(c. 26th century BC). Juris Zarins believes that the Sumerians settled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, which was flooded at the end of the Ice Age.
The Sumerian civilization itself took shape in the Uruk period (4000 BC), and it enters the historical arena already fully formed, as if there was no era of prehistory. But already during 3 thousand BC. e. there is a synthesis of the cultures of the Sumerians and Semites - carriers of the Akkadian language. The mutual influence of Sumerian and Akkadian is noticeable in all areas from massive lexical borrowing to syntactic, morphological and phonological convergence. This prompted scientists to postulate a hypothesis about the linguistic union of Sumerian and Akkadian in 3 thousand BC. e. OK. 2270 BC (short chronology) Sumer was taken over by the Semitic-speaking kings of Akkad, but the Sumerian language retained the status of a sacred language for some time.
The Sumerians regained power in their hands during the Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2100–2000 BC e., which was destroyed by the Amorite Semites and Elamites.
Encyclopedic YouTube
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✪ Sumer and Akkad (Russian) History of world civilizations
✪ Vladimir Emelyanov: "Mysteries of the Sumerian civilization"
✪ Sumerians. Mysterious and mysterious civilization of the ancient world
✪ Ancient Sumer.wmv
✪ Secrets of ancient empires -- First civilizations
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origin of name
The term "Sumer" was used by the East Semitic inhabitants of Akkad to designate the pre-Semitic population of Mesopotamia. The Sumerians called themselves ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga (𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), /uŋ saŋ giga/, which literally means "black-headed people", and their country - ki-en-gi(-r) (place + lord + noble), which roughly means "country of noble lords". The origin of the Akkadian word remains obscure, but the Hebrew Shinar, the Egyptian Sngr, and the Hittite Šanhar(a) probably go back to it.
Sumerians
The cult center of the Sumerian-East Semitic cities was Nippur. It is possible that originally it was Mr. Nippur who was called Sumer. In Nippur there was E-kur - the temple of the common Sumerian god Enlil. Enlil was revered as the supreme god for thousands of years by all the Sumerians and Eastern Semites (Akkadians), although Nippur never represented a political center either in historical or, judging by Sumerian myths and legends, in prehistoric times.
Analysis of both the "King's List" and archaeological data show that the two main centers of Lower Mesopotamia from the beginning of the Early Dynastic period were: in the north - Kish, dominating the canal network of the Euphrates-Irnina group, in the south - alternately Ur and Uruk. Eshnunna and other cities of the Diyala river valley, on the one hand, and Lagash nome on the I-nina-gena channel, on the other, were usually outside the influence of both the northern and southern centers.
Stage II of the Early Dynastic period (c. 2615-2500 BC)
In the south, parallel to the Avan dynasty, the I dynasty of Uruk continued to exercise hegemony, the ruler of which Gilgamesh and his successors managed, as documents from the archive of the city of Shuruppak testify, to rally a number of city-states around themselves into a military alliance. This union united the states located in the southern part of Lower Mesopotamia, along the Euphrates below Nippur, along Iturungal and I-nina-gene: Uruk, Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Shuruppak, Umma, etc. If we take into account the territories covered by this union, we can , probably date its existence to the reign of Mesalim, since it is known that under Meselim the Iturungal and I-nina-gena channels were already under his hegemony. It was precisely a military union of small states, and not a united state, because in the documents of the archive there is no data on the intervention of the rulers of Uruk in the affairs of Shuruppak or on the payment of tribute to them.
In the XXIV century BC. e. most of Sumer was conquered by the Akkadian king Shurrukin (Sargon the Ancient). By the middle of the II millennium BC. e. Sumer was swallowed up by the growing Babylonian Empire. Even earlier, towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC. e. , the Sumerian language lost its status as a spoken language, although it persisted for another two millennia as the language of literature and culture.
culture
Sumer is one of the oldest known civilizations. Numerous inventions are attributed to the Sumerians, such as the wheel, writing, the irrigation system, agricultural implements, the potter's wheel, and even brewing, although it is not known for certain whether these drinks were similar in structure to later intoxicating liquors.
Philosophy
Philosophy begins in Sumer, one might say, to paraphrase S. N. Kramer's thought on history. The first code of ethics "Instructions of the wise Sharuppak to his son" was hundreds of years ahead of Aristotle's Nicomachean ethics. [ ]
Main article: Sumerian philosophy and ethics
Art
Main article: Sumerian art
Although the Sumerians left behind a huge number of works of art, this very concept in their culture, as in all the peoples of the period before Ancient Greece, did not exist, since all objects of art had certain functions: memorial, cult and pragmatic. The pragmatic function consisted in demonstrating the high social status of the owner of a thing, for example, a seal, the cult function meant the participation of the product in religious rites, and the memorial function meant that the product was supposed to remind descendants of their ancestors, call them to honor their deeds, make sacrifices to them, etc. d. There was no aesthetic function for Sumerian products.
Architecture
There are few trees and stone in Southern Mesopotamia, so the first building material was mud bricks made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The solution was a mixture of sand, silt and liquid clay.
The basis of the architecture of Southern Mesopotamia is secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental buildings and buildings. The first temples that have come down to us date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurats (ziggurat - holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick).
A constructive feature of monumental architecture was going from the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially erected platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another characteristic feature based on the same ancient tradition, there was a broken line of the wall formed by ledges. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. Buildings were also illuminated through a doorway and a hole in the roof. The coverings were mostly flat, but the vault was also known.
Residential buildings discovered by excavations in the south of Sumer had an open courtyard around which covered premises were grouped. This layout, which corresponded to the climatic conditions of the country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were found that had a central room with a ceiling instead of an open courtyard.
Literature
One of the most famous works of Sumerian literature is the Epic of Gilgamesh, a collection of Sumerian legends later translated into Akkadian. The epic tablets were found in the library of King Ashurbanipal. The epic tells about the legendary king of Uruk Gilgamesh, his savage friend Enkidu and the search for the secret of immortality. One of the chapters of the epic, the story of Utnapishtim, who saved mankind from the Flood, is repeated in biblical history about Noah's Ark.
Also known is the Sumerian-Akkadian cosmogonic epic Enuma elish, as well as a series of tablets Urra-Khubullu (which in Sumerian and Akkadian, respectively, means “debt” or “interest loan”), which is a kind of encyclopedia of 24 books.
Suit
Religion
The Sumerian pantheon functioned as an assembly led by a god-king. The meeting of the gods was divided into groups, the main of which is known as the "Great Gods", consisted of 50 deities and, according to the beliefs of the Sumerians, decided the fate of mankind. Also, the deities were divided into creative and non-creative. The creative gods were responsible for the sky (An), the earth (mother goddess Ninhursag), the sea (Enki), the air (Enlil). Cosmic phenomena and cultural phenomena were kept in harmony thanks to the so-called "Me" (or "Me"). Me is a set of rules given to each space function and cultural phenomenon, with the aim of eternally maintaining their function according to the clans of the deity who created them. Me rules:
- en - priestly power
- true
- royal power
- law
- art
The universe in Sumerian mythology consists of the lower and upper worlds and the earth in between. In general, the lower world was considered a huge outer space under the earth, a counterbalance to the heavens. The gods ruled the lower world: Nergal and Ereshkigal.
The Sumerians believed that they were created to serve the gods, there is a very close connection between them and the gods. With their work, they seem to “feed” the gods, and without them the gods could not exist in the same way as the Sumerians without gods.
Rulers
Notes
- From Akkadian Šumeru; in Sumerian, the name of the country was denoted 𒆠𒂗𒂠 - -ĝir15, which roughly means "land of civilized kings" or " motherland". See The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary ; Stiebing Jr., William H. Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Pearson, 2008. ISBN 10: 032142297X / ISBN 13: 9780321422972.
- King, Leonid W. (2015) "A History of Sumer and Akkad" (ISBN 1522847308)
- Joshua J Mark. Cuneiform. Ancient History Encyclopedia .
- . Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library.
- "The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)
- "Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006
- "Sumer (ancient region, Iraq) ". Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
- Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R (2010-03-26). "Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life" . ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7.
- Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). "The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization"" . ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5.
- Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). "Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China" . ISBN 978-0-415-10976-5.
- Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). "A dictionary of archaeology" . ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
- Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (Arabian Archeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archeology and Epigraphy Volume 3, Issue 2, pages 65–109)
- Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?" . Smithsonian Magazine. 18(2)
- Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. Oxford University Press US. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3.
- W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28.
- K. van der Toorn, P. W. van der Horst (Jan 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". The Harvard Theological Review. 83(1):1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502.
- , with. 139-140.
- Kravchenko A. I. Culturology: Uch. allowance for universities. - M.: Academic project, 2001.
- Magazine "Around the World" Discovery Zodiac .2006.
- Belorussian State University informatics and radio electronics Electronic educational-methodical complex on discipline "Culturology". Minsk, 2007.
additional literature
- Antonova E.V. Mesopotamia on the way to the first states. - M.: Ed. firm "Eastern Literature" RAS, 1998. - 224 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-02-017934-5.
- Bader N. O. Ancient farmers of Northern Mesopotamia. Research of the Soviet archaeological expedition in Iraq at the settlements of Tell Matsaliya, Tell Sotto, Kultepe. - M.: Nauka, Main edition of Eastern literature, 1989. - 368 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-02-009429-3.
- Bardeschi Chiara Dezzi. Mesopotamia. The cradle of mankind / Per. T. N. Grigorieva. - M.: Niola-Press, 2008. - 128 p. - A series of "Secrets of history". - ISBN 978-5-366-00327-8.
- Belitsky Marian. The forgotten world of the Sumerians / Per. D. S. Galperina. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 398 p.: ill. - Series "".
- Bibby Jeffrey. In Search of Dilmun / Per. from English. N. Eliseeva. - M.: Nauka, Main edition of Eastern literature, 1984. - 369 p.: ill. - Series "In the footsteps of the disappeared" cultures of the East.
- Woolley Leonard. Ur of the Chaldeans / Per. from English. F. L. Mendelssohn. - M.: Publishing House of Eastern Literature, 1961. - 256 p.: ill. - Series "In the footsteps of the disappeared" cultures of the East.
- Glassner Jean-Jacques. Mesopotamia / Per. from French L. S. Samuylova. - M.: Veche, 2012. - 464 p. - Series "Guides of Civilizations". - ISBN 978-5-9533-3403-7.
- Gulyaev V. I. Sumer. Babylon. Assyria: 5000 years of history. - M.: Aleteya, 2004. - 440 p. - The Secret History of Civilizations series. -
The sensational discovery happened quite by accident in the spring of 2008, during the construction of a foundation pit for the foundation of a house in Kurdistan, Iran. According to press reports, a mausoleum was discovered with the incorruptible body of the king of the Anunnaki. During further excavations, archaeologists found three more burials, the remains of an ancient Sumerian civilization and the ruins of an ancient city. The map shows the trade route connecting Sumer with Harappa, the ancient city of …
Sumerians was the first written civilization to exist from IV to III millennium BC. e. in the southeast of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Today, this territory is the southern part of modern Iran. 
In Cosmogonic Representations of Sumero-Akkadian Mythology god Anu was considered the oldest and most powerful god of the Mesopotamian pantheon, closely associated with earth goddess Ki, from which was born air god Enlil, separating heaven from earth. Anu was considered the "father of the gods" and supreme god of the sky. Anu's symbol is a horned tiara (crown).
Often Anu is hostile to people, there is a legend that he, at the request of goddess Ishtar sent a heavenly bull to the city of Uruk, demanded the death of the hero Gilgamesh.
Sumerian serpentine goddess with raised hands
About the Anunnaki we were told by the ancient Sumerian texts, which speak of the gods who arrived on Earth from the sky, and brought people wisdom, knowledge, crafts and other benefits of civilization.
The word "Annunaki" has several meanings, the most common translation of this word is " those who have come down to earth", or "those who are of noble blood" that came about 400 years ago.
The Sumerian texts attribute the creation of the first man to the Anunnaki, moreover, the Sumerians describe in sufficient detail the engineering and genetic actions of the Anunnaki, as a result of which the first man appeared on Earth.
One of the most revered deities of Sumerian mythology was the first ruler of the Earth is Enki (or Eya).
Enki is one of the triad of great gods: Anu - patron of the heavenly world, Enlil (lit. "lord-wind", accad. Ellil) - the lord of the wind, the elements and the god of fertility. Enki - deity of the oceans, groundwater, wisdom, cultural inventions; kind to people. Enki was revered as the patron god of all people and the city of Eridu, where the main temple of Enki stood, called E-Abzu ("House of the Abyss"). Enki's wife was the goddess Damkina (Damgalnuna), the mother of Marduk.
Anu - patron of the heavenly world, "father of the gods"
In the etiological Sumerian-Akkadian myths, Enki is the main demiurge deity, the creator of the world, gods and people, the bearer of wisdom and culture, the deity of fertility, the good creator of all mankind. Enki is cunning and capricious, he is often portrayed as drunk.
The first written information about the Sumerian god Enki dates back to the 17th-26th centuries. BC e. Enki was also revered by the Hittites and Hurrians.
Later, the power over the land was divided between Enki and his brother Enlil, who ruled the northern hemisphere Earth. Enlil became the supreme god of the pantheon of the Sumerian-Akkadian gods in 2112 BC. e. - 2003 BC e. The temple of the god Enlil in Nippur - E-kur ("House on the mountain") was the main religious center in Babylon.
After analyzing the soil layer in which the burial and the ruins of the city were found, as well as thanks to the artifacts found inside, archaeologists have established that the age of the unique finds is about 10-12 thousand years. Shortly after the publication in the Russian press, the Iranian authorities publicly stated that the ruins and bodies were only 850 years old, which is obviously not true.
What was inside the sarcophagi found in the mausoleum? Two videos can be found showing incorruptible bodies in two sarcophagi, the contents of the third are unknown.
In the video, it is rather difficult to determine the height of the person who lies in the first sarcophagus, but he is clearly not a giant, as the Anunnaki are considered to be, but an ordinary person. Given that he has a royal crown on his head, it can be assumed that he is the ruler of the city. In the second sarcophagus lies, as scientists believe, his court magician. The third must probably contain the king's wife.
In ancient times, it was a common custom for a king to have gold coins placed over his eyes at burial so that he could pay for passage to the afterlife. Most likely, this misled the Iranians about the age of the mausoleum.
The buried in the mausoleum clearly have "Caucasian features
", which translates as « traits of the white race»,
which means "whites", and not as "Caucasian features", while the skin of the mummy of the king of the Anunnaki is copper-colored, like Egyptian, as proven by genetic analysis of their remains.
Both people were buried in luxurious clothes and gold jewelry with precious stones. visible on jewelry cuneiform, which is still undecipherable. The royal sarcophagus is lined with gold or similar metal. Next to the body of the monarch is a golden chest, encrusted with stones that appear to be luminescent.
It remains a mystery to scientists how the bodies of the dead could stay in perfect condition for such a long period of time - it seems as if they are alive.
Double Sumerian ax - similar to the vajra of the god Indra - 1200-800 years. BC.
« The history of mankind begins in Sumer"
One of the greatest experts on Sumer, professor Samuel Noah Kramer, in the book " The story begins in Sumer" listed 39 discoveries that gave humanity the Sumerians. The first writing system cuneiform, was invented by the Sumerians.
2 thousand BC Royal ax with the name of King Untash-Napirish
The list of inventions of the Sumerians can include wheel, first schools, the first bicameral parliament, the first the laws and social reforms, for the first time attempts were made to achieve peace and harmony in society, for the first time taxes.
In Sumer, for the first time arose cosmogony and cosmology, the first appeared collection of Sumerian proverbs and aphorisms, first time literary debate.
king Ashurbanipal
In Nineveh, the library of King Ashurbanipal the works of the first historians were kept, the first "farmer's almanac" was created, and the first book catalog appeared with a clear order and departments. There were several thousand clay tablets in the large medical department. Many modern medical terms based on words borrowed from the Sumerian language.
3 - 2 millennium BC Double-headed eagle. Bactria and Magdiana - middle Iran
Medical procedures were described in special handbooks containing information on hygiene rules, on operations, for example, on the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations. Sumerian physicians diagnosed and prescribed a course of therapeutic treatment or surgery using scientific knowledge and medical guides.
Scientific knowledge of the Sumerians
The Sumerians were the inventors of the world's first ships, which allowed them to become travelers and explorers. One Akkadian dictionary contains 105 Sumerian words for different types of ships according to their size, purpose, passenger, cargo, military, commercial.
The breadth of the range of goods transported by the Sumerians is amazing, in household cuneiform tablets goods made of gold, silver, copper, diorite, carnelian, and cedar are listed. Often goods were transported over thousands of miles.
The first kiln for firing bricks and other clay products was built in Sumer.
700 BC - Scythian running deer, a fragment of a gold badge-patch. Iran.
A special technology has been applied for smelting metals from ore, at temperatures above 1500 degrees on 
Fahrenheit in a closed oven with low oxygen supply.
Researchers of ancient Sumerian metallurgy were extremely surprised that the Sumerians knew the method of ore dressing, metal smelting and casting.
These advanced metalworking technologies became known to other peoples much later, several centuries after the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.
The Sumerians owned methods for obtaining alloys from various metals, 
process chemical compound various metals when heated in a furnace.
The Sumerians learned to fuse copper with lead, and later with tin, to produce bronze, a hard but workable metal that changed the course of human history.
The Sumerians picked up very exact ratio copper and tin - 85% copper to 15% tin.
Tin ore is not found at all in Mesopotamia, which means that it had to be brought from somewhere and extracted from the ore - tin stone - tin, which does not occur in nature in its pure form.
The Sumerian dictionary contains about 30 words for different types of copper different quality.
To designate tin, the Sumerians used the word 
AN.NA, which means literally "Sky Stone"
- which many consider evidence that the Sumerian metalworking technology was a gift from the gods.
Astronomy.
Thousands of clay tablets have been found, called ephemeris, with hundreds of astronomical terms, accurate mathematical formulas, with which the Sumerians could predict the solar eclipse, the various phases of the moon and the trajectories of the planets.
« The Sumerians measured the rising and setting of the visible planets and stars relative to the earth's horizon, using the same heliocentric system that is used today.
We adopted the division from the Sumerians 
celestial sphere into three segments - northern, central and southern, among the ancient Sumerians these segments were called - "the path of Enlil", "the path of Anu" and "the path of Ea (or Enki)».
All modern concepts of spherical astronomy - a full spherical circle of 360 degrees, zenith, horizon, axes of the celestial sphere, poles, ecliptic, equinox, etc. - all this was known in Sumer.
In the town Nippur all the knowledge of the Sumerians about the movement of the Sun and the Earth were united in the world's first solar-lunar calendar. The Sumerians counted 12 lunar months, which were 354 days, and then add 11 extra days to get full solar year- 365 days.
The Sumerian calendar was drawn up very precisely so that the main holidays, for example, New Year always falls on the vernal equinox.
Sumerian mathematics had very unusual "geometric" roots. The Sumerians used the sexagesimal number system.
Only two characters were used to represent numbers: "wedge" denoted 1; 60; 3600
and further degrees from 60; "hook" - 10; 60x10; 3600x10, etc.
The base in the Sumerian system is not 10, but 60, but then this base is strangely replaced by the number 10, then 6, and then back to 10, and so on. And thus, positional numbers line up in the following row: 1, 10, 60, 600, 3600, 36,000, 216,000, 2,160,000, 12,960,000. This cumbersome sexagesimal system allowed the Sumerians to calculate fractions and multiply numbers up to millions, extract roots and raise to a power.
In many respects this system even surpasses the decimal system we currently use.
Firstly, the number 60 has ten prime divisors, while 100 has only 7. Secondly, it is the only system that is ideal for geometric calculations, and this explains the fact that it continues to be applied in our time from here, for example, dividing a circle into 360 degrees.
We rarely realize that not only our geometry, but also the modern way of calculating time, we owe to the Sumerian sexagesimal number system.
Dividing an hour into 60 seconds was not arbitrary at all - it is based on the sexagesimal system. Echoes of the Sumerian number system were preserved in dividing a day by 24 hours, a year by 12 months, a foot by 12 inches, and in the existence of a dozen as a measure of quantity.
They are also found in modern system an account in which numbers from 1 to 12 are singled out, and then numbers like 10 + 3, 10 + 4, etc. follow.
It no longer surprises us that the zodiac was also another invention of the Sumerians, an invention that was later adopted by other civilizations.
The Sumerians used the signs of the zodiac in a purely astronomical sense- in what sense deviation of the earth's axis, whose motion divides full cycle precession of 25,920 years for 12 periods of 2160 years. During the twelve-month movement of the Earth in orbit around the Sun the picture of the starry sky, forming a large sphere of 360 degrees, changes. The concept of the zodiac among the Sumerians arose by dividing this circle into 12 equal segments (zodiacal spheres) of 30 degrees each. Then the stars in each group were combined into constellations, and each of them received its own name corresponding to their modern names.
5th-4th centuries BC. - bracelet with winged griffins
Knowledge received from the gods.
There is no doubt that the concept of the zodiac was first used in Sumer. The inscriptions of the signs of the zodiac (representing imaginary pictures of the starry sky), as well as their arbitrary division into 12 spheres, prove that the corresponding signs of the zodiac used in other, later cultures, could not have appeared as a result of independent development.
Studies of Sumerian mathematics, to the surprise of scientists, showed that their number system is closely related to the precessional cycle. The unusual moving principle of the Sumerian sexagesimal number system focuses on the number 12,960,000, which is exactly equal to 500 great precessional cycles occurring in 25,920 years.
This system is undoubtedly designed specifically for astronomical purposes.
The Sumerian civilization lasted only a couple of thousand years., and scientists cannot answer the question How the Sumerians could notice and fix the cycle of celestial movements, lasting 25,920 years? Does this not indicate that the Sumerians inherited astronomy from the gods they mentioned in their epic?
2400 BC animal style in Sumerian art
Goddess Mother-nurse, progenitor, mistress of animals. Goats are a symbol of the goddess of the nurse.
For the first time, the assumption of the existence of an ancient civilization of the Sumerians was made not by archaeologists, but by linguists. In the course of the first attempts to decipher the Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform texts, they encountered literally a hodgepodge of hieroglyphic, syllabic and alphabetic language symbols. This circumstance not only complicated the reading of texts dating back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. e., but also suggested that their language goes back to some much more ancient, originally hieroglyphic writing. Thus, the first indirect, but quite scientific confirmation of information about the existence of the 5th-4th millennia BC appeared. e. in Lower Mesopotamia of the Sumerian civilization.
But the question of the existence of the Sumerian civilization remained only scientific hypothesis until, in 1877, an employee of the French consulate in Baghdad, Ernest de Sarzhak, made a discovery that became a milestone in the study of the Sumerian civilization. In Tello, at the foot of a high hill, he discovered a figurine that was made in a completely unknown style. Monsieur de Sarzhac organized excavations there, and sculptures, figurines and clay tablets began to appear from the earth, which were decorated with never-before-seen ornaments.
Among the numerous items was a statue of green diorite stone, which depicted the king and high priest of the city-state of Lagash. By many signs, it became clear that this statue is largely ancient to any previously found art object, in Mesopotamia. Even the most cautious archaeologists in their assessments admitted that the statue belongs to the III or even IV millennium BC. e., that is, to the era preceding the emergence of the Assyrian-Babylonian culture.
More curious and "informative" works of applied art, discovered during the ongoing excavations, were the Sumerian seals, the earliest examples of which date back to about 3000 BC. e. These were stone cylinders from 1 to 6 cm high, often with holes in them: probably, many holders of seals wore them around their necks. Inscriptions (in mirror image) and drawings were carved on the working surface of the seals.
Various documents were fastened with these seals, they were placed by craftsmen on pottery that they made. Documents were compiled by the Sumerians not on papyrus scrolls or parchments, and not on sheets of paper, but on tablets made of raw clay. After the tablet was dried or fired, the text and seal impression could be preserved for a long time.
The depicted on the seals were quite diverse. The more ancient of them are mythical creatures: a bird-man, beastmen, various flying objects, balls in the sky. There were also gods in helmets, standing next to the "tree of life", heavenly boats above the lunar disk, which transport creatures resembling people. It should be noted that the motif, known to us as the "tree of life", in our time, scientists interpret in different ways. Some believe that this is an image of a certain ritual structure, others - a memorial stele. There is also an opinion that the "tree of life" is a graphical representation of the DNA double helix, the carrier of the genetic information of all living organisms.
Experts on Sumerian culture consider one of the most mysterious seals to be the one on which there is an image of the solar system. Among other scientists, it was studied by one of the most prominent astronomers of the 20th century, Carl Sagan. What is depicted on the seal irrefutably confirms that 5 - 6,000 years ago the Sumerians knew that it was the Sun, and not the Earth, that was the center of our "near space". There is no doubt about this: the Sun on the seal is located in the middle, and it is much larger than the celestial bodies around it. But the most surprising and important is not even this. The figure shows all the planets known to us today, and in fact the last of them, Pluto, was discovered only in 1930.
But this, so to speak, is not all. First, in the Sumerian image, Pluto is not located in its current location, but between Saturn and Uranus. And secondly, between Mars and Jupiter, the Sumerians still have some celestial body.
Zakharia Sitchin, a modern scholar with Russian roots, a specialist in biblical texts and the culture of the Middle East, who speaks several languages of the Semitic group, and an expert in cuneiform, also studied the amazing seal. He is sure that the celestial body depicted on the seal and unknown in our time is another, the tenth planet of the solar system - Marduk-Nibiru.
Here is what Sitchin himself said about this: “There is another planet in our solar system that appears between Mars and Jupiter every 3,600 years. The inhabitants of that planet came to our planet almost half a million years ago and did much of what we read about in the Bible, in the Book of Genesis. I predict that this planet, whose name is Nibiru, will approach Earth in our day. It is inhabited by intelligent beings - the Anunnaki, and they will move from their planet to ours and back. It was they who created Homo sapiens, a reasonable person. Outwardly, we look just like them.”
The argument in favor of such a radical Sitchin hypothesis is that the Sumerians possessed vast knowledge in the field of astronomy, which can only be explained as a consequence of their contacts with some kind of extraterrestrial civilization.
Even more sensational, according to some experts, is the discovery that was made on the Kuyunjik hill, in Iraq, during the excavations of the ancient city of Nineveh. There they found a text with calculations, the result of which is the number 195,955,200,000,000. This 15-digit number expresses in seconds 240 cycles of the so-called "Plato year", the duration of which is about 26,000 "normal" years.
To investigate this strange result of the mathematical exercises of the ancient Sumerians, the scientist Maurice Chatelain from France, a specialist in communication systems with spacecraft, who worked for more than 20 years at the US space agency NASA, became the scientist. For a long time, Chatelain's hobby was the study of paleoastronomy - the astronomical knowledge of ancient peoples, about which he wrote several books.
Chatelain made an assumption that the mysterious 15-digit number can express the so-called Great Constant of the Solar System, which makes it possible to calculate with high accuracy the repetition rate of each period in the movement and evolution of the planets, their satellites, and also comets. The scientist subjected his hypothesis to computer analysis. Here is how he commented on the results: “In all the cases I have verified, the period of revolution of a planet or comet has been (to within a few tenths) a fraction of the Great Constant from Nineveh, equal to 2,268 million days. I believe this circumstance serves as a convincing confirmation of the high accuracy with which the Constant was calculated thousands of years ago.
As a result of further research, it turned out that in one case the inaccuracy of the Constant still manifests itself, namely, in the case of the so-called "tropical year", which is 365.242199 days. The difference between this value and the value obtained using the Constant was one whole and 386 thousandths of a second.
But American researchers doubted the inaccuracy of the Constant. Because, according to recent studies, the duration of the tropical year decreases by about 16 millionths of a second every thousand years. And dividing the error mentioned above by this value leads to a truly stunning conclusion: The Great Constant from Nineveh was calculated 64,800 years ago!
It would be appropriate to recall that among the ancient Greeks - the universally recognized founders of European civilization - the largest number was 10,000. Everything that exceeded this value was considered infinity.
Another “incredible but obvious” artifact of the Sumerian civilization, also discovered during the excavations of Nineveh, is an unusual round clay tablet with a note… manuals for spaceship pilots! The plate is divided into 8 identical sectors. Various drawings are visible on the surviving sections: triangles and polygons, arrows, straight and curved dividing lines. The deciphering of the inscriptions and images on this unique tablet was carried out by a group of scientists, which included linguists, mathematicians and space navigation specialists.
The researchers concluded that the tablet contains a description of the "travel route" of the supreme deity Enlil, who headed the heavenly council of the Sumerian gods. The text indicates which planets Enlil flew past during his journey, which was carried out in accordance with the previously compiled route. There is also information about the flights of "cosmonauts" arriving on Earth from the tenth planet - Marduk.
The first sector of the plate contains flight data. spaceship, which on its way flies around the planets that meet on the way from the outside. Approaching the Earth, the ship passes through "puffs of steam" and then descends lower into the "clear sky" zone. After that, the crew turns on the landing system equipment, starts the brake engines and leads the ship over the mountains to a predetermined landing site. The flight path between the astronauts' home planet Marduk and the Earth passes between Jupiter and Mars, which follows from the surviving inscriptions in the second sector of the tablet.
The third sector shows the sequence of actions of the crew in the process of landing on Earth. There is also a cryptic phrase: "Landing is controlled by the deity Ninya."
The fourth sector contains information on how to navigate by the stars during the flight to the Earth, and then, already above its surface, guide the ship to the landing site, guided by the terrain.
According to Maurice Chatelain, the round tablet is nothing more than a guide to space flights with the application of the corresponding map-scheme. Here, in particular, a schedule for the implementation of the successive stages of the landing of the ship is given, the moment and place of passage of the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere are indicated, the inclusion of brake engines, the mountains and cities over which it is necessary to fly over are indicated, as well as the location of the spaceport where the ship needs to land. All this information is accompanied by a large number of numbers containing, possibly, data on the height and speed of flight, which must be observed when performing the steps mentioned above.
It is known that the Sumerian and appeared suddenly. Both were characterized by an inexplicably vast body of knowledge in the most different areas human life and activity (in particular, in the field of astronomy). After studying the content of the texts on the Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian clay tablets, Zecharia Sitchin came to the conclusion that in ancient world, covering Egypt, the Middle East and Mesopotamia, there should have been several such places where spacecraft from the planet Marduk could land. And these places, most likely, were in the territories, which in ancient legends are said to be the centers of the most ancient civilizations and on which traces of such civilizations were actually discovered.
According to cuneiform tablets, aliens used an air corridor to fly over the Earth, passing over the basin of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. And on the surface of the Earth, this corridor was marked by a number of points that served as "road signs" - they could orient and, if necessary, adjust the flight parameters for the crew of the spacecraft going to land. The most important of these points was undoubtedly Mount Ararat, rising more than 5,000 meters above sea level.
If you draw a line on the map running from Ararat strictly to the south, then it intersects with the imaginary axial line of the mentioned air corridor at an angle of 45 degrees. At the point of intersection of these lines was the Sumerian city of Sippar (literally "City of the Bird"). Here was the ancient cosmodrome, on which they landed and from which the ships of aliens from the planet Marduk took off.
To the south-east of Sip-par, along the center line of the air corridor, which ended over the swamps of the then Persian Gulf, strictly on the center line or with small (up to 6 degrees) deviations from it, at the same distance from each other, there were a number of other control points: Kish, Nippur, Shuruppak, Larsa, Ibira, Lagash, Eridu.
Central among them - both in location and in importance - were Nippur ("Crossing Place"), where the Mission Control Center was, and Eridu, located in the very south of the corridor and served as the main reference point for spacecraft landing. All these points became, in modern terms, city-forming enterprises, settlements grew around them over time, which later turned into large cities.
For 100 years, the planet Marduk was at a fairly close distance from the Earth, and during these years, “older brothers in mind” constantly visited earthlings from space. The deciphered cuneiform texts suggest that some aliens remained on Earth forever and that the inhabitants of Marduk could land landings from mechanical robots or biorobots on some planets or their satellites.
In the Sumerian epic legend of Gilgamesh, the semi-legendary ruler of the city of Uruk in the period 2700 - 2600 BC. e., refers to the ancient city of Baalbek, which was located on the territory of modern Lebanon. It is known, in particular, for the ruins of gigantic structures made of stone blocks processed and fitted to each other with high precision, the weight of which reaches a hundred or more tons. Who, when and why erected these megalithic structures remains a mystery to this day.
But for the authors of the mentioned epic narrative, there was no mystery in this. They knew that gods lived in this city: “It was a city where those who commanded lived. And the Anunnaki lived there, and their rays that smashed to death guarded them.
According to the texts of the clay tablets, the Sumerians called the Anunnaki “alien gods” who arrived from another planet and taught them to read and write, transferring their knowledge and skills from many areas of science and technology.
Mesopotamia, formerly an extremely swampy and uninhabited area, was the first in history to be mastered by the Subareans - a tribe not Sumerian or Semitic, who spoke a special "banana language". The Subareans were the creators of the Ubeid archaeological culture (5th - early 4th millennium BC). They knew how to smelt copper and introduced agriculture to Mesopotamia for the first time. But the Subareas did not build large irrigation systems, and therefore agricultural activity did not take on a large scale among them.
At the beginning of the 4th millennium, the Sumerians settled in the south of Mesopotamia - a people of unclear origin, whose language is not related to any of the existing ones. The Subareans were pushed back to the north and east. The Sumerians spread the new archaeological culture of Uruk and founded many cities. As the main religious center among them, Nippur emerged with its temple of the air god Enlil. According to a number of signs, in the 4th millennium BC, the Sumerian cities constituted a closely knit "confederation". The Sumerians quickly developed extensive trade with neighboring countries. The network of Sumerian colonies stretched from the Upper Euphrates to Southwestern Iran. Priests were usually at the head of individual communities in Sumer ( ens). Unlike the Subareys, the Sumerians began to farm with the help of large irrigation systems. Their construction required a long collective effort, and therefore the local economy began to gravitate toward "socialist" forms.
Mesopotamia from ancient times to end III Millennium B.C. Map
Around 2900 BC, southern Mesopotamia was subjected to a severe flood, which left well-marked archaeological traces. Historical memories of him are preserved in the legend of the "Global Flood", which passed from the Sumerians to the Semites - including the Jewish Bible. The prototype of the Old Testament Noah was the Sumerian "righteous Ziusudru". The flood facilitated the penetration into Mesopotamia from the east and south of the Eastern Semites, which had begun even earlier. The Semitic tribes that settled in the central part of Mesopotamia took the name of the Akkadians, and those settled in the north - the Assyrians. After the flood, the archaeological culture of Uruk was replaced by a more highly developed one - Jemdet-Nasr. The achievements of the Sumerian civilization were borrowed even then by the much less developed Semites.
It is now believed that the flood undermined the former political cohesion of Sumer. After him, individual cities began a stubborn struggle with each other for hegemony. Instead of the traditional power of the priests-enes within the communities, a stronger and more severe domination of "tyrants" began to arise more and more often - lugals, many of whom were not religious, but secular rulers. Wars were fought with the help of squads of heavily armed infantry and donkey-drawn chariots.
The temple part of the Sumerian city of Ur with a large ziggurat
Hegemony was first captured by the city of Kish, whose king Etana is known in Sumerian myths for his "flight to heaven." However, Kish was soon defeated in rivalry with the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, the favorite character in Sumerian heroic tales. The legends of the Sumerians about Gilgamesh's struggle with the demon Humbaba (whose "banana" name, apparently, personifies the Subarean enemies), about his friendship with the hero Enkidu, about his search for the "grass of immortality" are widely known. Around 2550 BC, hegemony passed from Uruk to the city of Ur. The richest tombs with many works of art remained from the kings of Ur. The burial of the queen (priestess?) Puabi (Shubad) is especially famous.
Mosaic from the royal tombs of Ur (lapis lazuli)
The world well known to the Sumerians at that time extended from Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean to the area of the Indus civilization (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro) and Badakhshan. In the course of the struggle for hegemony, little by little great powers began to emerge. The rivalry of the cities was complicated by the struggles within them between the people and the nobility. The "democratic" ruler of the city of Lagash, Uruinimgina, carried out important reforms in favor of the lower classes, but was soon defeated by the aristocratic king Lugalzagesi from Umma. Lugalzagesi created one of the first Sumerian great powers in history, uniting under his rule the lands from mediterranean sea to the Persian Gulf. For subordinate cities, he retained some autonomy.
King of Lagash Gudea
This dynasty, represented by Ur-Nammu (2106-2094 BC) and his son Shulgi (2093-2046 BC), established real socialism in Sumer. Most of the people, reduced to the level of a disenfranchised proletariat, were organized into a kind of "labour army", working for rations in camps with disgusting living conditions and huge mortality. (However, according to some reports, the remnants of the private property structure still survived.) Socialism in Sumer was characterized by all those negative, deceitful features that were inherent in it in other places and historical eras. By drawing up new "royal lists" the government falsified the entire past national history. The power of the III Dynasty of Ur conducted continuous conquests, announcing to its subjects about "permanent victories" over its neighbors, which in fact were not always won. Its borders were close to the borders of the Akkadian monarchy of Sargon.
The Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Ancient and the Power of the Third Dynasty of Ur
The history of this Sumerian communist despotism ended in a sudden collapse. Around 2025, during the war of its king Ibbissuen with Elam, Semites-Sutii (Amorites) attacked him from the north and west. No one wanted to defend the oppressive government; the masses of the people fled from the state latifundia. In 2017, the official Ishbi-Erra betrayed the king and founded an independent state in the city of Issin. The terrible turmoil lasted about 15 years. All Sumer was terribly defeated, Ibbiswen died. Ishbi-Erra, somehow subjugating the Sumerians, founded a new, much weaker state on the ruins of the former Sumerian state.
The Suti (whose union included the ancestors of the Jews) spread widely throughout the country, gradually assimilating the Sumerians. Over the next century, the Sutii founded independent principalities in a number of cities, from which the previously insignificant Larsa in the south and Babylon in the center of the country especially advanced. After this new powerful influx of Semites into Mesopotamia, the Sumerian language ceased to be used in live speech, although thanks to the memories of the high culture of the Sumerians, it retained the significance of the official state and "sacred" for a long time. With the assimilation of the Sumerians and their loss mother tongue ended their national history. However, the south of Mesopotamia for several centuries retained noticeable ethnographic differences from the completely Semitized center and north - as a special area of \u200b\u200bPrimorye.
The Sumerians - their first civilization arose in general at a breathtaking time: at least 445 thousand years ago. Many scientists have fought and are struggling to solve the mystery of the most ancient people on the planet, but the mysteries still remain.
More than 6 thousand years ago, in the region of Mesopotamia, out of nowhere, a unique civilization of the Sumerians appeared, which had all the signs of a highly developed one. Suffice it to mention that the Sumerians used the ternary counting system and knew the Fibonacci numbers. The Sumerian texts contain information about the origin, development and structure of the solar system.
In their image of the solar system, located in the Middle East section state museum in Berlin, at the center of the system is the Sun, surrounded by all the planets known today. However, there are differences in their depiction of the solar system, the main of which is that the Sumerians place an unknown large planet between Mars and Jupiter - the 12th planet in the Sumerian system! The Sumerians called this mysterious planet Nibiru, which means "crossing planet". The orbit of this planet - a highly elongated ellipse - once every 3600 years crosses the solar system.
The next passage of the Niber through the solar system is expected between 2100 and 2158. According to the Sumerians, the planet Niberu was inhabited by conscious beings - the Anunaki. Their life span was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: women from 3 to 3.7 meters tall, and men from 4 to 5 meters.
It is worth noting here that, for example, the ancient ruler of Egypt, Akhenaten, was 4.5 meters tall, and the legendary beauty Nefertiti was about 3.5 meters tall. Already in our time, two unusual coffins were discovered in Akhenaten's city of Tel el-Amarna. In one of them, an image of the Flower of Life was engraved right above the head of the mummy. And in the second coffin were found the bones of a seven-year-old boy, whose height was about 2.5 meters. Now this coffin with the remains is exhibited in the Cairo Museum.
In Sumerian cosmogony, the main event is called the “celestial battle”, a catastrophe that occurred 4 billion years ago and changed the appearance of the solar system. Modern astronomy confirms the data on this catastrophe!
The sensational discovery of astronomers recent years was the discovery of a set of fragments of some celestial body with a common orbit corresponding to the orbit of the unknown planet Nibiru.
Sumerian manuscripts contain information that can be interpreted as information about the origin of intelligent life on Earth. According to these data, the genus Homo sapiens was created artificially as a result of the use of genetic engineering about 300 thousand years ago. Thus, perhaps humanity is a civilization of biorobots. I’ll make a reservation right away that there are some temporary inconsistencies in the article. This is due to the fact that many dates are set only with a certain degree of accuracy.
Six millennia ago... Civilizations ahead of their time, or the mystery of the climatic optimum.
The deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts shocked the researchers. Here is a brief and incomplete list of the achievements of this unique civilization that existed at the dawn of the development of Egyptian civilization, long before the Roman Empire, and even more so. Ancient Greece. It's about about 6,000 years ago.
After deciphering the Sumerian tables, it became clear that the Sumerian civilization had a number of modern knowledge from the field of chemistry, herbal medicine, cosmogony, astronomy, modern mathematics (for example, used golden ratio, the ternary calculus, used after the Sumerians only when creating modern computers, used Fibonacci numbers!), had knowledge in genetic engineering (this interpretation of the texts is given by a number of scientists in the order of the version of the decoding of manuscripts), had a modern state structure- a jury trial and elected bodies of people's (in modern terminology) deputies, and so on ...
Where could such knowledge come from at that time? Let's try to figure it out, but let's draw some facts about that era - 6 thousand years ago. This time is significant in that the average temperature on the planet then was several degrees higher than at present. The effect is called the temperature optimum.
The approach of the binary system of Sirius (Sirius-A and Sirius-B) to the solar system belongs to the same period. At the same time, for several centuries of the 4th millennium BC, two moons were visible in the sky instead of one moon - the second celestial body, then comparable in size to the moon, was the approaching Sirius, an explosion in the system of which occurred again in the same period - 6 thousand years ago!
At the same time, absolutely regardless of the development of the Sumerian civilization in central Africa there is a Dogon tribe leading a rather isolated lifestyle from other tribes and nationalities, however, as it has become known in our time, the Dogon knew the details of not only the structure of the Sirius star system, but also possessed other information from the field of cosmogony.
Those are the parallels. But if the Dogon legends contain people from Sirius, whom this African tribe perceived as gods who descended from heaven and flew to Earth due to a catastrophe on one of the inhabited planets of the Sirius system associated with an explosion on the star Sirius, then, according to the Sumerian According to texts, the Sumerian civilization was associated with immigrants from the dead 12th planet of the solar system, the planet Nibiru.
According to Sumerian cosmogony, the planet Nibiru, not without reason called "crossing", has a very elongated and inclined elliptical orbit and passes between Mars and Jupiter once every 3600 years. Long years the Sumerians' information about the dead 12th planet of the solar system was classified as a legend.
However, one of the most amazing discoveries of the last two years has been the discovery of a collection of fragments of a previously unknown celestial body moving along a common orit in a way that only fragments of a once single celestial body can do. The orbit of this collection crosses the solar system once every 3600 years precisely between Mars and Jupiter and exactly corresponds to the data from the Sumerian manuscripts. How could the ancient civilization of the Earth have such information 6 thousand years ago?
The planet Nibiru plays a special role in the formation of the mysterious civilization of the Sumerians. So, the Sumerians claim to have had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet that, according to the Sumerian texts, the Anunaki came to Earth, "descending from heaven to Earth."
The Bible also supports this assertion. In the sixth chapter of Genesis there is a mention of them, where they are called niphilim, "descended from heaven." The Anunaki, according to Sumerian and other sources (where they had the name "nifilim"), often mistaken for "gods", "took earthly women as wives."
Here we are dealing with evidence of the possible assimilation of settlers from Nibiru. By the way, if you believe these legends, which are quite numerous in different cultures, then humanoids not only belonged to the protein form of life, but were also so compatible with earthlings that they could have a common offspring. Biblical sources also testify to such assimilation. We add that in most religions, the gods converged with earthly women. Doesn't the above testify to the reality of paleocontacts, that is, contacts with representatives of other inhabited celestial bodies that occurred from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ago.
How incredible is the existence of those close to human nature creatures outside the Earth? Among the supporters of the plurality of intelligent life in the Universe there were many great scientists, among whom it is enough to mention Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and Chizhevsky.
However, the Sumerians report much more than the biblical books. According to Sumerian manuscripts, the Anunaki first arrived on Earth about 445 thousand years ago, that is, long before the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.
Let's try to find an answer in the Sumerian manuscripts to the question: why did the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru fly to Earth 445 thousand years ago? It turns out that they were interested in minerals, primarily gold. Why?
If we take as a basis the version of an ecological catastrophe on the 12th planet of the solar system, then we could talk about creating a protective gold-containing screen for the planet. Note that a technology similar to the proposed one is currently used in space projects.
At first, the Anunaki unsuccessfully tried to extract gold from the waters of the Persian Gulf, and then they took up mining in Southeast Africa. Every 3600 years, when the planet Niberu appeared near the earth, gold reserves were sent to it.
According to the chronicles, the Anunaki were engaged in gold mining for a long time: from 100 to 150 thousand years. And then, as expected, a rebellion broke out. The long-lived Anunaki were tired of working in the mines for hundreds of thousands of years. And then the leaders made a unique decision: to create "primitive workers" to work in the mines.
And the whole process of creating a person or the process of mixing divine and earthly components - the process of fertilization in a test tube - is painted with details on clay tablets and depicted on the cylinder seals of the Sumerian chronicles. This information literally shocked modern geneticists.
The ancient Jewish Bible - the Torah, which was born on the ruins of Sumer, attributed the act of creating man to Elohim. This word is given in the plural and should be translated as gods. Well, the purpose of the creation of man is defined very precisely: "... and there was no man to cultivate the land." The ruler of Niberu Anu and the chief scientist of the Anunaki Enki decided to create "Adama". This word comes from "Adamah" (earth) and means "Earthly".
Enki decided to use the upright walking anthropomorphic creatures that already lived on earth, and improve them so much that they would understand orders and be able to use tools. They understood that terrestrial hominids had not yet evolved and decided to speed up this process.
Considering the universe as a single living and intelligent being, self-organizing on an infinite number of levels, in connection with which the mind and mind are constant cosmic factors, he believed that life on earth came from the same cosmic seed of life as on his home planet.
In the Torah, Enki is called Nahash, which means "serpent, serpent" or "one who knows secrets, secrets." And the emblem of Enki's cult center was two intertwined snakes. In this symbol, you can see a model of the structure of DNA, which Enki was able to unravel as a result of genetic research.
Enki's plans included using primate DNA and Anunaki DNA to create a new race. As an assistant, Enki attracted a young beautiful girl, whose name was Ninti - "the lady who gives life." Subsequently, this name was replaced by the pseudonym Mami, the prototype of the universal word mom.
The chronicles give the instruction that Enki gave to Ninti. First of all, all procedures must be performed under completely sterile conditions. Sumerian texts repeatedly mention that before working with "clay" Ninti first washed her hands. As is clear from the text, Enki used the egg of an African female monkey that lived north of Zimbabwe.
The instruction reads: “Add clay (egg) to the “essence” from the base of the earth, which is slightly up (to the north) from the Abzu, and fit it into the mold with the “essence”. I represent a good, knowledgeable, young Anunaki who will bring the clay (egg) to the desired state ... you will tell the fate of the newborn ... Ninti will embody the image of the gods in him, and what it will become will be Man.
The divine element, which in the Sumerian chronicles is called "TE-E-MA" and is translated as "essence" or "that which binds memory", and in our understanding it is DNA, was obtained from the blood of a specially selected Anunaki (or Anunaki) and subjected to processing in a cleansing bath. At young man they also took Shiru - semen.
The word "clay" comes from "TI-IT", translated as "that which accompanies life." A derivative of this word is "egg". In addition, the texts note that from the blood of the blood of one of the gods was obtained what is called napishtu (parallel to it the biblical term Naphsh, which is usually not accurately translated as "soul").
Sumerian texts say that luck did not immediately accompany scientists, and as a result of experiments, ugly hybrids first appeared. Finally they came to success. The successfully formed egg was then placed into the body of the goddess Ninti had agreed to become. As a result of long pregnancy and caesarean section The first man, Adam, was born.
Since there were many industrial workers for the mines, Eve was created to reproduce their own kind by cloning. Unfortunately, this can only be assumed, descriptions of the details of cloning in the Sumerian chronicles have not yet been found. But having given us their image and abilities for intellectual development, the Anunaki did not give us longevity. The Torah says on this occasion: “Elohim uttered the phrase: “Adam became like one of us ... And now, no matter how he stretched out his hand and took the same from the tree of life, and did not taste, and did not begin to live forever.” And Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden!
More recently, as a result of careful DNA research, Wesley Brown made an interesting discovery “about the same mitochondrial Eve for all people on Earth,” who lived in Africa about 250,000 years ago. And it turned out that the first human being came from the very valley where we, according to the Sumerians, mined gold!
Later, when the women of the Earth acquired an attractive appearance, the Anunaki began to take them as wives, which also contributed to the development of the intellect of the next generations of people. The Bible of Moses says the following about this: “Then the sons of God saw the daughters of men, and they began to bear them. These are strong, glorious people from ancient times.”
The New Explanatory Bible says the following about this: “This is one of the most difficult passages in the Bible to interpret; the main difficulty lies in determining who here can be understood as "sons of God." And since the Bible of Moses does not directly say anything about the Anunaki, the interpreters decided to consider the “sons of God” the descendants of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve, who “were the spokesmen for all that is good, exalted and good” - “Giants of the Spirit”. Well! If you do not know about the content of the Sumerian chronicles, then this is still some kind of explanation.
Questions and answers.
1. Who could mine during the Stone Age?!
Archaeological research confirms that mining operations were carried out in South Africa during the Stone Age (!). Back in 1970, in Swaziland, archaeologists discovered extensive gold mines, up to 20 meters deep. An international group of physicists in 1988 determined the age of the mines - from 80 to 100 thousand years.
2. How do savage tribes know about "artificial people"?
Zulu legends say that flesh-and-blood slaves artificially created by the "first men" worked in these mines.
3. The second discovery of astronomers testifies - the planet Nibiru was!
In addition to the above-mentioned discovery of a group of shards moving along the desired trajectory, corresponding to the ideas of the Sumerians, the recent subsequent discovery of astronomers was no less surprising. Modern astronomical laws confirm that between Mars and Jupiter there must have been planets twice as large as the Earth! This planet was either destroyed as a result of a major catastrophe, or not formed at all due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter.
4. The claim of the Sumerians about the "heavenly battle" 4 billion years ago is also confirmed by science with a high degree of probability!
After the discovery of the fact that Uranus, Neptune and Pluto "lie on their side", and their satellites lie in a completely different plane, it became clear that the collisions of celestial bodies changed the face of the solar system. This means that they could not be satellites of these planets before the catastrophe. Where did they come from? Scientists believe that they were formed from the release of matter from the planet Uranus during a collision.
It is clear that an object of some destructive force collided with these planets, so much so that it was able to turn their axes. According to modern scientists, this catastrophe, which the Sumerians dubbed the "heavenly battle", occurred 4 billion years ago. Note that the "heavenly battle" according to the Sumerians does not mean the notorious " star Wars". We are talking about a collision of celestial bodies of enormous mass or other similar cataclysm.
Note that the Sumerians quite accurately not only describe the appearance of the solar system before the “celestial battle” (that is, 4 billion years ago), but also indicate the reasons for that dramatic period! True, the matter is small - in deciphering figurative turns and allegories! One thing is clear, the description of the solar system before the catastrophe, when it was still “young,” is information transmitted by someone! By whom?
Thus, the version that the Sumerian texts contain a description of the history of 4 - billion years ago has the right to exist!