In human life, nature plays an important role. A person cannot exist without society, just as without nature. Man, nature, society are interconnected parts, components of one chain that make up the life of the planet.
The meaning of nature
Grade 8 social science offers to study the concept "nature" in several meanings .
- Nature is the world in all its manifestations. Nature in this sense is everything except what is created by human consciousness: thoughts, images and ideas.
- Nature is everything that develops and does not appear in the course of human activity. According to this concept, nature is divided into 2 components: living and non-living. Both groups existed before the advent of man.
- Nature is the biosphere of the planet Earth, a shell in which living processes take place.
The latter meaning is opposed to the concept of "society". People's life, the "human factor" change nature, interfere with its development, change the structure of the biosphere.
Unity of nature and man
What links man, nature and society? Scientists have found a lot of evidence of close interaction. Man is an element of the system, a particle, but many processes depend on him. Man cannot exist outside of nature. This is his place of life. How can such a statement be substantiated? Nature gives food to people. Plants, animals, fish appeared even before man, he found in them useful nutrients, without which he cannot exist. The same can be said about water. Rivers, lakes, natural reservoirs, inland waters give a person the opportunity to provide himself with a drink. A person will not last even 3 minutes without air. Where does he get it from?
From the atmosphere. This is what allows us to conclude that man and nature are inseparable.
Some scientists predict the onset of the era of the noosphere, when harmony will triumph between human society and nature. This period has not yet arrived, but scientists believe in its imminent and obligatory arrival.
Man is part of nature
Man is the highest stage in the development of nature. His mind allows him to manage what is nearby. In ancient China, scientists arranged all living beings in stages: plants were located at the initial stage, then fish. All the rest were lifted up in perfection and breadth of intellect. There was a man on the top step. Why? Man is not just a king, a deity. He is the one who is responsible for the evolutionary processes. It preserves history and what appeared many millions of years before it. Humanity is constantly engaged in improvement, with the mind that it has acquired from nature. A person should direct the power of the mind not to destruction, but to the preservation of all living things.
Part of his historical development, man went through a path similar to all living beings, but gradually chose a different one: he begins to work. Labor transforms the personality. Work requires knowledge, a person, working, acquires skills and experience.
Source of scientific discoveries
Nature, human environment gives him a lot of knowledge. Comprehending its secrets, people have become wiser and more practical. Many laws were discovered in the course of studying the relationship of the components of the planet. Man comprehended nature and created something new.
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- Understanding the essence of the force of gravity, he took off into the air, constructing airplanes.
- The ventilation systems of multi-storey buildings are similar in principle to air access inside termite mounds.
- Scuba appeared after observing the absorption of air by a water bug.
There are many ideas that man has received from nature. Researchers discovered the structure of plants, transferred them to technical devices. Biologists observed the life of animals and discovered medicinal herbs, new ways of domesticating the wild inhabitants of the forest.
Rattlesnakes "gave" people night vision devices, and the frog "revealed" the principle of separate vision of the image, which became the basis for the design of electronic machines.
What have we learned?
From the article on social science, we learned what is the role of nature in the life of a person and society, what nature means for a person, how to treat the planet. Answers to questions help to cultivate the features of a caring owner of the Earth.
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>> Man, society, nature
6. Man, society, nature
The relationship of man, society and nature
Man, society and nature are interconnected. Man simultaneously lives in nature and in society, is a biological and social being.
In social science, nature is understood as the natural environment of a person. It can be called the biosphere or the active shell of the Earth, which creates and protects life on our planet. It is a system of plants and animals that has existed for 4 billion years and has managed to adapt to climate change.
Nature gives a person resources to meet his needs, maintain physical and spiritual strength, and health. It plays an important role in the economic activity of people. How did the interaction
human society with nature?
Interaction of human society and nature
The history of human settlement of the planet Earth shows how the impact of their economic activity on nature gradually increased and what consequences it led to.
In the early stages of history, in the conditions of an appropriating economy, a person adapted to nature and could not cause serious harm to it. With the transition of the main part of humanity to a productive economy (cattle breeding and agriculture), the state of nature began to deteriorate. Plowing the land, people dried up the soil and burned the forests. Herds of animals trampled vast expanses of the steppes. In the Middle Ages, the population grew, metal tools, slash-and-burn agriculture, the development of shipbuilding, and construction became widespread. Metal processing, emergence of cities, development Agriculture, crafts increased the load on the land. The depletion of soils, pastures, and the reduction of forest area began. The negative impact of human economic activity has especially increased in the era of industrial society.
After the industrial revolution of the 18th century, the factory industry began to develop, the number of cities increased, underground mining of mineral raw materials became widespread. A significant increase in the population, the ongoing industrialization and the scientific and technological revolution in the 20th century led to a violation of the natural habitat of man, to the brewing of a conflict between human society and nature - an ecological crisis.
This crisis at the end of the 20th century differs from the ecological crises of the past, which engulfed certain regions of our planet. It is global in nature.
What is its danger to nature and humanity? The population of the planet and the level of its consumption are growing. AT modern world in 15 years, as many natural resources are consumed as have been used by mankind for all its previous existence. As a result, the area of forests and land suitable for agriculture is declining. Climatic changes are taking place, which can lead to a deterioration in living conditions on the planet. Environmental changes adversely affect human health. New diseases appear, the carriers of which (germs, viruses and fungi) become more dangerous due to the growth of population density and the weakening of the human immune system.
The diversity of the animal and plant world is decreasing, and this threatens the stability of the earth's shell - the biosphere. Since the beginning of the 1980s, on average, one species (or subspecies) of animals has disappeared daily, and a plant species has disappeared weekly. Scientific and technological progress generates ever more powerful sources of destruction and pollution of the natural environment. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of harmful substances, soot, ash, and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are littered with industrial and domestic effluents, oil products, mineral fertilizers, and radioactive waste.
How to reduce or completely eliminate the negative impact on environment and save the ecological order?
The World Conservation Union was created, the international public organization Greenpeace (Green World) gained wide popularity. Scientists-ecologists call on humanity to self-restraint, to sustainable economic development, which does not lead to the destruction of nature.
Nature conservation must be done government bodies authorities, industrialists, public organizations and citizens.
Many countries have developed national environmental programs and adopted laws on environmental protection.
Our country actively participates in international activities in the field of wildlife conservation. adopted in Russia legislative acts, defining the rules of environmental behavior of industrial enterprises, organizations, citizens. These rules are reflected in the Constitution. Russian Federation and the Law on Environmental Protection.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 42) enshrines the right of citizens to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition, as well as compensation for damage caused to health or property by an environmental offense. The Constitution of the Russian Federation also enshrined the obligation of a citizen to preserve nature and the environment, to take care of natural resources.
According to the provisions of the Law "On Environmental Protection", citizens are obliged to take part in environmental protection, comply with the requirements of laws on nature protection, and increase natural wealth by personal work. The duties of citizens also include raising the level of knowledge about nature, promoting environmental education of the younger generations. Violation of the rules of environmental protection in the course of industrial and construction work, pollution of water, atmosphere, marine environment, soil damage, mass destruction of flora and fauna entails criminal liability.
Additional reading
Red book of nature
The Red Book is a list of rare and endangered species of plants and animals. It contains documentary data on the distribution, reasons for the decline in numbers and extinction of individual species. The collection of information for the Red Book was started by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1949. In 1966, the first volumes of the Red Book were published. In a number of countries (Australia, USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan) national Red Data Books have been created. Based on the lists, the Red Book of the USSR (1984) was published.
Russia is developing a system of reserves and national parks, implementing national programs to save rare species of animals. In 1997, the federal program for the conservation of the Amur tiger began to operate, and a sectoral program for the conservation, restoration and use of the bison was prepared.
Summing up
Nature is the natural habitat of man. In the early stages of history, man adapted to nature and did not cause serious harm to it. The negative impact of human economic activity on nature intensified in the era of industrial society.
Test your knowledge
1. What is nature?
2. How has the interaction of human society with nature changed?
3. Give examples of human behavior that has harmed nature.
4. Why one of the main tasks modern society is environmental protection?
5. What does the right of citizens to a healthy environment mean?
6. What does the obligation to preserve and protect nature mean?
7. What measures is humanity taking to protect the environment? Can we consider them effective and sufficient? When answering, use the text from the additional reading "The Red Book of Nature".
Workshop
Having united in groups, prepare projects aimed at protecting nature, on one of the proposed topics:
"Zones of nature protection in our area, yard";
"Rules of ecological behavior of schoolchildren";
“Charter of the school association “Green Movement”;
Scenario of class (school) event "Earth Day".
Kravchenko A.I., Pevtsova E.A., Social science: A textbook for the 6th grade of educational institutions. - 12th ed. - M .: LLC "TID" Russian word- RS", 2009. - 184 p.
Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year guidelines discussion programs Integrated Lessons"Man, Nature, Society" Social studies (grade 8-9) Preparation for the GIA
Teacher MBOU Kamenskaya secondary school
Gorodishchensky district
Volgograd region
Baikalova Elena Alexandrovna
SOCIETY
in the broad sense of the word - This detached from nature, but closely connected with it, part of the material world , consisting of individuals and including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their association.
SOCIETY
in the narrow sense of the word
Specific stage of human development
A certain group of people united for joint activity
slave society
medieval society
feudal society
etc.
Book lovers circle
judo section
classroom
company of friends
etc.
THE COUNTRY - a territory that has certain borders and enjoys a certain sovereignty
geography
STATE - the political organization of a given country, including a certain type of regime of power, bodies and structure of government.
political science
SOCIETY – social organization given country, based on the social structure.
sociology
Spheres of society
political
spiritual
social
economic
Firms, enterprises, factories,
The president,
Social security agencies,
banks,
Government,
parliament,
School,
socially unprotected segments of the population
markets,
money, capital, investment
army,
(pensioners, disabled people, large families, etc.)
university,
militia,
museum,
theatre,
tax services,
church,
parties
cultural monuments,
Exhibitions
The shops,
transport,
connection,
healthcare,
cinema,
Cafe
Provides social order in society
culture,
Satisfies the vital needs of people
science, education,
religion
social institution – the structure of society, created to meet its most important needs and regulated by a set of social norms.
EDUCATION
FAMILY
STATE
PRODUCTION
RELIGION
Globalization –
a historical process that brings nations and peoples closer together, gradually erasing traditional boundaries and turning humanity into a single political system
Global community –
all countries of the world
TYPOLOGY OF SOCIETIES
According to the presence of writing:
According to the degree of social stratification:
By production method:
- preliterate
- Written
- Simple
- Complex
- hunters and gatherers
- Horticulture
- cattle breeders
- Farmers
- Industrial
According to the form of ownership of the OEF:
- primeval
- slaveholding
- feudal
- capitalist
Types of societies
Character traits
- Class division of society
- Agriculture is the main activity
- The predominance of the rural population
- The big role of religion
- Weak development of scientific knowledge
Traditional
- Class division of society
- Developed industry
- Predominance of the urban population
- Big role of science and education
Industrial
- In the first place stands - KNOWLEDGE
- Professional division of society
- The predominance of the service sector
- The leading role of science and education
post-industrial
NATURE
In a broad sense
In a narrow sense
The whole world, everything that exists
BIOSPHERE
shell of the earth covered with life
Environmental problems of mankind
Deforestation
Air pollution
Water pollution
Disappearance of animals and plants
Growth in consumption
Soil desertification
The growth of household waste
Climate change,
caused by human activities
Ecological problems
Reasons for them
Air pollution
- Factories, enterprises
- Growth in the number of personal vehicles
- Burning garbage (especially rubber and plastic)
- Deforestation
Water pollution
- Oil transportation accidents
- Waste disposal in rivers, ponds, lakes
Animal extinction
- Rise in poaching
Soil desertification
- Misuse of land resources
Give examples environmental issues
PROGRESS – development from lower to higher, from less developed to more developed
social progress
cultural progress
economic progress
Technical progress
progress
The revolution
Reform
Complete change of all or most sides public life affecting the foundations of the existing social order
Partial improvement in any area of life;
Gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social order
- neolithic revolution
- Industrial Revolution
- pension reform
- Education reform
- tax reform
- Army reform
- The French Revolution
- Great October Revolution
- Nature and man - do they need each other?
- What do science fiction writers warn about?
- When will natural storerooms run out?
- Does the mind contribute to the preservation of mankind as a species?
What is nature? Nature is the natural habitat of man. Of course, one can also imagine such a fantastic situation when people will be forced to create and live in some kind of artificial underground or alien world, where, with the help of the most complex technology, the necessary conditions human existence: the right temperature, pressure, air circulation, etc.
And even if we imagine that people will be able to adapt to these conditions and their race will not end, then, obviously, something essential will be lost. About the irresistible craving for the colors of the earth, for the warmth of the sun in children taken by their parents to rainy Venus and forced to spend almost all the time in shelters, we read in the story of the American writer R. Bradbury "All Summer in One Day". In the short interval between the rains, at that rare hour when the sun appears, the children left their basement. “The guys laughingly threw themselves on the continuous growth, as if on a living, elastic mattress ... They rushed between the trees, slid and fell, pushed, played hide and seek and tag, but the main thing - again and again frowning, looked at the sun until they flowed tears, and stretched their hands to the golden radiance and to the unprecedented blue, and inhaled this amazing freshness ... And suddenly ... Rare cold drops fell on the nose, on the cheeks, on the lips. The sun was covered in a misty haze. A cold wind blew. The guys turned and went to their basement house, their hands hung limply, they no longer smiled.
Nature is a huge (until recently, it seemed inexhaustible) pantry of those resources that a person needs in production activities and in Everyday life. Active waterfalls, navigable rivers, timber, ore, metals, coal - all this is actively used by people. Now a person will refuse to use, for example, fossil hydrocarbons - oil, coal - and civilization will collapse. We will return to the stone age again.
Thus, nature serves as a natural basis for the life of human society. Therefore, trying to understand the social essence of man and his diverse ties with society, we cannot avoid questions about the role of nature in the formation and development of people, about their place among other living beings inhabiting our planet, about the impact of human economic activity on natural processes, on the environment.
What is nature? Scientists use this word in two senses. The first - broader - nature as the world around us in all the infinite variety of manifestations. The second is nature as the biosphere of our planet, that is, the earthly shell, embraced by life. Life on Earth exists in forests, steppes and deserts, in the ocean and fresh water, in high mountains and soil. Where neither plants nor animals can live, bacteria live, many of which do not need oxygen.
The connection of man with nature. Let us turn to the biblical parable about the creation of the world. According to it, God created plants, animals, birds on different days and in such a way that they had nothing in common with each other: they were all created "according to their kind." Man is a special case. God Almighty created him in his own image. Thus, religious teaching, explaining the creation of the world adapted for human life, divided it into the inhabitants of the earth, water, air. Scientific knowledge speaks of the unity of the world. All living things on Earth are connected by the strongest ties of natural kinship, close cooperation together. We will not give here the full amount of scientific evidence for this fact. You will learn about them in biology lessons. Let us recall another well-known story by R. Bradbury "And the Thunder Came". His heroes, using a time machine, set off to travel to the distant past, 60 million years ago, to hunt dinosaurs. The company that organizes such trips, it would seem, has provided everything so that guests from the future do not damage anything living in that primeval forest where the hunters will arrive. Here is how one of the heroes argues: “Let's say we accidentally killed a mouse here. This means that all future descendants of this mouse will no longer exist - right? .. Not enough ten mice - one fox will die. Ten foxes less ... - all kinds of insects and vultures will die, an innumerable number of life forms will perish. And here is the result: after 59 million years, a caveman, one of a dozen that inhabit the whole world, driven by hunger, goes hunting for a wild boar or a saber-toothed tiger. But alas, my friend, by crushing one mouse, they crushed all the tigers in these places. And the caveman is starving. And this person... not just one person, no! This is a whole future people.” This man would have ten sons. A hundred would come from them - and so on, and a whole civilization would arise. Destroy one person - and you will destroy a whole tribe, people, historical civilization. These thoughts turned out to be prophetic. One of the travelers, leaving a specially laid path, accidentally crushed a butterfly. The consequences of this were reflected in the entire chain of subsequent events. The heroes realized this when they returned to their own time.
The story was written by a fantasy writer. However, it is very instructive. How easy it is to break the connections that exist in nature, what irreversible consequences this can lead to. This should always be remembered by a person actively intruding into nature. The great Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky believed that the time would come when the further development of the planet, and, consequently, of human society, would be guided by reason. The biosphere will gradually turn into the sphere of the mind. Later, a special term was coined - noosphere (translated from Latin - mind). Under the noosphere understand the area of the planet covered by the activity of man, his intelligent activity.
Does this mean that in the era of the noosphere, a person will completely dominate nature, completely subordinating it to the development of civilization? No. Entry into this sphere presupposes, first of all, a change in the relationship of man to nature, such an organization of social life and production, in which it is possible to ensure harmony in the development of nature and society. Time will tell if this is possible.
Man - the crown of nature? Science has proven that all modern organic world, plants and animals, and consequently man, are the products of a process of development that lasted millions of years.
What place did the emerging man occupy in the world of nature? The ancient Chinese arranged all living beings in the form of a ladder: plants at the bottom, fish higher, animals even higher and a person, of course, on the top step. Since then, science has come a long way. However, the general ideas of people about evolution as a ladder leading up, on the last step of which man stands, have changed little. Man is the king of nature, her crown. So the people themselves determined their place under the sun. And for a long time nothing could shake these ideas. On the contrary, more and more confirmations were cited.
First, man is endowed with reason. This allowed him to make a giant leap in the development of the world. In history lessons, you have already learned how much you could even primitive compared to other living creatures on Earth: collectively hunted, used fire, created artificial tools from wood, flint, bone.
Secondly, the ability to accumulate information about many specific phenomena, to generalize it, opened up to man the opportunity to create something that does not exist in nature. This "second nature" created by the knowledge and labor of people, according to M. Gorky, is "culture in the exact and true sense of the word."
Thirdly, the emerging human society began to obey its own laws, among which the requirements of morality came to the fore. It was a huge step in the development of mankind. How and why was it made? Here is how the famous scientist academician N. N. Moiseev answers this question: “In the beginning, man developed like all living things: difficult conditions of existence and natural selection were the cause of the rapid individual improvement of the great-human. But then the rapid individual development slowed down and, finally, stopped altogether: for tens of thousands of years, a person has practically not changed *. Further, the scientist notes that the reason for this was the work, thanks to which Australopithecus (a representative of the species of terrestrial primates) managed to turn into a modern man. physical appearance - homo sapiens(from Latin - a reasonable person). Knowledge and work - this is what gradually became a guarantee of the life of primitive tribes. Their representative - the bearer of knowledge, skills, owning the secrets of the craft, usually turned out to be far from the most courageous and strongest. And it is unlikely that he was able to defend himself in a fierce struggle for survival. But it was this representative of primitive society that most contributed to the prosperity of this society. And it had to take him under its guardianship. The principle “Thou shalt not kill” is gradually becoming a general prohibition in those primitive tribes whose descendants now inhabit the planet. And those who did not accept it were mercilessly wiped off the face of the Earth by history.
Moral norms began to regulate the relations of people. This means that humanity has risen to a new stage of development - from the primitive herd to the social organization of people.
Thus the power of the human mind, deliverance from the laws wildlife, the creation of a grand building of culture led many to the conclusion that man is a higher being and lives according to his own laws, and nature is a source of resources for human life.
This means that the question posed at the end of the title of this text can be completely replaced by an exclamation mark.
However, let's not rush. It is human nature to doubt. And this is also one of the manifestations of his intelligence.
Top of the pyramid or link in the chain? We have already cited the arguments of those who are convinced that man is the “crown of nature”, capable of disposing of it at his own discretion. However, there is another point of view, according to which a person is only a link in a long chain of development of nature, which does not have a directed movement from simple to complex, and other organisms can replace a person.
What are the arguments in support of this point of view put forward by its supporters? Firstly, the very concept of progress (movement from simple to complex) was invented by people. Nature does not know any purposeful movement, otherwise it must be endowed with reason (only rational beings put forward a goal). Secondly, the division into simple and complex organisms is quite relative. It is difficult, for example, even to decide who is more difficult - a bee or a fish. A person, of course, is more complicated than blue-green algae, but none of his organs, perhaps, can be compared in complexity with the sucking apparatus of a bug.
Thirdly, the paleontological chronicle of the planet keeps stories about how many groups of animals disappeared, how lizards replaced giant amphibians, and then they died out mysteriously quickly. But life has not disappeared. New hosts came - mammals, and one of the branches raised a man. Conditions changed, and the groups of organisms that were best able to adapt to these changes won the victory. Woe to the vanquished... Life does not stop. On this path we see the slow ascents of some groups, rapid take-offs, rapid collapses. Man as a biological species, claiming to be the next king of nature, has an important advantage over his predecessors - the mind. But will he be able to take advantage of this?
Fourthly, a person is endowed with reason, but does not always perform reasonable actions. This is primarily manifested in his attitude to nature only as a workshop in which he is allowed to run uncontrollably. There is a price to be paid for this attitude.
So, both sides presented their arguments. What position did you choose? Or maybe you have your own singular point view of the place of man on the "ladder of living beings", the problem of evolution, its progressive orientation?
- Nature, biosphere, natural habitat.
Basic concepts
- Noosphere, "second nature".
Terms
Questions for self-examination
- Expand the basic meanings of the concept of "nature".
- What is the role of nature in human life and society?
- What is the natural unity of the world?
- What is the meaning of the term "noosphere"?
- How, according to V. Vernadsky, are the biosphere and noosphere connected?
- What possibilities has the mind opened up for mankind?
- Is it correct, in your opinion, the statement: nature created man and society, and society created culture? Justify your answer.
- What is the significance of moral norms and prohibitions in the life of society?
- Is progress inherent in the development of nature? Explain your conclusion.
- What is the unreasonable relationship of man to nature?
Tasks
- Use examples you know to show the effect natural conditions on the economic activity of people. Is this connection strengthening or weakening? Explain why.
- Analyze what in R. Bradbury's story "And Thunder Came" can be attributed to pure fantasy, and in what the author showed himself to be a deep realist.
- Bacteria can live in places and at temperatures that humans cannot bear. They have existed for billions of years, and there is no reason why they should cease to exist. Sea turtles, which have a pea-sized brain, appeared on Earth much earlier than humans and survived many natural disasters that destroyed more “intelligent” species. Mankind, having arisen relatively recently by the standards of biological evolution, has already threatened its existence.
Consider whether, based on these facts, it can be concluded that the role of intelligence in the preservation of the species is insignificant. Justify your conclusion.
- Try to explain the following fact: is it an indicator of the presence of consciousness in animals?
American anthropologists in one of the zoos taught sign language to orangutans. An orangutan named Chaptek learned, for example, that for cleaning his premises he receives coins that he can spend on goodies, plastic chips were first used as money. Chaptek decided to increase his cash holdings by breaking each chip in half. Then tokens became money. Chapte began to find pieces of foil and tried to fake "money".
- You read in the newspaper: “After the typhoon, the beach was covered with a thick layer of rotting algae. Thousands of bivalves were washed ashore. Hundreds of birds have died. Eight fishermen were injured, one of them was taken to the hospital in serious condition.”
Human sacrifices are incommensurable with those suffered by the birds and the inhabitants of the sea, and there is no need to talk about algae. The more opportunities to save each individual life species, the higher his place on the "ladder of progress".
Express your attitude to this point of view.
About nature and man seriously and not so much
"Nature is the only ivdga whose content is equally significant on all its pages":
- - - I. W. Goethe (1749-1832) - German poet, philosopher, scientist.
“The joy of seeing and understanding is the most beautiful gift of nature”:
- - - A. Einstein (1879-1955) - German theoretical physicist.
“The monkey didn’t just turn into a man - she broke out into people with her work.”
- - - D. Rudny (1926-1983) - Ukrainian writer.
Social studies, grade 8
Lesson #02
Man, society, nature
D.Z.: § 2, ?? (p.18), tasks (p.18-19), “Remember” to § 3, fill in the table "Man is the crown of nature"
© A.I. Kolmakov
Lesson objectives:
- Bring students to the understanding that the well-being and prosperity of the country depends on their choice of activity, awareness of personal responsibility for the environment.
- Create a basis for the formation of schoolchildren ecological culture, knowledge about the importance of nature in the life of man and society, the impact of human economic activity on the environment, the mechanisms and regulators of this activity.
- Contribute to the development in students of the following universal learning activities: predicting the result; hypotheses and their justification; search and evaluation of alternative ways to solve the problem.
Know and be able (UUD)
- Disclose the meaning of the term "noosphere".
- Evaluate statement about the connection between nature and society and argue your assessment.
- characterize possibilities of the human mind.
- Disclose the meaning of moral standards.
- Specify examples of the influence of natural conditions on people.
- Analyze and evaluate text from given positions.
- Analyze facts and substantiate conclusions drawn
Concepts, terms
- biosphere;
- noosphere;
- nature;
- man is the crown of nature;
Checking students' knowledge
1. What do the words mean: "Man is a biosocial being"?
2. What qualities of a person have a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?
3. What is the creative nature of human activity?
4. What is the relationship between thinking and speech?
5. How are human abilities manifested?
6. What is self-realization of a person?
7. Why is self-realization of a person possible only in activity?
Learning new material
- What is nature?
- .
- Man's place in the natural world .
Let's remember. Let's think.
- REMEMBER. What is an ecological crisis? What kind Natural resources do you know? What use does a person find for them? What natural resources are exhaustible? What should be the relationship of man to nature? Do you share the opinion that man is obliged to take care of nature? If yes, then why and in what way should care be shown?
- LET'S THINK. Will the natural properties of man change in the distant future?
What is nature?
Three meanings of the term "nature" in the philosophical sense:
- in broad - all things , the whole world in all its diversity of forms and infinity of manifestations;
- in the narrow - biosphere , i.e. "area of \u200b\u200blife", earthly shell engulfed by life ;
- nature as everything that has arisen and is able to develop outside of human activity ( alive and inanimate nature existed long before the advent of man ).
What is nature?
exercise
meanings of the term "nature"
in biology
in geography
in social science
Thus man came out of nature; culture and material production formed the social essence of man and society.
What is nature?
Human environment and its components
About the irresistible craving for the colors of the earth, for the warmth of the sun in children taken by their parents to rainy Venus and forced to spend almost all the time in shelters, we read in the story of the American writer R. Bradbury “All Summer in One Day”.
On p.14, read an excerpt from R. Bradbury's story "All Summer in One Day."
What does the author teach? What natural resources and for what purposes does a person use? What do you know about the problem of their exhaustibility? What is the danger in this? What can be done to avoid this danger? Give examples of careful and humane attitude to nature.
Human-environment interaction
Since ancient times there has been two approaches to the world around - theoretical and mythopoetic . The latter is most clearly expressed in art, but it is by no means a monopoly of art.
The mythopoetic perception of the world was dominant in the archaic and ancient cultures and less and less becomes available to a person of modern technical civilization.
One can see the world around us, the earth as a warehouse of minerals, as a storehouse of energy, and this will be theoretically quite justified, but not a cultural attitude.
But one can see in nature not just dead matter, not just the earth as a source of crops, but also the earth as a mother.
Gubin V.D., Russian philosopher
Human-environment interaction
- Read in textbook (p.15) excerpt from the story R. Bradbury "And Thunder Rang" and answer the questions:
- what is the problem in the story?
- Is there an author's position in this story? If so, which one?
- Do you share it? Why? Explain your answer.
- What is our personal responsibility to the outside world?
Human-environment interaction
- AT great Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky believed that the time would come when the further development of the planet, and consequently of human society, would be directed intelligence ohm. Biosphere will gradually turn into the sphere of reason. Later, a new term was coined - noosphere (from lat. - mind). Under the noosphere understand the area of the planet covered by intelligent human activity.
- AT stepping into this era implies, first of all, a change in the relationship of man to nature, such an organization of social life, production, in which it is possible to ensure the harmony of nature and society .
- We work in pairs!
- Exercise: For a long time, the society was dominated by the opinion that man is at the last stage of evolutionary development.
- What arguments did the proponents of this position refer to? (see pages 16-17 of the textbook) and what is the essence of each argument? What position did you choose? Or maybe you have your own, special point of view on the place of man on the "ladder of living beings", on the problem of evolution, its progressive direction?
Man's place in the natural world. Man - the crown of nature?
- First of all, Human endowed with reason .
- Secondly, is he able to collect information about many specific phenomena, to generalize it, create something that does not exist in nature .
- Thirdly, emerged human society began to obey its own laws , among which the requirements came first morality .
Mankind has risen to a new stage of development - from the primitive herd to the social organization of people.
First point of view
The power of the human mind, getting rid of the laws of wild nature, the creation of a grand building of culture have led many to the conclusion that man is a higher being and lives according to his own laws, and nature is a source of resources for human life.
Second point of view
Man is only a link in a long chain of development of nature, which does not have a directed movement from simple to complex, and other organisms can come to replace man.
First of all, self concept of progress (movements from simple to complex) people invented. Nature does not know any purposeful movement, otherwise it must be endowed with reason.
Secondly, enough regarding the division into simple and complex organisms.
Thirdly, the fossil record of the planet contains stories of how many groups of animals disappeared how giant amphibians were replaced by lizards, and then they died out. Life goes on!!!
Is the earth without man possible?
Fourth, a person is endowed with reason, but does not always perform reasonable actions . Today, a person has to pay for a thoughtless attitude.
Man's place in the natural world. crown man nature?
Man, you are part of nature! Take care of the environment you live in!
check yourself
1. What are the main meanings of the concept "nature"?
2. What is the natural unity of the world?
3. What is the role of nature in human life and society?
4. How, according to Vernadsky, are the biosphere and noosphere related?
5. What possibilities has the mind opened up for mankind?
6. Is progress inherent in the development of nature?
7. What is the unreasonable relationship of man to nature?
reflection
- What have you learned?
- How?
- What have you learned?
- What difficulties did you experience?
- Was the lesson interesting?
