As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His whole life's work was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. The military reform of Peter I included a set of state measures to reorganize the system of manning the army and military administration, to create a regular navy, improvement of weapons, development and implementation of a new system of training and education of military personnel.
Army Reform Army Reform The Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments, which grew out of the young tsar's childish pastimes, became the first regiments of the new Russian army, built with the help of foreigners according to the European model. Peter I introduced new system recruitment of the regular army. In 1699, recruitment duty was introduced, legalized by the decree of Peter I in 1705. Its essence was that the state forcibly annually recruited a certain number of recruits from taxable estates, peasants and townspeople into the army and navy. From 20 yards they took one person, a single person aged 15 to 20 years. By the end of Peter's reign, the number of all regular troops, infantry and cavalry, ranged from 196 to 212 thousand people.
Along with the reorganization land army Peter set about creating a navy. By 1700, the Azov fleet consisted of more than 50 ships. During the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet was created, which by the end of the reign of Peter I consisted of 35 large linear outer ships, 10 frigates and about 200 galley (rowing) ships with 28 thousand sailors. Creation of the navy Creation of the navy
The military administration was reformed. Instead of the Orders, Peter I established in 1718 a military collegium, which was in charge of the field army, "garrison troops" and all "military affairs". The final structure of the Military Collegium was determined by decree of 1719. During the reform of the army, a unified system of military ranks was introduced, which finally took shape in the Table of Ranks of 1722. The career ladder included 14 classes from field marshal and admiral general to ensign. The service and ranks of the Table of Ranks were based not on generosity, but on personal abilities. Paying much attention to the technical re-equipment of the army and navy, Peter I set up the development and production of new types of ships, new types of artillery pieces and ammunition. Under Peter I, the infantry began to arm themselves with flintlock guns, and a domestic-style bayonet was introduced. Military Administration Reform Military Administration Reform
The government of Peter I attached particular importance to the education of the national officer corps. At first, all young nobles were obliged to serve as soldiers in Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky guards regiments, for 10 years, starting at the age of 15. With the receipt of the first officer rank, noble children were sent to army units, where they served for life. However, such a system of training officers could not fully satisfy the growing need for new personnel, and Peter I established a number of special military schools. In 1701, an artillery school for 300 people was opened in Moscow, and in 1712, a second artillery school was opened in St. Petersburg. For the training of engineering personnel, two engineering schools were created (in 1708 and 1719). In 1715 in St. Petersburg was opened Marine Academy.
Peter I forbade the promotion of officers to persons who had not received appropriate training in a military school. There were frequent cases when Peter I personally examined "undergrowths" (children of the nobility). Those who did not pass the exam were sent to serve in the fleet as privates without the right to be promoted to officers. Taking care of the morale of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished generals with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called established by him in 1698, soldiers and officers with medals and promotions (soldiers also with money). At the same time, Peter I introduced severe discipline in the army with corporal punishment and death penalty for serious war crimes.
The military system created by the government of Peter I turned out to be so stable that it lasted until the end of the 18th century without significant changes. In the subsequent decades of the 18th century after Peter I, the Russian armed forces developed under the influence of Peter the Great's military reforms, and the principles and traditions of the regular army continued to improve. They found their continuation in the combat activities of Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov.
Pravda.Ru
The appearance in the Russian army of its own military uniform is associated with a large-scale reform carried out by Peter I.
Photo report prepared by Vadim Savitsky
Pravda.Ru
Initially, the uniforms were sewn from cloth of different colors, because. it was purchased in significant quantities abroad, and it was very difficult to maintain the same color scheme.
Pravda.Ru
Since 1720, the color of uniforms was strictly regulated, but it was not always kept - there was not enough material of the desired color. This problem was solved only in the middle of the 18th century with the development of domestic cloth manufactories.
Pravda.Ru
The uniform of the time of Peter the Great consisted of a long, almost knee-length, cloth caftan with wide cuffs, under which a long camisole was worn, similar in cut to a caftan, but without cuffs, tighter and shorter. On the legs are short pants, just below the knees, thick stockings, blunt-toed shoes (in the cavalry - boots). In cold weather, a cloth cloak, an epancha, was worn over the camisole. The uniform was complemented by black ties and leather gloves.
Pravda.Ru
In the campaign they carried a hiking bag or satchel. On the head is a black hat with three curved fields (cocked hat). The headdresses of the grenadiers were special grenadier hats in the form of a cap, and the scorers - leather hats with copper foreheads.
Pravda.Ru
The cut of uniforms was the same for all military personnel. The uniform of non-commissioned officers differed from that of a soldier only in that there was a narrow golden lace on the sides of the camisole, the edges of cuffs and pockets, along the brim of hats. On officer uniforms, the galloon was wider, the buttons were gilded. The officers wore a white tie, a plume of white and red feathers on the hat, and a white-blue-red silk scarf slung over the shoulder. In addition to the usual soldier's equipment, sergeants and captains of armies relied on a halberd, and furriers - a special badge with the designation of the regiment and company number.
Pravda.Ru
The main colors of the Russian army were green and red. Green caftans and epanchis, red camisoles and trousers. The artillerymen also had a red caftan. Since 1720, dragoons have received blue caftans and a camisole, and trousers made of leggings (suede) or white linen. Boots for them were made with bells to cover the knees.
New uniforms were tested in battles with enemies, military traditions began to take shape around individual elements of the uniform. So, the Semenovites and Preobrazhenians were granted a special white piping. There is an opinion that after the Battle of Narva, these regiments received red stockings, as a symbol of the fact that the soldiers, standing knee-deep in blood, saved the Russian army from complete defeat. But documentary evidence of this could not be found.
slide 1
Reform of the army and military administration
Yakovleva Anastasia UP-1 group 1004
slide 2
Prerequisites for the military reforms of Peter I
Military affairs in pre-Petrine Russia were hopelessly backward, and by the time of the accession of Peter I was in a state of complete collapse and desolation, the army was disorganized and unfit for combat. That is why Peter considered it necessary to completely put an end to the past and, after studying the European experience, introduce a regular army into Russia. At the same time, he strictly followed Western models in everything related to the structure, weapons, financing, and uniforms of the new army.
"Russian Military School": Russian military art It went on an independent path, developed in special conditions - on an exclusively independent basis.
Peter I in his military reforms was inspired primarily by the practical experience that the Russian army received during the Northern War. After all, in order for Russia's foreign policy position to catch up with the European level, it was obviously necessary to expand the country's territory in all directions. Accordingly, for expansion it was necessary to conduct military campaigns. The first military campaigns of Peter I turned into a defeat, which forced him to carry out a series of military reforms.
slide 3
Peter gives a decree on the construction of a flotilla. Created in one winter, the flotilla was carried out along small rivers to Azov. The ships of this flotilla were built of frozen wood and, according to foreign experts, were good only for firewood. Peter did everything possible for his part to strengthen and develop the fleet, for this reason, English and Dutch masters, who were famous for their skill in this matter, were invited to replace the semi-literate masters.
Arsenals and port workshops arose. Sailors and officers were hastily trained. General management of the fleet was arranged.
And already in 1710. The Black Sea was crossed by Russian ships.
slide 4
Especially large construction unfolded in Voronezh, where the Admiralty was created. More than 26,000 people were mobilized to harvest ship timber and build ships. At the same time, the fleet was being recruited with soldiers of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, recruits.
In just a few months, by the spring of 1696, the Azov fleet was created, the basis of which was the galleys. On October 20 (30), 1696, Tsar Peter I "instructed", and the Duma "sentenced": "There will be sea vessels" - a state act that officially laid the foundation for the creation of a regular fleet. In order to gain a foothold on the Sea of Azov, in 1698 Peter began the construction of Taganrog as naval base. For the period from 1695 to 1710
slide 5
After the war with Turkey for the possession of the Sea of Azov, the aspirations of Peter I were directed to the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea. Peter I started building the Baltic Fleet. At the shipyards of the Syaz, Svir and Volkhov rivers, river and sea warships are being laid down, seven 52-gun ships and three 32-gun frigates are being built at the Arkhangelsk shipyards. New shipyards are being created, and the number of iron and copper foundries in the Urals is growing. Casting of ship cannons and cores for them is being established in Voronezh
In 1704, on the left bank of the Neva, the construction of the Admiralty shipyard began, which was destined to soon become the main domestic shipyard, and St. Petersburg - the shipbuilding center of Russia.
slide 6
In the Petrine period, the center of Russian maritime trade moved from the White Sea from Arkhangelsk to the Baltic to St. Petersburg, which became the country's largest commercial port.
Slide 7
Reformation of the archery troops
Streltsy participated in both Peter's campaigns against Azov. In the first campaign - 12 archery regiments, in the second - 13 regiments. The archers participated in campaigns before, but then the matter was limited to the summer months, and for the winter they returned to Moscow to their usual trade and crafts. After the capture of Azov, 6 soldier and 4 archery regiments were left in the fortress. The total number of archers: 2659 officers and privates, 8 colonels and lieutenant colonels and 30 captains. They were responsible not only to repel possible attempts by the Ottomans to return the fortress, but also to restore its bastions and build new ones.
In the summer of 1697, the archers, who had wintered in Azov, were ordered to go to Moscow. But already on the way, a new order happened: the regiments were to go to the Polish border - to Velikiye Luki. Instead of meeting with families, new trials were coming - to live in a sparsely populated area, endure hunger and need
Slide 8
There are rumors among the Streltsy that they have been taken out of Moscow forever and that the Streltsy army is in danger of perishing. The archers considered the boyars and foreigners to be the culprits of their troubles. Sagittarius arbitrarily go to Moscow. But on the way they were met and defeated by regular troops under the command of Shein, Gordon, Koltsov-Mosalsky (a total of 3700 warriors and 25 guns)34. Shein then investigates and executes 722 rebels. Then Peter returned to Moscow, more than 1,000 archers were executed. Only archers aged 14 to 20 years old were spared their lives - they were beaten with a whip. This last Streltsy rebellion further intensified Peter's real hatred and fear of the Streltsy. Therefore, the king decides once and for all to destroy them. In total, more than 1,700 archers were executed for participating in the rebellion, the rest were sent to different cities and recorded in other regiments.
Slide 9
The very way of life of the archers, who tend to succeed more in household chores than in the military, contributed to their police functions in the capital. But even as a police force, the archers proved to be unreliable - because they turned into an instrument of palace intrigues. That is why the replacement of the archery regiments with new military units seemed to Peter I an urgent measure. The Streltsy revolt of 1698 only hastened the "striking" of the Streltsy regiments and their replacement. Their disbandment is unlikely to have weakened the country's defense capability.
Slide 10
In 1699-1700. Peter I carried out a centralized recruitment for the infantry, which was a prerequisite for the final transition to the recruiting system (introduced in 1705). Legally, the beginning of the regular army of Peter I was laid by the decrees of the tsar of November 8 and 17, 1699, where the sources for the formation of new regiments were determined: the first source is “eager people” from among personally free subjects of various ranks who served for high rank· the second source is “subsistence people”, i.e. the recruits themselves. According to the decree of November 17, 1 recruit from 25 households had to be supplied from the monastery peasants; nobles who were in the civil service supplied 1 recruit from 30 households; out of 50 households, 1 recruit was given by the nobles who served in the army.
Recruit kits
slide 11
Recruitment was carried out as needed, as announced in special decrees. The number of recruits to be recruited was determined anew each time.
From 1705 to 1713, 10 recruiting sets were carried out, which gave the army 337,196 people, which fully satisfied the needs of the army in the rank and file. Until 1709, recruiting was carried out annually - there was an exhausting Northern War. The extension of military service to the largest stratum of the population, the peasantry, expanded the army's recruiting base enormously. At the same time, the service becomes lifelong and permanent. The new manning system gave the Russian army a great advantage over the Western European ones. It made it possible to create an army with a homogeneous national composition.
slide 12
Recruitment kits were taken from National economy the best shots, because only healthy men aged 15 to 32 were recruited, not defamed by any crimes. For the leadership of the state and the army, the recruiting system was more convenient than the recruiting system. However, recruitment kits annually irrevocably took up to 40,000 able-bodied young men.
slide 13
military training
In 1700, the first military school was established under the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Future artillery officers were trained elementary mathematics, artillery, shooting rules, fortification (moreover, the shooting theory was supplemented practical exercises). In 1716, the experience of the Russian regular army was summarized in the Military Regulations. An important historical era in the reform of the army was summed up, the organization of the regular troops, the operational-tactical and strategic principles of warfare applied by them, were consolidated. To encourage those who distinguished themselves in battle in 1700-1705. Peter I introduced orders and medals. They were received not only by generals and officers, but also by soldiers.
slide 16
Conclusion
Having become the ruler of Russia, Peter I carried out a radical reform of the recruitment of the army - he introduced recruitment. The maintenance of the troops, where the service is not a job, but an “honorable duty of a citizen” was cheaper. Peter I did not have to create a new model army "from scratch". The regiments of the new order of Alexei Mikhailovich (and Mikhail Fedorovich) may well be considered as a prototype of Peter's regular army. They have only one significant difference: the regiments of the new system under Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich were created for specific local wars, and after their completion, most of the regiments were disbanded. Peter, on the other hand, created a huge regular army, which was necessary for him personally and for the state in the context of the new state course.
Slide 17
Thank you for your attention!
Reforms of Peter I. Military reforms Chuprov Leonid Alexandrovich MOU Secondary School No. 3 p. Stone-Rybolov Khankaysky district of Primorsky Krai
slide 2
In 1698, immediately after returning from Europe, Peter disbanded all the old regiments. From 1699, the army was recruited on the basis of recruit (soldier) sets. From 1705, Peter handed over the St. Creation of a new army In 1696, a navy was founded in Voronezh. The Russian armed forces now have the main symbol of the battle flag. The army began to be divided into types of troops. A system of professional military education was established. Award system of Russia Important integral part military reform was the creation of Russian artillery. The state organized the re-equipment of the army on the model of the Saxon army. Military science emerged.
slide 3
Recruit - in the Russian army and navy ( Military establishment) from 1705 to 1874 - a person enlisted in the army on recruitment duty, to which all taxable estates (peasants, burghers, etc.) were subject and for whom it was communal and life-long and they supplied a certain number of recruits (soldiers) from their communities . The recruitment of serfs into the army freed them from serfdom. The entire taxable population each year gave one recruit from a certain number of souls. The procedure for recruiting recruits Military service was for life. At first, it was decided to take only singles from 15 to 20 years old, first from 500, then from 300 and even from 100). later these age limits were not respected. even 45 year olds were taken
slide 4
The army began to be divided into types of troops Dragoons (cavalry) Infantry Artillery Mobile, well-armed cavalry became the core of the army 30 dragoon regiments of 1300 people each were formed
slide 5
Creation of Russian Artillery An important component of the military reform was the creation of Russian artillery. One of the organizers of the Russian artillery was an associate of Peter I Ya.V. Bruce. He did a lot for the standardization of artillery, its technical re-equipment and reorganization. At that time, the favorite of Peter I, Abram Petrovich Hannibal, also began service in the artillery,
slide 6
Before the Northern War, artillery pieces came from Sweden. Now, the needs of artillery were provided by two large weapons factories in: 1. Tula 2. Sestroretsk, two large powder factories in: 1. Petersburg 2. Okhta, as well as a complex of iron smelters in the center, in the north and the Urals. During the reign of Peter I, domestic artillery was created. Domestic industry began to meet the needs of the army in weapons and ammunition.
Slide 7
The beginning of the navy was laid In 1696, the beginning of the navy was laid in Voronezh. By the end of the 90s. about 30 warships were built. With the outbreak of the Northern War in Arkhangelsk, the construction of the Baltic Fleet began in the Baltic. In the 20s. The Caspian Fleet was created on the Caspian Sea. For 15 years, a powerful military and merchant fleet was created in a completely land country - 48 battleships, 800 galleys with a crew of 28 thousand people.
Slide 8
The Russian armed forces have a main symbol - a battle flag. The Russian armed forces have a main symbol - a battle flag. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the first warships sailed under white-blue-red banners with a double-headed eagle. These colors symbolized the ancient Russian understanding of the world: 1. red color - the physical, earthly world; 2. blue - heavenly, 3. white - divine world.
Slide 9
Re-equipment of the army on the model of the Saxon army.
Slide 10
St. Andrew's flag (blue oblique cross on a white field). Since 1705, Peter handed over the St. Andrew's flag (a blue oblique cross on a white field) to the navy. The white-blue-red flag was given to merchant ships. Each regiment had its own banners using the symbols of the place where the regiment was recruited.
slide 11
A system of professional military education has been established. The Preobrazhensky Semenovsky regiments became the base for the training of officers. Boyars and nobles began their service there. Then, as officers, they were sent to other regiments. In 1699, a bombardier's school was opened under the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1701, an artillery school was opened in Moscow, in 1712 - in St. Petersburg. Then two military engineering schools were opened.
slide 12
Military science emerged. A huge network of garrison schools was organized to train the lower officers. To train personnel for the fleet, a nautical school, the Naval Academy of Officers, and a midshipman school (midshipman is a future naval officer) were opened. Ultimately, by the 20s. Russia was able to fully provide the army and navy with its cadres of naval, infantry, artillery and engineering officers.
slide 13
Under Peter, the domestic award system began to take shape. The first in the Russian army was the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by Peter I on November 30, 1698. "In retribution and rewarding one for loyalty, courage and various services rendered to the sovereign and the Fatherland, and the other for encouragement to all noble and heroic virtues," wrote Peter I about his status. This order had signs: a golden cross, a blue sash over the shoulder, an eight-pointed star and a golden chain. The official awarding took place on March 10, 1699. It was received by the closest associate of the tsar, General-Admiral F. Golovin. Among those awarded this order are B. Sheremetev, A. Menshikov, F. Apraksin. The king himself became his 7th cavalier. The highest award for women was the Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine, established by the Senate, which was awarded in 1714 to the wife of the Tsar Catherine I, who showed stamina and courage in difficult days for the Russian army on the Prut. The order looked like a gold medallion in a diamond setting. The Latin inscription on the back read: "By labors he is compared with his spouse." This insignia was worn on a bow with the motto "For Love and Fatherland".
Slide 14
Peter also conceived the third Russian order of St. Alexander Nevsky. But its official approval took place after the death of the emperor on May 21, 1725. In accordance with the motto "For Labor and the Fatherland", they were awarded to both military and civilian ranks for heroic deeds and faithful service. The ends of the cross on the order were decorated with ruby glasses, between which there were golden double-headed eagles. In the center is a white enamel medallion depicting a prince-commander. On the reverse side - the Latin monogram "A" (Saint Alexander) under the prince's crown. A. Menshikov, M. Golitsyn, A. Repnin and J. Bryus became his first cavaliers. In the future, this order was awarded to persons no lower than those in the rank of lieutenant general or in the corresponding civil rank. Medals were a more common award under Peter. In allegorical form, with the help of certain symbols, they immortalized the valor of Russian soldiers. One of the very first Peter's medals - "Unprecedented - happens", which was awarded to active participants in the battle at the mouth of the Neva in May 1703. The traditions of golden badges were also embodied in the award medals of Peter I. After Battle of Poltava he established medals - "For the victory near Lesnaya" and "For the Poltava victory". In honor of Poltava, medals of various sizes were minted.
slide 15
The result of the military reform was the appearance in Russia of a regular, one of the strongest armies in Europe. It numbered up to 200 thousand people, including 100 thousand Cossacks. The Russian army was able to defeat its main opponents.
slide 2
As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His whole life's work was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. The military reform of Peter I included a set of state measures to reorganize the system of manning the army and military administration, create a regular navy, improve weapons, develop and implement a new system of training and education of military personnel.
slide 3
The Reform of the Army The Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments, which grew out of the children's amusements of the young tsar, became the first regiments of the new Russian army, built with the help of foreigners according to the European model. Peter I introduced a new system of manning the regular army. In 1699, recruitment duty was introduced, legalized by the decree of Peter I in 1705. Its essence was that the state forcibly annually recruited a certain number of recruits from taxable estates, peasants and townspeople into the army and navy. From 20 yards they took one person, a single person aged 15 to 20 years. By the end of Peter's reign, the number of all regular troops, infantry and cavalry, ranged from 196 to 212 thousand people.
slide 4
slide 5
Along with the reorganization of the land army, Peter set about creating a navy. By 1700, the Azov fleet consisted of more than 50 ships. During the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet was created, which by the end of the reign of Peter I consisted of 35 large linear outer ships, 10 frigates and about 200 galley (rowing) ships with 28 thousand sailors. Creation of the navy
slide 6
The military administration was reformed. Instead of the Orders, Peter I established in 1718 a military collegium, which was in charge of the field army, "garrison troops" and all "military affairs". The final structure of the Military Collegium was determined by decree of 1719. During the reform of the army, a unified system of military ranks was introduced, which finally took shape in the Table of Ranks of 1722. The career ladder included 14 classes from field marshal and admiral general to ensign. The service and ranks of the Table of Ranks were based not on generosity, but on personal abilities. Paying much attention to the technical re-equipment of the army and navy, Peter I set up the development and production of new types of ships, new types of artillery pieces and ammunition. Under Peter I, the infantry began to arm themselves with flintlock guns, and a domestic-style bayonet was introduced. Military administration reform
Slide 7
The government of Peter I attached particular importance to the education of the national officer corps. At first, all young nobles were obliged to serve as soldiers in the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Guards regiments for 10 years, starting at the age of 15. With the receipt of the first officer rank, noble children were sent to army units, where they served for life. However, such a system of training officers could not fully satisfy the growing need for new personnel, and Peter I established a number of special military schools. In 1701, an artillery school for 300 people was opened in Moscow, and in 1712, a second artillery school was opened in St. Petersburg. For the training of engineering personnel, two engineering schools were created (in 1708 and 1719). In 1715, the Naval Academy was opened in St. Petersburg.
Slide 8
Peter I forbade the promotion of officers to persons who had not received appropriate training in a military school. There were frequent cases when Peter I personally examined "undergrowths" (children of the nobility). Those who did not pass the exam were sent to serve in the fleet as privates without the right to be promoted to officers. Taking care of the morale of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished generals with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called established by him in 1698, soldiers and officers with medals and promotions (soldiers also with money). At the same time, Peter I introduced severe discipline in the army with corporal punishment and the death penalty for serious military crimes.
Slide 9
The military system created by the government of Peter I turned out to be so stable that it lasted until the end of the 18th century without significant changes. In the subsequent decades of the 18th century after Peter I, the Russian armed forces developed under the influence of Peter the Great's military reforms, and the principles and traditions of the regular army continued to improve. They found their continuation in the combat activities of Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov.
Slide 10
The presentation was made by Student 10 "A" class Polyakova Ksenia
View all slides