What is the difference between WORK and WORK? and got the best answer
Answer from Nikolay Lukshenko[guru]
Labor - this word is associated with difficulties and their conscious overcoming in the process of labor, more often - a creative process. Work - from the word "slave", the performance of assigned duties, often not associated with creativity. At present, no significance is attached to such a difference, the concepts have become, in principle, unambiguous. However, the word "workers" is used in the church, in Soviet times, in addition to the word Workers, the word Workers was also used, which equated the meaning of simply physical labor with intellectual, creative labor.
Answer from Stranger from the city[guru]
labor is when you do something and at the same time you strain, but you can work freebies ... (like me at the moment)
Answer from YOVETLANA ESKOVA[guru]
Labor - 1. Expedient human activity, work that requires mental or physical stress, the cost of physical or mental energy. // Labor force, muscular or nervous energy expended in the production of smth.
2. Effort, diligence aimed at achieving smth.
3. The result of activity, work, creation.
4. The name of the school subject.
Work - 1. Action by value. vb. : work.
2. What someone busy; class. // Circle of occupations, duties. // Type of labor, activity.
3. A place where someone works, serves.
4. Occupation, business, service as a source of income.
5. What is done, made, created; finished products. // Literary work on a scientific topic.
6. Quality or method of manufacture.
That is, labor is a broader concept that includes the concept of work
Answer from Yoman Sirotenko[guru]
Labor is voluntary, but work is compulsory.
Answer from Alexei[guru]
Work is a concept from physics, measured in joules. Labor is a social concept.
Answer from Alexander Schukin[guru]
To work means "for something," to work means "for someone."
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is the difference between WORK and WORK?
In economic and other special literature there is no clear, much less unambiguous definition of labor.
Most often, the concept of labor is used as a broad term for all physical and mental abilities of people used in the production of goods and services. In this sense, any work, any kind of activity is covered general concept"work".
From the point of view of socio-economic essence, as a scientific category. Labor is a conscious, purposeful activity of people aimed at modifying and adapting objects of the external environment in order to create material and spiritual benefits necessary to meet the needs of each individual and society as a whole.
Labor is the activity of a person, people, which has three main features: awareness of actions, energy consumption, the presence of a useful, socially recognized result.
Awareness means that a person at the beginning created a project in his mind, a model of actions, and then proceeded to the implementation of predetermined intentions. Based on this criterion, then unconscious, instinctive actions are not labor. Based on such ideas, it is legitimate to assume that only a person can apply conscious labor efforts, i.e., work.
Energy consumptionlabor It manifests itself in the fact that additional physical and mental energy is spent on the implementation of labor activity. That is, in addition to energy costs, to maintain and reproduce the vital activity of the body. Work This is work that requires tangible effort, significant energy costs.
Finally, work is characterized by productivity. Any activity ends with a certain result, has some result. Sometimes they say that the very fact of the presence of actions, the process of their implementation is the result. So, labor is not just a result, but a socially useful result. Labor “for oneself” differs from “labor for others” only in that the second kind of labor must be paid for by others, by society.
A certain difficulty in applying the third criterion of labor is due to the ambiguous interpretation of the term "publicly recognized result", because the same result in one situation may be considered necessary, and in another - useless. But it is already the task of society, the state, and their institutions to determine what results of activity are useful, necessary, fruitful, have social and personal value, and what is not in demand by society, has no social utility.
Thus, labor is the exclusive property of man. Before starting to work, a person mentally represents the result of labor, then in the process of labor he realizes his conscious goal, which, like a law, determines the method and nature of his actions and to which he must subordinate his will.
Employment changes not only external environment, nature, it changes the person himself. In the process of labor, a person improves his physical and spiritual abilities, accumulates production experience, and enriches his knowledge.
Labor as a general condition for the exchange of substances between man and nature is an inalienable condition of human life. It is the basis of human life and development. The history of mankind testifies that thanks to labor, man stood out from the animal world.
It is known that the objective conditions of life and existence induce a person to work. Labor in this sense does not depend on any particular form of organization. public life, i.e., it is the same relation of man to nature for all social forms, for all modes of production, for any social system.
"Work" and "Job" are not the same or equivalent concepts. Labor by its nature is social labor due to its creative role in the life of society, the participation of a person in social results. After all, a specific labor activity at the same time it is an activity in the course of which people enter into certain connections and relationships with each other. Therefore, work is inherent only to man. "Work" is a concept that has physical meaning. It can be performed by a person, a machine, and an animal. Labor has a temporal characteristic and is measured by working time. Work is measured in physical units - kilograms, meters, pieces, etc.
In the economic literature on labor issues, one can sometimes come across such a concept as the “substance of labor”. In general, the term "substance" means, firstly, the essence, that which underlies; secondly, that which exists by itself and does not depend on anything else.
For many years, in the specialized literature, the substance of labor was understood as the expenditure of nerves, muscles, sense organs, etc., in the labor process. In other words, the substance of labor is the energy expended by the human body in the process of labor in a certain expedient form. This interpretation of this category seems to be the most acceptable, since energy, of course, is spent through human organs in space and time, which gives reason to represent it as the substance of labor.
Mandatory elements are expedient activity, or the most labor, object of labor and means of labor.
The subject of labor- a substance of nature, on which a person acts in the process of labor in order to adapt it for personal or industrial consumption. The object of labor, which has already been subjected to human influence and is intended for further processing, is raw material (raw material).
This difference exists because not every raw material is always an object of labor. So, a coal seam in a mine, ore or oil in the bowels is an object of labor, but not a raw material, since they have not yet been exposed to human labor.
Mined coal, ore or oil intended for processing is already a raw material and, as such, the subject of further work.
This does not mean that any substance of nature is the object of labor. The substance of nature only then becomes the object of labor when it is affected by labor.
In addition to labor itself and the object of labor, the process of production of material goods involves another important element - the means of labor.
Means of labor- these are material elements through which a person affects the object of labor. These are, first of all, tools of labor (machines, mechanisms, equipment, etc.), whose mechanical, physical and Chemical properties man is used according to his purpose. To the means of labor in a broader sense also belong all the material conditions of labor, such as, for example, the universal means of labor - land, without which the process of production cannot be improved at all, as well as industrial buildings, buildings, roads and other means of communication, an extensive infrastructure of social production, etc.
As you know, language learning always begins with theory. Therefore, at the first stages of learning the language of the deaf and dumb, you will need to get self-tutors. With their help, you can learn the necessary theoretical basis, which are needed for basic language proficiency, that is entry level. In the language of the deaf and dumb, the basics are the alphabet and the words themselves.
How can I learn to speak the deaf-mute language on my own?
If you want to learn how to speak sign language, you need to have a minimum vocabulary. In the language of the deaf and dumb, almost any word can be expressed with a specific gesture. Learn the most common words people use in Everyday life and also learn to pronounce simple phrases.
For this purpose, special dictionaries are perfect: the announcer shows a gesture corresponding to the word and the correct articulation. Similar dictionaries can be found on sites dedicated to learning sign language. But you can also use book format dictionaries. True, there you will see gestures only on, and this is not such a visual way of learning words.
To speak the language of the deaf and dumb, you will also need to learn the dactyl alphabet. It consists of 33 gestures, each of which corresponds to a specific letter of the alphabet. In conversation, the dactyl alphabet is not often used, but you still need to know it: letter gestures are used when pronouncing new words for which there are no special gestures yet, as well as for proper names (first names, surnames, names settlements etc.).
Once you have mastered the theoretical part, that is, learn the deaf-and-dumb alphabet and master the basic vocabulary, you will need to find a way to communicate with native speakers with which you will train your conversational skills.
Where can you practice sign language?
It is important to understand that learning to speak the language of the deaf and dumb without practice is an impossible task. Only in the process of real communication can you master conversational skills at such a level that you can understand sign language well and be able to explain yourself in it.
So, where can you talk with native speakers of the deaf-mute language? First of all, these are all kinds of online resources: social media, thematic forums and specialized sites whose audience is hard of hearing or deaf people. Modern means of communication will allow you to fully communicate with native speakers without leaving your home.
You can go for more complex, but at the same time more efficient way. Find out if there are special schools for the deaf in your city or any other community for the hard of hearing and deaf people. Of course, a hearing person will not be able to become a full member of such an organization. But this is possible if you learn the language of the deaf and dumb not for pleasure, but to communicate in it with someone close to you. You can also sign up to volunteer at a boarding school for deaf children. There you will be completely immersed in the language environment, as you will be able to really communicate closely with native sign language speakers. And at the same time, do good deeds - as a rule, volunteers are always needed in such institutions.
How the dictionary works and how to use it
Brief sign dictionary will help you, dear reader, to master the vocabulary of sign speech. This is a small dictionary, it contains about 200 gestures. Why were these gestures chosen? Such questions inevitably arise, especially when the volume of the dictionary is small. Our dictionary was created in this way. Since the dictionary is intended primarily for teachers of the deaf, teachers and educators of schools for the deaf took part in determining the composition of the dictionary. For several years, the author has been offering students of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute working in boarding schools for the deaf a list of gestures - "candidates" for a dictionary. And he turned to them with a request: to leave in the list only the most necessary gestures for the teacher and educator, and delete the rest. But you can add to the list if needed. All gestures that were objected to by more than 50% of expert teachers were excluded from the initial list. Conversely, the vocabulary included gestures proposed by experts if more than half of them believed that it was appropriate.
The gestures included in the dictionary are mainly used in both Russian sign speech and calque sign speech. They are grouped by topic. Of course, the attribution of many gestures to a particular topic is largely conditional. The author here followed the tradition of compiling thematic dictionaries, and also sought to place in each group gestures denoting objects, actions, and signs, so that it would be more convenient to talk on a given topic. At the same time, gestures have continuous numbering. If you, the reader, need to remember, for example, how the gesture INTERFERE is performed, but you do not know in which thematic group it is, you must do so. At the end of the dictionary, all gestures (naturally, their verbal designations) are arranged in alphabetical order, and the ordinal index of the gesture INTERFERE will make it easy to find it in the dictionary.
Symbols in the figures will help to more accurately understand and reproduce the structure of the gesture.
Wishing you success in learning the vocabulary of sign language, the author expects from you, dear reader, suggestions for improving the concise sign dictionary.
Conventions
GREETINGS INTRODUCTION
1. Hello 2. Goodbye
3. Thank you 4. Sorry (those)
GREETINGS INTRODUCTION
5. Name 6. Profession
7. Specialty 8. Who
GREETINGS INTRODUCTION
9. What 10. Where
11. When 12. Where
GREETINGS INTRODUCTION
13. From where 14. Why
15. Why 16. Whose
17. Man 18. Man
19. Woman 20. Child
21. Family 22. Father
23. Mother 24. Son
25. Daughter 26. Grandmother
27. Grandfather 28. Brother
29. Sister 30. Live
31. Work 32. Respect
33. Take care 34. Help
35. Hinder 36. Friendship
37. Young 38. Old
HOUSE APARTMENT
39. City 40. Village
41. Street 42. House
HOUSE APARTMENT
43. Apartment 44. Room
45. Window 46. Kitchen, cook food
HOUSE APARTMENT
47. Lavatory 48. Table
49. Chair 50. Wardrobe
HOUSE APARTMENT
51. Bed 52. TV
53. VCR 54. Do
HOUSE APARTMENT
55. Watch 56. Wash
57. Invite 58. Light
HOUSE APARTMENT
59. Cozy 60. New
61. Clean 62. Dirty
63. School 64. Class
65. Bedroom 66. Dining room
67. Director 68. Teacher
69. Educator 70. Teach
71. Learn 72. Computer
73. Meeting 74. Deaf
75. Hard of hearing 76. Dactylology
77. Sign language 78. Lead
79. Instruct 80. Perform
81. Praise 82. Scold
83. Punish 84. Check
85. Agree 86. Strict
87. Kind 88. Honest
89. Lesson 90. Headphones
91. Book 92. Notebook
93. Pencils 94. Tell
95. Talk 96. Hear
101. Know 102. Don't know
103. Understand 104. Not understand
105. Repeat 106. Remember
107. Remember 108. Forget
109. Think 110. I can, I can
111. I can't 112. Make a mistake
113 Good 114 Bad
115. Carefully 116. Right
117. Ashamed 118. Angry, angry
119. Rude 120. Polite
121. Apprentice
122. Diligent
ON VACATION
123. Rest 124. Forest
125. River 126. Sea
ON VACATION
127. Water 128. Sun
129. Moon 130. Rain
ON VACATION
131. Snow 133. Day
132. Morning 134. Evening
ON VACATION
135. Night 136. Summer
137. Autumn 138. Spring
ON VACATION
139. Winter 140. Excursion, museum
141. Theater 142. Cinema
ON VACATION
143. Stadium 144. Physical education
145. Competition 146. Participate
ON VACATION
147. Win 148. Lose
149. Play 150. Walk
ON VACATION
151. Dance 152. Want
153. Not wanting 154. Loving
ON VACATION
155. Rejoice 156. Wait
157. Cheating 158. Cheerful
ON VACATION
159. Agile 160. Strong
161. Weak 162. Easy
ON VACATION
163. Difficult 164. Calm
165. White 166. Red
ON VACATION
167. Black 168. Green
OUR COUNTRY
169. Motherland
170. State 171. Moscow
OUR COUNTRY
172. People 173. Revolution
174. Party 175. President
OUR COUNTRY
176 Struggle 177 Constitution
178. Elections, choose 179. Deputy
OUR COUNTRY
180. Chairman 181. Government
182. Translator 183. Glasnost
OUR COUNTRY
184. Democracy 185. War
186. World 187. Army
OUR COUNTRY
188. Disarmament
189. Treaty 190. Space
OUR COUNTRY
191. Protect 192. Politics
WHAT THESE GESTURES MEAN
193, 194. Sign name (person's name in sign language)
195. Master of his craft 196. Master of his craft (option)
WHAT THESE GESTURES MEAN
197. It doesn't concern me 198. Make mistakes
199. Do not catch (at home, at work) 200. Awesome,
stunning
201. Same, identical 202. Calm down after
any unrest
203. Get exhausted 204. That's it
GESTURES OF CONVERSATIONAL SIGN LANGUAGE
205. Lose sight, forget 206. Cats scratch at the heart
207. Don't be afraid to say 208. Wait a bit
something in the eye
Gesture index in alphabetical order
| army | make | ||
| grandmother | democracy | ||
| day | |||
| white | deputy | ||
| fight | village | ||
| brother | director | ||
| polite | kind | ||
| treaty | |||
| right | rain | ||
| cheerful | house | ||
| Spring | goodbye | ||
| evening | daughter | ||
| video recorder | friendship | ||
| attentively | think | ||
| water | |||
| war | wait | ||
| educator | female | ||
| recall | gestural speech | ||
| elections, choose | live | ||
| fulfill | |||
| where publicity deaf talk city state rude dirty walk fingering grandpa | take care | ||
| forget | |||
| why | |||
| protect | |||
| hello | |||
| green | |||
| winter | |||
| angry, angry | |||
| know | |||
| play | |||
| sorry (those) | |||
| name |
| pencil | deceive | ||||
| flat | window | ||||
| cinema | autumn | ||||
| Class | rest | ||||
| book | father | ||||
| when | where | ||||
| room | make a mistake | ||||
| computer constitution space red bed who where kitchen, cook food | |||||
| the consignment | |||||
| interpreter | |||||
| write | |||||
| bad | |||||
| win | |||||
| repeat | |||||
| politics | |||||
| remember | |||||
| easily | to help | ||||
| forest | understand | ||||
| summer | entrust | ||||
| dexterous | why | ||||
| moon | government | ||||
| be in love | chairman | ||||
| invite the president to check lose profession | |||||
| mother | |||||
| interfere | |||||
| world | |||||
| can, can | |||||
| young sea Moscow man wash | |||||
| work | |||||
| rejoice | |||||
| disarmament | |||||
| tell | |||||
| child revolution river draw motherland scold | |||||
| punish | |||||
| people | |||||
| headphones | |||||
| dont know | |||||
| I can not | lead | ||||
| do not understand do not want a new night | |||||
| light | |||||
| family | |||||
| sister strong hearing-impaired weak hear watch snow meeting agree sun competition bedroom thank you specialty calmly stadium diligent old table canteen strict chair ashamed to count son dance theater TV notebook difficult | restroom | ||||
| respect | |||||
| the street | |||||
| lesson | |||||
| morning | |||||
| participate | |||||
| teacher | |||||
| learn | |||||
| student | |||||
| to study | |||||
| cosy | |||||
| physical education praise good want | |||||
| whose man is black honest clean read that closet school tour museum | |||||
Instead of a preface
In our classes, we devoted more and more time to the history of the creation of writing. But this time I wanted something different, more unusual and modern. So the idea came up to tell children about other languages. Already in the plans are:
Sign language;
- the language of spies;
- programming languages;
- Braille cipher.
Gestuno is the language of people with hearing impairments.
Deaf people communicate using gestures - quick hand movements accompanied by a lively facial expression. These gestures, like any other language, need to be learned. They quickly convey information to the interlocutor. Where hearing people need many words, for example: Shall we go across the bridge?, one gesture is enough for deaf people.
This possibility is also used where it is impossible to hear: under water by divers or in space by astronauts working outside the spacecraft.
International alphabet of gestures. Each language has its own system of naming letters or sounds.
The sign languages of the deaf and dumb differ in different countries. There are TV programs in which the text is "translated" for the deaf. Then, in the corner of the screen, you can see the announcer, who silently gesticulates, i.e. speaks in sign language.
There are more than 13 million deaf and hard of hearing people in Russia. The birth of a child with hearing impairment in the family is a difficult test both for parents and for the child himself, who needs special teaching aids and, most importantly, communication with peers and relatives. To joy Russian Society Deaf is actively working on this front. Thanks to the activities of its branches, people with hearing impairments unite and communicate with each other without feeling excluded from the social process.
There are also problems: lack of educational institutions, where people with hearing impairments are accepted for training, the lack of sign language interpreters and teaching aids, allowing to master the sign language.
Russian Sign Language is an independent language unit used for communication by people with hearing impairments.
Sign language does not consist only of a static figure shown by hands - it also contains a dynamic component (the hands move in a certain way and are in a certain position relative to the face) and a mimic component (the speaker's facial expression illustrates the gesture). Also, during a conversation in gestuno, it is customary to "pronounce" words with your lips.
In addition to this, when communicating with people with hearing impairments, you should be extremely attentive to your posture and involuntary hand gestures - they can be misinterpreted.
basis sign language is a dactyl (finger) alphabet. Each letter of the Russian language corresponds to a certain gesture (see picture).
Knowing this alphabet will help at first to overcome the "language barrier" between you and a person with a hearing impairment. But Dactyling (spelling) is rarely used by the deaf in everyday speech. Its main purpose is to pronounce proper names, as well as terms for which their own gesture has not yet been formed.
For most words in Russian Sign Language, there is a gesture that denotes the whole word. At the same time, I want to note that almost all gestures are intuitive and very logical. For example:
"Writing" - we kind of take a pen and write on the palm of our hand. "Count" - we begin to bend our fingers. "Grandfather" - very reminiscent of a beard, right? Sometimes in gestures for complex concepts you are simply amazed - how accurately the essence of the subject is noticed.
The structure of sign language is not complicated at all. The word order corresponds to the usual sentences of the Russian language. For prepositions and conjunctions of one letter, their dactyl gesture (a letter from the alphabet) is used. Verbs are not conjugated or declined. To indicate time, it is enough to give a marker word (Yesterday, Tomorrow, 2 days ago) or put the gesture "was" before the verb.
Like any other language, Russian sign language is very lively, changes all the time and varies greatly from region to region. Benefits and educational materials updated at a snail's pace. Therefore, the recent publication of a primer for children with hearing impairments has become a real event.
The basic gestures with which you can communicate with deaf people are quite elementary:
The main difficulty is not even in mastering gestures, but in learning to "read" them from the hands. Gestures are complex - they consist of several positions of the brush, following one after another. And out of habit it is difficult to separate the end of one gesture and the beginning of another. Therefore, learning gestuno takes no less time than learning any foreign language, and maybe more.
We often see people with hearing impairments in the subway and on the street, in cafes. These are cheerful, shining people, completely ordinary, just having other ways of communicating. Deafness does not prevent them from being happy - having friends, a favorite job and a family. They can even sing in tin and dance - yes, yes, people with hearing impairments still hear music,