Sociology of Development
Literature in English
- Sztompka P. Trust: A Sociological Theory. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Sztompka P. Agency and Structure: Reorienting Sociological Theory (ed). - New York: Gordon & Breach, 1994
- Sztompka P. The Sociology of Social Change. - Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1993.
- Sztompka P. Society in Action: The Theory of Social Becoming. - Cambridge: Polity Press and The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
- Sztompka P. The New Technological Challenge and Socialist Societies (ed). - Krakow, 1987.
- Sztompka P. Sociological Dilemmas: Toward a Dialectic Paradigm. - New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Literature in Russian
- Sztompka P. Formation of sociological imagination. The meaning of theory // Sociological research. - 2005. - No. 10. - S. 64-72.
- Sztompka P. Social change as a trauma // Sociological research. - 2001. - No. 1. - S. 6-16.
- Sztompka P. Theoretical Sociology and Sociological Imagination // Sociological Journal. - 2001. - No. 1.
- Sztompka P. Many Sociologies for One World // Sociological Studies. - 1991. - No. 2. - S. 13-23.
- Sztompka P. Sociology of social changes / Per. from English; ed. V. A. Yadova. - M.: Aspect-Press, 1996. - 416 p. ISBN 5-7567-0053-6
- Sztompka, P. Sociology: analysis modern society/ Per. from Polish by S. M. Chervonnaya. - M.: Logos, 2005.
- Sztompka, P. Visual sociology. Photography as a research method. - M.: Logos, 2007.
- Sztompka, P. The Mission of Sociology in Post-Communist Societies // Posev. - 2006. - No. 6.
- Sztompka, P. Cultural trauma in post-communist society // Sociological research. - 2001. - No. 2.
Links
- P. Sztompka's page on the website of the Jagiellonian University
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See what "Peter Sztompka" is in other dictionaries:
Piotr Sztompka Date of birth: March 2, 1944 Place of birth: Warsaw Citizenship ... Wikipedia
SHTOMPKA Peter- (b. 1944) Polish sociologist, known as the author of the sociology of social formation, which is a theory of active interaction between social structures and their creators, activity subjects. Sh. considers the process in which ... ... Sociology: Encyclopedia
Social stratum (from Latin stratum layer, layer) is an element of social structure (social layer or group), united by some common social sign(property, professional or otherwise). Strata are constructed on the basis of ... ... Wikipedia
- (agents of social change, agents of change) persons, social movements and organizations whose activities entail social changes or changes in the personality and behavior of individuals. In the theory of organizational development, the term ... ... Wikipedia
Modernization- (Modernization) Modernization is the process of changing something in accordance with the requirements of modernity, the transition to more advanced conditions, by introducing various new updates. Modernization theory, types of modernization, organic ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
Books
- Trust is the basis of society, Piotr Sztompka. The new book by Piotr Sztompka, the leading representative of modern sociological thought, presents the sociology of trust in an expanded form for the first time in the scientific literature. The role of trust is revealed…
Giddens' theory of structuring was to some extent the impetus for the emergence in the 1990s. works of the Polish sociologist, professor of the Jagiellonian University Piotr Sztompka, devoted to a comprehensive and holistic analysis of social formation and social change. *109 First of all, it should be noted that the theory of social change under consideration fits surprisingly well into the transformations of modern theoretical sociology that we outlined above in the analysis of V.A. Yadov. Let's call them again in a concise version. According to the Russian sociologist, two fundamental turns are (are) being made in the latest theoretical sociology: a) rethinking the scale of social space in the direction of its globalization; 6) shifting the focus from the study of social structures to social processes and changes *110 .
*109: (The main conceptual provisions of this analysis are contained in the 15th chapter of the book [Sztompka. 1996, p. 268-292].)
*110: (Yadov V.A. Sociological research Keywords: methodology, program, methods. Samara, 1995. S. 13-14. )
These turns are well seen in Sztompka's theory of social change, due to which it turns out to be quite adequate. modern processes and social realities. Only one small clarification needs to be made. themselves social structures considered by the Polish sociologist "procedurally", which is one of the main features of his approach. This is where the influence of Giddens' theory of structuration comes into play.
The main components of Sztompka's theoretical model are four categories: structures, actors (agents), activity, action. Already here it is not difficult to detect a certain similarity with the "duality" of Giddens' structure, at least in an effort to combine two key concepts: structure and action. But further on, Sztompka's discourse (the style of thinking and method of argumentation) takes on a different direction.
The main thing is the analysis of the interaction of structures with each other in relation to the subjects of action. It turns out that the structures manifest themselves completely independently and unexpectedly (emergently). The Polish sociologist speaks of three forms of independent dynamics of structures, which he considers in the form of three principles: inertia, momentum, sequence. The principle of inertia means that "it is usually preferable that the functioning continues in the same mode, without radical changes (for example, in the countries of "real socialism" for a long time the typical reaction to economic difficulties was to raise prices and taxes rather than move from planned to market-oriented economy...). The principle of the moment is that a certain stage is most often followed by the next one (if, for example, investments are made in a certain area of the economy, this entails investments in other areas related to it). Finally, the principle of consistency is that "the successive phases cannot be skipped (for example, the economy cannot be modernized without preliminary training of the workforce...)". Sztompka cites all these examples in order to show that structures in society can manifest themselves in relation to individuals in the most unexpected way [Sztompka. 1996. S. 269-270],
Despite the fact that structures are independent of agents and in this sense can "behave" in unexpected ways, they cannot exist without actors. In turn, the agents themselves in reality are necessarily included in the structures. "We," writes Sztompka, "will not find a single example in public life, in which there would be no merging of structures and agents, operations and actions. Show me an agent that is not built into any structure, or a structure that exists apart from individuals, or an action that is not included in social operations, or, finally, a social operation that does not break down into actions. There are no structureless agents, and there are no 6e-agent structures" [Ibid., p. 272]. In this context, the Polish sociologist is struck by the wisdom of the maxim attributed to C. Cooley: "Personality and society are twin brothers." We just want to add words of VV Mayakovsky (said, however, on a completely different occasion): "Who is more valuable than mother history (read: sociology. - GZ)?"
What has been said is only the starting point of the model of social development developed by Sztompka. So that it "does not hang in the air", the sociologist places it in a dual environment, including nature and consciousness. He regards the first as the inevitable "container" in which social life "fits". These are external natural conditions in which people act and structures operate. The natural environment also includes the internal features of individuals, but in general it affects society not only from the outside, but also from the inside - through the biological constitution and genetic baggage of the population. As for the second environment - consciousness, the environment of thoughts, beliefs, ideas, then it (the sociologist considers consciousness in three forms - as individual, collective and social) not only affects practice, but is also an "intermediary" between the natural environment and man (society). ).
Finally, one more element of the model of social formation, without which everything cannot be understood, is the time factor. As Sztompka writes, "both nature and consciousness enter into relationships with society, which forms and is formed at the same time" [Ibid. S. 287]. Despite this simultaneity, historical process is considered by him as a change of various temporary points of self-transformation of society. Schematically, the sociologist suggests five such points: society in the distant past, society in the past, society today, in the present, society in the future, society in the distant future.
Process historical development is carried out, according to the model of social formation, due to the presence of four types of causal nodes: structural influences, abilities of subjects, "humanized nature", changing consciousness. These nodes constitute, according to the scientist, the mechanism of the social formation of the historical process. The historical process itself is continuous, not predetermined and not necessary. History has many alternative ways of development.
Considering historical changes, the Polish sociologist argues that they "encompass not only actions and practices, not only nature and consciousness, but also the connections between all of them, the ways in which they unite and, by their actions, give rise to social dynamics." Thus, Sztompka adds the latest, most complex feedback node to his model: “The point is not only that the activity of agents (subjects) changes in the course of their own practice, but also that social formation itself changes its appearance in the course of history" [Sztompka. 1996. S. 290].
Concluding the analysis of the concept of social change, it should be noted both its realistic and generally optimistic character. The sociologist sees as a common denominator of the main tendencies of the historical process the growing control over the natural environment, its management and isolation from it. Society, on the one hand, gradually subordinates Natural resources the needs of people, on the other hand, it seeks its own protection from negative impact nature. As for consciousness, thanks to the growth of knowledge, the debunking of all kinds of myths, illusions and other products of "false consciousness", it becomes possible to more accurately foresee, plan and purposefully change social life.
The leading sociologist, in the recent past the president of the International Sociological Association, in his textbook sets out a course of sociology based on the latest theoretical achievements and applied results in the development of the problems of this scientific discipline. Presents a modern interpretation of the subject and methods of sociological research, as well as ways of practical use of data from sociological research. Various aspects of social life are considered: human activity, social groups and institutions, cultures, stratification, social variability, current trends in the development of society. Essays are given on philosophers and sociologists, whose ideas determined the formation of sociology as a science. At the end of each chapter, terms and concepts are given, and at the end of the book - tests to check the mastery of the course. Thanks to the use of the experience of teaching sociology at the Krakow (Jagiellonian), California Universities, a number of other universities in the USA, Europe, Latin America and Australia...
Read completelyA prominent sociologist, recently president of the International Sociological Association, in his textbook sets out a course in sociology based on the latest theoretical achievements and applied results in developing the problems of this scientific discipline. Presents a modern interpretation of the subject and methods of sociological research, as well as ways of practical use of data from sociological research. Various aspects of social life are considered: human activity, social groups and institutions, cultures, stratification, social variability, modern trends in the development of society. Essays are given on philosophers and sociologists, whose ideas determined the formation of sociology as a science. At the end of each chapter, terms and concepts are given, and at the end of the book - tests to check the mastery of the course. Thanks to the use of the experience of teaching sociology in Krakow (Jagiellonian), California Universities, and a number of other universities in the USA, Europe, Latin America and Australia, the content of the textbook meets the world level, which contributed to its translation into most common languages.
For students of higher educational institutions students in the specialty and direction "Sociology". It is of interest to scientists and teachers in the field of social sciences and humanities.
The theory of structuring by E. Giddens served to a certain extent as an impetus for the appearance in the 90s. works of the Polish sociologist, professor of the Jagiellonian University Piotr Sztompka, devoted to a comprehensive and holistic analysis of social formation and social change. First of all, it should be noted that the theory of social change under consideration fits surprisingly well into the transformations of modern theoretical sociology that we outlined above in the course of analyzing the position of V.A. Yadov. Let's call them again in a concise version. According to the Russian sociologist, two fundamental turns are (are) being made in the latest theoretical sociology: a) rethinking the scale of social space in the direction of its globalization; b) shifting the focus from the study of social structures to social processes and changes.
It is these turns that are clearly visible in the theory of social change by P. Sztompka, due to which it turns out to be quite adequate to modern processes and social realities. Only one small clarification needs to be made. The social structures themselves are considered by the Polish sociologist "procedurally", which is one of the main features of his approach. It is here that the influence of E. Giddens' theory of structuring is felt.
The main components of P. Sztompka's theoretical model are four categories: structures, actors (agents), activity, action. Already here it is not difficult to detect a certain resemblance to the "duality" of Giddens' structure, at least in the attempt to unite two key concepts: structure and action. But further on, the discourse (the style of thinking and the method of argumentation) of P. Sztompka acquires a different direction.
The main thing is the analysis of the interaction of structures with each other in relation to the subjects of action. It turns out that the structures manifest themselves completely independently and unexpectedly (emergently). The Polish sociologist speaks of three forms of independent dynamics of structures, which he considers in the form of three principles: inertia, momentum, sequence. The principle of inertia means that "it is usually preferable that the functioning continues in the same mode, without radical changes (for example, in the countries of "real socialism" for a long time the typical reaction to economic difficulties was to raise prices and taxes rather than move from planned to market-oriented economy...). The principle of momentum is that a certain stage is most often followed by the next one (if, for example, investments are made in a particular area of the economy, this entails investments in other areas related to it). Finally, the principle of consistency is that "the successive phases cannot be skipped (for example, the economy cannot be modernized without preliminary training of the workforce...)". P. Sztompka cites all these examples in order to show that structures in society can manifest themselves in relation to individuals in the most unexpected way.
Despite the fact that structures are independent of agents and in this sense can "behave" in unexpected ways, they cannot exist without actors. In turn, the agents themselves in reality are necessarily included in the structures. “We,” writes P. Sztompka, “will not find a single example in public life in which there would be no merging of structures and agents, operations and actions. Show me an agent that is not built into any structure, or a structure that exists separately from individuals, or an action that is not included in social operations, or, finally, a social operation that does not break down into actions. There are no structureless agents, and there are no agentless structures. In this context, the Polish sociologist is struck by the wisdom of the maxim attributed to C. Cooley: "Personality and society are twin brothers." We just want to add the words of V. Mayakovsky (said, however, on a completely different occasion): "Who is more valuable than mother history (read: sociology - G.Z.)?"
What has been said is only the starting point of the model of social development developed by P. Sztompka. So that it "does not hang in the air", the sociologist places it in a dual environment, including nature and consciousness. He regards the first as the inevitable "container" in which social life "fits". These are external natural conditions in which people act and structures operate. The natural environment also includes the internal features of individuals, but in general it affects society not only from the outside, but also from the inside - through the biological constitution and genetic baggage of the population. As for the second environment - consciousness, the environment of thoughts, beliefs, ideas, then it (P. Sztompka considers consciousness in three forms - as individual, collective and social) not only affects practice, but is also an "intermediary" between the natural environment and man (society).
Finally, one more element of the model of social formation, without which it cannot be understood, is the time factor. As P. Sztompka writes, "both nature and consciousness enter into relationships with society, which forms and is formed at the same time." Despite this simultaneity, the historical process is seen by him as a change of various temporal points of self-transformation of society. Schematically, the sociologist suggests five such points: society in the distant past, society in the past, society today, in the present, society in the future, society in the distant future.
The process of historical development is carried out, according to the model of social formation, due to the presence of four types of causal nodes: structural influences, abilities of subjects, "humanized nature", changing consciousness. These nodes constitute, according to P. Sztompka, the mechanism of the social formation of the historical process. The historical process itself is continuous, not predetermined and not necessary. History has many alternative ways of development.
Considering historical changes, the Polish sociologist argues that they "encompass not only actions and practices, not only nature and consciousness, but also the connections between all of them, the ways in which they unite and, by their actions, give rise to social dynamics." Thus, P. Sztompka adds the latest, most complex feedback node to his model: “the point is not only that the activity of agents (subjects) changes in the course of their own practice, but also that social formation itself changes its appearance in the course of history.
Concluding the analysis of the concept of social change by P. Sztompka, it should be noted both its realistic and, in general, optimistic character. The sociologist sees as a common denominator of the main tendencies of the historical process the growing control over the natural environment, its management and isolation from it. Society, on the one hand, gradually subordinates natural resources to the needs of people, on the other hand, strives for its own protection from the negative impact of nature. As for consciousness, thanks to the growth of knowledge, the debunking of all kinds of myths, illusions and other products of "false consciousness", it becomes possible to more accurately foresee, plan and purposefully change social life.
Theory of structuring. Giddens served to some extent as an impetus for the appearance in the 1990s of the works of the Polish sociologist, professor. Jagiellonian University. Peter. Sztompka dedicated to the complex. Table of holistic analysis of social formation and social change. *109. First of all, it should be noted that. The considered theory of social changes surprisingly clearly fits into the transformation of modern theoretical sociology. Which were not indicated by us above in the course of the analysis of the position. VA. Yadov. Let's call them again in a concise version. According to the Russian sociologist, two fundamental turns are (are) made in the latest theoretical sociology: a). Rethinking the scale of social space towards its globalization, 6) shifting the focus from the study of social structures to social processes and changes * 110 .
*109:. The main conceptual provisions of this analysis are contained in the 15th chapter of the book [Shtompka 1996. P 268-292]
*110:. Poisons. VA Sociological research: methodology, program, methods. Samara, 1995. From 13-14
These turns are well seen in the theory of social change. Sztompka, due to which it turns out to be quite adequate to modern processes and social realities. Need to do. Only one sky is a big clarification. The social structures themselves are considered by the Polish sociologist "procedurally", which is one of the main features of his approach. It is here that the influence of the theory of the structure of uration comes into play. Giddens
The main components of the theoretical model. Sztompka are four categories: structures, actors (agents), activity, action. Even here it is not difficult to detect a certain resemblance to the "duality" of the structure. Giddens, at least in an effort to combine two key concepts: structure and action. But further discourse (style of thinking and method of argumentation). Stamps take on a different direction.
The main thing is the analysis of the interaction of structures with each other in relation to the subjects of action. It turns out that the structures manifest themselves completely independently and unexpectedly (emergently). The Polish sociologist speaks of three forms of independent dynamics of structures. Which he considers in the form of three principles: inertia, moment, sequence. The principle of inertia means that it is "usually preferable" that functioning continue in the same mode, without radical changes (for example, in the countries of "real socialism" for a long time. The typical reaction to economic difficulties was to increase prices and taxes rather than move from planned to a market-oriented economy) "The principle of the moment is that after a certain stage, the next one most often occurs (if, for example, investments are made in a certain area of the economy, this entails investments in other areas, with it .related). Finally, the principle of consistency is that "the successive phases cannot be skipped (for example, the economy cannot be modernized without. Previously training the workforce)" That's it. These examples. Stamp lead in order. To show: structures in society can manifest themselves. Concerning individuals. In the most unexpected way [Shtompka 1996. P. 269-270] 6.. P. 269-270],
Despite the fact that structures are independent of agents and in this sense can "behave" in unexpected ways, they cannot exist without agents. In turn, the agents themselves in reality are necessarily included in the structures. "We," writes Sztompka, "will not find a single example in public life in which there would be no merging of structures and agents, operations and actions. Show me an agent, Which is NOT built into any structure, or structure that exists apart from individuals, or action that is not included in social operations, or, finally, social operation that does not break down into actions. sixth-agent structures" [Ibid. From 272]. In this context, the Polish sociologist is struck by the wisdom of the maxim attributed to the subject. C. Cooley: "Personality and society are twin brothers" We just want to add words. VV. Mayakovsky (said, however, on a completely different occasion): "Who is more valuable than mother history (read: sociology -. G. S.)?. G. Z.) is valuable?"
What has been said is only the starting point of the model of social formation developed. Shtompka. So that it does not "hang in the air", the sociologist places it in a dual environment, including nature and consciousness. The first he regards as the inevitable "container" in which "places" social life. These are external natural conditions in which people act and structures operate. The natural environment also includes the internal features of individuals, but in general it affects society not only from the outside, but also from the inside - through the biological constitution and genetic baggage of the population. As for the second environment - consciousness, the environment of thoughts, beliefs, ideas, then it (the sociologist considers consciousness in three forms - as individual, collective and social) not only affects practice, but is also an "intermediary" between the natural environment and man ( society).
Finally, one more element of the model of social formation, without which it is impossible to understand concepts, is the time factor. As he writes. Sztompka, "both nature and consciousness enter into relationships with society, which forms and is formed at the same time" [Ibid. From 287]. Despite this simultaneity, he sees the historical process as a change. DIFFERENT time points of self-transformation of society. Schematically, the sociologist suggests five such points: society in the distant past, society in the past, society today, in the present, society in the future, society in the distant future.
The process of historical development is carried out. According to the model of social formation, due to the presence of four types of causal nodes: structural influences, abilities of subjects, "humanized and nature", changing consciousness. These nodes constitute, according to the scientist, the mechanism of the social formation of the historical process. The historical process itself is continuous. Nothing is predetermined and not necessary. History has many alternative ways of development.
Considering historical changes, the Polish sociologist argues that they "encompass not only actions and practices, not only nature and consciousness, but also the connections between all of them, the ways in which they combine and give rise to social dynamics through their actions" Thus, to his model . Sztompka adds the latest, most complex feedback node: "The point is not only that the activity of agents (subjects) changes in the course of their own practice, but also that social formation changes its appearance in the course of history" [Sztompka 1996 C 290290].
Concluding the analysis of the concept of social change, it should be noted both its realistic and generally optimistic character. The sociologist sees the main tendencies of the historical process as a common denominator. Growing control over the natural environment, management of it and isolation from it. Society, on the one hand, gradually subordinates natural resources to the needs of people, on the other hand, strives for its own protection from the negative impact of nature. As for consciousness, thanks to the growth of knowledge, the debunking of all kinds of myths, illusions worthy of the products of "false consciousness", it becomes possible to more accurately foresee, plan and purposefully change social life.