoretical knowledge in the chosen specialization, developing the skills of independent research work and ends with passing exams or defending a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science. Introduced an academic degree in engineering (for example, in ), which can be obtained by bachelors after completing an additional course of study (up to 2 years). Those who have received a master's degree often go to work in research and design organizations. In large firms, the third stage is organized Technical education directly at the workplace for persons with a bachelor's or master's degree. During this stage (up to 1 year), students study the technology, organization and management of production, as well as the specifics of the production of the company and the specific enterprise where they will work. The system of special schools and institutes is being improved, designed to improve the skills of specialists and implement the so-called. continued education of technical personnel. In many technical colleges and institutes in the UK, training is based on the system of the so-called layer cake (sandwich), designed for 4-5 years and providing for alternation (after 3-6 months) theoretical studies with practical work in industry. In France, engineering and technical personnel are usually trained at universities and special institutes of various profiles (higher schools of mining, bridges and roads, air navigation, etc.). The course of study is 4-6 years, usually consists of 3 cycles, and during the second the student takes exams for a degree licensee and can get the title of engineer, at the end of the third - the degree of doctor of the 3rd cycle and, if he has the title of engineer, he can become an applicant for the degree of doctor-engineer. In Japan Technical education is carried out on the basis of institutes and branch technical institutes, as a rule, within 4 years. Those who complete the course receive a bachelor's degree, after additional (1-2 years) training - a master's degree.
The most important centers Technical education: in the USA - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge), Carnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh), Brooklyn, Washington Institutes of Technology, technical faculties and colleges of Harvard, Columbia, California, Illinois, Stanford and other universities; in Great Britain - technical faculties and colleges of the universities of Cambridge, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh, Leeds, Sheffield, etc.; in Germany - Mining Academy in Clausthal, higher technical schools in Aachen, Hamburg, Cologne, etc.; in France - higher technical schools and technological institutes in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Strasbourg, institutes of metallurgy in Paris and Saint-Etienne, etc.
In developing countries Technical education carried out in India - Bombay, Kharagpur, Kanpur and Madras Institutes of Technology, Bengal College of Engineering, engineering colleges in Pune and Varanasi; in Burma, the Rangoon Institute of Technology and the Mandalay Institute of Technology; in Egypt - Cairo and Alexandria Universities, Al-Tabbi Metallurgical Institute; in Algeria - the National Polytechnic School, the Annab Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, etc.
In accordance with the needs of scientific and technological progress, many countries are developing and implementing reforms Technical education aimed mainly at its qualitative improvement.
Lit. see at Art. Higher education and articles about industries special. education.
A. I. Bogomolov, A. A. Parkhomenko.
Article about the word Technical education" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia has been read 51097 times
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Technical education training of engineers and technicians for industry, construction, transport, communications, agriculture and forestry. (The training of skilled workers for the national economy is carried out in the system of vocational education (See. Vocational education).) Under the term “T. about." it is also understood as the totality of scientific, theoretical and practical knowledge and skills that allow those who have received this education to solve production, technical, economic, and other problems in their specialty. Along with the special, there are auxiliary and general t. Auxiliary T. o. aims to give students of universities and students of secondary specialized educational institutions the technical knowledge and skills necessary for the study and use of machines, mechanisms, devices, automated controls used in many areas of science, education, and culture. To auxiliary T. about. include technical and technological disciplines that are studied at the geological, chemical, physical, biological, and other faculties of universities (see. Universities),
at agronomic and veterinary faculties of page - x. higher education institutions, in medical, pedagogical and other institutes and secondary specialized educational institutions. The value of the auxiliary T. o. increases as various fields of science and culture are equipped with technical means (techniques for experimental research, computer technology, teaching aids, apparatus and devices for diagnostics and treatment, etc.). General T. o. gives a secondary general education school, laying the foundations of technical knowledge, skills and abilities in the process of labor, polytechnic training (see. Polytechnic education). The system of special T. o. in the USSR includes the following industries: geological, mining, energy, metallurgical, machine-building, instrument-making, radio-electronic, forest engineering, chemical-technological, technological (in the production of food products and consumer goods, as well as consumer services), construction, geodetic, hydrometeorological, transport and connections (on the content and development of industries, see special articles, for example, Mining education , Transport education and etc.). Specialists with higher T. o. are prepared at polytechnic and industrial institutes, branch technical colleges (including factories-technical colleges (See. Plant-technical college)),
at the technical faculties of some universities, as well as in higher technical military educational institutions (see. Higher education institutions and articles about individual groups of technical universities, for example,). The number of technical colleges in the USSR is about the course project) (for example, in engineering institutes - on the theory of machines and mechanisms; on machine parts, hoisting machines and mechanisms). At senior courses, 3-5 course projects are carried out in the specialty (for engineering, construction and architectural specialties - 6-9). Students undergo practical training in educational workshops, training grounds, etc. and industrial practice (See. Internship)
at enterprises. Obtaining a higher T. o. ends with the preparation and defense of the graduation project (See. Graduation project) (or the thesis (See. Graduate work) experimental character). Graduates receive the qualification of an engineer of the relevant specialty, equivalent in terms of scientific level to the qualification, which is awarded, for example, to graduates of higher technical educational institutions of the USA, Great Britain, Japan and other countries who defended a dissertation for the 2nd professional academic degree - master a. Training of technicians is carried out in secondary specialized educational institutions (See. Secondary specialized educational institutions) in a wide range of specialties (but narrower profiles than in technical universities). The curricula of secondary technical educational institutions (technical schools) are designed for 3.5-4 years (for those who have completed an 8-year school) and 2.5-3 years (for those who have completed secondary school). Technical schools on the basis of an 8-year school provide not only specialized knowledge, but also general education. Particular importance is attached to industrial training (600-700 hours of study time), during which students receive qualifications in a working profession, as well as industrial work and industrial practice in their specialty. As well as in higher educational institutions, in secondary technical educational institutions a system of course design has been adopted and, upon completion of training, the defense of a graduation project (see. Secondary special education). To receive T. o. without interruption from work there are correspondence and evening technical colleges and technical schools, as well as faculties (departments) at daytime higher and secondary specialized educational institutions. Terms of study in the evening and correspondence systems T. o. at 6-12 months more than in the corresponding specialties of full-time departments. Many technical colleges have general technical faculties (1-3 courses), which provide students with general technical and general scientific training, which makes it possible to continue technical education in the future. in the chosen specialty. A systematic increase in the scientific level of training of specialists is ensured by the research work of departments of universities, the introduction of research elements into laboratory work, course and diploma projects. In order to raise the level of scientific research, problem laboratories and computer centers have been organized in higher educational institutions, and in some - research institutes. For the training of engineers who own the basics of technical sciences, along with deep mathematical, physical, economic knowledge, in the system of Soviet higher education, ,
a number of engineering and mathematical faculties in technical universities, etc. Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in the technical sciences are trained mainly in graduate school (see. PhD) universities and research institutes. In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, in connection with the rapid renewal and expansion of knowledge in technical o. the system of advanced training is also included (See. Training) and retraining of leading engineering and technical workers and specialists. In institutes for advanced training (See) ,
in courses at enterprises, organizations and educational institutions, specialists with higher and secondary education study the latest achievements in science and technology, means of complex mechanization and automation of production processes, effective methods of scientific organization of production, labor and management. Faculties for advanced training of specialists with higher education have been set up in universities, and in a number of institutes (for example, at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, the Moscow Institute of Management, etc.) - faculties for training organizers of industry and construction. At Moscow State University, Moscow aviation, energy, engineering and physics. institutes, MVTU im. N. E. Bauman, the Leningrad Technological Institute, Novosibirsk University, and others have created special faculties for the retraining of engineers in new, promising areas of development of science and technology. T. o. has achieved significant success. in other socialist countries, where the number of students and pupils receiving T. o. is constantly growing and in some countries (for example, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Bulgaria) is up to 40-50% of the total number of students. Systems T. o. meet the requirements of the national economy and the national characteristics of countries. In a number of countries (for example, in Poland, Hungary, and the SRR), two types of engineers are being trained: professional (training period 4 years) and masters (4-5 years). Professional engineers are trained mainly for practical activities, master engineers - for research and design organizations. In NRB T. o. close in structure to the Soviet T. o. The largest centers of T. o. in the socialist countries: the Warsaw and Poznań Polytechnic Institutes, the Krakow Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (Poland); Dresden and Magdeburg Technical Universities, Freiberg Mining Academy (GDR); Prague Polytechnic Institute, Higher Technical School in Kosice, School of Mining and Metallurgy in Ostrava (Czechoslovakia); Budapest (Hungary), Sofia (NRB), Belgrade (SFRY) polytechnical institutes, etc. In the capitalist countries, higher technical education. is carried out at universities and specialized higher technical educational institutions, secondary - at university colleges and other secondary technical educational institutions for various purposes. In a number of countries, a specialist who has received a higher technical education is issued an engineer's diploma, which does not entitle him to conduct engineering work (to be the author of a project, etc.); he receives broad rights after the award of engineering qualifications by the relevant engineering societies; it is awarded upon having several years of practical work experience and passing special examinations (see above). Higher education and the Enlightenment section of the country articles). Higher T. o. in the USA, as a rule, they receive it in 2-3 stages: the first (4 years) covers the study of general scientific and special technical disciplines and ends with the award of a degree to the graduate of the Faculty of Engineering Bachelor a ;
the second (about 1 year) - is aimed mainly at increasing the level of theoretical knowledge in the chosen specialization, developing the skills of independent research work and ends with passing exams or defending a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science. Introduced an academic degree in engineering (for example, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (See)) ,
which can be obtained by bachelors after completing an additional course of study (up to 2 years). Those who have received a master's degree often go to work in research and design organizations. In large firms the third stage of T. about is organized. directly at the workplace for persons with a bachelor's or master's degree. During this stage (up to 1 year), students study the technology, organization and management of production, as well as the specifics of the production of the company and the specific enterprise where they will work. The system of special schools and institutes is being improved, designed to improve the skills of specialists and implement the so-called. continued education of technical personnel. In many technical colleges and institutes in the UK, training is based on the system of the so-called layer cake (sandwich), designed for 4-5 years and providing for alternation (after 3-6 months) theoretical studies with practical work in industry. In France, engineering and technical personnel are usually trained at universities and special institutes of various profiles (higher schools of mining, bridges and roads, air navigation, etc.). The course of study is 4-6 years, usually consists of 3 cycles, and during the second the student takes exams for a degree Licensee and can get the title of engineer, after the completion of the third - the degree of doctor of the 3rd cycle, and if he has the title of engineer, he can become an applicant for the degree of doctor-engineer. In Japan, T. o. is carried out on the basis of institutes and branch technical institutes, as a rule, within 4 years. Those who complete the course receive a bachelor's degree, after additional (1-2 years) training - a master's degree. The most important centers of technological education in the USA are the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge), the Carnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh), the Brooklyn and Washington Institutes of Technology, and the technical faculties and colleges of Harvard, Columbia, California, Illinois, Stanford, and other universities; in Great Britain - technical faculties and colleges of the universities of Cambridge, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh, Leeds, Sheffield, etc.; in Germany - Mining Academy in Clausthal, higher technical schools in Aachen, Hamburg, Cologne, etc.; in France - higher technical schools and technological institutes in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Strasbourg, institutes of metallurgy in Paris and Saint-Etienne, etc. In developing countries T. about. carried out in India - Bombay, Kharagpur, Kanpur and Madras Institutes of Technology, Bengal College of Engineering, engineering colleges in Pune and Varanasi; in Burma, the Rangoon Institute of Technology and the Mandalay Institute of Technology; in Egypt - Cairo and Alexandria Universities, Al-Tabbi Metallurgical Institute; in Algeria - the National Polytechnic School, the Annab Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, etc. In accordance with the needs of scientific and technological progress, many countries are developing and implementing reforms of technical education aimed primarily at improving it qualitatively. A. I. Bogomolov, A. A. Parkhomenko.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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