Without the Russian pioneers, the map of the world would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and navigators - made discoveries that enriched world science. About the eight most notable - in our material.
Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition
In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first Antarctic expedition around the world. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, as well as to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok" (under the command), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.
The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in the history of geographical discoveries. The main one - - was made on January 28, 1820.
By the way, attempts to open the white mainland were made earlier, but did not bring the desired success: there was not enough luck, or maybe Russian perseverance.
So, the navigator James Cook, summing up his second circumnavigation, wrote: “I went around the ocean southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of a mainland, which, if it can be found, is only near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation.
During Antarctic expedition More than 20 islands were discovered and mapped by Bellingshausen, sketches were made of the views of Antarctica and the animals living on it, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.
“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly put on a par with the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat before the difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who went their own way, and therefore were the destroyers of barriers to discoveries, by which epochs are designated, ”wrote the German geographer August Petermann.
Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky
Central Asia in early XIX century was one of the least explored areas the globe. An indisputable contribution to the study of the "unknown land" - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Peter Semenov.
In 1856, the main dream of the researcher came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.
“My work on Asian geography led me to a detailed acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. In particular, the most central of the Asian mountain ranges, the Tien Shan, attracted me to itself, on which the foot of a European traveler had not yet set foot and which was known only from scarce Chinese sources.
Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syrdarya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan-Tengri and others were put on the map.
The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ranges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.
In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, they began to add a prefix to his surname - Tien Shan.
Asia Przewalski
In the 70s-80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little explored area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia was his old dream.
Over the years of research have been studied mountain systems Kun-Lun , the ranges of Northern Tibet, the sources of the Yellow River and the Yangtze, basins Kuku-burrow and Lob-burrow.
Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-bogs Lob-burrow!
In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.
“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible study of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.
Around the world Krusenstern
The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - this is how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", passing through Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then reached Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The expedition refined the map of the Pacific Ocean, collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuriles.
During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.
A sailor dressed as the ruler of the seas asked Kruzenshtern why he had come here with his ships, because the Russian flag had not been seen in these places before. To which the expedition commander replied: "For the glory of science and our fatherland!"
Expedition of Nevelskoy
Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849, on the transport ship Baikal, he went on an expedition to the Far East.
The Amur expedition continued until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the area of the lower reaches of the Amur and the northern shores of the Sea of Japan, and annexed vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye to Russia.
Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.
In 1850, the Nikolaevsky post was founded by the Nevelsky detachment, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky , - many previous expeditions to these lands could achieve European fame, but not one of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy did it.
North Vilkitsky
The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, the captain of the 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky assumed the duties of the head of navigation. The icebreaking ships Taimyr and Vaygach put to sea.
Vilkitsky moved through the northern waters from east to west, and during the voyage he managed to compile a true description of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about currents and climate, and also became the first who made a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.
The expedition members discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas I. I., known today as Novaya Zemlya - this discovery is considered the last of the significant ones on the globe.
In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.
At the end of the expedition, the First World War. Traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky's voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:
"AT Peaceful time this expedition would excite the whole world!”
Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov
The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.
During the First Kamchatka campaign, Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. They discovered two peninsulas - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatsky Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.
Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka Expedition. The goal of the campaign was to find a route to North America and explore the islands of the Pacific.
In Avacha Bay, the expedition members founded the Petropavlovsk prison - in honor of the ships of the voyage "Saint Peter" and "Saint Pavel" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
When the ships set sail for the shores of America, by the will of evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - because of the fog, their ships lost each other.
"Saint Peter" under the command of Bering reached the western coast of America.
And on the way back, the expedition members, who had many difficulties, were thrown by a storm onto a small island. Here the life of Vitus Bering ended, and the island on which the expedition members stopped to spend the winter was named after Bering.
"Saint Pavel" Chirikov also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more safely - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.
"Non-Yasak Lands" by Ivan Moskvitin
Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.
In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail for the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to "find new unclaimed lands", to collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the rivers Aldan, Maya and Yudoma, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, which separates the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya river they entered the Lamskoye, or Sea of Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks opened the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.
One of the Cossacks reported that the rivers in open lands“sable, there are a lot of all kinds of animals, and fish, and the fish is big, there is no such thing in Siberia ... there are so many of them - just launch a net and you can’t drag it out with fish ...”.
Geographic data collected by Ivan Moskvitin formed the basis of the first map Far East.
FIRST RUSSIAN EXIT TO THE PACIFIC
(expedition of I.Yu. Moskvitin 1639 - 1641)
Russia has made a truly enormous contribution to the history of geographical discoveries and exploration of the globe. The geographical horizons of the Europeans, based on the ancient geographical tradition, expanded from century to century, but "to lift the veil that hid the northern Asian lands from the eyes of Europe, it was left to the Muscovite state" (M.P. Alekseev). Russian explorers and sailors of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries. can rightfully be called the first explorers of Siberia and the Far East, who first turned to the study of the geography, nature and population of these lands.
Yermak's campaign in 1581 - 1582 marked the beginning of an active resettlement movement of Russians from the Urals to the east "meet the sun", to the Pacific Ocean. A special role in this process was played by the Yakut prison (Yakutsk), founded by Peter Beketov on the river. Lena (since 1642 it became the center of administrative management, formed by the Yakutsk district).
A detachment of service people (50 people) was brought from Tomsk to Yakutsk by Ataman Dmitry Epifanovich Kopylov. From Yakutsk, he took him to the river. Aldan and further on the river. Maya. At the mouth of the river Mayi in May 1638, the detachment first met with the natives of the Far Eastern lands - the Evens of the Okhotsk coast, who told them about the most convenient way from Aldan to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
On July 28, 1638, 100 km from the mouth of the Maya (up the Aldan), in the land of the Evenks of the Buta clan, the Cossacks set up the Butal prison. (Only in 1989 was it possible to establish that this prison is located next to the modern village of Kutanga). A little later, from the Evenk shaman Tomkoni, the Russians learned about the existence of a large rich river "Chirkol" in the south (it was about the Amur). In its lower reaches, in the land of the Natki, that is, the Lower Amur Nanais, there was a "silver mountain", obviously the city of Odzhal. These were the earliest information about the Amur region, about its arable land and silver ore.
Due to the acute shortage of silver in Russia, Kopylov decided to send his assistant Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin for reconnaissance. A detachment of 31 people went on a campaign in the spring of 1639. Even guides showed the Muscovites the easiest passage through the Dzhugzhdur ridge (Stanovoy ridge) along the tributary of the river. Mayi - r. Nudymi on the tributary of the river. Hives, flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk. In this way, in August 1639, the Russians reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, they founded the first Russian settlement in the Far East and on the shores of the Pacific Ocean - Ust-Ulya winter hut and began the first collection of yasak from the natives of the Far East.
From the accompanying Evens, the Cossacks learned that the Chirkol River is also called Omur (the name originated from the distorted Momur, which comes from the Nanai Mongmu, Mongou - "big river", "strong water"). This is how the name "Cupid" appeared, which became widely known all over the world with late XVII century.
On October 1, 1639, on the day of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, 20 Muscovites set off on a river boat by sea to the north, and already on October 4, 1639, they were the first of the Russians to reach the river. Hunt, which later played especially important role in the history of Russian Pacific navigation.
Near the Ust-Ulyinsky winter hut - on a special rafting ground, which can be called the true cradle of the Russian Pacific Fleet; they are for the winter of 1639 - 1640. In 1640, the Muscovites decided to use them to enter the lower reaches of the Amur along the Sea of Okhotsk along the Sea of Okhotsk. The participants of the sea voyage were the first Russians to visit the river. Udo, pass by the Shantar Islands, and then reach the "islands of the Gilyatz horde", the largest of which was Sakhalin. Having reached the area of the mouth of the Amur, the Muscovites were convinced that their path to the Amur should pass by a relatively large settlement of the Nivkhs, and they did not dare to go further because of their "small population". During the voyage in the summer of 1640 and on the way back, the Cossacks collected valuable information about the Amur and its tributaries, as well as about the tribes living there: Daurs, Nanais, Nivkhs and Sakhalin Ainu.
Coming out on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin with his detachment completed the great campaign of Russian explorers "meet the sun", begun by Yermak.
Currently, three main sources are known about the campaign of I.Yu. Moskvitina. The earliest of them “Painting the rivers and the names of the people on which the river that people live, Tungus clans according to the distribution of the Tomsk city of service people Ivashka Moskvitin and Semeyka Petrov, the Tunguskov interpreter, and comrades” was compiled in Yakutsk in 1641, immediately after returning Muscovites from the campaign. This is a kind of travel diary, which lists the rivers that the Cossacks had a chance to visit or that they heard about from local residents. It also contains information about the indigenous peoples, their settlement, numbers, economic activities and customs, some details of the life of the Cossacks themselves during the campaign.
The expedition of Moskvitin (1639 - 1641) has an important historical meaning. As a result, her Russians first came to the Pacific coast, learned about the rivers Amur, Ulya, Okhota, Uda, about the "islands of the Gilyatz horde"; It was the beginning of the Russian Pacific navigation and the development of the Far Eastern lands.
The subsequent Russian geographical discoveries in the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries. in the East became a continuation of the geographical discoveries of Western European countries in the 15th - early 16th centuries. in the West.
In 1979, at the mouth of the river. Ulya, a monument was erected to commemorate the first exit of the Russians to the Pacific Ocean. On it were given the names of 14 participants in the great campaign. At present, thanks to painstaking research in the archives of B.P. Polevoy, the names of 25 out of 31 participants became known.
In 1971 - 1973, 1988 V.A. Turaev conducted field research on most of the route of the Muscovite Cossacks. This made it possible to reconstruct the route of Moskvitin's expedition to the Sea of Okhotsk, to explain many discrepancies in documents and, on this basis, to clarify the existing ideas about this page of Russian and world geographical discoveries.
Theme 8
Exploration of the north of Europe.
Norman Pierre Martin de Lamartinere participated as a ship's doctor in a Danish expedition to the northern shores of Muscovy. In March 1653, three ships, battered on the way by a storm, began to be repaired in the Varanger Fjord. Lamartinier, who used a two-month stop to get acquainted with the Laplanders, became the first Western European to describe in detail their way of life and customs. He and three other members of the expedition headed "into the depths of the country ... Through forests, mountains and valleys, not meeting a living SOUL", they reached Russian Lapland and rode north to Kola on reindeer. At the end of May, Lamartinier returned to the Varangerfjord.
The voyage to the east took about ten days, and the flotilla reached about. "Borandai" (O. Varandey, otherwise Pesyakov, lying east of the Pechora Bay, at 68 0 50 "N). The sight of the inhabitants surprised Lamartinere; "They were even shorter than the Laplanders ... a big head, a face flat and wide, very snub-nosed and extremely swarthy, legs are large... "Having completed a profitable trade on the island, the Danes with Lamartinier went to the mainland" to the small town of Pechora (Pustozersk?) on the shore of a small sea that bears his name. "There they are bought a lot of furs.In early July, they were going to "go to Siberia", to "Papin-city" (Lyapin?) and through the country "Borandai" (the Bolshezemskaya tundra on deer reached the Subpolar Urals.
Having spent about 12 hours on a hard for deer pass through the mountains, the Danes arrived in a Siberian village and were warmly received by Russian industrialists (that was the name at that time, and much later, of hunters who hunted fur-bearing animals). After refreshments and rest, having bought furs, with the exception of sables, Lamartiniere and his companions continued on their way to Papin.
The Nenets, through whose country Lamartinere passed, HE describes as follows: "The Samoyeds are even stockier than the Laplanders ... the face is flat, snub-nosed ... its color is earthy, and there is no vegetation on the face ..." Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine at least approximately the path of the Danes from the parking of their ships to the "Papin", where they bought a lot of furs.
On the way there or back, Lamartinere heard about the "Pate Notre Mountains", supposedly stretching from the mainland to about. Vaigach. There is an opinion that “Patenotr” is, perhaps, a very distorted Nenets name for the Polar Urals: the name of its peak, Payer, has a distant resemblance. The northwestern spur of the Polar Urals, the Pai-Khoi ridge, approaches the strait that separates Vaigach from the mainland. Most likely, Lamartinere's news reflects a vague information about Pai-Khoi.
From Boranday, the expedition moved to Novaya Zemlya, unsuccessfully tried to penetrate the Kara Sea and was forced to land on about. Vaigach, where people were attacked by polar bears. Lamar Tinier landed on an island off the western shore of the Vaigach. At the end of August, the ships moved west to Greenland, but beyond Svalbard a storm carried them to Iceland, where people safely sat out and examined the geysers and the Hekla volcano. In October, the flotilla returned to Denmark.
The book of Lamartinere, whom many considered a liar, has come down to us in a number of French editions since 1671, in English and in German translations: “... Editions differ from each other ... in some such large and significant inserts are made that they completely change the character of the book ... Nevertheless, it was possible to show that ... ridiculous messages, [as a rule] .. ... do not belong to the author, but to the publishers who distorted the original text ... ”(M. P. Alekseev).
Shpilkin on the Kanin Peninsula
In 1661, a prospector Vasily Shpilkin was sent with a group of people across the Mezen to Kanin to search for ores and "azure stones". In June, he passed along the eastern (Konushinsky) coast of the Mezen Bay to Kanin. For three years, he traveled all - more than 600 km - the coast of the peninsula, examining numerous rivers and channels.
V. Shpilkin also visited the "inland regions" of the long and narrow Kanin Peninsula: on the low (up to 242 m) ridge Kanin Kamen (length 100 km) and on its two rocky capes - Kanin Nos and Mikulkin, which have long served as good landmarks for sea-moves. V. Shpilkin managed to find silver ore, "azure stones" and crystal only in eight places - on Cape Mikulkin and along the course of seven rivers on all three banks of the peninsula. Returning to Moscow in 1664, V. Shpilkin compiled the first, very multiple description of Kanin
Renjar in Lapland
The young Frenchman Jean Francois Regnard, the future playwright, visited Lapland in the summer of 1681. From the town of Tornio, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, in early August he moved up the river. Tornijoki in the Finnish canoe. Due to the rapid current and wind, the movement along the river was very difficult. J. Regnard walked along the shore, suffering greatly from midges. He was surprised at the abundance of birds, but paid little attention to the nature of the area: his diary is poor in geographical records. From time to time, J. Regnard took notes about the Lapps there. He moved north, without moving away from the river. Turneelva, and from the mouth of Muonijoki - to the north-west, deep into Swedish Lapland. Having traveled about 400 km from the bay, Renyar reached the long Lake Turnetresk - the source of Turneelva. Here the flow is blocked by "...terrible rapids [Tarra-koski waterfall], the waters rush with terrible speed and noise." The lake is surrounded by high treeless mountains (up to 1765 m). Renjar climbed a coastal mountain, "superior in height to all others." From the top, he allegedly saw "the entire expanse of Lapland and the sea to the northern cape ..." and wrote in his diary: "... I will never believe that we can climb even further [to the north]." On this occasion, the Italian explorer of Lapland at the end of the 18th century. Giuseppe Acerbi remarked: "Reniard was completely enamored with his success ... although he could continue his journey 300 km further north."
In mid-September, having descended the Tourneelva and "passed over forty waterfalls", Renjar returned to the Gulf of Bothnia. In France, he published Journey to Lapland. “This book, full of errors and exaggerations, serves more for entertainment than for knowledge ...” (D. Acherbi). Swedish historical geographers evaluate the book not so harshly, especially its ethnographic material, and note Renjar as one of the early explorers of the far north of their country.
Loshkin, Chirakin and Rozmyslov near Novaya Zemlya
Until the middle of the XVIII century. Novaya Zemlya was considered by geographers to be a single island, and its eastern shores were almost unknown. In the early 60s. feeder (seafarer - head of the fishing artel) Savva Feofanovich Loshkin was engaged in fishing in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. Moving gradually to the north, he wintered twice on the eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya; the second wintering was forced: S. Loshkin had to go a few kilometers to the northern cape, but heavy ice did not allow him to break a single step. In the third year, rounding Severny Island, St. John's wort passed the Barents Sea to the south along the western coast of Novaya Zemlya. His message - in the retelling of F. I. Rakhmanin - was recorded by V. V. Kestinin in 1788. This is the first voyage known to us along the entire (about 1,000 km) of the EASTERN coast of Novaya Zemlya and the first bypass around it.
Feeder Yakov Yakovlevich Chirakin sailed to Novaya Zemlya many times and wintered there at least ten times. In the summer of 1766 and 1767 he completed the discovery of the Matochkin Shar strait and proved that Novaya Zemlya is a double island: “... with one small strait in a small cart, this Novaya Zemlya passed through and through to ... the Kara Sea twice, from there it returned to the White Sea the same strait; and he made a plan for this place with his own hands.
In 1768, N. Chirakin was sent to Novaya Zemlya on a rotten "kochmar" (fishing vessel up to 10 tons) together with a military navigator Fedor Rozmyslov and navigator Matthew Gubin. In September, Chirakin passed Matochkin Shar to the Kars Sea, while Rozmyslov and Gubin made the first inventory of the strait on a boat: Chirakin's "hand-written plan" did not meet elementary requirements. Sailors wintered at the eastern exit from the strait. Of the 14 sailors, eight died of scurvy, including Ya. Chirakin; everyone else was sick.
In the summer of 1769, F. Rozmyslov entered the Kara Sea in clear water, but a day later he was stopped by solid ice. He turned back and mistakenly ended up in a previously unknown bay, which he called the Unknown (73045 "N). Having descended from there a little to the south, two days later he found the entrance to Matochkin Shar. In the strait is rotten " Kochmar "had to be abandoned. Two Pomors, who entered the western mouth of the Matochkin Shara, delivered F. Rozmyslov with the surviving people to Arkhangelsk in September 1769.
During the inventory of the strait, F. Rozmyslov explored the coastal mountains, lakes in these mountains and gave brief description animal and plant world. He also described the Pan'kov Land peninsula (on the western coast of Yuzhny Island at 73 0 10 "N), discovered by Pomors.
Russian descriptions of the shores of the Barents and White Seas
In the early 40s. 18th century The Admiralty Board decided to leave warships for the winter near the ice-free Murmansk coast. To do this, it was necessary to explore a section of the coast, choose a harbor convenient for wintering and build dwellings there. In the summer of 1741, Lieutenant Vasily Vinkov was sent to the mouth of the Kola, who photographed Fr. Kildin and a short section of the hardened coast to the west of it to the top of the Kola Bay. "It was the first and, moreover, fine work Russians on the Lapland coast.
In the same summer, the fleet master (senior navigator) Evtikhiy Bestuzhev described the entire western coast of the Kanin Peninsula. His journals have not reached us; on the maps he compiled, all the rivers and bends of the coast are indicated in some detail, but there are no marks of depths in the sea. Thanks to his work, for the first time, they learned about the true position of the Kaninsky coast, and the study of the Chizhi and Chesha rivers performed by E. Bestuzhev remained the only one until 1850.
The second inventory of the White Sea, more valuable from a hydrographic point of view, was made by the navigator Belyaev in 1756-1757. on a single mast boat. He described about Morzhovets, both banks of the Mezen Bay and the entire Zimny Coast (more than 500 km). For the first time, he also performed depth measurements between the mouths of the Mezen and Dvina. “Belyaev's works are distinguished by their accuracy and detail. amazing in terms of the means that he had to carry out this work ... Perhaps this active worker died soon after his return ... since the map came out under the name of his assistant Tolmachev, although Belyaev himself made most of the inventory.
In 1769, Mikhail Stepanovich Nemtinov on a boat photographed everything along the coast of the Onega Peninsula from the mouth of the Dvina to the mouth of the Onega. "... The islands of the Onega skerries, which he saw along the eastern shore of the bay, are marked roughly and incorrectly, but under their real names." Having supplemented and corrected the Dutch maps of the 17th century based on the materials of these three inventories, the maritime department compiled the first "similar map of the eastern half of the White Sea, which served in manuscript lists from 1770 to 1778."
In 1778-1779. Petr Ivanovich Grigorkov and Dmitry Andreevich Domozhirov completed the inventory of the Tersky coast and put it on the map of the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula with the Svyatonossky Bay lying behind it. They examined several shoals, especially in the Throat of the White Sea, which, after their work, was for the first time put on a fairly accurate map. Only a copy of the common sledge compiled by both officers has survived. "Meanwhile, [their] work ... forgotten by the board, acquired the well-deserved approval and power of attorney ... navigators."
Krestinin's news about "midnight countries"
Vasily Vasilievich Krestinin, the son of an Arkhangelsk merchant, a native Pomor, wrote down the stories of experienced feeders about “midnight countries”. These records contain the first relatively detailed geographical information about the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, collected around 1785, about Kolguev and Novaya Zemlya.
The Bolshezemelsky Ridge begins about 40 km from Pechora and extends to the Urals; there is no forest on it: the border of forest vegetation runs 65 km to the south. V. Krestinin was the first to report about the river. Use (565 km, Pechora system) and its numerous tributaries.
According to information received in 1786 from Mezen Nikifor Rakhmanin, Krestinin gave the first description of the “rounded island” of Kolguev: its length “along the circumference” is 380 km (exaggerated); in the south of it there is only one lip - Washing; it has four rivers (there are more of them) and many lakes. “The surface of the island, which is a plain, is covered with moss, partly white and dry.” The first attempt to establish a permanent settlement there was made around 1767: 40 schismatics set up a skete at the mouth of one river and lived on the island for about four years, almost all died, only two returned to Arkhangelsk.
In 1787 -1788. V. Krestinin wrote down the stories of some industrialists, mainly the feeder Ivan Shukobov, about the “great island”. northern ocean- “New Earth of the Midnight Region”, about the western shores of about. South and about. North and about the relief of their interior regions. In the south, industrialists discovered and explored Bezymyannaya Bay, Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula and about. "Kostinskaya Zemlya" (Fr. Mezhdusharsky), separated from Fr. Southern arched long (more than 100 km) Kostin Shar strait, near about. They discovered the northern bays of Mityushikha and Mashigin, as well as the Gorbov Islands (at 75 0 55 "N). All respondents considered Novaya Zemlya a continuation of the Ural Range, but exaggerated its length at least twice. Bringing them figures (up to 2500 versts), V. Krestinin carefully noted that Novaya Zemlya stretches to the north "to unknown limits", although he himself reported on the voyage of S. Loshkin.
The most complete and accurate information about the relief of Novaya Zemlya was obtained by V. Krestinin from the feeder Fyodor Zaozersky. Along the entire west coast stretches an uninterrupted chain of bare stone mountains, gray or dark in color. Mountains come mostly to the coast; some break into the sea with cliffs, stand, "like a wall, impregnable." F. Zaozersky noted only three areas where the mountains recede from the sea. Near the southern entrance to Kostin Shar, the entire Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula and the area south of Matochkin Shar are all low, rocky "plains". Over 75 0 40 "N. latitude "the highest ice mountains extend ... to the north and in some places the very coast of Novaya Zemlya is hidden from view."
Additional information about the relief of Novaya Zemlya in 1788 was reported to V. Krestinin by a sea-feeder Fedot Ippolitovich Rakhmanin. 26 times wintered on about. South. Low plains occupy the entire "Kostinsky Land" and the southern part of the main island. Then the ridge begins, rising to the north. “From the eastern mouth of the Matochkin Shara, a continuous ridge of high mountains goes to the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya.” And the coastal strip to the south from Matochkin Shara to the Kara Gates is "the land is low, wet, covered with dry and marsh moss."
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Contents Biography 2 Introductory articles 4 I On the way to the Crimea 9 II The first meeting with the Crimea 16 III The capital of Girey 27 IV Dead city 32 V Shadows of the Malakhov barrow 39 VI Bitter past 48 VII Tracheal shrines 55 VIII Inkerman
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Interregional Public Organization of Geography Teachers Geographical Education of the 21st Century Proceedings of seminars and conferences
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Municipal secondary school No. 11 educational program of secondary (complete) general education
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RUSSIAN TRAVELERS AND PIONEERS of the 17th century. 7th grade
The main questions of studying the material
1) Settling the lands of Siberia.
2) Semyon Dezhnev.
3) Campaigns to the Far East.
4) Development of Siberia
Lesson type Learning new material
Lesson resources Tutorial, map
Basic concepts and terms
Prison. Colonization. Aboriginal. Amanat. Koch
Main dates
1648-1649 - S. Dezhnev's campaigns.
1643-1646 - Vasily Poyarkov's campaign on the Amur.
1649-1653 - campaigns of Yerofey Khabarov
Personalities Semyon Dezhnev. Vasily Poyarkov. Erofey Khabarov. Vladimir Atlasov
Homework§ 25 of the textbook. Assignment of the rubric “We think, compare, reflect.
Modules
lesson
Learning objectives
for organization
educational process
Main activities
student (at the level of educational
action)
Evaluation
educational
results
Motivational
target What significance did the campaigns of Russian travelers and explorers, carried out in the 17th century, have for the future of Russia? Assess the consequences historical event,Process Conversation
Orientational
(updating/
repetitions) Look at the map modern Russia. Is its territory always
was it that big? What lands were annexed to Russia and developed to early XVII in.? Extract information from the map in the context of studying the topic Working with the map.
Conversation
Content-
operational Explain the meaning of the term pioneer. What were the goals of the pioneers? What united them? What economic interests motivated people to develop new territories, Siberia? Follow the travel routes of Dezhnev, Poyarkov and Khabarov on the map. Determine the achievements of travelers according to the criteria you choose.
Complete the sentences:
1) The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was...
2) The first campaign of the Yakut servicemen and "eager people" to the Amur
led...
3) Twice visited the Amur ...
4) In 1643 he went to Baikal... Which of the modern cities were founded by the pioneers of the 17th century? Determine the meaning of the term, the purpose of people's activities.
Determine cause-and-effect relationships of events and processes. Identify historical objects on the map.
Disclose the results of people's activities Conversation.
Working with the map
Control and evaluation
(including reflective) Put on the contour map the campaigns of explorers and travelers. Which of these routes was the longest? Which one do you think was more difficult? Explain your route difficulty criteria that you used to evaluate it. List the pros and cons of the interaction of local tribes with Russian settlers, the results of colonization. Come up with your own assignments on the topic of the lesson. Evaluate the consequences of a historical event, process.
Express an informed opinion.
Evaluate assignments drawn up
classmates Work with the map.
Conversation.
Creative task
Additional material
Territory of Russia in the 17th century. expanded not only due to the inclusion of the Left-Bank Ukraine in its composition, but also due to the inclusion of new lands of Siberia, the development of which began in the 16th century. In the 17th century the advance of the Russians into Siberia gained even greater scope.
Siberia attracted fur wealth, new lands, minerals. The composition of the settlers was quite diverse: the Cossacks, service people, often sent to Siberia "according to the sovereign's decree"; the peasantry, hoping to get rid of oppression in the new lands; fishermen. The state was interested in the development of rich lands, which promised replenishment of the treasury. Therefore, the government encouraged settlement with loans and tax benefits, often turning a blind eye to the departure of former serfs to Siberia.
Promotion in the 17th century to Eastern Siberia was carried out in two directions. One path lay along the northern seas. Mastering the land, the Russians reached the northeastern tip of the mainland. In 1648, the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and his comrades on small ships discovered the strait separating Asia from North America. Another route to the east ran along the southern borders of Siberia. In 1643-1646. Vasily Poyarkov's expedition set out along the Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk, and in 1649-1653. Yerofey Khabarov made his trip to Dauria and along the Amur. Thus, during the XVII century. the territory of Russia expanded to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, the Kuril Islands.
Russian pioneers of Siberia
Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673) - made a major geographical discovery: in 1648 he sailed along the Chukchi Peninsula and discovered the strait separating Asia from North America.
Vasily Poyarkov - in 1643-1646 at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, he went from Yakutsk along the Lena and Aldan rivers, went along the Amur to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, and then returned to Yakutsk.
Erofey Khabarov (1610-1667) - in 1649-1650 carried out a trip to Dauria, mastered the lands along the Amur River and compiled their maps (drawing).
Vladimir Atlasov - in 1696-1697. organized an expedition to Kamchatka, as a result of which it was annexed to Russia.
EASTERN DIRECTION OF FOREIGN POLICY
Development of Siberia
1) Connection Western Siberia(subjugation of the Siberian Khanate at the end of the 16th century)
2) Penetration into Siberia of explorers and industrialists, as well as representatives royal power
3) Foundation of settlements and fortresses:
- Yenisei (1618)
- Krasnoyarsk (1628)
- Ilimsk (1630) prisons - Yakutsk (1632)
- Irkutsk (1652)
- Seleginsky (1665)
- Creation of the Siberian order. The division of Siberia into 19 counties, which were ruled by governors appointed from Moscow (1637)
Russian entry into the Pacific Ocean
Second half of the 16th century and especially its last quarter was marked by a number of geographical discoveries important for the future of Russia. Their main result was that by the beginning of the XVII century. the main part of the territory of Western Siberia became part of the Muscovite state.
A huge role in this was played by the campaigns of Yermak (1581-1585), which opened the era of a faster and more intensive advance of the Russians to the east of Siberia, which allowed our compatriots to gain a foothold in the entire northeast of Asia in less than a century and reach the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean.
The history of the annexation of Siberia to Russia is, first of all, the history of heroic deeds and glorious deeds of Russian explorers, industrial and service people, this is the history of courage, courage and perseverance of the Russian people.
Russian people paved new paths, built new cities, explored new lands, and presented all this to the Muscovite state. The tsarist government was confronted with a fact. All he had to do was to consolidate his power on the newly acquired lands and after that again to take over and dispose of the same brave people, thanks to whom the new lands and the peoples inhabiting them were given "under the high sovereign hand."
Among the thousands of Russians who for centuries made their way and settled in new distant expanses Russian state, a lot of talented people stood out. enterprising people who, often without knowing it themselves, made geographical discoveries that advanced domestic geographical science. “He, this people, without the help of the state, captured and annexed huge Siberia to Moscow, with the hands of Yermak and the lower freemen, who had fled from the boyars. He, in the person of Dezhnev, Krasheninnikov, Khabarov and a host of other explorers, discovered new places, straits - at his own expense and at his own peril.
The unceasing attention and sympathy of ordinary Russian people accompanied each exit of a detachment or a ship on distant voyages through the unexplored and harsh northern and eastern seas. Since ancient times, the Russian people have been famous as a seafaring people. In hoary antiquity, in the distance of centuries, the beginning of Russian maritime culture goes. Russian bourgeois and part of foreign historians, apparently wanting to once again emphasize the greatness of Tsar Peter I, attribute the birth of the Russian fleet to his reign and completely discount that centuries-old maritime history, which in many ways outstripped both the culture of Magellan's campaigns and Western European shipbuilding. They tried in every way to bury the glorious merits of Russian navigators and shipbuilders in archival dust. But "Soviet people must know for sure that Peter I would not have built a large fleet for Russia with only Dutch craftsmen, without the rich experience of northern shipbuilders and sailors."
About Russian ships of the 16th century. many testimonies have been preserved not only of Russian contemporaries, but also of foreigners who visited the Barents and White Seas. These ships were very diverse and were distinguished by solid construction and excellent seaworthiness. Among them was a sea boat - a three-masted double-skinned flat-bottomed vessel with a displacement of 200 tons. There were other types of ships: ordinary boat - two-masted, smaller tonnage; kochmara, or koch, - a three-masted vessel similar to a boat, but smaller; ranshina - a ship with specially made egg-shaped contours, adapted for navigation in ice; shnyaka - a deckless two-masted vessel with sharp stern and bow contours.
A remarkable generation of Russian shipbuilders grew up on the construction of these ships. The experience of the North Sea, Arkhangelsk shipbuilders was subsequently transferred to all the seas of the state. The boats, as a rule, were built very quickly and without special adaptations. But shipyards soon appeared. By decree of Ivan the Terrible in 1548, large shipyards and a dry dock were built on the Solovetsky Islands.
Russian sailors-Pomors knew their seas well - the White and the Barents (Studenoe). They repeatedly rescued foreign sailors from trouble who ventured to go on a campaign to China or India around North Asia. So it was with the expedition of Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor, which set out in May 1553 from Depford in England. Russian Pomors rescued Chancellor's ship and brought it to Arkhangelsk. The other two ships of the expedition were lost.
Attempts to find a route to India around North Asia were repeated many times after Willoughby and Chancellor, but all of them invariably ended in approximately the same results. Meanwhile, the Russian coast-dwellers moved farther and farther along the northern coast of Europe and Asia to the north-east of the country.
The navigation of Russian navigators along the Great Northern Sea Route along its entire length began even before the 17th century. And in the first half of the XVII century. they appeared already to the east of Cape Chelyuskin. From the mouth of the Lena, Russian sailors sailed by sea to the mouth of the Yana and the mouth of the Kolyma. In the end, all these numerous and persistent campaigns and voyages of explorers led to the fact that in 1648. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev crossed the strait separating Asia from America, thereby making a geographical discovery, which rightfully ranks among the great ones.
A significant role in the development of domestic navigation was played by the Cossacks, who sailed on their high-speed plows along the Volga, Dnieper, and Don. From generation to generation they passed on the accumulated experience of sailing along rivers and seas for centuries. It is no coincidence that the pioneers of the development of Siberia and the Far East were the Cossacks and Pomors. Traveling, hiking, sailing were familiar to them. For many, it was life itself. The irresistible movement of the Russian people to the east and northeast of Siberia led to the fact that vast expanses, unexplored and uninhabited, were traversed and annexed to the Russian state in a very short historical period - a little more than half a century.
Immediately after Yermak's campaigns, masses of Russian people poured into Siberia, seeking to develop and occupy new lands. The first Russian settlements appear in Siberia, which at first were ordinary wooden fortresses, then entire cities often appeared in their place.
Already in 1620 in Tobolsk it became known about a new people in the north-east of Siberia - the Yakuts. In 1627, to establish contact with the Yakuts and to reconnoiter the Lepa River, a party led by a Cossack foreman Vasily Bugr was sent from Yeniseisk, which reached the headwaters of the Lepa the following year. In the same 1628, the fortress Krasny Yar (now the city of Krasnoyarsk) was founded on the banks of the Yenisei River. In 1629, a royal decree followed on the division of Siberia into two regions - Tobolsk and Tyumen. In 1632, the Yenisei centurion Peter Beketov, having passed up the Angara and its tributary Ilim, dragged himself to the upper reaches of the Lena and went down along it to a place located 70 versts below the present city of Yakutsk. There he founded the Yakut prison, which later played an important role in the further advance of the Russians to the Pacific Ocean and in campaigns along the northern coast of Asia.
Almost simultaneously with the exit of the Russians to the Bering Sea (Dezhnev), a second no less an important event- Opening of the Okhotsk (Lady) Sea.
After the founding in 1632 by centurion Peter Beketov, the Lensky (Yakutsky) ostog became the center of industrial and service people who flocked to Siberia from everywhere. On January 31, 1636, a small detachment of Tomsk Cossacks, led by Ataman Kopylov, left Tomsk on the Lena. Their path lay through Yeniseisk to the Upper Tunguska, the Kuta River and then to the Lena. From Lena, Kopylov went to the Aldan and in 1638, not far from the confluence of the May River with the Aldan, he built the Butal winter hut. The final goal of his campaign was, presumably, reaching the mysterious Lamyreka, which until that time had been a huge river flowing parallel to the Lena. It was believed that, having reached the Lama River, it was possible to climb along it to China.
Having wintered with considerable difficulties in the winter quarters of Butal, ataman Kopylov in the summer of 1639 sent a detachment of Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossacks, led by Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin, to search for Lama.
For this voyage, the Moskvitin detachment built a plow, probably of considerable size, if it could accommodate more than thirty people at once. The further path of Moskvitin's detachment is clearly visible from the "tale" of the Cossack Bad Ivanov Kolobov about his services in the Hive and the Hunt. “And they walked the Aldan down to the May river for eight days, and the Maey river went up to the portage for seven pedals, and from the Mai river in a small river to a straight portage in shavings, six days went, and the portage walked for a day and went to the river on the Ulya to the top Yes, that River Hive went down a plow for eight days, and on the same River Hive, having made a boat, they sailed to the sea to the mouth of that River Hive, where it fell into the sea, five days. And here they, at the mouth of the river, set up a winter hut with a prison.
So the first Russian people appeared on the shores of the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea in the summer of 1639. Worldly-wise, they were struck by the stern grandeur of the Lamskoye Sea that opened up to their eyes, which they had to explore and conquer. To the right of the mouth of the river, about ten versts, one could see massifs of cliffs piled on top of each other, steeply dropping to the sea. Then there were mountains, mountains and mountains. To the left of the mouth (to the north), the coast was so low that on the horizon it imperceptibly merged with the water. And it seemed that the sea comes close to the mountains, which are far from it. The coast here consisted entirely of gruss. Closer to the water's edge, where the gruss is exposed to the action of the ebb and flow, it was densely packed by the sea.
The Ulya River, having carried its waters through many versts through the untrodden and wild taiga, poured them into the sea, cutting through a frequently changing channel and mouth in the sandy and grussy shore. The fate of the mouth of the Ulya depended on how the sea behaved and what the flood of the river itself would be at a certain time. For many hundreds of years, its mouth, as well as many rivers of this coastal region, changed after each strong storm and flood.
Near the confluence of the river into the sea, on its left bank, there are large water meadows, overgrown with tall dense grass. It seemed that a herd of thoroughbred cows would appear from somewhere, accompanied by an old shepherd. But the area was empty. Moskvitin chose the right bank of the river for construction, steep and all overgrown with forest.
Having settled at the mouth of the Ulya, Moskvitin explored the coast to the north and south of the river. In the north, he soon reached Okhota, in the south - Uda. Moskvitin's detachment spent two years on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, collecting yasak from the population and fishing for furs. “Yes, they de and from that island went by sea to the Okhota river for three days, and from Okhota to Uraku one day ... but they lived on those rivers and with a passage for two years.”
M. I. Belov mentions that already during this campaign, the Russians set up an ostrog on the Okhota River, which was soon destroyed (see M. I. Belov “New Data on the Services of Vladimir Atlasov and the First Russian Campaigns to Kamchatka”. Chronicle of the North , vol. 2, M., 1957). During trips to the south, Moskvitin's companions heard from local residents about the rich Mamur River, on which people keep livestock and plow the land. Local residents told that they go to these people to exchange sables for bread, that these people live settled and rich, have gold, silver, expensive fabrics that they receive from other peoples. They are called Daurs.
“Yes, the same Tungus talk about the Omut River, and that river is great, and the Tungus of Shamagiri live along it, captive people, and those people converge with other people, from Natkana, and those people have their own language, and not Tungus, they bark at those sable people, and those people eat silver and large copper bowls, and in those bowls they boil, and Idekuy comes from the same people and kumachi, and those Natkans live near Lama between the rivers in the arrow. And those goods come from a different river, silver and copper, and clothes and red cloth. The river is the Amur from equestrian people, those people sow bread and wine sit in Russian cubes of copper and pipes, but in the same people there are roosters and pigs, and cross weave in Russian, and from those people they carry flour to the Natkans along the Amur, in plows melt."
These stories, many times embellished and supplemented, became the property of the authorities and residents of Yakutsk and served as an impetus for the campaigns to the Amur that began somewhat later. With regret, we have to state that few details have been preserved about the campaign of the Moskvitin detachment. In its time, the campaign and voyages of Moskvitin were unparalleled. Made earlier by Dezhnev, Moskvitin's campaign opened the way to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. It was a gigantic impetus for the organization of mass expeditions to the Eastern Ocean, for the organization of navigation in the Sea of Okhotsk, for the discovery of new overseas lands, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. From the campaign of Moskvitin to the voyage of Gvozdev and Fedorov, only one century passed, and during this century the Russians discovered North America from the Pacific Ocean.
No less important in the history of the exploration of the Sea of Okhotsk is the arrival of the Cossack Andrey Gorely on its coast simultaneously with the campaign of Ivan Moskvitin, but from a different direction. Participating in the campaign of Mikhail Stadukhin, Andrei Gorely was sent by him in 1642 from his winter hut on the Oymyakon River with “comrades, service people who were here ahead of them, with eighteen people and with him the same Yakut people with twenty horses through the mountains to the Okhota River to the top."
Gorely safely and very quickly, despite enormous difficulties, reached the Okhota River. In terms of difficulty, Gorely's path is much more difficult than Moskvitin's campaign to the sea, since he lay all the time in the mountains and was carried out not in plows, but in "horses". But even in such conditions, “they went to that Okhota river from the Omokon river and walked back to Omokon for only five weeks ... And after them, service people were not sent to that Okhota river.”
So the Hunt was opened simultaneously from two directions, and simultaneously from two sources the Yakut authorities learned about the existence of this rich river and about that. that it flows into the great Lamskoye Sea. Four years later, Cossack Pentecostal Semyon Andreev Shelkovnik was sent to the Okhota River with an official order to build a prison and to bring local residents "under the high sovereign's hand." But before his campaign, another important event took place in the Sea of Okhotsk basin. This time, the path of the Cossacks, by order of the Yakut authorities, was directed south of the Lena, to the basin of the Amur River. Having heard a lot about the wealth of the Amur region, the Yakut authorities decided to explore the Amur. For this purpose, the Yakut writing head Vasily Danilov Poyarkov was chosen.
Poyarkov's detachment of 130 people set off from Yakutsk on July 15, 1643. Having descended the Lena to the mouth of the Aldan, he climbed it and reached the Stanovoy Range. Poyarkov crossed the ridge and entered the basin of the Zeya River. Meeting with local residents and establishing trade relations with them, and where engaging in battles, Poyarkov’s detachment safely descended the Zeya to the Amur and reached its mouth along the river. Thus, Poyarkov and his team have the honor of discovering the Lower Amur and its estuary. Having wintered at the mouth of the Amur, in the summer of 1645, Poyarkov’s detachment, on the kochs built here, for the first time in history, went to the Sakhalin Bay, along it to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and, after three months of wandering by sea, reached the mouth of the Ulya River, where a Russian winter hut had already been set up. From here in 1646, after a three-year absence, Vasily Poyarkov returned to Yakutsk with part of his companions, leaving a detachment of 20 people led by Yeremey Vasiliev to spend the winter at the mouth of the Ulya.
Poyarkov's campaign caused a number of expeditions of industrial people, among which the activities of the famous Erofei Khabarov were especially prominent.
The remarkable campaigns of Moskvitin, Gorely, Poyarkov, and then Stadukhin and Dezhnev, their access to the Pacific Ocean were, as it were, advanced intelligence and made it possible to begin in detail and systematically the development of the Far Eastern lands and pave the way for new discoveries.
RUSSIAN TRAVELERS AND PIONEERS of the 17th century. 7th grade
The main questions of studying the material
1) Settling the lands of Siberia.
2) Semyon Dezhnev.
3) Campaigns to the Far East.
4) Development of Siberia
Lesson type Learning new material
Lesson resources Tutorial, map
Basic concepts and terms
Prison. Colonization. Aboriginal. Amanat. Koch
Main dates
1648-1649 - S. Dezhnev's campaigns.
1643-1646 - Vasily Poyarkov's campaign on the Amur.
1649-1653 - campaigns of Yerofey Khabarov
Personalities Semyon Dezhnev. Vasily Poyarkov. Erofey Khabarov. Vladimir Atlasov
Homework § 25 of the textbook. Assignment of the rubric “We think, compare, reflect.
Moduleslesson
Learning objectives
for organization
educational process
Main activities
student (at the level of educational
action)
Evaluation
educational
results
Motivational
target
What significance for the future of Russia did the campaigns of Russian travelers and explorers carried out in the 17th century have?
Evaluate the consequences of a historical event, process
Conversation
Orientational
(updating/
repetitions)
Consider a map of modern Russia. Is its territory always
was it that big? What lands were annexed to Russia and developed by the beginning of the 17th century?
Extract information from the map in the context of the study of the topic
Map work.
Conversation
Content-
operating
Explain the meaning of the term pioneer. What were the goals of the pioneers? What united them? What economic interests motivated people to develop new territories, Siberia? Follow the travel routes of Dezhnev, Poyarkov and Khabarov on the map. Determine the achievements of travelers according to the criteria you choose.
Complete the sentences:
1) The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was...
2) The first campaign of the Yakut servicemen and "eager people" to the Amur
led...
3) Twice visited the Amur ...
4) In 1643 he went to Baikal... Which of the modern cities were founded by the pioneers of the 17th century?
Determine the meaning of the term, the purpose of people's activities.
Determine cause-and-effect relationships of events and processes. Identify historical objects on the map.
Disclose the results of people's activities
Conversation.
Working with the map
Control and evaluation
(including reflective)
Put on the contour map the campaigns of explorers and travelers. Which of these routes was the longest? Which one do you think was more difficult? Explain your route difficulty criteria that you used to evaluate it. List the pros and cons of the interaction of local tribes with Russian settlers, the results of colonization. Come up with your own assignments on the topic of the lesson.
Evaluate the consequences of a historical event, process.
Express an informed opinion.
Evaluate assignments drawn up
classmates
Map work.
Conversation.
Creative task
Additional material
Territory of Russia in the 17th century. expanded not only due to the inclusion of the Left-Bank Ukraine in its composition, but also due to the inclusion of new lands of Siberia, the development of which began in the 16th century. In the 17th century the advance of the Russians into Siberia gained even greater scope.
Siberia attracted fur wealth, new lands, minerals. The composition of the settlers was quite diverse: the Cossacks, service people, often sent to Siberia "according to the sovereign's decree"; the peasantry, hoping to get rid of oppression in the new lands; fishermen. The state was interested in the development of rich lands, which promised replenishment of the treasury. Therefore, the government encouraged settlement with loans and tax benefits, often turning a blind eye to the departure of former serfs to Siberia.
Promotion in the 17th century to Eastern Siberia was carried out in two directions. One path lay along the northern seas. Mastering the land, the Russians reached the northeastern tip of the mainland. In 1648 a CossackSemyon Dezhnev with comrades on small ships opened the strait separating Asia from North America. Another route to the east ran along the southern borders of Siberia. In 1643-1646. An expedition set out along the Amur to the Sea of OkhotskVasily Poyarkov , and in 1649-1653. to Dauria and along the Amur made his tripErofey Khabarov . Thus, during the XVII century. the territory of Russia expanded to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, the Kuril Islands.
Russian pioneers of Siberia
Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673) - made a major geographical discovery: in 1648 he sailed along the Chukchi Peninsula and discovered the strait separating Asia from North America.
Vasily Poyarkov - in 1643-1646. at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, he went from Yakutsk along the Lena and Aldan rivers, went along the Amur to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, and then returned to Yakutsk.
Erofei Khabarov (1610-1667) - in 1649-1650. carried out a trip to Dauria, mastered the lands along the Amur River and compiled their maps (drawing).
Vladimir Atlasov - in 1696-1697. organized an expedition to Kamchatka, as a result of which it was annexed to Russia.
EASTERN DIRECTION OF FOREIGN POLICY
Development of Siberia
1) Accession of Western Siberia (subjugation of the Siberian Khanate at the end of the 16th century)
2) Penetration into Siberia of explorers and industrialists, as well as representatives of the tsarist government
3) Foundation of settlements and fortresses:
- Yenisei (1618)
- Krasnoyarsk (1628)
- Ilimsk (1630) stockades - Yakutsk (1632)
- Irkutsk (1652)
- Seleginsky (1665)
- Creation of the Siberian order. The division of Siberia into 19 counties, which were ruled by governors appointed from Moscow (1637)