This is one of the forces of inertia, discovered, described and studied by the Frenchman Gustave Gaspard Coriolis at the beginning of the 19th century.The physical term "Coriolis force" is also applicable in the situation with the peculiarities of the flow of many rivers on our planet.Since relative to the planet Earth, this force is manifested as a result of its rotation around its own axis. When we observe the earth from north pole, then the planet rotates from left to right, that is, against the movement of the clock. AT this case the Coriolis force appears, increasing the inertia to the right, along the body. Therefore, in our hemisphere, north of the equator, all rivers, with the exception of very small ones, usually have rising, hilly and steep banks. After all, the influence of the stream on the right bank is multiplied by the force we have described. And accordingly, the left bank in most cases is more flat, calm. AT southern hemisphere On Earth, the opposite phenomenon is observed.
The exceptions are those cases when the river is forced to make its way through hard rocks. They can be due to the natural landscape, the difference in soils, and the exceptional swiftness of the flow of rivers in mountain ranges or on absolutely gentle plains. Often, very wide rivers in flat terrain and on soft soils have almost the same banks.
As a result of this pattern, Russian armies from ancient times suffered more extensive losses in many wars with foreign invaders than it could be. The fact is that when the enemy attacked from the western, European direction, our ancestors were forced to meet them on a gently sloping shore, that is, the enemy often had a strategic advantage in height. And accordingly, during retaliatory counterattacks, our troops crossed the fortified and impregnable coast.
Few of us think about such moments of history and geography. But in fact, there are quite a few such patterns in life. Therefore, before scolding our commanders for the extra human losses in battles, you need to see a little further than your own nose.
09/06/2017 /website/
Imagine someone at the North Pole throwing a ball at someone at the equator. While the ball was flying, the Earth turned a little around its axis, and the catcher managed to move to the east. If the thrower, aiming the ball, did not take into account this movement of the Earth, the ball fell to the west (or to the left) of the catcher. From the point of view of a person at the equator, it appears that the ball flew too far to the left than it should, from the very beginning - as soon as it was released from the thrower's hands - until it landed.
According to the laws of Newtonian mechanics, in order for a moving rectilinear body to deviate from the initially given trajectory, some kind of force must act on it. external force. This means that the catcher at the equator must conclude that the thrown ball deviated from a rectilinear trajectory under the influence of some force. If we could look at a flying ball from space, we would see that no force was actually acting on the ball. The deviation of the trajectory was due to the fact that the Earth had time to turn under the ball while it was flying in a straight line. Thus, whether a force acts in such a situation or not depends entirely on the frame of reference in which the observer is located.
And a similar phenomenon inevitably arises when there is some kind of rotating coordinate system - for example, the Earth. To describe this phenomenon, physicists often use the expression fictitious force, meaning that the force is “really” absent, it just seems to an observer in a rotating frame of reference that it acts (another example of a fictitious force is centrifugal force). And there are no contradictions here, since both observers are unanimous about the real trajectory of the ball and the equations that describe it. They differ only in the terms they use to describe this movement.
The fictitious force that acts in the above example is called the Coriolis force - after the French physicist Gaspard Coriolis, who first described this effect.
Interestingly, it is the Coriolis force that determines the direction of rotation of cyclone vortices, which we observe in the images received from meteorological satellites. Initially, air masses begin to flow in a straight line from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low atmospheric pressure, but the Coriolis force causes them to spiral. (You might as well argue that the air currents continue to move in a straight line, but because the Earth underneath them rotates, they appear to us on the surface of the planet to move in a spiral.) Let's return to the example of throwing a ball from the pole to the equator. It is easy to understand that in the Northern and Southern hemispheres the Coriolis force acts on a moving body in exactly opposite directions. That is why in the Northern Hemisphere vortices of cyclones seem to be twisted counterclockwise, and in the Southern Hemisphere - clockwise.
This is where the popular belief comes from that the water in the sewer openings of bathtubs and sinks rotates in opposite directions in the two hemispheres, allegedly due to the Coriolis effect. (I remember when I was a student myself, a group of us, including one Argentinean, spent many hours in the men's room in the physics department at Stanford University, watching the flow of water in the sink, in the hope of confirming or disproving this hypothesis.) In fact, although it is true that the Coriolis force acts oppositely in the two hemispheres, the direction of the swirl of water in the funnel is only partly determined by this effect. The fact is that water flows through water pipes for a long time, while currents are formed in the stream of water, which, although they are difficult to see with the naked eye, continue to spin the stream of water even when it pours into the sink. In addition, when water flows into the drain hole, similar currents can be created. It is they who determine the direction of water movement in the funnel, since the Coriolis forces turn out to be much weaker than these currents. In ordinary life, the direction of the swirl of water in the sink funnel in the northern and southern hemispheres depends more on the configuration of the sewer system than on the action of natural forces.
However, there was still a group of experimenters who had the patience to repeat this experiment in "pure" conditions. They took a perfectly symmetrical spherical sink, eliminated sewer pipes, allowing water to pass freely through the drain, equipped the drain with an automatic shutter that opened only after any residual currents in the water had calmed down - and they saw the Coriolis effect in action! Several times they even managed to see how the water first, under a weak external influence, twisted in one direction, and then the Coriolis forces took over, and the direction of the spiral changed to the opposite!
Ask your question.
Water treatment
In the shop Masaru Emoto books. water energy
Pitcher filters, cartridges
Water at the equator. Coriolis force
Experiments with water at the equator. Published on the Internet interesting video- about how water behaves at the equator, and how it behaves if you move a little to the sides - the north or south pole. When water is drained at the equator, it flows away without turbulence, and if you move towards the poles, turbulences appear, and in different directions.
Watch the video:
The Coriolis force, named after the French scientist Gustave Coriolis, who discovered it in 1833, is one of the inertial forces acting in a non-inertial frame of reference due to the rotation of a body, which manifests itself when moving in a direction at an angle to the axis of rotation. The reason for the appearance of the Coriolis force is the rotational acceleration. In inertial frames of reference, in accordance with the law of inertia, each body moves in a straight line and at a constant speed. When a body moves uniformly along a certain rotating radius, acceleration is necessary, since the farther the body is from the center, the greater the tangential rotation speed should be. Therefore, when considering a rotating frame of reference, the Coriolis force will try to displace the body from a given radius. In this case, if the rotation occurs clockwise, then the body moving from the center of rotation will tend to leave the radius to the left. If the rotation is counterclockwise, then to the right.
Rice. The emergence of the Coriolis force
The result of the action of the Coriolis force will be maximum when the object moves longitudinally with respect to rotation. On Earth, this will be when moving along the meridian, while the body deviates to the right when moving from north to south and to the left when moving from south to north. There are two reasons for this phenomenon: first, the rotation of the Earth to the east; and the second is dependence on geographical latitude tangential velocity of a point on the surface of the Earth (this velocity is zero at the poles and reaches its maximum value at the equator).
Experimentally, the Coriolis force caused by the rotation of the Earth about its axis can be seen when observing the movement of the Foucault pendulum. In addition, the Coriolis force is manifested in global natural processes. Our planet rotates around its axis, and all the bodies that move on its surface are affected by this rotation. On a person walking at a speed of approximately 5 km / h, the Coriolis force acts so insignificantly that he does not notice it. But it has a significant effect on large masses of water in rivers or air currents. As a result, in the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis force is directed to the right of the movement, so the right banks of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere are steeper, because they are washed away by water under the influence of the Coriolis force. In the Southern Hemisphere, everything happens the other way around and the left banks are washed away. This fact is explained by the joint action of the Coriolis force and the friction force, which create rotary motion masses of water around the axis of the channel, which causes the transfer of matter between the banks. The Coriolis force is also responsible for the rotation of cyclones and anticyclones, vortexes of air with low and high pressures at the center, moving clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. This is due to the fact that the Coriolis force due to the rotation of the Earth in the Northern Hemisphere leads to a turn of the moving stream to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left. Cyclones are characterized reverse direction winds.
Another manifestation of the Coriolis force is the wear of rails in the northern and southern hemispheres. If the rails were ideal, then when trains move from north to south and from south to north, under the influence of the Coriolis force, one rail would wear out more than the second. In the northern hemisphere, the right one wears out more, and in the southern hemisphere, the left one.
The Coriolis force must also be taken into account when considering the planetary motions of water in the ocean. It is the cause of gyroscopic waves, in which water molecules move in a circle.
And finally, under ideal conditions, the Coriolis force determines the direction of the swirl of water when draining in the sink. Although in fact the Coriolis force acts in opposite directions in the two hemispheres, the direction of the swirl of water in the funnel is only partly determined by this effect. The fact is that water flows for a long time through water pipes, while invisible currents are formed in the stream of water, which continue to spin the stream of water when it pours into the sink. When water goes into the drain hole, similar currents can also be created. It is they who determine the direction of water movement in the funnel, since the Coriolis forces turn out to be much weaker than these currents. Thus, in ordinary life, the direction of swirling of water in the drain funnel in the northern and southern hemispheres depends more on the configuration of the sewer system than on the action of natural forces. Therefore, in order to accurately reproduce this result, it is necessary to create ideal conditions. The experimenters took a perfectly symmetrical spherical shell, eliminated sewer pipes, allowing water to pass freely through the drain hole, equipped the drain hole with an automatic damper that opened only after any residual disturbances calmed down in the water - and were able to fix the Coriolis effect in practice.
Ph.D. O.V. Mosin
According to lunar theory about the tides Earth's crust at the latitude of Moscow, it rises and falls twice a day with an amplitude of about 20 cm; at the equator, the range of oscillations exceeds half a meter.
Then why do the highest tides form in the temperate zones and not at the equator?
The highest tides on earth form in the Bay of Fundy in North America- 18 m, at the mouth of the Severn River in England - 16 m, in the Gulf of Mont Saint-Michel in France - 15 m, in the bays of the Sea of Okhotsk, Penzhinskaya and Gizhiginskaya - 13 m, at Cape Nerpinsky in the Mezen Bay - 11 m.
The whirlpool theory of tides explains this discrepancy by the absence of whirlpools at the equator, as well as cyclones and anticyclones.
For the formation of whirlpools, cyclones and anticyclones, the deflecting force of Coriolis is necessary. At the equator, the Coriolis force is minimal and in temperate zones, it is maximum.
And another question: in the ocean, two humps are formed due to the "movement of waters", but how are two humps formed on the earth's crust? Does this mean that the earth's crust is moving?
The work of the Coriolis effet..
One of the purposes of the Coriolis force in nature is the formation of whirlpools of cyclones and anticyclones. And in order for the Coriolis force to be fully manifested, an imbalance of the linear and angular velocity must occur, both relative to the axis of the Earth and relative to the axis of the Sun. The Coriolis force also depends on the tilt of the Earth's axis, to the plane of the Earth's orbit. And without taking into account the orbital rotation of the Earth, and the inclination of the Earth's axis, the Coriolis force will remain in science as a decoration, useless for scientific research. practical application, and a task for the development of thinking in schoolchildren. With seeming simplicity, the Coriolis force is extremely difficult to perceive. And objectively study and analyze it, without a layout solar system, impossible.
"The ebb and flow is the result of the precession of whirlpools."
Forum of the Department of Oceanology of St. Petersburg State University. "Hypotheses, riddles, ideas, insights".
The waters of the lakes, seas and oceans of the northern hemisphere rotate counterclockwise, and the waters of the southern hemisphere rotate clockwise, forming giant whirlpools. And everything that rotates, including whirlpools, has the property of a gyroscope (spinning top), to maintain the vertical position of the axis in space, regardless of the rotation of the Earth. due to which, whirlpools precess (1-2 degrees) and reflect a tidal wave from themselves. low tides, observed in all lakes, seas and oceans. South America and North Africa, covering the mouth of the Amazon River .. The width of the tidal wave depends on the diameter of the whirlpool. And the height of the tidal wave depends on the speed of the overturning of the whirlpool (for 12 hours), and the speed of rotation of the whirlpool. And the rotation speed of the whirlpool depends on the Coriolis force, on the axial and orbital speed of the Earth, and on the inclination of the Earth's axis. And the role of the Moon is indirect, creating an uneven orbital velocity of the Earth .. Water mediterranean sea, rotate counterclockwise, forming tides 10-15 cm high. But in the Gulf of Gabes, off the coast of Tunisia, the height of the tides reaches three meters, and sometimes more. And this is considered one of the mysteries of nature. But at the same time, in the Gulf of Gabes, a whirlpool rotates, precessing an additional tidal wave. Inside the permanent oceanic and sea whirlpools, small permanent and non-permanent whirlpools and whirlpools, created by the rivers flowing into the bays, the outline of the coasts and local winds, rotate. And depending on the speed and direction of rotation of small coastal whirlpools, the calendar, amplitude, and the number of tides per day depend. , you can locate the whirlpools .. As a rule, positive reviews of the hypothesis are written by thinkers who are aware of the contradictions in the Lunar theory of ebbs and flows, have in-depth knowledge of celestial mechanics, and the properties of the gyroscope.
A "tidal wave" moving from the Indian Ocean, crashing into the eastern coast of the island of Madagascar, contrary to expectations, creates zero tides and low tides. And an abnormally high tidal wave, for some reason, arises between the island of Madagascar and the east coast of Africa .. Wikipedia explains this inconsistency with the reflection of waves, and the fact that the Coriolis force does its job .. And the real reason for this inconsistency, a giant whirlpool rotating around the island of Madagascar, at a speed of 9 km. In an hour, precessing a tidal wave, towards the east coast of Africa ..
The speed of rotation of whirlpools on Earth is in the range from 0.0 to 10 km. At one o'clock. The highest speed of ocean currents on the surface can reach 29.6 km / h (registered in pacific ocean off the coast of Canada).
In the open ocean, currents with a speed of 5.5 km/h or more are considered strong.
Hello, Yusup Salamovich!
A review has been received for your article, the review is positive, the article is recommended for publication...
Added your materials in №3/2015, which will be released on 06/29/2015. Upon the release of the journal, I will send you a link to the on-line version and the electronic version of the issue email. The printed version will have to wait longer. Thank you for publishing in our magazine...
Sincerely, Natalia Khvataeva (Russian-language editor. Science Magazine"Eastern-european scientific
journal" (Russian-German) 28.04.2015
The whirlpool theory of tides can be easily tested by relating the height of the tidal wave to the speed at which whirlpools rotate.
List of seas with an average eddy rotation speed of more than 0.5 km / h, and an average tidal wave height of more than 5 cm:
Irish sea. North Sea. Barents Sea. Baffin Sea. White Sea. Bering Sea. Sea of Okhotsk. Arabian Sea. Sargas Sea. Hudson bay. Gulf of Maine. Gulf of Alaska. Etc.
List of seas with an average eddy rotation speed of less than 0.5 km / h, and an average tidal wave height of less than 5 cm:
Baltic Sea. Greenland Sea. Black Sea. Sea of Azov. Caspian Sea. Chukchi Sea. Kara Sea. Laptev sea. Red sea. Marble sea. Caribbean Sea. Japanese Sea. Gulf of Mexico. Etc.
Note: The height of the tidal wave (soliton) and the amplitude of the tides are not the same.
Typification and zoning of the seas proznania.ru/
Seas of the USSR tapemark.narod.ru/more/
Pilot of the seas and oceans goo.gl/rOhQFq
Coriolis force
The peculiarity of the world of rotating systems is not limited to the existence of radial gravity forces. Let's get acquainted with another interesting effect, the theory of which was given in 1835 by the Frenchman Coriolis.
Let us pose the following question: what does rectilinear motion look like from the point of view of a rotating laboratory? The layout of such a laboratory is shown in Fig. 26. A line passing through the center shows a rectilinear trajectory of some body. We consider the case when the path of the body passes through the center of rotation of our laboratory. The disk on which the laboratory is located rotates uniformly; the figure shows the five positions of the laboratory in relation to the rectilinear trajectory. This is how the relative position of the laboratory and the trajectory of the body through one, two, three, etc. looks like. seconds. The laboratory, as you can see, rotates counterclockwise when viewed from above.
Arrows are marked on the path line, corresponding to the segments that the body passes in one, two, three, etc. seconds. For every second, the body travels the same path, since we are talking about uniform and rectilinear motion(from the point of view of a stationary observer).
Imagine that the moving body is a freshly painted ball rolling on a disk. What trace will remain on the disk? Our construction provides an answer to this question. Points marked with arrowheads from five drawings have been moved to one drawing. It remains to connect these points with a smooth curve. The result of construction will not surprise us: rectilinear and uniform motion looks curvilinear from the point of view of a rotating observer. The following rule attracts attention: a moving body deviates all the way to the right in the direction of motion. Assume that the disc is rotating clockwise and leave the reader to repeat the construction. It will show that in this case the moving body from the point of view of the rotating observer deviates to the left in the direction of motion.
We know that centrifugal force appears in rotating systems. However, its action cannot cause the path to bend, because it is directed along the radius. This means that in rotating systems, in addition to the centrifugal force, an additional force arises. It is called the Coriolis force.
Why, in the previous examples, did we not encounter the Coriolis force and did excellently manage with one centrifugal one? The reason is that we have not yet considered the motion of bodies from the point of view of a rotating observer. And the Coriolis force appears only in this case. Only centrifugal force acts on bodies that are at rest in a rotating system. The table of the rotating laboratory is screwed to the floor - it is affected by one centrifugal force. And on the ball, which fell from the table and rolled along the floor of a rotating laboratory, in addition to centrifugal force, the Coriolis force also acts.
On what quantities does the value of the Coriolis force depend? It can be calculated, but the calculations are too complicated to be given here. Therefore, we describe only the result of the calculations.
Unlike the centrifugal force, the value of which depends on the distance to the axis of rotation, the Coriolis force does not depend on the position of the body. Its value is determined by the speed of the body, and not only by the value of the speed, but also by its direction with respect to the axis of rotation. If the body moves along the axis of rotation, then the Coriolis force is zero. The greater the angle between the velocity vector and the rotation axis, the greater the Coriolis force; the maximum value of the force will take? T when the body moves at right angles to the axis.
As we know, the velocity vector can always be decomposed into any components and consider separately two emerging movements in which the body simultaneously participates.
If we decompose the speed of the body into components
– parallel and perpendicular to the axis of rotation, then the first movement will not be affected by the Coriolis force. Significance of the Coriolis force F k is determined by the velocity component
Calculations lead to the formula
Here m is body weight, and n is the number of revolutions made by the rotating system per unit of time. As can be seen from the formula, the Coriolis force is greater, the faster the system rotates and the faster the body moves.
The calculations also establish the direction of the Coriolis force. This force is always perpendicular to the axis of rotation and to the direction of motion. In this case, as mentioned above, the force is directed to the right in the direction of motion in the system rotating counterclockwise.
The action of the Coriolis force explains many interesting phenomena that occur on Earth. The earth is a sphere, not a disk. Therefore, the manifestations of the Coriolis forces are more complicated.
These forces will affect both the movement along the earth's surface and the fall of bodies to the Earth.
Does the body fall strictly vertically? Not quite. Only at the pole the body falls strictly vertically. The direction of motion and the axis of rotation of the Earth coincide, so there is no Coriolis force. The situation is different at the equator; here the direction of motion is at right angles to the earth's axis. When viewed from the North Pole, the rotation of the Earth will appear to us counterclockwise. This means that a freely falling body must deviate to the right in the direction of motion, i.e. to the East. The magnitude of the eastward deviation, greatest at the equator, decreases to zero as one approaches the poles.
Let's calculate the deviation at the equator. Since a freely falling body moves uniformly accelerated, the Coriolis force increases as it approaches the ground. Therefore, we confine ourselves to an approximate calculation. If a body falls from a height of, say, 80 m, then the fall continues for about 4 s (according to the formula t= sqrt(2 h/g)). average speed when falling, it will be equal to 20 m / s.
We will substitute this velocity value into the Coriolis acceleration formula 4? n.v.. Meaning n= 1 revolution in 24 hours convert to revolutions per second. There are 24 3600 seconds in 24 hours, so n is equal to 1/86400 rev / s and, therefore, the acceleration that the Coriolis force creates is equal to? / 1080 m / s 2. The path traveled with such an acceleration in 4 s is equal to (1/2)·(?/1080)·4 2 = 2.3 cm. This is the value of the eastern deviation for our example. An exact calculation, taking into account the unevenness of the fall, gives a slightly different figure - 3.1 cm.
If the deflection of a body during free fall is maximum at the equator and equals zero at the poles, then we will observe the opposite picture in the case of deflection under the action of the Coriolis force of a body moving in a horizontal plane.
The horizontal platform at the north or south poles is no different from the rotating disk from which we began our study of the Coriolis force. A body moving along such a platform will be deflected by the Coriolis force to the right in the direction of motion at the north pole and to the left in the direction of motion at the south pole. The reader can easily calculate, using the same Coriolis acceleration formula, that a bullet fired from a gun with an initial speed of 500 m / s will deviate from the target in a horizontal plane in one second (i.e., on a path of 500 m) by a segment equal to 3 .5 cm
But why should the deviation in the horizontal plane at the equator be zero? Without rigorous evidence, it is clear that this should be the case. At the north pole, the body deviates to the right in motion, at the south pole it deviates to the left, which means in the middle between the poles, i.e. at the equator, the deviation will be zero.
Recall the experiment with the Foucault pendulum. A pendulum oscillating at a pole maintains the plane of its oscillations. The earth, rotating, leaves from under the pendulum. Such an explanation is given to Foucault's experiment by a stellar observer. And an observer rotating with the globe, will explain this experience by the Coriolis force. Indeed, the Coriolis force is directed perpendicular to the earth's axis and perpendicular to the direction of motion of the pendulum; in other words, the force is perpendicular to the plane of oscillation of the pendulum and will continuously rotate this plane. You can make the end of the pendulum draw the trajectory of movement. The trajectory is a "socket", shown in Fig. 27. In this figure, for one and a half periods of oscillation of the pendulum, the "Earth" turns a quarter of a turn. The Foucault pendulum turns much more slowly. At the pole, the plane of oscillation of the pendulum will rotate 1/4 degree in one minute. At the north pole, the plane will turn to the right along the pendulum, at the south pole - to the left.
At the latitudes of central Europe, the Coriolis effect will be somewhat less than at the equator. The bullet in the example we have just given will deviate not by 3.5 cm, but by 2.5 cm. The Foucault pendulum will turn in one minute by about 1/6 of a degree.
Should gunners take into account the Coriolis force? Bert's cannon, from which the Germans shelled Paris during the First World War, was 110 km from the target. The Coriolis deviation in this case reaches 1600 m. This is no longer a small value.
If a flying projectile is sent over a long distance without taking into account the Coriolis force, then it will significantly deviate from the course. This effect is great not because the force is great (for a projectile of 10 tons, having a speed of 1000 km/h, the Coriolis force will be about 25 kg), but because the force acts continuously for a long time.
Of course, the effect of wind on an unguided projectile can be no less significant. The correction to the course, which is given by the pilot, is due to the action of the wind, the Coriolis effect and the imperfection of the aircraft or projectile aircraft.
What specialists other than aviators and gunners should take the Coriolis effect into account? Strange as it may seem, railroad workers also belong to them. On the railway one rail under the action of the Coriolis force wears out from the inside noticeably more than the other. It is clear to us which one: in the northern hemisphere it will be the right rail (in the direction of travel), in the southern hemisphere it will be the left one. Only the railroad workers of the equatorial countries are deprived of this hassle.
The erosion of the right banks in the northern hemisphere is explained in exactly the same way as the abrasion of the rails.
Channel deviations are largely related to the action of the Coriolis force. It turns out that the rivers of the northern hemisphere bypass obstacles on the right side.
It is known that air flows are directed to the area of low pressure. But why is such a wind called a cyclone? After all, the root of this word indicates a circular (cyclic) movement.
So it is - in the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure, a circular motion occurs air masses(Fig. 28). The reason lies in the action of the Coriolis force. In the northern hemisphere, all air flows rushing to a place of low pressure deviate to the right in their movement. Look at fig. 29 - you see that this leads to the deviation of the winds blowing in both hemispheres from the tropics to the equator of the winds (trade winds) to the west.
Why does such a small force play such a big role in the movement of air masses?
This is due to the insignificance of friction forces. Air is easily mobile, and a small but constantly acting force leads to important consequences.
From the book Physics: Paradoxical Mechanics in Questions and Answers author Gulia Nurbey Vladimirovich4. Movement and strength
From book latest book facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellaneous] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich From the book Return of the Sorcerer author Keler Vladimir RomanovichThe great power of "trifles" Lenochka Kazakova's button may come off her dress, but this will not stop her from being Lenochka Kazakova. The laws of science, especially the laws of physics, do not allow for the slightest mess. Using an analogy, we can say that the laws
From the book Interplanetary Travel [Flights to world space and achievement celestial bodies] author Perelman Yakov IsidorovichThe most mysterious force of nature Not to mention how little hope we have of ever finding a substance that is impenetrable to gravity. The cause of gravity is unknown to us: since the time of Newton, who discovered this force, we have not come a step closer to understanding its inner essence. Without
From the book Physics at Every Step author Perelman Yakov IsidorovichHorsepower and horse work We often hear the expression "horsepower" and are used to it. Therefore, few people are aware that this old name is completely wrong. “Horsepower” is not strength, but power, and, moreover, not even horsepower. Power is
From the book Movement. Heat author Kitaygorodsky Alexander IsaakovichStrength of sound How does sound weaken with distance? The physicist will tell you that sound attenuates "inversely with the square of the distance." This means the following: in order for the sound of a bell at a triple distance to be heard as loudly as at a single distance, you need to simultaneously
From the book For Young Physicists [Experiences and Entertainment] author Perelman Yakov IsidorovichForce is a vector Force, like speed, is a vector quantity. After all, it always works in a certain direction. This means that the forces must also be added up according to the rules that we have just discussed. We often see examples in life that illustrate the vector
From the book Who Invented Modern Physics? From Galileo's pendulum to quantum gravity author Gorelik Gennady EfimovichAcceleration and force If no force acts on a body, then it can only move without acceleration. On the contrary, the action of a force on a body leads to acceleration, and the acceleration of the body will be the greater, the greater the force. The sooner we want to move the cart with the load, the
From the book How to understand the complex laws of physics. 100 simple and fun experiences for kids and their parents author Dmitriev Alexander Stanislavovichstrength and potential energy during oscillation With any oscillation around the equilibrium position, a force acts on the body, “desiring” to return the body to the equilibrium position. As the point moves away from the equilibrium position, the force slows down as the point approaches
From the book Hyperspace by Kaku Michio2. Centrifugal Force Open the umbrella, rest it with its end on the floor, spin it around and throw inside a ball, crumpled paper, a handkerchief - in general, some light and non-breakable object. You will see that the umbrella does not seem to want to accept a gift: a ball or a paper lump themselves
From the author's book From the author's bookChapter 3 Gravity - The First Fundamental Force From Heaven to Earth and Back B modern physics talk about four fundamental forces. The force of gravity was discovered first. Law known to students gravity determines the force of attraction F between any masses
From the author's book73 Strength in centimeters, or Clearly Hooke's law For the experiment, we need: balloon, marker. Hooke's law is passed at school. There lived such a famous scientist who studied the compressibility of objects and substances and deduced his own law. This law is very simple: the stronger we
From the author's bookForce = geometry Despite constant illnesses, Riemann eventually changed the prevailing ideas about the meaning of force. Since the time of Newton, scientists have considered force to be the instantaneous interaction of bodies distant from each other. Physicists called it "long-range action", which meant
29. Coriolis force
The most terrible force that does not need gravitons
First, what does the scientific world know about the Coriolis force?
As the disk rotates, points farther from the center move at a higher tangential velocity than less distant ones (a group of black arrows along the radius). You can move some body along the radius so that it remains on the radius (blue arrow from position “A” to position “B”) by increasing the speed of the body, that is, by giving it acceleration. If a
reference system rotates together with the disk, it is clear that the body “does not want” to stay on the radius, but “tries” to go to the left - this is the Coriolis force.The trajectory of the ball when moving on the surface of a rotating plate in different systems reference (above - in inertial, below - in non-inertial).
Coriolis force- one of
inertia forces existing in non-inertial frame of reference due to rotation and laws of inertia , which manifests itself when moving in a direction at an angle to the axis of rotation. Named after a French scientistGustave Gaspard Coriolis who first described it. The Coriolis acceleration was obtained by Coriolis in 1833, Gauss in 1803 and Euler in 1765.The reason for the appearance of the Coriolis force is in the Coriolis (rotary) acceleration. AT
inertial reference systems the law of inertia applies , that is, each body tends to move in a straight line and with a constant speed . If we consider the motion of a body that is uniform along a certain rotating radius and directed from the center, then it becomes clear that in order for it to take place, it is required to give the body acceleration , since the farther from the center, the greater the tangential rotation speed should be. This means that from the point of view of the rotating frame of reference, some force will try to move the body from the radius.In order for the body to move with Coriolis acceleration, it is necessary to apply a force to the body equal to F = ma, where a is the Coriolis acceleration. Accordingly, the body acts on
Newton's third law with opposite force.F K = — ma. 
|
The force that acts from the side of the body will be called the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force should not be confused with another force of inertia centrifugal force , which is directed to radius of the rotating circle. If the rotation is clockwise, then the body moving from the center of rotation will tend to leave the radius to the left. If the rotation is counterclockwise, then to the right. |
Zhukovsky's rule
| Coriolis acceleration can be obtained by projecting the velocity vector material point in a non-inertial frame of reference onto a plane perpendicular to the angular velocity vector of a non-inertial frame of reference , increasing the resulting projection to times and turning it 90 degrees in the direction of translational rotation. | N. E. Zhukovsky a convenient for practical use verbal formulation of the definition of the Coriolis force was proposed |
Additions:
gimlet rule
|
Straight wire with current. The current (I) flowing through the wire creates a magnetic field (B) around the wire.gimlet rule(also, right hand rule) — mnemonic rule for determining the direction of a vectorangular velocity , which characterizes the speed of rotation of the body, as well as the vectormagnetic induction B or to determine the directioninduction current . Right hand rule gimlet rule: “If the direction of translational motion gimlet (screw ) coincides with the direction of current in the conductor, then the direction of rotation of the gimlet handle coincides with the directionmagnetic induction vector “. |
Determines the direction of the inductive current in a conductor moving in a magnetic field
Right hand rule: “If the palm of the right hand is positioned so that it includes lines of force magnetic field, and direct the bent thumb along the movement of the conductor, then 4 outstretched fingers will indicate the direction of the induction current.
For solenoid it is formulated as follows: “If you grasp the solenoid with the palm of your right hand so that four fingers are directed along the current in the turns, then the thumb set aside will show the direction of the magnetic field lines inside the solenoid.”
left hand rule
If a charge is moving and the magnet is at rest, then the left hand rule applies to determine the force: “If left hand position so that the lines of induction of the magnetic field enter the palm perpendicular to it, and four fingers are directed along the current (along the movement of a positively charged particle or against the movement of a negatively charged one), then the thumb set aside at 90® will show the direction operating force Lorentz or Ampère.
A MAGNETIC FIELD
PROPERTIES OF A (STATIONARY) MAGNETIC FIELD
Permanent (or stationary) A magnetic field is a magnetic field that does not change with time.
1. Magnetic field created moving charged particles and bodies, conductors with current, permanent magnets.
2. Magnetic field valid on moving charged particles and bodies, on conductors with current, on permanent magnets, on the frame with current.
3. Magnetic field vortex, i.e. has no source.
MAGNETIC FORCES are the forces with which current-carrying conductors act on each other.
………………
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
The magnetic induction vector is always directed in the same way as a freely rotating magnetic needle is oriented in a magnetic field.
LINES OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION - these are lines, tangent to which at any point is the vector of magnetic induction.
Uniform magnetic field- this is a magnetic field, in which at any of its points the magnetic induction vector is unchanged in magnitude and direction; observed between the plates of a flat capacitor, inside a solenoid (if its diameter is much less than its length), or inside a bar magnet.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION LINES
- have direction
- continuous;
– closed (i.e. the magnetic field is vortex);
- do not intersect;
- according to their density, the magnitude of the magnetic induction is judged.
gimlet rule(mainly for a straight conductor with current):
|
If the direction of the translational movement of the gimlet coincides with the direction of the current in the conductor, then the direction of rotation of the gimlet handle coincides with the direction of the lines of the magnetic field of the current.Right hand rule (mainly to determine the direction magnetic lines inside the solenoid):If you grasp the solenoid with the palm of your right hand so that four fingers are directed along the current in the turns, then the thumb set aside will show the direction of the magnetic field lines inside the solenoid. |
|
There are other possible applications of the gimlet and right hand rules. |
 
|
POWER AMP is the force with which a magnetic field acts on a current-carrying conductor.The Ampere force module is equal to the product of the current strength in the conductor and the module of the magnetic induction vector, the length of the conductor and the sine of the angle between the magnetic induction vector and the direction of the current in the conductor.The Ampere force is maximum if the magnetic induction vector is perpendicular to the conductor.If the magnetic induction vector is parallel to the conductor, then the magnetic field has no effect on the conductor with current, i.e. Ampere's force is zero.Direction of ampere force determined by left hand rule: |
If the left hand is positioned so that the component of the magnetic induction vector perpendicular to the conductor enters the palm, and 4 outstretched fingers are directed in the direction of the current, then the thumb bent 90 degrees will show the direction of the force acting on the conductor with current.
So, in the magnetic field of a direct current-carrying conductor (it is non-uniform), the current-carrying frame is oriented along the radius of the magnetic line and is attracted or repelled from the direct current-carrying conductor, depending on the direction of the currents.
|
The direction of the Coriolis force on the rotating Earth.Centrifugal force , acting on a body of mass m, modulo equal to F pr= mb 2 r, where b = omega is the angular velocity of rotation and r is the distance from the axis of rotation. The vector of this force lies in the plane of the axis of rotation and is directed perpendicular to it. Value Coriolis forces acting on a particle moving at a speed with respect to a given rotating frame of reference, is determined by the expression, where alpha is the angle between the velocity vectors of the particle and the angular velocity of the reference frame. The vector of this force is directed perpendicular to both vectors and to the right of the body's velocity (determined bygimlet rule ). |
Coriolis Force Effects: Laboratory Experiments
|
Foucault pendulum at the north pole. The axis of rotation of the Earth lies in the plane of oscillation of the pendulum.Foucault pendulum . An experiment that clearly demonstrates the rotation of the Earth was set up in 1851 by the French physicist Leon Foucault . Its meaning is that the plane of vibrationsmathematical pendulum is unchanged relative to the inertial frame of reference, in this case relative to the fixed stars. Thus, in the reference frame associated with the Earth, the plane of oscillation of the pendulum must rotate. From the point of view of a non-inertial frame of reference associated with the Earth, the plane of oscillation of the Foucault pendulum rotates under the influence of the Coriolis force.This effect should be most clearly expressed at the poles, where the period of complete rotation of the pendulum plane is equal to the period of the Earth's rotation around its axis (sidereal days). In the general case, the period is inversely proportional to the sine of geographic latitude; at the equator, the plane of the pendulum's oscillations is unchanged. |
Currently
Foucault pendulum successfully demonstrated in a number of scientific museums and planetariums, in particular, in the planetariumPetersburg , Volgograd planetarium.There are a number of other experiments with pendulums used to prove the rotation of the earth. For example, in Bravais's experiment (1851), we used
conical pendulum . The rotation of the Earth was proved by the fact that the periods of oscillations clockwise and counterclockwise were different, since the Coriolis force in these two cases had a different sign. In 1853 Gauss proposed to use a non-mathematical pendulum, as in Foucault, and the physical , which would reduce the size experimental setup and increase the accuracy of the experiment. This idea was implemented Kamerling-Onnes in 1879Gyroscope– a rotating body with a significant moment of inertia retains an angular momentum if there are no strong perturbations. Foucault, who was tired of explaining what happened to a Foucault pendulum not at the pole, developed another demonstration: a suspended gyroscope maintained its orientation, which means it slowly rotated relative to the observer.
Deflection of projectiles during gun firing. Another observable manifestation of the Coriolis force is the deflection of the trajectories of projectiles (in the northern hemisphere to the right, in the southern hemisphere to the left) fired in a horizontal direction. From the point of view of the inertial frame of reference, for projectiles fired along
meridian , this is due to the dependence of the linear velocity of the Earth's rotation on the geographic latitude: when moving from the equator to the pole, the projectile keeps the horizontal component of the velocity unchanged, while the linear velocity of rotation of points on the earth's surface decreases, which leads to a displacement of the projectile from the meridian in the direction of the Earth's rotation. If the shot was fired parallel to the equator, then the displacement of the projectile from the parallel is due to the fact that the trajectory of the projectile lies in the same plane with the center of the Earth, while points on the earth's surface move in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the Earth.Deviation of freely falling bodies from the vertical. If the velocity of the body has a large vertical component, the Coriolis force is directed to the east, which leads to a corresponding deflection of the trajectory of a body freely falling (without initial velocity) from a high tower. When considered in an inertial frame of reference, the effect is explained by the fact that the top of the tower relative to the center of the Earth moves faster than the base, due to which the trajectory of the body turns out to be a narrow parabola and the body is slightly ahead of the base of the tower.
This effect was predicted
Newton in 1679. Due to the difficulty of conducting the relevant experiments, the effect could be confirmed only at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century (Guglielmini, 1791; Bentsenberg, 1802; Reich, 1831).Austrian astronomer
Johann Hagen (1902) carried out an experiment, which is a modification of this experiment, where instead of freely falling weights, Atwood machine . This made it possible to reduce the fall acceleration, which led to a reduction in the size of the experimental setup and an increase in the measurement accuracy.Eötvös effect. At low latitudes, the Coriolis force, when moving along the earth's surface, is directed in the vertical direction and its action leads to an increase or decrease in acceleration free fall, depending on whether the body is moving west or east. This effect is named
the Eötvös effect in honor of the Hungarian physicist Roland Eötvös who experimentally discovered it at the beginning of the 20th century.Experiments using the law of conservation of angular momentum. Some experiments are based on
law of conservation of angular momentum : in the inertial frame of reference, the magnitude of the angular momentum (equal to the product moment of inertia on the angular velocity of rotation) under the action internal forces does not change. If at some initial time the installation is motionless relative to the Earth, then the speed of its rotation relative to the inertial reference frame is equal to the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation. If you change the moment of inertia of the system, then the angular velocity of its rotation should change, that is, rotation relative to the Earth will begin. In a non-inertial frame of reference associated with the Earth, rotation occurs as a result of the action of the Coriolis force. This idea was proposed by the French scientist Louis Poinsot in 1851The first such experiment was carried out
Hagen in 1910: two weights on a smooth bar were installed motionless relative to the surface of the Earth. Then the distance between the loads was reduced. As a result, the installation came into rotation. An even more illustrative experiment was put by a German scientist Hans Bucca (Hans Bucka) in 1949. A rod about 1.5 meters long was installed perpendicular to a rectangular frame. Initially, the rod was horizontal, the installation was stationary relative to the Earth. Then the rod was brought to a vertical position, which led to a change in the moment of inertia of the installation by about 10 4 times and its rapid rotation with an angular velocity of 10 4 times the speed of the Earth's rotation.Funnel in the bath. Since the Coriolis force is very weak, it has negligible effect on the direction of the swirl of water when draining in a sink or bathtub, so in general the direction of rotation in a funnel is not related to the rotation of the Earth. However, in carefully controlled experiments, it is possible to separate the effect of the Coriolis force from other factors: in the northern hemisphere, the funnel will be twisted counterclockwise, in the southern hemisphere it will be vice versa (everything is vice versa).
Effects of the Coriolis Force: Phenomena in the Environment
Baer's law. As the St. Petersburg academician first noted
Carl Baer in 1857, the rivers erode the right bank in the northern hemisphere (the left bank in the southern hemisphere), which, as a result, turns out to be steeper ( Baer's law ). The explanation of the effect is similar to the explanation of the deflection of projectiles when firing in a horizontal direction: under the influence of the Coriolis force, the water hits the right bank more strongly, which leads to its blurring, and, conversely, recedes from the left bank. 
|
Cyclone over the southeast coast of Iceland (view from space).Winds: trade winds, cyclones, anticyclones. With the presence of the Coriolis force, directed in the northern hemisphere to the right and in the southern hemisphere to the left, atmospheric phenomena are also associated: trade winds, cyclones and anticyclones. Phenomenon trade winds caused by uneven heating of the lower layers earth's atmosphere in the equatorial strip and in middle latitudes, leading to the flow of air along the meridian to the south or north in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The action of the Coriolis force leads to the deviation of air flows: in the northern hemisphere - towards the northeast (northeast trade wind), in the southern hemisphere - to the southeast (southeast trade wind). |
cyclone called an atmospheric vortex with reduced air pressure in the center. Air masses, tending to the center of the cyclone, under the influence of the Coriolis force, twist counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Likewise, in anticyclone , where there is a pressure maximum at the center, the presence of the Coriolis force leads to vortex motion clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. In a stationary state, the direction of wind movement in a cyclone or anticyclone is such that the Coriolis force balances the pressure gradient between the center and periphery of the vortex (geostrophic wind ).
Optical experiments
A number of experiments demonstrating the rotation of the Earth are based on
Sagnac effect: if a ring interferometer performs a rotational motion, then, due to relativistic effects, the bands are displaced by an angle| where A is the area of the ring, c is the speed of light, omega is the angular velocity of rotation. To demonstrate the rotation of the Earth, this effect was used by an American physicist Michelson in a series of experiments carried out in 1923–1925. In modern experiments using the Sagnac effect, the rotation of the Earth must be taken into account to calibrate ring interferometers. |
The gimlet rule in the life of dolphins
However, it is unlikely that dolphins are able to sense this power on such a small scale. According to another version of Menger, the fact is that animals swim in one direction in order to stay in a group during a time of relative vulnerability during half-sleep hours. “When dolphins are awake, they use whistles to keep themselves together,” explains the scientist. “But when they sleep, they don’t want to make noise because they are afraid to attract attention.” But Menger does not know why the choice of direction changes in connection with the hemisphere: "It's beyond my strength," the researcher admits.
Amateur opinion
So, we have an assembly:
1. The Coriolis force is one of
5. A MAGNETIC FIELD- this is a special kind of matter, through which the interaction between moving electrically charged particles is carried out.
6. MAGNETIC INDUCTION is the force characteristic of the magnetic field.
7. DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION LINES- is determined by the gimlet rule or by the right hand rule.
9. Deviation of freely falling bodies from the vertical.
10. Funnel in the bath
11. Effect of the right bank.
12. Dolphins.
At the equator, an experiment was conducted with water. To the north of the equator, when draining, the water rotated clockwise, to the south of the equator, counterclockwise. The fact that the right bank is higher than the left one is the water dragging the rock up.
The Coriolis force has nothing to do with the rotation of the Earth!
A detailed description of communication tubes with satellites, the Moon and the Sun is given in the monograph Cold Nuclear Fusion.
There are also effects that occur when the potentials of individual frequencies in the communication tubes are reduced.
Effects observed since 2007:
Rotation of water when draining both clockwise and counterclockwise, sometimes draining was carried out without rotation.
Dolphins washed up on the shore.
There was no current transformation (everything is at the input, there is nothing at the output).
During the transformation, the output power significantly exceeded the input.
Burning transformer substations.
Communication system failures.
The gimlet rule did not work with magnetic induction.
The Gulf Stream is gone.
Planned:
Stop ocean currents.
Stopping the rivers flowing into the Black Sea.
Stopping the rivers flowing into the Aral Sea.
Stopping the Yenisei.
The elimination of communication tubes will lead to the displacement of the satellites of the planets into circular orbits around the Sun, the radius of the orbits will be less than the radius of the orbit of Mercury.
Removal of the tube of communication with the Sun - extinction of the corona.
The removal of the communication tube with the Moon is the elimination of the reproduction of the “golden billion” and the “golden million”, while the Moon “moves away” from the Earth by 1,200,000 km.