In the years from 1918 to 1922, a civil war took place in our country. I remember these 4 years with many terrible events. And it was in the RSFSR that the civil war was closely intertwined with intervention - the intervention of states in internal politics another country. And, of course, it is important to say that it was during this period of time that Soviet power was established throughout the country. As is customary, first things first.
When discussing the civil war, it is important to note the creation of the Committee of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), on the one hand, and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republics (RVSR), headed by Trotsky, on the other.
The beginning of the civil war is often considered the end of May 1918.
It was then that the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia took place. And already the beginning of the intervention, we call the landing of the Entente in the White Sea in the summer of 1918.
The Bolshevik government is being attacked from all directions.
In November 1918, a coup led by Kolchak took place in Omsk, the overthrow of the directory, headed by the SRs and the Mensheviks. In the same month, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (SRKO) was created, headed by Lenin, to which the RVSR is now subordinate.
In February 1919, the Red Army was able to defeat Krasnov's troops advancing from the south.
Already in the spring of the same year, Kolchak's troops went on the offensive. The forces of the White Guards are advancing quite successfully at first.
But by the end of June, Kolchak's army was defeated. This event was the reason for the establishment of Soviet power in Siberia and the Far East.
The victory pursued the Red Army in the northern direction: Yudenich's troops were defeated near Petrograd.
Meanwhile, it is worth mentioning separately that revolutionary moods are also sweeping among the interventionist troops. This was the reason that foreign forces were now withdrawn, and support for the Whites continued only materially.
Attacks on the Bolsheviks were, as already mentioned, from all sides. Thus, Denikin's forces marched from the south to Moscow. Similar to eastbound, the armies of the Whites at first advanced successfully. But Denikin's troops were defeated due to the counteroffensive of the Red Army by 1920.
The forces of the Red Army already in November 1919 fell upon the Crimea, where the remnants of Denikin's army were already under the command of Wrangel. The victory here was for the Red Army. The consequence of this event was the cessation of the existence of the White movement in Russia. And by 1922, the civil war was over.
Now we can draw a conclusion. It is simply impossible to evaluate the civil war positively or negatively. Destruction everywhere. An incredible number of people died. A lot of people emigrated from the country. Society split into two camps. In the end, it was the Bolsheviks who came to power. And there are some good reasons for this. It seems to me that the most important of them are the fragmentation of the forces of the White movement and the support of the Reds by a large number of the population. The role of the skillful activity of the Bolsheviks themselves and the policy of "War Communism" is enormous.
1917. and CIVIL WAR
(Preparation for the exam)
(Designed to study: naZh 30 min)
I. Read the text and answer the questions (28 min)
Material study plan:
1. Dual power.
2. The policy of the Provisional Government.
4. Kornilov rebellion.
5. The crisis of power in September - October 1917
Read the text (6 min).
5. Rebellion of the Left SRs.
Read the text (6 min).
October coup 1917. The decision to seize power by force was made by the Bolsheviks on October 10 . At the same time, the creation of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was announced. October 12 formed in Petrograd Military Revolutionary Co.meeting, which had the authority to issue orders to the military command, for which purpose commissars of the Military Revolutionary Committee were sent to all units with special notice. The provisional government enjoyed the support of practically only the Junkers, all other parts were either already on the side of the Bolsheviks, or adhered to a policy of non-intervention. Under these conditions, on October 24, on the orders of Kerensky, the junkers attacked the printing house of the Bolshevik publication Rabochy Put. An order was also given to arrest members of the Military Revolutionary Committee. It was not possible to make arrests, since now, by order of the committee, units loyal to the Bolsheviks occupied part of the strategic points in the city (bridges, telegraph, etc.). the 25th of October Lenin published an appeal to the people, which spoke of the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee. The Provisional Government, which met in the Winter Palace, was given an ultimatum. The members of the government who were in Zimny refused the ultimatum, and by the morning of October 26 all the ministers sitting there were arrested (Kerensky managed to escape).
At the meeting IIAll-Russian Congress of Soviets under pressure from Lenin
decision was made to transfer power to
Council (a significant part of those who took part in the meeting at first advocated a peaceful solution to the political crisis, namely, negotiations with the Provisional Government; however, after the capture of the Winter Palace and the arrest of members of the government, the overwhelming majority supported the position ).
Answer the questions (2 min).
When was the Military Revolutionary Committee formed?
Who made the decision to transfer power to the Soviets?
Read the text (8 min).
Immediately after the takeover October 26 the new government announced the end of the war without annexations and indemnities and the withdrawal of Russia from it (peace decree). The next law was land decree, according to which all land suitable for cultivation was declared common and divided among all those interested. Thus, by these two decrees, the Bolsheviks won over to their side a significant part of the mobilized population and peasants. However, despite this, there were forces in the country that strongly opposed the new government and, above all, the way they came to power. The liberal parties did not recognize the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, and military resistance began in the southern part of the country, supported primarily by the Cossacks. Finland and the whole of Transcaucasia spoke out against the Bolsheviks;
Kerensky, who managed to escape during the storming of the Winter Palace, tried to organize a military offensive against Petrograd (together with General Krasnov), however was. stopped on the outskirts of the city and was forced to flee again. On October 29, clashes began with the junkers in Petrograd, who were suppressed by military units loyal to the Bolsheviks. This turn of events did not suit many socialists, who at first unanimously supported the Bolsheviks. October 29 All-Russian Executive Committee of the Trade Union of Railway Workers (Vikzhel) demanded to stop hostilities and convene a socialist government. In response to this, instead of Vikzhel, the railroad trade union (Vikzhedor), completely controlled by the Bolsheviks, was formed.
Thus the threat of a general railroad strike was eliminated. This helped to suppress military actions in Moscow, where significant military forces. As a result of military clashes, which were suppressed only a few days later, more than a thousand people were killed.
Formed at the second meeting of the Congress of Soviets Council of People's Commissars, which was headed by Lenin, became the main body of power of the country and had to function before the start of action Constituent Assembly. Elections to the Constituent Assembly were completed by the end of the year. Most of the seats, according to the voting results, were received by the Socialist-Revolutionaries, which could not satisfy the Bolsheviks. First meeting
The Constituent Assembly, which, in theory, was supposed to determine the further path of the country's political development, was held January 5, 1918 And
lasted until the morning of January 6, when the Bolsheviks decided to forcefully disperse the meeting (in response to the deputies' refusal to stop discussing the future political system).
3. Vikzhel insisted:
a) on the restoration of the former composition of the Provisional Government;
b) the return of the Cadets to the government;
c) creation of a coalition socialist government;
d) immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
4. IN As a result of the elections to the Constituent Assembly, the majority were:
a) the Bolsheviks; b) the Mensheviks;
c) Socialist-Revolutionaries; d) cadets.
5. A new constitution was adopted:
a) at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets;
b) at the Constituent Assembly;
c) the Council of People's Commissars;
d) the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies.
6. The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission was headed by:
A) ; b) ;
7. The beginning of the red terror was provoked by:
a) the failure of the surplus appropriation policy;
b) the assassination of the German ambassador Mirbach;
c) the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk;
d) murder.
8. The first People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs was:
A) ; b) ;
9. As a result of the Brest Peace Soviet Russia did not lose:
a) Ukraine;
b) Lower Volga region;
c) Transcaucasia;
d) the Baltic territories.
10. Which event did not happen in October 1917:
a) the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks;
b) Vikzhel ultimatum;
c) establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission;
d) the work of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
VIII. Check your answers
Key To test: 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - c, 4 - c, 5 - a, 6 - d, 7 - d, 8-c, 9-6, 10-c.
IX.
Read the text and answer the questions (27 min)
Material study plan:
1. The emergence of the White movement. Intervention.
2. Mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps.
4. The defeat of armies and.
5. The defeat of the army.
6. War with Poland.
7. The defeat of the army.
8. The victory of the Bolsheviks in Transcaucasia, Central Asia, the Far East.
Read the text (6 min).
Civil War. By the spring of 1918, two centers of resistance were organized in the south of the country. Soviet power: Volunteer(led by General Kornilov) and Donskaya(under the leadership of General Krasnov) of the army. Both armies were actively supported by the British and French (to a lesser extent by the Poles and Japanese), primarily material and military assistance. In addition, the troops of England and France occupied a number of port cities (including in the south - Odessa, Sevastopol, in the east - Vladivostok, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, etc.). In March 1918, Kornilov was killed during the fighting near Ekaterinodar. Instead, he led the army , which by the autumn of 1918 managed to capture the Kuban. At the same time, the Reds were defeated in the North Caucasus, and at the same time, Tsaritsyn was besieged by Belakh forces, which, located on the Volga, was a very important strategic point for further advancement. Although Tsaritsyn remained in the hands of the Bolsheviks, general situation developed at this stage in favor of White. In addition to the south of Russia, pockets of resistance also arose in other parts of the country. So, in the Urals and Siberia, under the auspices of England, several military uprisings were organized, which, although they were suppressed, significantly diverted the forces of the Red Army from the main center of resistance - the south of the country.
Mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps. In May 1918, a military mutiny began in the Czechoslovak Corps, formed from Czech prisoners of war. After Russia left the war, the prisoners of war were to be transported to France, but along the way, the Czechs revolted, finding support from the whites. As a result of their joint efforts, they were able to actually control a significant part of the territory of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia, and soon began to threaten Moscow. The forces of the Red Army managed to push back the enemy and remove the threat from Moscow only by the autumn of 1918.
Answer the questions (3 min).
Who led the Volunteer Army after death?
Where did the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps take place?
Read the text (6 min).
At the beginning of 1918, Ukraine declared its independence. In response to this, already in January, the troops of the Red Army were introduced into Kyiv. However, according to the Brest Agreement, Ukraine fell under the control of Germany and power passed to the protege of Germany, the hetman . From this moment begins the period when power in Ukraine passes from one government to another. This was due to the fact that the Germans were actually forced to leave this territory due to the fact that it was necessary to resolve post-war issues with the victorious countries. After the fall of the Skoropadsky government, power was seized ST. Petliura. A month later, in February 1919, the city was again occupied by the Bolsheviks, who, however, could not gain a foothold there for a long time. Part of the territory of Ukraine was under the control , which represented a separate political force, not supporting either the whites or the reds.
From the beginning of 1919 the Whites began to lose their positions. The Don army was forced to withdraw from the Don. To strengthen the combat capability of the Don Army, it merges with Denikin's Volunteer Army. Such an association bore fruit, and the advance of the Red Army was temporarily suspended. In addition, the Kuban army was also under the leadership of Denikin, which gave him significant resources to organize a further counteroffensive.
In addition to Denikin, the admiral's army became another center of resistance. , who in November 1918 declared himself the supreme ruler of Russia. In March 1919, he made an attempt to unite with Krasnov at Tsaritsyn. The Red Army organized a powerful offensive and pushed Kolchak back. Completed the defeat of Kolchak . Kolchak tried to rely on the remnants of the Czechoslovak Corps, but the Czechs declared their neutrality and in early 1920 gave Kolchak to the forces of the Red Army in Irkutsk. As a result, in February of the same year, Kolchak was shot. The resistance of the White Army was continued by Denikin, who became the supreme commander in chief.
Answer the questions (3 min).
Who in November 1918. declared himself the supreme ruler of Russia?
What territory was under control?
Read the text (6 min).
In the spring - autumn of 1919, the Bolsheviks managed to push back the army of General , which was forced to retreat to Estonia with the remnants of its units.
In the spring of 1919 clashes with Denikin's army intensified. The advantage passed from one side to the other, but in the end, both Denikin's plans to organize an offensive against Moscow and the Reds' offensive in the Kursk and Tsaritsyn region failed. In August, Denikin managed to take Kyiv and Poltava for a while. However, he failed to gain a foothold there, since in the autumn of 1919, units of the Red Army launched counteroffensives in several directions at once. The Reds managed to capture Voronezh, Orel, Kursk, by winter the Reds were already near Tsaritsyn and in Rostov. Several intermediate successes of Denikin could not change the situation, and in the spring of 1920 the remnants of his army were evacuated to the Crimea, to the location of the army , to whom in April 1920 Denikin transferred the powers of the supreme commander. Already from the Crimea, a gradual evacuation of the surviving white units abroad began.
The further offensive and defeat of Wrangel was temporarily suspended due to the outbreak of war with Poland. The conflict flared up due to the fact that Poland declared its claims to part of Ukraine, and as a result of an agreement with Petlyura (April 1920), Eastern Galicia and Western Volhynia were transferred to it. The Red Army in response to this undertook a number of successful military operations and approached the borders of Poland. There, Tukhachevsky's army was surrounded. In addition, other units of the Red Army also suffered a number of defeats, which forced Soviet Russia to agree to the signing of a peace agreement in March 1921 (Rizhsky world), according to which Russia lost Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.
After such a settlement of relations with Poland, the Bolsheviks were able to concentrate their forces and complete the defeat of the Wrangel army. At the end of November 1920, the Bolsheviks launched a counteroffensive, as a result of which Wrangel was forced to admit defeat and begin a mass evacuation of the surviving troops abroad. At the same time, Makhno’s detachments were also destroyed, who also fled abroad
By the end of 1920 - the beginning of 1921, the Bolsheviks finally gained a foothold in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and the Far East, where republics were created that became part of Soviet Russia as a federation.
Answer the questions (3 min).
To whom did he transfer the powers of the supreme commander-in-chief?
What territory did Russia lose in the Peace of Riga?
X. Remember these names and dates
Persons: , SV. Petliura, gel, .
Dates: May 1918 - uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps, November 1919 - defeat, April 1920 - transfer of power to Volunteer army from to gel, November 1920 - the defeat of the army, March 18, 1921 - the signing of the Riga Peace with Poland.
XI.
Complete test(trying not to look
into answers) (15 min)
1. Volunteer army Not led by:
A) ; b) L. G. Kornilov; V) ; G) ;
2. The supreme ruler of Russia was:
3. The Don army was headed by:
A) ; b) SW. Petliura;
4. The army was stationed mainly:
a) in Siberia; b) in the Caucasus;
c) in the Crimea; d) in Estonia.
5. As a result of the Peace of Riga:
a) Poland lost its independence;
b) Soviet Russia was losing Western Ukraine and Belarus;
c) Poland was losing Western Ukraine and Belarus;
d) Poland acquired Lithuanian lands.
6. Hetman of Ukraine became:
A) ; b) ;
V) ; G) .
7. After the defeat, the supreme commander became:
8. The following did not belong to the leaders of the White movement:
A) ; b) ;
V) ; G) .
9. Which of the following figures of the White movement was not
Supreme Commander?
10. The volunteer army in 1919 managed to unite:
a) with the Don army;
b) the army;
c) the army of the Polish state;
d) the military forces of the Transcaucasian states.
XII. Check your answers
Key To test: 1 - a, 2 - a, 3 - c, 4 - c, 5 - b, 6 - a, 7 - a, 8-b, 9-c, 10-a.
XIII.
Complete the test task for the entire lesson
(trying not to look at the answers) (15 min)
1. A member of the Council of People's Commissars was:
2. Member of the Provisional Government was not: a) ; b) ; V) ; G) .
3. Russia was declared a republic:
4. The head of the Russian government in 1917 was not:
A) ; b) ;
c) LD. Kornilov; G) .
5. The highest authority under the Constitution of the RSFSR:
a) the Council of People's Commissars;
b) Congress of Soviets;
c) All-Russian Extraordinary Commission;
d) Democratic Conference.
6. The V All-Russian Congress of Soviets declared Russia:
a) a federal state;
b) a unitary state;
c) a communist state;
d) a union state.
7. In 1919 he was not a Bolshevik:
8. The Czechoslovak Corps did not control:
a) some territories of Siberia;
b) some territories of the Urals;
c) some territories of Ukraine;
d) some territories of the Volga region.
9. On behalf of the Soviet government, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed:
10. Deninkin, as head of the Volunteer Army, never controlled:
a) Kyiv; b) Poltava;
c) Tula; d) Kursk.
XIV. Check answers
Key To test: 1 - c, 2 - b, 3 - c, 4 - c, 5 - b, 6 - a, 7 - c, 8-c, 9-a, 10-c.
XV. Work with the source (30 min)
Read the text (10 min).
From "Essays on Russian Troubles"
The volunteers were alien to politics, loyal to the idea of saving the country, brave in battle and devoted to Kornilov. Ahead of them was mutilation, wandering, many - death; victory seemed then in the distant future. They fought on the approaches to Rostov, knowing that hundreds of thousands of Cossacks and the Rostov bourgeoisie behind their backs live easily and freely. They were ragamuffins, they froze and starved, seeing how the richest Rostov rages and has fun, whose financial nobility is with great difficulty“donated” two million rubles to the army, which quickly dissolved in its bottomless need. They met indifference in society, enmity among the people, in the resolutions of revolutionary institutions and the socialist press, malice, slander and reproach. Single volunteers who accidentally ended up in Temernik - the workers' quarters of Rostov - often did not return. .. Once in Rostov, when a cadet guard, provoked by a shot at a large railway meeting, set off a weapon, as a result of which one or two workers were killed, this event caused a huge demonstration; with the permission of the Don government, a grandiose funeral was arranged for the "victims" with crowds of people, deputations, wreaths and speeches directed against the "enemies of the people". And the “enemies of the people” at this time every day quietly, without wreaths and speeches, in hastily knocked together coffins, sometimes without coffins, descended into a cold grave near strange and unfamiliar stations and half-stations of the Don land. And rarely, when they were accompanied by a tear of a friend or brother, for bestial time hardened hearts and lowered the price of life ...
There was no choice in the means of counteraction with such a system of warfare. In the situation in which the Volunteer Army operated, which was almost always in a tactical environment - without its own territory, without a rear, without bases, there were only two ways out: to release the captured Bolsheviks or "take no prisoners." I read somewhere that Kornilov gave the order in the last spirit. This is not true: without any orders, life in many cases led to that terrible method of war "for extermination", which to a certain extent recalled the gloomy pages of Russian Pugachevism and the French Vendee ... When during the fighting near Rostov several wagons with the wounded came off the train volunteers and sisters of mercy and rolled downhill towards the Bolshevik position, many of them, in a fit of insane despair, committed suicide. They knew (What awaited them. Kornilov ordered guards to be placed at the captured Bolshevik infirmaries. Mercy for the wounded - that's all he could inspire in that terrible time,
Only much later, when the Soviet government, in addition to its former oprichnina, attracted the real people to the struggle through forcible mobilization, organizing the Red Army, when the Volunteer Army began to take shape public institution with known territory and civil authority, succeeded little by little in establishing more humane and humane customs, insofar as this is at all possible in the corrupted atmosphere of civil war.
Answer the following tasks in writing, being careful not to look at the expected answers (20 min).
1. Judging by this passage, what do you think is the reason for the defeat of the White movement?
2. To what extent did the Volunteer Army control the territory it occupied?
Answers:
1. The apolitical nature of the White movement, its isolation from the local population, lack of infrastructure.
2. In fact, the territory in the initial period of the existence of the Volunteer Army was not controlled.
The chronological framework of this historical event are still controversial. The battles in Petrograd, which became the beginning, that is, October 1917, are officially considered the beginning of the war. There are also versions relating the beginning of the war to. or by May 1918. There is also no unanimous opinion about the end of the war: some scientists (and most of them) consider the capture of Vladivostok, that is, October 1922, to be the end of the war, but there are those who claim that the war ended in November 1920 or in 1923
Causes of the war
The most obvious reasons for the outbreak of hostilities are the most acute political, social and national-ethnic contradictions, which not only persisted, but also aggravated after the February Revolution. The most pressing of them is considered to be the protracted participation of Russia in and the unresolved agrarian question.
Many researchers see a direct connection between the coming to power of the Bolsheviks and the beginning of civil war, and believe that this was one of their main tasks. The nationalization of production facilities, the ruinous Brest Peace for Russia, the aggravation of relations with the peasantry due to the activities of the committees and food detachments, as well as the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly - all these actions of the Soviet government, coupled with its desire to retain power and establish its own dictatorship at any cost, could not but cause discontent population.
The course of the war
It took place in 3 stages, differing in the composition of the participants in the hostilities and the intensity of the fighting. October 1917 - November 1918 - the formation of the armed forces of opponents and the formation of the main fronts. actively began the fight against the Bolshevik regime, but the intervention of third forces, primarily the Entente and the Quadruple Alliance, did not allow either side to gain advantages that would decide the outcome of the war.
November 1918 - March 1920 - the stage in which the radical turning point of the war came. The fighting of the interventionists was reduced, and their troops were withdrawn from the territory of Russia. At the very beginning of the stage, success was on the side of the White movement, but then the Red Army gained control over most of the territory of the state.
March 1920 - October 1922 - the final stage, during which fighting moved to the border regions of the state and, in fact, did not pose a threat to the Bolshevik government. After October 1922, only the Siberian Volunteer Squad in Yakutia, commanded by A.N. Petlyaev, as well as a Cossack detachment under the command of Bologov near Nikolsk-Ussuriysk.
The results of the war
The power of the Bolsheviks was established throughout Russia, as well as in most of the national regions. Over 15 million people were killed or died due to disease and starvation. Over 2.5 million people have emigrated from the country. The state and society were in a state of economic decline, entire social groups were actually destroyed (first of all, this concerned the officers, the intelligentsia, the Cossacks, the clergy and the nobility).
Reasons for the defeat of the White Army
Today, many historians openly admit that during the war years several times more soldiers deserted from the Red Army than served in the White Army. At the same time, the leaders of the White movement (for example,) in their memoirs emphasized that the population of the territories they occupied not only supported the troops, supplying them with food, but also replenished the ranks of the White Army.
Nevertheless, the propaganda work of the Bolsheviks was of a massive and more aggressive nature, which made it possible to attract wider sections of the population to their side. In addition, almost all production capacities, huge human resources (after all, they controlled most of the territory), as well as material resources, were under their control, while the regions that supported the White movement were depleted, and their population (primarily workers and peasants) waited, showing no obvious support for either side.
Read an excerpt from a politician's report at a party congress.
“This report does not set out to give a comprehensive assessment of the life and work of Stalin. Quite a sufficient number of books, pamphlets, and studies have been written about the merits of Stalin during his lifetime. Stalin's role in preparing and carrying out the socialist revolution, in the civil war, in the struggle to build socialism in our country is well known. This is well known to everyone. Now we are talking about a question that is of great importance both for the present and for the future of the party - we are talking about how the personality cult of Stalin gradually took shape, which turned into certain stage into the source of a whole series of distortions of party principles, party democracy, revolutionary legality.
Due to the fact that not everyone still realizes what the cult of personality led to in practice, (...) the Central Committee of the Party considers it necessary to report to the XX Congress of the Communist Party Soviet Union materials on this subject. (...)
Lenin's traits were completely alien to Stalin: to work patiently with people, stubbornly and painstakingly educate them, be able to lead people not by coercion, but by influencing them as a whole team from ideological positions. He rejected the Leninist method of persuasion and education; he moved from the position of ideological struggle to the path of administrative suppression, to the path of mass repressions, to the path of terror. He acted more widely and more persistently through punitive bodies, often violating all existing moral norms and Soviet laws.
The arbitrariness of one person encouraged and allowed the arbitrariness of other persons. Mass arrests and exiles of thousands and thousands of people, extrajudicial executions and normal investigations gave rise to uncertainty, caused fear and even anger.”
Using the text, indicate at least three charges against I.V. Stalin as the leader of the state.
Explanation.
The following accusations can be cited in the answer: 1) Lenin's traits were completely alien to Stalin: to carry out patient work with people, stubbornly and painstakingly educate them, be able to lead people not by coercion, but by influencing them with the whole team from ideological positions.
2) He rejected the Leninist method of persuasion and education;
3) moved from the positions of ideological struggle to the path of administrative suppression, to the path of mass repressions, to the path of terror.
4) He acted more widely and more persistently through punitive bodies, often violating all existing moral norms and Soviet laws.
The arbitrariness of one person encouraged and allowed the arbitrariness of other persons. Mass arrests and exiles of thousands and thousands of people, extrajudicial executions and normal investigations gave rise to uncertainty, caused fear and even anger.”
List at least three implications of this report for the country and international relations.
Explanation.
This report resulted in the following:
1) a mass process of rehabilitation of citizens who suffered from Stalinist repressions began, many thousands of people were released, those who died were returned to their good name;
2) but the administrative-command system itself was preserved, the totalitarian regime was also preserved, which was only slightly retouched
3) an attempt was made to reform the highest party and economic authorities to make their activities more democratic and efficient;
4) the system of camps was reorganized, many of them were simply closed;
5) large-scale transformations in the economy were carried out in the country, which were primarily socially oriented (large-scale housing construction, etc.);
6) Soviet society received the necessary breath of freedom, which led to an upsurge in the development of culture, Khrushchev's "thaw";
7) there was a split in the international communist movement. In China, criticism of Stalin caused a very painful reaction, as a result, China left the orbit of the influence of the USSR, followed by Romania, Albania.
8) relations with Western countries have somewhat improved, although they were still built from a position of strength, and were distinguished by great wariness.
The 20th Congress of the CPSU did not eliminate the claims of the top party and state leadership to unlimited power, to their own infallibility. It was frightened by the beginning of democratic trends and soon set about restoring Stalinism. But it was impossible to put the genie back into the bottle. Despite the repressions and persecution, the opposition of the progressive forces to the communist dictatorship gradually increased.
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Center. Option 1.
Establish a correspondence between the participants in the Civil War in Russia and their activities: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.
| A | B | IN | G |
Explanation.
A) M.V. Frunze carried out an operation against the Whites in the Crimea.
B) P. N. Wrangel led the remnants of the Volunteer Army in the Crimea.
C) L. G. Kornilov - the founder of the Volunteer Army.
D) L. D. Trotsky headed the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.
Answer: 4251.
Answer: 4251
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Far East. Option 5.
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Denikin commanded it after the death of Kornilov.
Maryasha Kobycheva 26.04.2016 21:19
Kornilov should be associated with the number 3, because he was the Supreme Ruler in Russia, commanded eastern front during the civil war
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
You confused him with Kolchak.
Maria Titova 06.11.2016 13:57
Denikin and Kaledin participated in the creation of the Volunteer Army, while the name of Kornilov is associated with the Kornilov rebellion.
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Kornilov not only participated, he led it after General Alekseev, and only after his death, the army was headed by Denikin.
·Indicate the name of the commander-in-chief of the White Guard troops that reached the line indicated on the diagram by the number "2".
Explanation.
In the summer of 1919 Denikin's Volunteer Army took Voronezh and Orel and approached Tula.
Answer: Denikin.
Answer: Denikin
Write the missing word: "The events indicated on the diagram took place in the year one thousand nine hundred _____________."
Answer: nineteenth
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3., USE in history 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3.
Indicate the name of the city indicated by the number "1" and which was the target of the campaign of the White Guard troops, whose actions are shown in the diagram.
Explanation.
The purpose of the campaign is the capture of Moscow.
Answer: Moscow.
Answer: Moscow
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3., USE in history 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3.
Ustinova Valentina 31.03.2016 21:19
The task reads: "Indicate the name of the city indicated by the number "1" and which was the target of the campaign of the White Guard troops, whose actions are shown in the diagram." But there is no number 1 on the map
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
It exists, and this is Moscow.
·Consider the scheme of actions of the White Guards during one of the periods of the Civil War in Russia and complete the task.
What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) Significant damage to the rear of the White Guard troops, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, was inflicted by the army of N.I. Makhno.
2) After the defeat of the White Guard troops, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, their commander emigrated from Russia.
3) During the period of events indicated in the diagram, the Bolsheviks pursued a new economic policy.
4) The Commander-in-Chief of the White Army, whose actions are indicated on the diagram, had the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia.
5) The White Guard army, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, received weapons and ammunition from the Entente countries.
6) In the course of subsequent events that occurred immediately after those indicated on the diagram, the Whites managed to capture the city of Tula.
Explanation.
1) Significant damage to the rear of the White Guard troops, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, was inflicted by the army of N.I. Makhno - YES, right.
2) After the defeat of the White Guard troops, whose actions are indicated on the diagram, their commander emigrated from Russia - YES, right.
3) During the period of events indicated on the diagram, the Bolsheviks pursued a new economic policy - NO, incorrectly, at that time they pursued a policy of "war communism".
4) The Commander-in-Chief of the White Army, whose actions are indicated on the diagram, had the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia - NO, incorrectly, Admiral Kolchak wore this title.
5) The White Guard army, whose actions are indicated on the diagram, received weapons and ammunition from the Entente countries - YES, right.
6) In the course of subsequent events that occurred immediately after those indicated on the diagram, the Whites managed to capture the city of Tula - NO, incorrectly, on the outskirts of the city the enemy was stopped and driven back.
Answer: 125.
Answer: 125
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3., USE in history 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3.
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Kolchak advanced from the East. Denikin was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the South of Russia in 1919.
·Which of the following was one of the causes of the defeat white movement during the Civil War?
1) refusal to implement the provisions of the Land Decree in white-controlled territories
2) lack of support from the Entente countries
3) more high level training of the command of the Red Army
4) the transition of the Cossack troops to the side of the Bolsheviks
Explanation.
The Decree on Land, adopted by the Soviet government, drew the peasantry to the side of the Reds. And the refusal to recognize him as white pushed the peasants away from the whites, which was one of the reasons for their defeat.
Answer: 1
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 2.
Establish a correspondence between the names of military leaders and their activities during the Civil War: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column. Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Explanation.
A) A. I. Denikin - commander of the White Volunteer Army.
B) L. D. Trotsky - Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR.
B) N. N. Yudenich - commander of the White Guard troops in the north-west of Russia, advancing on Petrograd.
D) M.V. Frunze - commander of the Southern Front of the Red Army, who led the assault on Perekop.
Answer: 2135.
Answer: 2135
1) overclocking the Ufa directory
2) assault on the Mannerheim line
3) the creation of the Provisional Government headed by Prince G. E. Lvov
4) the defeat of the army of General A. V. Samsonov in East Prussia
Explanation.
On the night of November 18, 1918, Kolchak, relying on the support of the allies, officers and Cossack units, carried out a coup in Omsk and dispersed the Ufa directory.
assault on the Mannerheim Line 1939−1940;
creation of the Provisional Government headed by Prince G. E. Lvov March 1917;
the defeat of the army of General A. V. Samsonov in East Prussia September 1914
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
2) the end of the Civil War in the European part of Russia
3) speech by General L. G. Kornilov
Explanation.
Dual power in Russia was established after the February Revolution in March 1917.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Despite temporary successes and significant material and military assistance from abroad, the white movement was defeated in the Civil War. Specify any three reasons (prerequisites) for White's defeat.
Explanation.
The following reasons (preconditions) can be indicated:
1) the leaders of the white movement failed to offer the people a sufficiently constructive and attractive program (the laws of the Russian Empire were restored on the territory controlled by the whites, property was returned to the former owners, which repelled the population of the country from the whites);
2) adherence to the slogan "one and indivisible Russia" set against the white inhabitants of the national outskirts;
3) refusing to cooperate with the socialist parties, the leaders of the white movement split the anti-Bolshevik front, turning the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists and their supporters into their opponents;
4) among the leaders of the white movement there was no unity and interaction either in the political or in the military field;
5) by demonstrating ties with foreign troops and governments, the leaders of the white movement set patriotic citizens against themselves;
6) the application to the population of measures that repelled citizens from supporting the whites: robberies, pogroms, punitive expeditions.
Other reasons (prerequisites) may be indicated
“This report does not set out to give a comprehensive assessment of the life and work of Stalin. Quite a sufficient number of books, pamphlets, and studies have been written about the merits of Stalin during his lifetime. Stalin's role in preparing and carrying out the socialist revolution, in the civil war, in the struggle to build socialism in our country is well known. This is well known to everyone. Now we are talking about a question of great importance both for the present and for the future of the party - we are talking about how the cult of personality of Stalin gradually took shape, which at a certain stage turned into a source of a whole series of perversions of party principles, party democracy, revolutionary legality.
Due to the fact that not everyone still realizes what the cult of personality led to in practice, (...) the Central Committee of the Party considers it necessary to report materials on this issue to the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. (...)
Lenin's traits were completely alien to Stalin: to work patiently with people, stubbornly and painstakingly educate them, be able to lead people not by coercion, but by influencing them as a whole team from ideological positions. He rejected the Leninist method of persuasion and education; he moved from the position of ideological struggle to the path of administrative suppression, to the path of mass repressions, to the path of terror. He acted more widely and more persistently through punitive bodies, often violating all existing moral norms and Soviet laws.
The theme of the Civil War in Russia, which took place in 1917-1922, had a significant impact on the entire subsequent history of our country. Actually there was a kind of civilizational choice. At the same time, this topic is extremely complex and ambiguous. All exam tasks that test it are filled up by graduates, and there are reasons for this: ignorance of the main program provisions of the acting parties, not knowing these parties themselves, confusion in dates and events.
After reading this article, you can seriously put everything in its place in your head. Well, the table attached at the end should play a key role in preparing for the exam in history on this topic.
The concept of "Civil War"
Civil war is an organized armed struggle for state power between classes and social groups inside the country. As a rule, the signs of a civil war include: two or more centers of power, the availability of funds for these centers to conduct armed struggle. I emphasize that these centers are fighting for state power.
On the date of the beginning of this event in the history of Russia there is no consensus in historical science. I will tell the main ones and argue about them.
First point of view: the civil war began in Russia in February 1917, when power passed to the Provisional Government, against which there were both peaceful and armed uprisings (April crisis, June, July, Kornilov rebellion, etc.).
Second point of view: The civil war began with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. The Bolsheviks carried out the first revolutionary transformations, in January they convened the Constituent Assembly, which never convened the Provisional Government.
The destruction of the liquor store. Artist Ivan Vladimirov (1869 - 1947)
Incidentally, all parties, including the moderate ones, were invited to this meeting. He was asked to recognize the innovations drawn up in the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People. The Constituent Assembly refused to do so, and was dissolved, or rather dispersed. It is the fact that the meeting was dispersed in January 1918 that many researchers associate with the beginning of this war.
The third point of view: the civil war in Russia began in 1918, so it was in this year that the white movement consolidated and began to represent a real rival in the struggle for power.
Actually, the third point of view prevails (that is, dominates) in textbooks. So the main dating is from 1917/1918 to 1922.
Causes of the civil war in Russia
- Seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. The seizure of power was not peaceful and not legal (that is, illegal), but, as is clear from subsequent events, legitimate (that is, supported by the people). As a result, others political parties could no longer influence public policy and in general, after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, they were outlawed.
- The dispersal of the constituent assembly gave rise to the white movement to consolidate on the basis that only this assembly can decide the future of Russia. The Bolshevik Party alone cannot do this.
- The inability of the bourgeois Provisional Government (the Cadets, Octobrists) to use the power to solve the vital problems of the state: the solution of the question of land, peace, and so on. On the contrary, the Provisional Government was in favor of continuing the unpopular war with the countries tripartite alliance. All this Provisional Government delayed until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, which never convened.
By the way, this inability of the bourgeoisie is quite understandable: it tsarist Russia was dependent on the state (government orders, etc.).
Reasons for the intervention of the Entente countries in Russia: the policy of nationalization initiated by the Bolsheviks and the Red Guard attack on capital as part of it. If you don’t understand what I wrote about, ask questions in the comments.
occasion Several events are traditionally considered to start a civil war in Russia:
- Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly.
- The uprising of the Czechoslovak corps.This corps was formed from captured Czechs who wished to fight on the side of the Entente even under tsarism. It must be understood that on March 3, 1918, the Brest-Litovsk separate peace treaty was concluded between Bolshevik Russia and Germany. Germany asked the Bolsheviks that this corps be sent not through Arkhangelsk (in this case it would support the Entente), but through Vladivostok.
You can go to the map of Russia and see where Arkhangelsk is located, and where Vladivostok is ..., I think everything became clear, and if it's not clear, ask a question in the comments :). While he was being transported to Vladivostok, a reason arose: a Czechoslovak soldier was accidentally killed by some Hungarian. As a result, an uprising against the Soviet regime arose in Chelyabinsk. This led to the consolidation of the white movement, so the corps was still one armed force in the east of the country.
The course of events on this topic is disclosed in the table I created, which is available at the end of this article. I highly recommend watching the table of events along with the map on the same topic!
Results of the Civil War in Russia
The civil war ended with the establishment in the main territory of Russia of the power of one party of the RCP (b) - the Communist Party. For the first time in all world history the real power was in the party, which expressed the interests of the workers and partly of the peasants.
Why did the white movement fail? It was unconsolidated, failed to win over the peasantry, delayed the resolution of pressing issues (about land, for example) until a new Constituent Assembly was convened, and advocated a return to the chauvinist policy of tsarism. Since this is a broad question, it is not possible to address it here. In more detail, the reasons for the defeat of the white movement are disclosed in the table, which is presented below.