Russian Historical Encyclopedia Volume I. The Importance of Historical Encyclopedias in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Historical encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematic collection of information on history and related fields of knowledge. There are encyclopedias on world history as a whole, on individual historical periods, on the history of individual continents, countries and peoples, on various sections of history (history of culture, religion, etc.) or even dedicated to individual historical events. I. e. usually also contain biographical information about historical figures, historians (but there are also purely terminological reference books), maps, illustrations. Quite often I. e. they also include material on branches of knowledge adjacent to historical science (especially in geography, literature, philosophy, etc.). In addition to special I. e., significant material on history is usually contained in general (universal) encyclopedias (see. Encyclopedia ), biographical dictionaries, military encyclopedias and dictionaries, diplomatic dictionaries, etc.

The first editions, approaching historical dictionaries, began to appear in the 16th-18th centuries; usually these were still undivided historical-philological and geographical reference books. Such, for example, are the "Historical and Literary Dictionary" of a French erudite of the 16th century. C. Etienne (Ch. Estienne, Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, Lutetiae, 1553; later translated into French) or L. Moreri, Le Grand dictionnaire historique ou le Mé lange curieux de ľ histoire sainte et profane, Lyon, 1674, which was widely popular.

In Russia in the 18th century the historian V.N. Tatishchev prepared the “Russian Lexicon of Historical, Geographical, Political and Civil” (parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1793, brought to the letter “K”). In 1790-98, the "Historical Dictionary" was published (in 14 parts; parts 1-3 were published in 1807-11 in the second edition), containing biographies of historical figures "of all times and peoples" (as well as articles on some mythological characters) - in mostly translations from French historical dictionaries with the addition of articles about Russian historical figures. In the 19th - early 20th centuries. in Russia a large number of various biographical dictionaries were published (see. Biographical dictionaries ). Of the dictionaries of a general historical nature, only the brief "School Historical Dictionary" by S. A. Kareeva (M., 1906; edited by N. I. Kareev) can be named.

IN USSR since 1961, the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general historical content, the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia (SIE), has been published (editor-in-chief E. M. Zhukov, vols. 1-13, M., 1961-71, the publication continues). The SIE provides information on the history of all the peoples of the world from ancient times to the present day. The history of the peoples of the USSR and other socialist countries, the history of the revolutionary and national liberation movements are especially widely covered (the greatest attention is paid to the history of Soviet society and the post-October period of world history), the history of not only European countries, but also Asia, Africa, Latin America is widely represented. A large place is occupied by problems of historiography (special articles and historiographic excursions). The SIE contains maps, illustrations, detailed chronological and other reference tables. Among other historical reference books of an encyclopedic nature published in the USSR are “Materials for the terminological dictionary of ancient Russia” by G. E. Kochin (M.-L., 1937; contains a list of terms found in chronicles, acts and other written sources of Ancient Russia with indicating exactly where this term occurs), a brief “Reference Dictionary on the History of the Middle Ages” by G. A. Maksimov (Tashkent, 1952; for distance learning), a small encyclopedia "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (1968). A large amount of material on history is contained in the Diplomatic Dictionary (vols. 1-2, 1948-50, 2nd ed., vols. 1-3, M., 1960-64).

Of the foreign encyclopedias and dictionaries of general historical content, the most famous are: “A dictionary of dates, events, localities and historical figures... "d¢ Armonville (A. L. d'Harmonville, Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ..., t. 1-2, P., 1842-43), covering the period from ancient times to 19th century (covered political history, history of culture, religion and church); "The Lexicon of World History" by K. Hermann (K. Hermann, Lexikon der allgemeinen Weitgeschichte..., Lpz., 1882), also devoted to world history from ancient times, but elucidating the 16th-19th centuries in particular detail; “Public Dictionary of Dates” (“...Everyman¢ s dictionary of dates...”, 5 ed., rev. by A. Butler, L.-N. Y., 1967; 1st ed. 1911), covering (in 5th edition) from ancient times to the 1960s; the dictionary contains mainly articles about individual events, concepts, geographical names; multi-volume I. e., published in the USA ["The New Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ...", v. 1-12, Springfield (Mass.), 1922-24; 1st ed., vol. 1-5, 1893-95]; "Dictionary of History" by E. Bayer ("Wö rterbuch zur Geschichte", hrsg. von E. Bayer, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1965; 1st ed. 1960), which explains about 5.5 thousand concepts and terms related mainly to history European countries; materials about specific events, locations and individuals are not included.

A large number of I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of individual historical periods. In the history of primitive society, a large German " encyclopedic Dictionary on primitive history” (“Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte”, Bd 1-15, V., 1924-32), compiled with the participation of scientists various countries under the general editorship of the German archaeologist M. Ebert; contains materials on archeology, anthropology, paleoethnography, linguistics from ancient times to the early Middle Ages, richly illustrated. There are also a large number of special dictionaries on archeology. The most fundamental encyclopedic reference books on the history of antiquity: “The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities” by C. Daranber and E. Salio (“Dictionnaire des antiquité s grecques et romaines”, sous la d ir. de Ch. Daremberg et E. Saglio, t. 1 -5, P., 1877-1929), comprehensively revealing the history Ancient Greece and Rome (covering the history of customs and institutions, economy, life, religion, science, art, naval affairs), but not including biographical material; especially - the multi-volume "Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity" by Pauli-Wissow - a fundamental reference book that touches on all aspects of antiquity, many articles were written by prominent scientists and contain an extensive bibliography. Among the shorter dictionaries on ancient history- “The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquity” by F. R. Lyubker (Russian translation from German, St. Petersburg - M., 1888).

Much less I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of the Middle Ages, modern and modern times. Among them: " Concise Dictionary medieval history” by H. E. Wedeck (N. E. Wedeck, Concise dictionary of medieval history, N. Y., 1964), consisting of very brief articles on the history of the Middle Ages from the 5th to the 15th centuries. inclusive; "Encyclopedia of Modern History" by W. Herbst ("Enzykiopä die der neueren Geschichte", begrü ndet von W. Herbst, Bd 1-5, Gotha, 1880-90), covering the history of the 16th-19th centuries; "A dictionary of modern history" by A. W. Palmer (A. W. Palmer, "A dictionary of modern history. 1789-1945", L., 1962), devoted to the political (mainly) and socio-economic history of the period from 1789 to 1945; questions of the history of culture are also touched upon.

Of the regional reference books on history, it is worth noting the cultural-historical encyclopedias and dictionaries dedicated to the early Middle Ages, for example, the dictionary of Slavic antiquities prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences (“Sł ownik staroż ytnoś ci sł owaiń skich...”, pod red. W. Kowalenski, t. 1-4, Wr., 1961-1970; ongoing); German vocabulary on German antiquities ("Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde", hrsg. von J. Hoops, Bd 1-4, Strassb., 1911-19; a new, revised and greatly expanded edition has been published since 1968). Of considerable interest is the multi-volume "Cultural and Historical Dictionary of the Northern Middle Ages", dedicated to the history and culture of the Scandinavian countries from the "Viking Age" to the Reformation period ("Kulturhistorisk Lexikon fö r nordisk middelalder", Bd 1-15-, Kbh., 1956-70 - publishing in progress). Of the regional encyclopedias on the history of the countries of the East, the “Encyclopedia of Islam” (“Encyclopé die de ď Islam”, v. 1-4, Leyde - P., 1913-1936; nouv. é d., v. 1-3-, Leyde - P.-, 1960-71-; edition continues; published in several languages), in the preparation of which scientists took part different countries; It provides information not only political history, but especially widely covers the ideology, culture of Muslim countries, as well as ethnography, geography, etc. The short Encyclopedia of Latin American history"(M. Martin, G. Lovett, "Encyclopedia of Latin-American history ...", Indianapolis - N. Y., 1968).

Very common I. e. and dictionaries on national history, available in many countries and dedicated, respectively, to the history of a given country. Argentine Historical Dictionary, ed. R. Piccirilli ("Diccionario histó rico argentine", publ. bajo la dir. de R. Piccirilli..., t. 1-6, B. Aires, 1953-54) covers the period up to the middle of the 20th century. “Dictionary of English history” by S. Low and F. Pulling (S. Low, F. S. Pulling, “The dictionary of English history”, new ed., L. - N. Y., 1928; 1st ed. 1884), “Dictionary British History" J. Brandon (J. A. Brandon, "A dictionary of British history", L., 1937) and " New dictionary British History, ed. S. Steinberg ("Steinberg's Dictionary of British history", ed. by S. Steinberg and J. H. Evans, 2 ed., L., 1970; 1st ed., 1963) contain information on history from ancient times, they cover the history of England in the most detail; Brandon's dictionary lacks biographies and material on the history of culture. The “Subject Dictionary on the History of Germany and the German Labor Movement” (“Sachwö rterbuch der Geschichte Deutschlands und der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung”, Bd 1-2, V., 1969-70), published in the GDR, covers the period from the end of the 18th century. until the 60s. 20th century; G. Rösler and G. Franz’s Biographical Dictionary of German History (H. Rö ssler, G. Franz, “Biographisches Wö rterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte”, Mü nch., 1952-53) and “Subject Dictionary of German history” by the same authors (N. Rössler, G. Franz, “Sachwö rterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte”, Münch., 1958) include materials not only on the history of Germany, but also on a number of other countries, have a reactionary-nationalist orientation. "Dictionary of the history of Spain ..." ("Diccionario de historia de Espana ...", 2 ed., t. 1-3, Madrid, 1968-69; 1st ed. 1952) is devoted to the history of Spain from ancient times to 1968 and the history of the Spanish colonies in America. Italian "Dictionary of the Risorgimento ...", ed. M. Rosi ("Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale... Fatti e persone". Dir. M. Rosi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1930-37) contains articles on the history of Italy from the 18th century. to 1870 (in the 1st volume, individual events are considered, in the 2-4th volumes - biographies of the leaders of the Risorgimento). "Dictionary of the history of Poland" ed. T. Lepkowski (“Sł ownik historii Polski”, red. T. Ł epkowski, 5 wyd., Warsz., 1969; 1st ed. 1959) includes about 2.5 thousand articles that cover the history of Poland from ancient times until the 1960s. The "Illustrated Dictionary of Portuguese History" ("Dicioná rio de histó ria de Portugal (Ilustrado)". Dir. por J. Serrao, v. I-4, Lisboa, 1961-70) covers the history of Portugal from ancient times to the middle of the 20th century. . Dictionary of American History, ed. J. Adams (“Dictionary of American history”, ed. by J. T. Adams, v. 1-6, N. Y., 1940-61) is devoted to the political, socio-economic history and cultural history of the United States since the Middle Ages (travels of Scandinavians to America are considered) before 1930s, biographies not included; the 6th (additional) volume covers the history of the United States from 1940 to 1960. The 16-volume "The United States encyclopedia of history", v. 1-16, Phil. -N. Y., 1967-68) covers the period from the discovery of America by Columbus to the middle of the 20th century, designed for the general reader, richly illustrated. "Historical Dictionary of France" L. Lalanne (L. Lalanne, "Dictionnaire historique de la France", 2 é d., P., 1877; 1st ed. 1872) contains detailed information on various issues of the history of France from ancient times to 1870s, including historical geography and genealogy; a number of dictionaries are dedicated to the Great french revolution(E. Boursin, Aug. Challamel, "Dictionnaire de la Ré evolution française. Institutions, hommes et faits", P., 1893; "Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Ré evolution et de ľ Empire, 1789-1815", ré digé ... par J. F. E. Robinet, vols. 1-2, P., ). Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Suisse, publ. ...sous la dir. de M. Godet, H. Türler et V. Attinger, v. 1-7, Neuchâ tel, 1921-33; there is a parallel edition on German) contains over 22 thousand articles on the history of Switzerland from ancient times to the 1930s, many illustrations.

Lit.: Kaufman I. M. Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index, c. 1 - Pre-revolutionary editions, M., 1937; Zischka G., Index Lexicorum. Bibliographie der lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke, W., 1959; Hepworth Ph., How to find out in history, Oxf. - , 1966.

A. I. Drobinsky, I. I. Frolova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978


For readers of the Russian Historical Encyclopedia

Dear friends!

Before you is the first of eighteen volumes of the Russian Historical Encyclopedia. The successful implementation of such a large-scale scientific and educational project became possible thanks to the fruitful joint work of scientists, archivists, and publishers. Based on the classical traditions that Russian encyclopedic literature has always been famous for, this fundamental work meets the spirit and demands of the time, presents a wide “palette” of professional opinions, assessments, and judgments.


I am convinced that the publication of a new encyclopedia is a significant contribution to the development of historical science, to the formation of an objective, unbiased approach to covering past events and their lessons, as well as to understanding well-known research concepts. Historical experience teaches us to respect all, even the most difficult, contradictory periods of our past. To the cultural and spiritual traditions of the peoples of Russia - after all, it was on their basis that the Russian state, national identity was built, civil, patriotic ideals and values ​​were formed.


I am sure that the publication will be useful not only to specialists, but also to everyone who is interested in history.

I wish you informative and fascinating reading, and the editorial team - new creative successes.

President of Russian Federation

V. V. Putin

Ladies and gentlemen!

You are holding in your hands the first volume of the new modern "Russian Historical Encyclopedia", prepared by a team of authors led by Academician, Director of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. O. Chubaryan. This grandiose project - the encyclopedia is conceived in 18 volumes - is designed to fill a significant gap that has formed in Russian historical science, because the publication of the previous 16-volume "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia" was completed in 1976. And this means that scientists, teachers, students, and even ordinary people, among whom there are many sincerely interested in history, have been deprived of a truly comprehensive reference publication on world history for more than 30 years.
Over these decades, much has changed both in our country and in the world. Gone are the old economic and military-political alliances, and new ones appeared in their place; the problems that troubled humanity in the mid-1970s were successfully resolved, and their place was taken by the most acute challenges of our time. Finally, developed in the most recent historical time information Technology, on the one hand, they brought knowledge out of the silence of scientific classrooms, and on the other hand, they gave rise to hitherto unprecedented gullibility and frivolity in relation to knowledge. Including historical. And more than ever before, today it is important for our country to have a serious, truly scientific, fundamental reference publication that does not pursue momentary recognition, covering the past and present of mankind - after all, there is no future without a past.
The Russian Historical Encyclopedia is published under the auspices of the Russian Military Historical Society, whose direct tasks include promoting the study of history and disseminating historical knowledge. The full multimedia version of all volumes will be posted on the Society's website http://histrf.ru/ru/rvio and available to everyone.

Chairman of the Russian Military Historical Society
V. R. Medinsky,
Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor

Foreword


Encyclopedia (from the Greek enkyklios - circle, paedia - education) at all times was a unique phenomenon, the essence of which was an attempt to "embrace the immensity", that is, to present in a generalized form the basic information on all branches of knowledge. The prototype of encyclopedic works can be considered compiled in the 1st century. n. e. Gaius Pliny the Elder "Natural History" (Naturalis Historia). The term "encyclopedia" itself, introduced into circulation in the second half of the 16th century, meant a treatise containing an integral set of data of a general educational or special nature.

In the XVIII century. such publications are gaining popularity, and in the late XIX - early XX century. In the world there is a large number of various reference books and dictionaries that systematize information both in all areas of human knowledge and within individual disciplines.

Second half of the 20th century became the era of the greatest flourishing of the encyclopedic genre, which is associated with a gigantic volume of scientific and technical advances. The demand for encyclopedias and reference books during this period is explained by the general high level education and the desire of the population to meet the pace of development of science, to be aware of the latest theoretical and practical knowledge. In our country, along with universal encyclopedias, such as the Great and Small Soviet Encyclopedias, the Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, etc., special editions appear that summarize the entire accumulated body of knowledge in individual areas. This type of publication was designed not only for specialists, but also for students and schoolchildren.

In 1961-1976. The Soviet Historical Encyclopedia was published in 16 volumes. This fundamental publication covered the entire history of mankind from antiquity to the present. Leading domestic historians participated in the creation of the encyclopedia. It should be noted that the historical encyclopedia long years was a faithful assistant for all who were interested in history.

However, life does not stand still, changes are taking place in the world, new facts are being discovered, modern points of view are emerging. What used to be considered unshakably true turns out to be controversial or erroneous. The need to analyze and evaluate the past in a new way, drawing lessons for the present and the future, has become the imperative of the times.

Over the past decades, new disciplines have appeared in historical science, the attention of scientists is increasingly focused on the everyday and private life of the individual, which, in fact, serves as “material” for history, helps to reveal the essence of historical processes. With the advent of a new view, assessments of historical figures and their activities have become more balanced and multifaceted.

The need to satisfy the interest of the widest strata of Russian citizens in historical information, in knowledge of the origins of their fatherland and world history, the evolution and current state of human civilization served as an impetus for the start of work on a new Historical Encyclopedia.

The peculiarity of this edition is that, based on the classical encyclopedic traditions of various countries, it at the same time takes into account latest achievements domestic and world science.

The theme of man in history, which has largely become dominant in world historiography, will take the main place in the encyclopedia. Its personalities are prominent political and public figures, military leaders, diplomats and scientists, representatives of education, culture, art and sports, business circles, religion and the Church, who have played various roles in history. Noticeable attention will be paid to people whose names have become symbols of ethics, morality and peacemaking.

The purpose of the new edition is to present readers with a modern view, freed from ideological stereotypes, of the domestic and world history corresponding to the achievements of Russian and world historiography in recent years.
The encyclopedia is based on a multifactorial approach to the study of human history. Modern historians are increasingly operating with such concepts as global, regional and local history. Considerable attention is paid to events and personalities Russian history in the context of world development.

In general, readers will see a deep, scientifically based and at the same time fascinating history of mankind, in the center of which has always been a person with his interests and passions, ups and downs.
The Russian Historical Encyclopedia will be a publication fundamentally different from the previous encyclopedias published in our country. The Big and Small Soviet encyclopedias, as well as the former Historical Encyclopedia, corresponding to the specifics of their time, were largely ideologized and politicized, many of their estimates are outdated, do not correspond to the latest scientific ideas and have now been revised.

The task of the proposed encyclopedia is to show the reader the outline of the events of the distant and recent past, reveal the content of historical phenomena and ideas, highlight the role of historical characters, based on a scientifically based approach and the latest achievements of domestic and world science. The encyclopedia will consist of 18 volumes and contain more than 20 thousand articles, about 30 thousand illustrations, maps and diagrams. The authors are well-known specialists in Russia and abroad - academicians, doctors and candidates of sciences.

The new encyclopedia is addressed to the widest range of readers - the scientific community, teachers, students and anyone interested in history.

Director of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Academician A. O. Chubaryan

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS

encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematic collection of information on history and related fields of knowledge. There are encyclopedias on world history as a whole, on individual historical periods, on the history of individual continents, countries and peoples, on various sections of history (the history of culture, religion, etc.) or even dedicated to individual historical events. I. e. usually also contain biographical information about historical figures, historians (but there are also purely terminological reference books), maps, illustrations. Quite often I. e. they also include material on branches of knowledge adjacent to historical science (especially in geography, literature, philosophy, etc.). In addition to special I. e., significant material on history is usually contained in general (universal) encyclopedias (see Encyclopedia), biographical dictionaries, military encyclopedias and dictionaries, diplomatic dictionaries, etc.

The first editions, approaching historical dictionaries, began to appear in the 16th-18th centuries; usually these were still undivided historical-philological and geographical reference books. Such, for example, is the "Historical and Literary Dictionary" of a French erudite of the 16th century. C. Etienne (Ch. Estienne, Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, Lutetiae, 1553; later translated into French) or L. Moreri, Le Grand dictionnaire historique ou le Melange curieux de lhistoire sainte et profane, Lyon, 1674).

in Russia in the 18th century. the historian V. N. Tatishchev prepared the Russian Lexicon of Historical, Geographical, Political and Civil (parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1793, brought to the letter "K"). In 1790-98, the "Historical Dictionary" was published (in 14 parts; parts 1-3 were published in 1807-11 in the second edition), containing biographies of historical figures "of all times and peoples" (as well as articles on some mythological characters) - in mostly translations from French historical dictionaries with the addition of articles about Russian historical figures. In the 19th - early 20th centuries. in Russia, a large number of various biographical dictionaries were published (see Biographical Dictionaries). Of the dictionaries of a general historical nature, only a brief "School Historical Dictionary" by S. A. Kareeva (M., 1906; edited by N. I. Kareev) can be named.

Since 1961, the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general historical content, the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia (SIE), has been published in the USSR (editor-in-chief E. M. Zhukov, vols. 1-13, M., 1961-71, the publication continues). The SIE provides information on the history of all the peoples of the world from ancient times to the present day. The history of the peoples of the USSR and other socialist countries, the history of the revolutionary and national liberation movements are especially widely covered (the greatest attention is paid to the history of Soviet society and the post-October period of world history), the history of not only European countries, but also Asia, Africa, Latin America is widely represented. A large place is occupied by problems of historiography (special articles and historiographic excursions). The SIE contains maps, illustrations, detailed chronological and other reference tables. Among other historical reference books of an encyclopedic nature published in the USSR are "Materials for the terminological dictionary of ancient Russia" by G. E. Kochin (M.-L., 1937; contains a list of terms found in the annals, acts and other written sources of Ancient Russia with indicating exactly where this term is found), a brief "Reference Dictionary of the History of the Middle Ages" by G. A. Maksimov (Tashkent, 1952; for distance learning), a small encyclopedia "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (1968). The Diplomatic Dictionary contains a large amount of material on history (vols. 1-2, 1948-50, 2nd ed., vols. 1-3, M., 1960-64).

Of the foreign encyclopedias and dictionaries of general historical content, the most famous are: "A Dictionary of dates, events, localities and historical figures ..." d¢Harmonville (A. L. d-Harmonville, Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ..., t. 1-2, P., 1842-43), covering the period from ancient times to the 19th century. (covered political history, history of culture, religion and church); "The Lexicon of World History" by K. Hermann (K. Hermann, Lexikon der allgemeinen Weitgeschichte..., Lpz., 1882), also devoted to world history from ancient times, but covering the 16th-19th centuries in particular detail; "The Public Dictionary of Dates" ("...Everyman¢s dictionary of dates...", 5 ed., rev. by A. Butler, L.-N. Y., 1967; 1st ed. 1911), covering (in 5th edition) from ancient times to the 1960s; the dictionary contains mainly articles about individual events, concepts, geographical names; multi-volume I. e., published in the USA ["The New Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ...", v. 1-12, Springfield (Mass.), 1922-24; 1st ed., vol. 1-5, 1893-95]; "Dictionary of History" by E. Bayer ("Worterbuch zur Geschichte", hrsg. von E. Bayer, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1965; 1st ed. 1960), which explains about 5.5 thousand concepts and terms related mainly to the history of European countries; materials about specific events, locations and individuals are not included.

A large number of I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of individual historical periods. On the history of primitive society, a large German "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Primitive History" ("Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte", Bd 1-15, V., 1924-32), compiled with the participation of scientists from various countries under the general editorship of the German archaeologist M. Ebert, stands out; contains materials on archeology, anthropology, paleoethnography, linguistics from ancient times to the early Middle Ages, richly illustrated. There are also a large number of special dictionaries on archeology. The most fundamental encyclopedic reference books on the history of antiquity: "The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" by Ch. Daranber and E. Salio ("Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines", sous la dir. de Ch. Daremberg et E. Saglio, t. 1-5 , P., 1877-1929), comprehensively revealing the history of Ancient Greece and Rome (the history of customs and institutions, economy, life, religion, science, art, naval affairs is covered), but not including biographical material; especially - the multi-volume "Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity" by Pauli-Wissow - a fundamental reference book that touches on all aspects of antiquity, many articles were written by prominent scientists and contain an extensive bibliography. Among the more concise dictionaries on ancient history is the "Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquity" by F. R. Lyubker (Russian translation from German, St. Petersburg - M., 1888).

Much less I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of the Middle Ages, modern and modern times. Among them: "A Concise Dictionary of Medieval History" by H. E. Wedeck (N. E. Wedeck, Concise dictionary of medieval history, N. Y., 1964), consisting of very brief articles on the history of the Middle Ages from the 5th to the 15th centuries. inclusive; "Encyclopedia of Modern History" by W. Herbst ("Enzykiopadie der neueren Geschichte", begrundet von W. Herbst, Bd 1-5, Gotha, 1880-90), covering the history of the 16th-19th centuries; A. W. Palmer's "A dictionary of modern history. 1789-1945", L., 1962, devoted to the political (mainly) and socio-economic history of the period from 1789 to 1945; questions of the history of culture are also touched upon.

Of the regional reference books on history, one should note the cultural-historical encyclopedias and dictionaries devoted to the early Middle Ages, for example, the dictionary of Slavic antiquities prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences ("Slownik starozytnosci slowainskich ...", pod red. W. Kowalenski, t. 1-4, Wr ., 1961-1970; publication continues); a German dictionary of Germanic antiquities ("Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde", hrsg. von J. Hoops, Bd 1-4, Strassb., 1911-19; a new, revised and greatly expanded edition has been published since 1968). Of considerable interest is the multivolume "Cultural and Historical Dictionary of the Northern Middle Ages", dedicated to the history and culture of the Scandinavian countries from the "Viking Age" to the Reformation period ("Kulturhistorisk Lexikon for nordisk middelalder", Bd 1-15-, Kbh., 1956-70- ; publication continues). Of the regional encyclopedias on the history of the countries of the East, the "Encyclopedia of Islam" ("Encyclopedie de dIslam", v. 1-4, Leyde - P., 1913-1936; nouv. ed., v. 1-3-, Leyde - P.) stands out. -, 1960-71-; publication continues; published in several languages), in the preparation of which scientists from different countries took part; it provides information not only on political history, but especially widely covers the ideology, culture of Muslim countries, as well as ethnography, geography, etc. The short "Encyclopedia of Latin American History" (M. Martin, G. Lovett, "Encyclopedia of Latin- American history...", Indianapolis - N. Y., 1968).

Very common I. e. and dictionaries on national history, available in many countries and dedicated, respectively, to the history of a given country. "Argentine Historical Dictionary" ed. R. Piccirilli ("Diccionario historico argentine", publ. bajo la dir. de R. Piccirilli..., t. 1-6, V. Aires, 1953-54) covers the period up to the middle of the 20th century. "Dictionary of English history" by S. Low and F. Pulling (S. Low, F. S. Pulling, "The dictionary of English history", new ed., L. - N. Y., 1928; 1st ed. 1884), "Dictionary British history" J. Brandon (J. A. Brendon, "A dictionary of British history", L., 1937) and "New Dictionary of British History" ed. S. Steinberg ("Steinberg-s Dictionary of British history", ed. by S. Steinberg and J. H. Evans, 2 ed., L., 1970; 1st ed., 1963) contain information on history from the most ancient times, they cover the history of England in the most detail, there are no biographies and material on the history of culture in Brandon's dictionary. The Sachworterbuch der Geschichte Deutschlands und der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, Bd 1-2, V., 1969-70, published in the GDR, covers the period from the end of the 18th century to the end of the 18th century. until the 60s. 20th century; published in Germany "Biographical Dictionary of German History" by G. Rösler and G. Franz (N. Rossler, G. Franz, "Biographisches Worterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Munch., 1952-53) and "Subject Dictionary of German History" of those the same authors (N. Rossler, G. Franz, "Sachworterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Munch., 1958) include materials not only on the history of Germany, but also on a number of other countries, have a reactionary-nationalist orientation. "Dictionary of the history of Spain ..." ("Diccionario de historia de Espana ...", 2 ed., t. 1-3, Madrid, 1968-69; 1st ed. 1952) is devoted to the history of Spain from ancient times to 1968 and the history of the Spanish colonies in America. Italian "Dictionary of the Risorgimento ...", ed. M. Rosi ("Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale... Fatti e persone". Dir. M. Rosi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1930-37) contains articles on the history of Italy from the 18th century. to 1870 (in the 1st volume, individual events are considered, in the 2-4th volumes - biographies of the leaders of the Risorgimento). "Dictionary of Polish History" ed. T. Lepkowski ("Slownik historii Polski", red. T. Lepkowski, 5 wyd., Warsz., 1969; 1st ed. 1959) includes about 2.5 thousand articles that cover the history of Poland from ancient times to 1960s "An Illustrated Dictionary of the History of Portugal" ("Dicionario de historia de Portugal (Ilustrado)". Dir. por J. Serrao, v. I-4, Lisboa, 1961-70) covers the history of Portugal from ancient times to the middle of the 20th century. Dictionary of American History, ed. J. Adams ("Dictionary of American history", ed. by J. T. Adams, v. 1-6, N. Y., 1940-61) is devoted to the political, socio-economic history and cultural history of the United States since the Middle Ages (travels of the Scandinavians to America are considered) before 1930s, biographies not included; the 6th (additional) volume covers US history from 1940 to 1960. The 16-volume "The United States encyclopedia of history", v. 1-16, Phil.-N. Y., 1967-68) covers the period from the discovery of America by Columbus to the middle of the 20th century, designed for the general reader, richly illustrated. "Historical Dictionary of France" L. Lalanne (L. Lalanne, "Dictionnaire historique de la France", 2 ed., P., 1877; 1st ed. 1872) contains detailed information on various issues of French history from ancient times to 1870 -s, including historical geography and genealogy; a number of dictionaries are devoted to the French Revolution (E. Boursin, Aug. Challamel, "Dictionnaire de la Revolution française. Institutions, hommes et faits", P., 1893; "Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Revolution et de lEmpire, 1789-1815" , redige... par J. F. E. Robinet, vols. 1-2, P., ). "Historical and Biographical Dictionary of Switzerland" ("Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Suisse", publ. ...sous la dir. de M. Godet, H. Turler et V. Attinger, v. 1-7, Neuchâtel, 1921- 33; there is a parallel edition in German) contains over 22 thousand articles on the history of Switzerland from ancient times to the 1930s, many illustrations.

Lit .: Kaufman I.M., Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index, c. 1 - Pre-revolutionary editions, M., 1937; Zischka G., Index Lexicorum. Bibliographie der lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke, W., 1959; Hepworth Ph., How to find out in history, Oxf. - , 1966.

A. I. Drobinsky, I. I. Frolova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

  • HISTORICAL
    BAYS - bays between the coasts of one state, having an entrance width of more than 24 nautical miles, which, due to historical conditions ...
  • HISTORICAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
    WATERS - in the doctrine of international law and in the practice of states, it is recognized that under certain circumstances, states can, for historical reasons ...
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA
    children's and youth, a type of children's book intended for reading, self-education and upbringing of children, adolescents and youth. In an entertaining popular science form…
  • HISTORICAL
    HISTORICAL SONGS, genre rus. folklore, epic and lyric epic. songs about ist. events, prem. 16th-18th centuries; otd. dedicated cycles. Ivan the Terrible...
  • HISTORICAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    "HISTORICAL NOTES", non-periodical. a collection published since 1937 by the Institute of History, then by the Institute of History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1992 - by the Institute of History. …
  • ARTISTIC ENCYCLOPEDIAS in the Dictionary of Fine Art Terms:
    - and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing systematized information on the theory, history and practice of plastic arts (architecture, fine and decorative arts), ...
  • ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND EDUCATIONAL DICTIONARIES in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    , scientific reference publications containing a systematic body of knowledge on pedagogy, education and related disciplines. Pedagogical encyclopedias are divided according to the nature of the content ...
  • ECONOMIC ENCYCLOPEDIAS
    encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematic collection of information on economic sciences and individual sectors of the economy. There are the following varieties of E. ...
  • CHEMICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference books containing basic information on chemistry and chemical ...
  • PHYSICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias, reference scientific publications containing systematized, the most essential theoretical and applied information on all or individual sections of physics. F. e. …
  • TECHNICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematic set of information on technology (technological equipment and processes, objects of labor, etc.), ...
  • AGRICULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific and industrial reference publications containing systematized information on agriculture, page - x. sciences and related branches of folk ...
  • LITERARY ENCYCLOPEDIAS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias and dictionaries, reference books containing a systematic set of literary knowledge and information from the world fiction: bio-bibliographic essays on writers, ...
  • LARUSS ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias, encyclopedias published by the Larousse publishing house (Librairie Larousse), founded in 1852 in Paris by the teacher and lexicographer P. Larousse (1817 - ...
  • HISTORICAL MUSEUMS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    museums, scientific institutions that collect, store, study and popularize monuments of material and spiritual culture, reflecting the development human society. Them. …
  • HISTORICAL MAPS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    maps, maps showing historical phenomena and events, the relationship of social phenomena of the past with geographical factors. I. to. show the placement of ancient cultures, ...
  • CHILDREN AND YOUTH ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    and youth encyclopedias, popular science reference literature intended for self-education and upbringing of children and youth. D. and Yu. e. introducing readers...
  • GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias, scientific reference books containing a systematic set of geographical knowledge. G. e. characterize objects of regional geography (continents, countries, regions, ...
  • MILITARY ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    encyclopedias, scientific and reference publications containing a systematic set of military knowledge, as well as information from other fields of science that are important for military affairs. …
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA LINGUISTIC in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    — scientific reference publications containing a systematic body of knowledge about the language and methods of its description. May be oriented towards general linguistics. …
  • DIDRO in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
    (Diderot) Denis (1713-1784) - French philosopher and ideologist of the Enlightenment, writer, art theorist, head of the encyclopedists. Main works: free author's translation and ...
  • ORTHODOX ENCYCLOPEDIA, CHURCH SCIENTIFIC CENTER
    Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". "Orthodox Encyclopedia", the church-scientific center of the Russian Orthodox Church. Official website: http://sedmitza.ru It originates from ...
  • LEBEDEV ALEXEY PETROVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
    Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Attention, this article is not finished yet and contains only part of the necessary information. Lebedev Alexey Petrovich (...
  • CUSTOMER in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
    Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". The client program is intended for local use and distribution of the open Orthodox encyclopedia "Drevo" outside the Internet. All…
  • IRKUTSK DIOCESE in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
    Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Irkutsk and Angarsk diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. Diocesan administration: Russia, 664001, Irkutsk, st. …
  • TREE, ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
    Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". The open Orthodox encyclopedia "Drevo" is a project to create a universal Orthodox electronic information resource. Project permanent address: http://drevo.pravbeseda.ru …
  • INTRO in the Encyclopedia of the Third Reich:
    ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE THIRD REICH "Who is like the beast, and who can fight him?" (Revelation of John, Ch. 13; 4) Third Reich, ...
  • RUSSIA, DIV. PHILOSOPHY AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW
    The zeal of natural law began to penetrate into Russia from the beginning of the 18th century. By order of Peter I, Puffendorf's book "On ...
  • RUSSIA, DIV. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE (BIBLIOGRAPHY) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
    literature. General writings. The beginnings of literary history, lists of writers. Johannis Petri Kohlii, "Introductio in historiam et rem litterariam Slavorum" (Altona, 1729); …
  • RUSSIA, DIV. STORY in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
    The main subject of historical science in Russia is the past of the native country, on which the largest number of Russian historians and ...
  • TOLSTOY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
    1. Alexei Konstantinovich, count - poet, playwright and novelist. He spent his early childhood in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle A. ...
  • JAPAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    (Japanese: Nippon, Nihon). I. General information Ya - a state located on the islands Pacific Ocean, off the coast of East Asia. As part of…
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    (from the Greek enkyklios paideia - training in the entire range of knowledge), a scientific or popular science reference publication containing the most essential information on ...
  • FRANCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
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    Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of ...

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    In this edition, for the first time, an attempt was made to systematize and present in a reference and encyclopedic form, accumulated by many generations of researchers historical information about the Slavophiles - the great Russian thinkers and prominent public figures who played an important role in the development of Russian national consciousness and the formation of a national-patriotic ideology. Along with data on the "classical" Slavophiles, the encyclopedia includes information on Russian thinkers and public figures who are close to the Slavophiles in their views and aspirations, the main features of which are as follows: attitude towards Russia as a special unique world, a special civilization; faith in the saving role of Orthodoxy and the autocratic monarchy; faith in the special mission of Russia, in its special worldwide task; opposition of Russia to the West. The encyclopedia presents the most complete bibliography of the works of the Slavophiles and literature about them.... Further

  • Moscow, 1961. Publishing house "Soviet encyclopedia". Publishing bindings. The safety is good. Soviet Historical Encyclopedia - the first domestic encyclopedia dedicated to the history of the peoples of the whole world; is for reference; posted about 25 thousand articles. It seeks to reflect the achievements of Soviet and foreign historical science. The encyclopedia is designed to help the reader navigate the development of the world-historical process from ancient times to the 1960s, to provide information about the huge social change. One of the features of the Encyclopedia is the attention to the issues of historiography, the coverage of the most important problems of history in the literature. various directions. In order to increase the reference to many articles, detailed chronologies are given, which are constituent parts of the articles. Encyclopedia articles are accompanied by statistical tables, maps (historical, political, ethnographic), diagrams, illustrations. Bibliography...... Further

  • The volume offers a modern look at the most important socio-historical problems that humanity faced in the 20th century, as well as summary the history of our country, the countries of the West and Eastern Europe. In a compact form, information is given on the most important events and phenomena of the economic, social, political and ideological life of the countries of Europe and North America in the 20th century.... Further

  • The Great Historical Encyclopedia is the first most complete illustrated and fundamental publication on the course of history. The book contains extensive material on the world and national history, carefully illustrated with maps, diagrams, extracts from historical sources and portraits of political and public figures that define the face of the era. social phenomena and political processes that influenced the fate of civilization are interpreted in a modern key, free from ideological prejudices. The publication has been prepared in accordance with modern educational standards. Intended for a wide range of readers.... Further

  • The encyclopedia includes about 400 reference articles on the largest right-wing parties, unions, organizations, leaders and activists of the Black Hundred movement; central and local black-hundreds periodicals. For the first time, an attempt was made to systematize and present the accumulated historical information about the Black Hundred in a reference-encyclopedic form. In addition to the facts already known to specialists, the encyclopedia contains a significant amount of new, previously unpublished information collected by the authors of articles in Russian and foreign archives and libraries.... Further

    • Natalia Astakhova

    We all know that the first impressions of a child are the most vivid and memorable. And what book he reads first is very important. The Baby Encyclopedia project is designed for children 4-8 years old. It is at this age that the foundations of knowledge in history, literature, and culture are laid. AT project several series: "Tales of Artists" (I. Shishkin, I. Aivazovsky, I. Kramskoy ...), "Russian Poetry" (verses by A. Pushkin, F. Tyutchev, A. Fet ...), "Stories from History". Books introduce the child to the history of Russia and its rulers (“Tsars and Impostors”, “Children on the Throne”, “Alexander III”…), Orthodox saints (Sergius of Radonezh, Seraphim of Sarov…), writers (A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol…), commanders and admirals (A. Suvorov, M. Kutuzov, P. Nakhimov…), cities (Pskov, Novgorod, Suzdal…).... Further

  • The first volume offers a modern look at the most important socio-historical problems that humanity faced in the 20th century, as well as a brief summary of the history of our country, the countries of Western and Eastern Europe. In a compact form, information is given on the most important events and phenomena of the economic, social, political and ideological life of the countries of Europe and North America in the 20th century. The second volume gives a brief account of the history of the countries of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The "People of the Century" section presents brief biographies of people who have had the greatest influence on the socio-political and cultural development of their countries and the whole world. For historians and a wide range of readers.... Further

    • Nikolai Polevoy

    Journalist and historian, novelist and critic, publisher of the famous magazine "Moscow Telegraph" Nikolai Alekseevich Polevoy belongs to the most significant figures in Russian literary and social life of the 19th century. Fundamental research by N. Polevoy "History of the Russian people" is a philosophical understanding of the past, the study of national history as part of a single global process.... Further

  • Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, Sumerians and Etruscans, Incas and Mayans... The great lost civilizations still make us admire their history, culture and art. The global mysteries of ancient civilizations have survived to this day, and it is not without reason that their solution is still the best scientists fight. After all, the unraveled secrets of the past are the key to understanding the present and the future...... Further

  • The encyclopedia includes 1283 articles containing the lives and biographies of Russian saints and ascetics of Orthodoxy, who for a millennium determined the spiritual face of the Russian nation, its priorities and directions of development. Russian saints were the main bearers of the fundamental values ​​of Russian civilization - spiritual integrity, the inseparability of faith and life, kindness, non-covetousness, monarchical consciousness, catholicity and patriotism. In preparing the encyclopedia, all the most authoritative sources on the life of the saints were used and taken into account, starting with the Great Cheti-Menaia of Metropolitan Macarius, the Cheti-Menaia of Dimitry of Rostov, the Lives of Saints Philaret (Gumilevsky), and up to the biographies of saints published in the 20th - early 21st centuries. Some of the materials used in the encyclopedia were collected by the compiler during many years of pilgrimage trips to monasteries and holy places in Russia in the 1970s - the first half of the 1990s. 544 illustrations are presented - icons and portraits depicting saints and ascetics of Orthodoxy, photos from archives and rare books.... Further

  • The volume gives a brief account of the history of the countries of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The "People of the Century" section presents brief biographies of people who have had the greatest influence on the socio-political and cultural development of their countries and the whole world. ... Further

  • Period from 1989 to 1999 - perhaps the most difficult in the history of our country, which we called in one word - "timelessness". The collapse of the country and the subsequent degradation and decline affected all aspects of society, including the state of the country's armed forces. This The fourth book of our five-volume historical encyclopedia is devoted to the period. Separate chapters describe the participation of special forces in the conflicts in Transnistria, Tajikistan, Transcaucasia, as well as operations in the First Chechen campaign. The authors, military officers, both currently serving and in reserve, strongly draw attention to the fact that over time, the tasks of special intelligence units and formations have changed. Their main activity, since the time of Afghanistan, is now connected with the counterguerrilla struggle. The most famous operations of special forces units of the specified period are analyzed. For a wide range of readers.... Further

  • The final book of the multi-volume historical encyclopedia conceived by the author-compiler covers the period from 1999 to the present. The episodes with the participation of special forces in the Second Chechen campaign are covered in detail. The most famous operations are analyzed special forces units in recent years. The problems of the beginning military reform. Questions are being raised about reforming special forces units, what they should be like in the future. For a wide range of readers.... Further

    • S. S. Kozlov

    This book of essays, which is the third volume of the historical encyclopedia "Special Forces of the GRU", covers the period from 1979 to 1989. and tells about the combat history of units and formations of special forces as part of Limited contingent Soviet troops in Afghanistan. For each detachment, for each special forces brigade, a brief historical background is given, it is told about their combat way, an analysis of specific combat operations (including unsuccessful ones) is given. The authors of the essays - soldiers and officers - are direct participants in the events described. The stories are illustrated with diagrams. This is a unique treasury of combat experience, especially since the archive of operational files of groups and detachments operating in Afghanistan has not been preserved. The book is of interest both to military professionals and to a wide range of readers.... Further

  • This book of essays, which is the 2nd volume of the five-volume historical encyclopedia of the GRU SPETSNAZ, covers the period from 1950 to 1979. and tells how the elite units were formed, called upon at that time to solve the tasks of special intelligence, the list of which also included such as the detection of positions of operational-tactical missiles capable of carrying nuclear charges, the implementation of sabotage deep behind enemy lines, the deployment of a partisan movement in enemy territory. The book describes the impressive exercises that took place at the stage of formation of units and formations of special forces, both army and navy subordination. Among the authors of the articles I.N. Shchelokov, P.A. Golitsin, F.I. For a wide range of readers. Authors, volumes: V.S. Avinkin, V. Afonchenko, Yu. A. Berkov, E. A. Borisov, V. E. Breslavsky, A. V. Budnee, B. A. Gavrilov, S. R. Galaev, P.A. Golitsin, N.V. Gubanov, F.I. Gredasov, A.A. Drozdov, V.A. V.Ivlev, S.Kalintenko, S.V.Kozlov (author-compiler), Yu.I.Kolesnikov, N.I.Lutsev, V.G.Pashits, G.P.Sizikov, Yu.T.Staroe, V .P. Troshin, A.S. Chubarov, I.N. Shchelokov.... Further

    • Boris Prokazov

    How many bloodless victories did Hitler score on the eve of World War II? How was Poland going to defeat Germany? Where did Hitler accept the surrender of France and why did he thereby humiliate her? Why was Operation Sea Lion, the landing of the Germans in Great Britain, cancelled? Why did the German attack on the USSR come as a surprise to Soviet command? Who was called the "Desert Fox" and why? What formations went down in history under the name "black brigades" and where did they operate? How did it happen that the Vickers fought against each other? Who, long before the Nazis, depicted a swastika on their planes? In the waters of what Russian river did Nazi Germany's plans for world domination "drown"? Which ace pilot fought against the British and Americans, Germans and Italians? Why did the Germans refuse to fight on the legendary Soviet T-34 tanks? Where was the ambitious German developer of the Barbarossa plan put to shame? Who from Soviet pilots shot down 9 enemy aircraft in one battle, while setting an absolute world record? Which tank was called the "little brother" of the T-34? Which of the legendary Soviet tankers knocked out 22 enemy tanks in one battle? Why Battle of Kursk became decisive in the Great Patriotic War? "Katyusha", "Vanyusha" and "Skripukha" on the "Fly" - who are they? In connection with what event was mourning declared in Germany in February 1943? When and on what occasion did the first fireworks in Moscow thunder? Who was the first to raise the Banner of Victory over the Reichstag?... Further

    The young reader will find answers to these and many other questions in this publication, which presents the history of the Great Patriotic War. Description of bloody battles, vivid illustrations and many interesting facts make this book not only informative, but also very exciting. ... Further

    Sergey Kozlov

    The year 1701 was taken as the starting point - the year Peter I created a flying corps - a corvolant - to fight the enemy on the army's supply routes. The following describes in detail the actions of partisan detachments and flying corps during the Patriotic War of 1812, the special actions of which determined the outcome of the war. The history of the emergence, training and use of the Cossack units of scouts, both in the Caucasus and during the years of the Crimean (1853-1856) and Turkish campaigns (1877-1878), is described. The experience of using partisans in Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) and during the years great war(1914-1918). Examples of the actions of partisan formations in the years civil war in Russia (1918-1920) both the Red and White armies. It tells about the creation of the first full-time reconnaissance and sabotage formations of the Red Army, created in the period 1934-1938. The experience of partisan operations conducted during the Spanish Civil War by the partisan corps, created under the guidance of Soviet military intelligence advisers, is described; an analysis is made of the actions of the Soviet military intelligence during the military conflict on the Khalkhin Gol River, Finnish campaign. The measures taken by the GRU in the pre-war period to strengthen military intelligence are given. The 2nd volume of the 1st book of the encyclopedia is devoted to the use of reconnaissance and reconnaissance and sabotage bodies during the Great Patriotic War, a description of the difficulties of the initial period of the war, the formation of military operational intelligence during the war, as well as the role of military intelligence in organizing and leading partisan operations on the territory occupied by the enemy. The book provides examples of such actions and memories of participants in the war. It also describes the actions of military intelligence during the operation carried out by the troops of the Far and ZabVO in Manchuria against the Kvantu of a certain army in August-September 1945. In addition to describing special operations at sea during the Second World War, this book describes the experience of full-time and non-staff special forces formed reconnaissance departments of the fleets, starting with a special purpose company of the KBF and continuing with a number of reconnaissance and sabotage units in other fleets and flotillas operating during the Great Patriotic War. The tactics of actions of units and non-standard formations, conducting special operations during the Second World War, both on land and at sea, as well as the equipment and weapons that they used to solve these problems, are described. It also tells about those people whose names, due to secrecy, remained unknown to Russian readers for a long time. The book is of interest both for specialists and for the widest range of readers.... Further

Historical encyclopedias

and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematic collection of information on history and related fields of knowledge. There are encyclopedias on world history as a whole, on individual historical periods, on the history of individual continents, countries and peoples, on various sections of history (the history of culture, religion, etc.) or even dedicated to individual historical events. I. e. usually also contain biographical information about historical figures, historians (but there are also purely terminological reference books), maps, illustrations. Quite often I. e. they also include material on branches of knowledge adjacent to historical science (especially in geography, literature, philosophy, etc.). In addition to special I. e., significant material on history is usually contained in general (universal) encyclopedias (see Encyclopedia), biographical dictionaries, military encyclopedias and dictionaries, diplomatic dictionaries, etc.

The first editions, approaching historical dictionaries, began to appear in the 16th-18th centuries; usually these were still undivided historical-philological and geographical reference books. Such, for example, are the "Historical and Literary Dictionary" of a French erudite of the 16th century. C. Etienne (Ch. Estienne, Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, Lutetiae, 1553; later translated into French) or L. Moreri, Le Grand dictionnaire historique ou le Mélange curieux de ľhistoire sainte et profane, Lyon, 1674).

In Russia in the 18th century the historian V.N. Tatishchev prepared the “Russian Lexicon of Historical, Geographical, Political and Civil” (parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1793, brought to the letter “K”). In 1790-98, the "Historical Dictionary" was published (in 14 parts; parts 1-3 were published in 1807-11 in the second edition), containing biographies of historical figures "of all times and peoples" (as well as articles on some mythological characters) - in mostly translations from French historical dictionaries with the addition of articles about Russian historical figures. In the 19th - early 20th centuries. in Russia, a large number of various biographical dictionaries were published (see Biographical Dictionaries). Of the dictionaries of a general historical nature, only the brief "School Historical Dictionary" by S. A. Kareeva (M., 1906; edited by N. I. Kareev) can be named.

IN USSR since 1961, the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general historical content, the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia (SIE), has been published (editor-in-chief E. M. Zhukov, vols. 1-13, M., 1961-71, the publication continues). The SIE provides information on the history of all the peoples of the world from ancient times to the present day. The history of the peoples of the USSR and other socialist countries, the history of the revolutionary and national liberation movements are especially widely covered (the greatest attention is paid to the history of Soviet society and the post-October period of world history), the history of not only European countries, but also Asia, Africa, Latin America is widely represented. A large place is occupied by problems of historiography (special articles and historiographic excursions). The SIE contains maps, illustrations, detailed chronological and other reference tables. Among other historical reference books of an encyclopedic nature published in the USSR are “Materials for the terminological dictionary of ancient Russia” by G. E. Kochin (M.-L., 1937; contains a list of terms found in chronicles, acts and other written sources of Ancient Russia with indicating exactly where this term occurs), a brief “Reference Dictionary on the History of the Middle Ages” by G. A. Maksimov (Tashkent, 1952; for distance learning), a small encyclopedia “The Great October Socialist Revolution” (1968). A large amount of material on history is contained in the Diplomatic Dictionary (vols. 1-2, 1948-50, 2nd ed., vols. 1-3, M., 1960-64).

Of the foreign encyclopedias and dictionaries of general historical content, the most famous are: "Dictionary of dates, events, localities and historical figures ..." d "Armonville (A. L. d'Harmonville, Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ..., t. 1-2, P., 1842-43), covering the period from ancient times to the 19th century (political history, history of culture, religion and church are covered); der allgemeinen Weitgeschichte ..., Lpz., 1882), also devoted to world history from ancient times, but covering the 16-19th centuries in particular detail; "Public Dictionary of Dates" ("... Everyman" s dictionary of dates ... ”, 5 ed., rev. by A. Butler, L.-N. Y., 1967; 1st ed. 1911), covering (in the 5th edition) the period from ancient times to the 1960s; the dictionary contains mainly articles about individual events, concepts, geographical names; multi-volume I. e., published in the USA ["The New Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ...", v. 1-12, Springfield (Mass.), 1922-24; 1st ed., vol. 1-5, 1893-95]; "Dictionary of History" by E. Bayer ("Wörterbuch zur Geschichte", hrsg. von E. Bayer, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1965; 1st ed. 1960), which explains about 5.5 thousand concepts and terms related mainly to the history of European countries; materials about specific events, locations and individuals are not included.

A large number of I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of individual historical periods. On the history of primitive society, the large German Encyclopedic Dictionary of Primitive History (Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, Bd 1-15, V., 1924-32), compiled with the participation of scientists from various countries under the general editorship of the German archaeologist M. Ebert, stands out; contains materials on archeology, anthropology, paleoethnography, linguistics from ancient times to the early Middle Ages, richly illustrated. There are also a large number of special dictionaries on archeology. The most fundamental encyclopedic reference books on the history of antiquity: "The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" by Ch. Daranber and E. Salio ("Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines", sous la dir. de Ch. Daremberg et E. Saglio, t. 1-5 , P., 1877-1929), comprehensively revealing the history of Ancient Greece and Rome (the history of customs and institutions, economy, life, religion, science, art, naval affairs is covered), but not including biographical material; especially - the multi-volume "Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity" by Pauli-Wissow - a fundamental reference book that touches on all aspects of antiquity, many articles were written by prominent scientists and contain an extensive bibliography. Among the more concise dictionaries on ancient history is the “Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquity” by F. R. Lyubker (Russian translation from German, St. Petersburg - M., 1888).

Much less I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of the Middle Ages, modern and modern times. Among them: "Concise Dictionary of Medieval History" by H. E. Wedeck (N. E. Wedeck, Concise dictionary of medieval history, N. Y., 1964), consisting of very brief articles on the history of the Middle Ages from the 5th to the 15th centuries. inclusive; "Encyclopedia of Modern History" by W. Herbst ("Enzykiopädie der neueren Geschichte", begründet von W. Herbst, Bd 1-5, Gotha, 1880-90), covering the history of the 16th-19th centuries; "A dictionary of modern history" by A. W. Palmer (A. W. Palmer, "A dictionary of modern history. 1789-1945", L., 1962), devoted to the political (mainly) and socio-economic history of the period from 1789 to 1945; questions of the history of culture are also touched upon.

Of the regional reference books on history, it is worth noting the cultural-historical encyclopedias and dictionaries dedicated to the early Middle Ages, for example, the dictionary of Slavic antiquities prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences (“Słownik starożytności słowaińskich ...”, pod red. W. Kowalenski, t. 1-4, Wr ., 1961-1970; publication continues); a German dictionary of Germanic antiquities (“Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde”, hrsg. von J. Hoops, Bd 1-4, Strassb., 1911-19; a new, revised and greatly expanded edition has been published since 1968). Of considerable interest is the multi-volume "Cultural and Historical Dictionary of the Northern Middle Ages", dedicated to the history and culture of the Scandinavian countries from the "Viking Age" to the Reformation period ("Kulturhistorisk Lexikon för nordisk middelalder", Bd 1-15-, Kbh., 1956-70- ; publication continues). Of the regional encyclopedias on the history of the countries of the East, the “Encyclopedia of Islam” stands out (“Encyclopédie de ďIslam”, v. 1-4, Leyde - P., 1913-1936; nouv. éd., v. 1-3-, Leyde - P. -, 1960-71-; publication continues; published in several languages), in the preparation of which scientists from different countries took part; it provides information not only on political history, but especially widely covers the ideology, culture of Muslim countries, as well as ethnography, geography, etc. The short “Encyclopedia of Latin American History” (M. Martin, G. Lovett, “Encyclopedia of Latin- American history...", Indianapolis - N. Y., 1968).

Very common I. e. and dictionaries on national history, available in many countries and dedicated, respectively, to the history of a given country. Argentine Historical Dictionary, ed. R. Piccirilli ("Diccionario histórico argentine", publ. bajo la dir. de R. Piccirilli..., t. 1-6, V. Aires, 1953-54) covers the period up to the middle of the 20th century. “Dictionary of English history” by S. Low and F. Pulling (S. Low, F. S. Pulling, “The dictionary of English history”, new ed., L. - N. Y., 1928; 1st ed. 1884), “Dictionary British History" J. Brandon (J. A. Brandon, "A dictionary of British history", L., 1937) and "New Dictionary of British History" ed. S. Steinberg ("Steinberg's Dictionary of British history", ed. by S. Steinberg and J. H. Evans, 2 ed., L., 1970; 1st ed., 1963) contain information on history from ancient times, they cover the history of England in the most detail; Brandon's dictionary lacks biographies and material on the history of culture. The Sachwörterbuch der Geschichte Deutschlands und der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, Bd 1-2, V., 1969-70, published in the GDR, covers the period from the end of the 18th century to the end of the 18th century. until the 60s. 20th century; published in the Federal Republic of Germany "Biographical Dictionary of German History" by G. Rösler and G. Franz (H. Rössler, G. Franz, "Biographisches Wörterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Münch., 1952-53) and "Subject Dictionary of German History" of those the same authors (H. Rössler, G. Franz, "Sachwörterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Münch., 1958) include materials not only on the history of Germany, but also on a number of other countries, have a reactionary-nationalist orientation. "Dictionary of the history of Spain ..." ("Diccionario de historia de Espana ...", 2 ed., t. 1-3, Madrid, 1968-69; 1st ed. 1952) is devoted to the history of Spain from ancient times to 1968 and the history of the Spanish colonies in America. Italian "Dictionary of the Risorgimento ...", ed. M. Rosi ("Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale... Fatti e persone". Dir. M. Rosi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1930-37) contains articles on the history of Italy from the 18th century. to 1870 (in the 1st volume, individual events are considered, in the 2-4th volumes - biographies of the leaders of the Risorgimento). "Dictionary of the history of Poland" ed. T. Lepkowski (“Słownik historii Polski”, red. T. Łepkowski, 5 wyd., Warsz., 1969; 1st ed. 1959) includes about 2.5 thousand articles that cover the history of Poland from ancient times to 1960s "Illustrated Dictionary of Portuguese History" ("Dicionário de história de Portugal (Ilustrado)". Dir. por J. Serrao, v. I-4, Lisboa, 1961-70) covers the history of Portugal from ancient times to the middle of the 20th century. Dictionary of American History, ed. J. Adams (“Dictionary of American history”, ed. by J. T. Adams, v. 1-6, N. Y., 1940-61) is devoted to the political, socio-economic history and cultural history of the United States since the Middle Ages (travels of Scandinavians to America are considered) before 1930s, biographies not included; the 6th (additional) volume covers the history of the United States from 1940 to 1960. The 16-volume "The United States encyclopedia of history", v. 1-16, Phil.-N. Y., 1967-68) covers the period from the discovery of America by Columbus to the middle of the 20th century, designed for the general reader, richly illustrated. "Historical Dictionary of France" L. Lalanne (L. Lalanne, "Dictionnaire historique de la France", 2 ed., P., 1877; 1st ed. 1872) contains detailed information on various issues of French history from ancient times to 1870 -s, including historical geography and genealogy; a number of dictionaries are devoted to the Great French Revolution (E. Boursin, Aug. Challamel, "Dictionnaire de la Révolution française. Institutions, hommes et faits", P., 1893; "Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Révolution et de ľEmpire, 1789-1815" , rédigé... par J. F. E. Robinet, vols. 1-2, P., ). Swiss Historical and Biographical Dictionary (Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Suisse, publ. ...sous la dir. de M. Godet, H. Türler et V. Attinger, v. 1-7, Neuchâtel, 1921- 33; there is a parallel edition in German) contains over 22 thousand articles on the history of Switzerland from ancient times to the 1930s, many illustrations.

Lit.: Kaufman I. M. Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index, c. 1 - Pre-revolutionary editions, M., 1937; Zischka G., Index Lexicorum. Bibliographie der lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke, W., 1959; Hepworth Ph., How to find out in history, Oxf. - , 1966.

A. I. Drobinsky, I. I. Frolova.


Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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