The population of Kabardino. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Territory and population - historical information, current state

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The population of the region according to Rosstat is 860 709 people (2015). Population density - 69,02 person/km2 (2015). Urban population - 52,25 % (2015).

1 Population
2 Population density
3 National composition
4 Settlements
5 General map
6 Notes

Population

Population
1926	1959	1970	1979	1989	1990	1991
204 006	↗420 115	↗588 203	↗674 605	↗759 586	↗762 288	↗780 768
1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
↗794 380	↗803 318	↗810 033	↗821 149	↗834 504	↗846 310	↗860 502
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
↗870 822	↗878 990	↗886 698	↗901 494	↘901 051	↘898 948	↘896 938
2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
↘894 014	↘891 299	↗891 338	↗892 389	↘859 939	↘859 792	↘859 063
2013	2014	2015
↘858 946	↘858 397	↗860 709

100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1926 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
19,7	↘19,1	↗20,6	↗22,0	↘19,9	↘13,7	↘13,0	↘12,7	↘12,6

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘11,6	↗11,6	↘11,3	↗11,6	↘10,3	↗10,5	↘10,0	↗10,4	↗12,8

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗13,5	↗13,6	↗14,6	↗14,9	↗15,9	↘15,5	↗15,7

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
6,6	↗7,3	↗8,0	↗8,1	↗8,5	↗10,4	↗10,4	↘10,1	↗10,4

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗10,5	↗11,1	↗11,1	↗11,4	↘10,2	↘9,7	↗10,1	↘9,8	↘9,5

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↘9,1	↗9,4	↗9,4	↗9,4	↘8,9	↗8,9	↘8,8

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
13,1	↘11,8	↗12,6	↗13,9	↘11,4	↘3,3	↘2,6	↗2,6	↘2,2

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘1,1	↘0,5	↘0,2	↗0,2	↘0,1	↗0,8	↘-0,1	↗0,6	↗3,3

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗4,4	↘4,2	↗5,2	↗5,5	↗7,0	↘6,6	↗6,9

at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
71,0	↘70,5	↗70,6	↘68,9	↘68,7	↗68,8	↗68,8	↗69,6	↘69,5

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘69,2	↘69,1	↗69,2	↘69,1	↘68,8	↗69,8	↘69,3	↗70,1	↗71,2

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗72,5	↘72,1	↗72,1	↗72,4	↗73,3	↗73,7

Population density

Population density - 69.02 people / km2 (2015). According to this indicator, the republic ranks 10th among the subjects Russian Federation. But the population in the republic is distributed unevenly. So above 2500 meters there is no permanent population, and the majority of the population of the subject lives in the foothill and plain zones of the republic.

The highest population density is observed in urban districts (Nalchik, Prokhladny, Baksan). Among the districts, the highest population density is in the Urvan district, the lowest in the Cherek district.

National composition

	1959 people	%	1989 people	%	2002 people	% from Total	% from indicating- shih national nal- ness	2010 people	% from Total	% from indicating- shih national nal- ness
Total	420115	100,00 %	↗753531	100,00 %	↗901494	100,00 %		↘859939	100,00 %
Kabardians	190284	45,29 %	↗363494	48,24 %	↗498702	55,32 %	55,32 %	↘490453	57,03 %	57,18 %
Russians	162586	38,70 %	↗240750	31,95 %	↘226620	25,14 %	25,14 %	↘193155	22,55 %	22,49 %
Balkars	34088	8,11 %	↗70793	9,39 %	↗104651	11,61 %	11,61 %	↗108577	12,63 %	12,66 %
Turks		0,00 %	4162	0,55 %	↗8770	0,97 %	0,97 %	↗13965	1,62 %	1,63 %
Ossetians	6442	1,53 %	↗9996	1,33 %	↘9845	1,09 %	1,09 %	↘9129	1,06 %	1,06 %
Armenians	1421	0,34 %	↗3512	0,47 %	↗5342	0,59 %	0,59 %	↘5002	0,58 %	0,58 %
Ukrainians	8400	2,00 %	↗12826	1,70 %	↘7592	0,84 %	0,84 %	↘4800	0,56 %	0,56 %
Koreans	1798	0,43 %	↗4983	0,66 %	↘4722	0,52 %	0,52 %	↘4034	0,47 %	0,47 %
gypsies	416	0,10 %	2442	0,32 %	2357	0,26 %	0,26 %	2874	0,33 %	0,34 %
Circassians	166	0,04 %	614	0,08 %	725	0,08 %	0,08 %	2475	0,29 %	0,29 %
Tatars	1608	0,38 %	3005	0,40 %	2851	0,32 %	0,32 %	2375	0,28 %	0,28 %
Azerbaijanis	257	0,06 %	2024	0,27 %	2281	0,25 %	0,25 %	2063	0,24 %	0,24 %
Chechens		0,00 %	736	0,10 %	4241	0,47 %	0,47 %	1965	0,23 %	0,23 %
Georgians	1486	0,35 %	2090	0,28 %	1731	0,19 %	0,19 %	1545	0,18 %	0,18 %
Laks	481	0,11 %	1587	0,21 %	1800	0,20 %	0,20 %	1462	0,17 %	0,17 %
Germans	903	0,21 %	8569	1,14 %	2525	0,28 %	0,28 %	1462	0,17 %	0,17 %
Ingush	84	0,02 %	664	0,09 %	1236	0,14 %	0,14 %	1271	0,15 %	0,15 %
Karachays	420	0,10 %	1202	0,16 %	1273	0,14 %	0,14 %	1028	0,12 %	0,12 %
Jews	1310	0,31 %	1726	0,23 %	1088	0,12 %	0,12 %	835	0,10 %	0,10 %
Lezgins		0,00 %	855	0,11 %	867	0,10 %	0,10 %	767	0,09 %	0,09 %
Kumyks	213	0,05 %	624	0,08 %	713	0,08 %	0,08 %	699	0,08 %	0,08 %
Belarusians	953	0,23 %	2022	0,27 %	1194	0,13 %	0,13 %	696	0,08 %	0,08 %
Adyghe	207	0,05 %	828	0,11 %	584	0,06 %	0,06 %	524	0,06 %	0,06 %
Uzbeks		0,00 %	424	0,06 %	290	0,03 %	0,03 %	451	0,05 %	0,05 %
Dargins	178	0,04 %	535	0,07 %	504	0,06 %	0,06 %	438	0,05 %	0,05 %
Avars	196	0,05 %	480	0,06 %	386	0,04 %	0,04 %	425	0,05 %	0,05 %
Abaza	103	0,02 %	468	0,06 %	514	0,06 %	0,06 %	418	0,05 %	0,05 %
Persians	217	0,05 %	485	0,06 %	511	0,06 %	0,06 %	418	0,05 %	0,05 %
Kurds		0,00 %	143	0,02 %	301	0,03 %	0,03 %	321	0,04 %	0,04 %
Nogais	384	0,09 %	501	0,07 %	409	0,05 %	0,05 %	289	0,03 %	0,03 %
Mordva	305	0,07 %	727	0,10 %	490	0,05 %	0,05 %	282	0,03 %	0,03 %
other	5199	1,24 %	10264	1,36 %	6364	0,71 %	0,71 %	46602	5,42 %	5,43 %
indicated nationality	420105	100,00 %	753531	100,00 %	901479	100,00 %	100,00 %	857670	99,74 %	100,00 %
did not indicate nationality	10	0,00 %	0	0,00 %	15	0,00 %		2269	0,26 %

Settlements

Main article: Settlements of Kabardino-Balkaria Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people

General Map

Map legend(when you hover over the label, the real population is displayed):

Capital, over 200,000 people
from 20,000 to 60,000 people
from 10,000 to 20,000 people
from 5,000 to 10,000 people
from 3,000 to 5,000 people

Karachay-Cherkessia Stavropol region North Ossetia Georgia Nalchik Chill Baksan Nartkala May Tyrnyauz Dugulubgey Terek Chegem Nartan Islamey Zayukovo Chegem II Shalushka Hasanya Zalukokoazhe kenzhe Argudan Sarmakovo kahun Baksanyonok Malka Anzorey Psygansu Old Cherek Köndelen Elm Kamennomostskoye Atajukino Urvan Altud Kashkhatau Cuba Aushiger Kishpek Deyskoe Primalkinskoe Urukh Soldier's Lecinkay Upper Balkaria Germenchik Hatuey Alexandrovskaya Nizhny Kurkuzhin Ekaterinogradskaya Babugent Planovskoye Belaya Rechka Kotlyarevskaya Kamenka Zhemtala Elbrus Lower Cherek Upper Kurkuzhin Cuba-Taba Settlements of Kabardino-Balkaria

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015.
Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and 2014 average (published on March 17, 2015)
All-Union census of the population of 1926. M .: Edition of the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR, 1928. Volume 9. Table I. Populated places. Cash city and rural population. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015.
All-Union population census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to the census on January 15, 1970 for the republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
All-Union population census of 1979
All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Permanent population as of January 1 (people) 1990-2010
All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, subjects of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - district centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
1 2 3 The population of the KBR in the context of settlements according to the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: federal Service state statistics Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, annual value, total population, both sexes
1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1959. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: KBASSR
Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: KBASSR
All-Russian population census of 2002: Population by nationality and knowledge of the Russian language by subjects of the Russian Federation
Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census

Altai Trans-Baikal Kamchatka Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Khabarovsk

Амурская Архангельская Астраханская Белгородская Брянская Владимирская Волгоградская Вологодская Воронежская Ивановская Иркутская Калининградская Калужская Кемеровская Кировская Костромская Курганская Курская Ленинградская Липецкая Магаданская Московская Мурманская Нижегородская Новгородская Новосибирская Омская Оренбургская Орловская Пензенская Псковская Ростовская Рязанская Самарская Саратовская Сахалинская Свердловская Смоленская Тамбовская Тверская Томская Тульская Тюменская Ульяновская Челябинская Ярославская

Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol

Jewish

Nenets1 Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra2 Chukotka Yamalo-Nenets2

1 Located on the territory Arkhangelsk region 2 Located on the territory of the Tyumen region

Population of Kabardino-Balkaria Information About

The North Caucasian Republic was formed in Soviet times from the historical territories of the neighboring peoples of Kabarda and Balkaria, according to the principle of a good neighbor is better than a distant relative. Since Kabardians and Balkars are not related peoples and their languages belong to different language groups. in the last three years, it has been gradually growing, mainly due to natural growth.

general information

The Republic is located on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, in its central part. Neighbors with such Russian regions as the Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia and North Ossetia-Alania, in the south it borders on Georgia. It occupies an area of 12,500 sq. km.

The population density of Kabardino-Balkaria is 69.43 people/km2 (2018). It ranks 10th in this indicator in Russia. Residents live mostly in cities (Nalchik, Baksan, Prokhladny), on the flat and foothill areas, in the territory located above 2500 meters above sea level, no one lives.

Education of the Republic

Two neighboring peoples, at the whim of the Soviet government, existed first in one autonomous region (since 1922), and then as part of one autonomous republic(since 1936). Even the "epidemic of separation" after the collapse of the USSR could not destroy this union.

From 1944 to 1957, the republic was called the Kabardian ASSR, because the Balkars were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In 1956-1957, the decision to repress them was declared illegal. The Balkars were allowed to return to their homeland. The republic again became Kabardino-Balkaria, and two Caucasian peoples again began to dominate in the national composition of the population.

History of joining Russia

Even the history of becoming part of Russia is completely different for Kabardians and Balkars. The Kabardians fought for their independence from 1763 to 1822. When Russian troops under the command of General Ermolov finally occupied North Caucasus According to some estimates, the population of Kabardino-Balkaria has decreased from 300 to 30 thousand people. Most died in battles, many died from the plague, others went to other regions of the Caucasus. Finally, most of Kabarda was included in the Russian Empire in 1825.

The Balkars became part of Russia in 1827, having submitted a petition from all their communities to join the empire, subject to the preservation of ancient customs, the Muslim religion, and the class structure. Since that time, amanats (hostages) from among the Balkar nobility were in Russian fortresses, then many of them fought as part of the tsarist army.

Population

Four years after the formation of the autonomous region in 1926, the population of Kabardino-Balkaria was 204,006 people. According to the latest pre-war data of 1931, 224,400 citizens lived in the republic. The population began to increase largely due to specialists arriving from other regions of the Soviet Union.

During the war years, a significant part of the republic was occupied by the Germans, many of its inhabitants fought in the Red Army. At the end of the war, the Balkars were deported. Therefore, it was not possible to establish exactly how many people lived in Kabardino-Balkaria in those days. According to the first post-war data in 1959, 420,115 people were registered in the region. According to the national composition, the largest share was occupied by Kabardians - 45.29% of the total population of the republic, followed by Russians - 38.7% and Balkars - 8.11%. The change in proportions in the national composition is connected, firstly, with industrialization, because at that time many Russian specialists came to the republic, and secondly, many Balkars remained in places of deportation.

In future Soviet years The population of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria grew rapidly. Already in 1970, 588,203 people lived in it. The number of inhabitants increased both due to natural growth and due to a large migration influx. In post-Soviet times, the indicator reached its maximum value in 2002. Then, according to the census, the population was 901,494 people. In subsequent years, until 2015, the population of Kabardino-Balkaria generally decreased. This was due to the unfortunate economic situation in the region. People left to work in the central regions of the country. According to 2018 data, about 865,828 people live in the republic. The national composition has changed slightly, the predominant groups are still Kabardians, Russians and Balkars.

Territory and population - historical information, state of the art

The area occupied by the republic is 12,470 sq. km, which, of course, is not much, but more than such states as Qatar, Luxembourg, Monaco, etc. Among the 21 republics of the Russian Federation, Kabardino-Balkaria occupies the 18th place in terms of territory, and among the eight republics of the North Caucasus - the fifth place, yielding in area to Dagestan, Kalmykia, Chechnya and Karachay-Cherkessia. North Ossetia-Alania, Adygea and Ingushetia are inferior to the KBR.

The once mighty Kabarda, which stretched in the XVIII century. from the rivers Bolshoy and Maly Zelenchukov (tributaries of the Kuban) from the west to the Sunzha River (tributary of the Terek) in the east, occupied an area of 46.2 thousand square kilometers. Unfortunately, as a result of the Russian-Caucasian War and subsequent administrative redrawing of the territory of the Caucasus by the tsarist and Soviet administrations, the area of Kabardino-Balkaria is only 27.7% of the territory that was considered in the 18th century. Kabarda.

According to the 2002 census, 901.5 thousand people live in Kabardino-Balkaria. The most numerous people of the republic are the Kabardians, who number 499 thousand people (55.3%). They call themselves "Circassians", and abroad all the Circassians are called "Circassians". Peoples related to the Kabardians live in neighboring republics. In Karachay-Cherkessia - Circassians, who used to be called Beslaneyites, and Abazins; in Adygea - the Adyghe people, who used to be divided into Bzhedugs, Shapsugs, Abadzekhs, Natukhais, Mamhegs and a number of other nationalities. In total there are about 700 thousand Adyghes in Russia. Most of the Circassians (Circassians), unfortunately, live outside of Russia: in Turkey - more than 2.5 million people, in Syria - 90 thousand, in Jordan - 70 thousand, in Germany - 25 thousand and in more than 40 countries of the world up to Australia.

Balkars in 2002 amounted to 105 thousand people (11.6%). They call themselves "taulu", which means "highlander". The Karachays, related to the Balkars, live in neighboring Karachay-Cherkessia. A significant part of the Balkar-Karachays (up to 25 thousand) also lives in Turkey, and a small number of them live in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

It also stands out in terms of numbers Russian population- 227 thousand people (25.1%). The remaining nationalities were: Ossetians -9.8 thousand, Meskhetian Turks - 8.8, Ukrainians - 7.6, Armenians - 5.3, Koreans - 4.7, Germans - 2.5, Jews - 1.1 thousand people . The number of the remaining 90 nationalities is approximately 31 thousand.

In connection with the rapid migration processes of the 90s. XX century, the composition of the population, in comparison with the 1989 census, has changed somewhat. In terms of numbers, the percentage of the indigenous population (Kabardians and Balkars) increased, since most of the Tats (Mountain Jews), Germans, and Ukrainians, Georgians, and Belarusians left the republic for the far abroad. Quite a few Russians and other Russian-speaking peoples left for other regions and regions of Russia.

The territory of Kabardino-Balkaria is divided into 10 administrative districts: Zolsky (the center is the village of Zalukokozhe), Baksansky (the city of Baksan), Che-gemsky (the city of Chegem), Elbrussky (the city of Tyrnyauz), Chereksky (the village of Kashkha-tau) , Urvansky (Nartkala city), Leskensky (Anzorey village), Tersky (Terek city), Maysky (Maysky city), Prokhladnensky (Soldatskaya village). There is also a territory subordinate to the city of Nalchik (a suburban area), which includes the villages of Khasanya, Belaya Rechka, Kenzhe and the village of Adiyukh. There are 8 cities in the republic, most of which (except for Nalchik) belong to the group of small towns. Of these, three republican subordination: Nalchik (300.4 thousand inhabitants), Cool (61.8), Baksan (56.2). The rest are cities of regional subordination: Chegem (17.9), Nartkala (33.8), Terek (20.3), Maisky (27.0), Tyrnyauz (21.1).

Nalchik- see the section "City of Nalchik".

Chill(61,772 people) - a city of republican subordination, until 2003 - the center of the district of the same name. The second (after Nalchik) in terms of population and economic importance is the city of the republic, a major railway junction through which the Moscow-Baku highway passes. It is located on the left bank of the Malka River, 60 km northeast of the city of Nalchik. The main composition of the population is Russian.

Cool - the former village of the Terek Cossacks, founded in 1765 as a village of state peasants-Little Russians, during the initial colonization of the Caucasus by Russia. Since 1937, he received the status of a city. This is the center of a fairly large industrial production, but at the same time a cultural center. Among industrial enterprises, the Kavkazkabel plant and the car repair plant stand out. Prokhladny is famous for the House of Children's and Youth Creativity (many winners of various competitions), sports achievements in the field of athletics and the Kavkazkabel football team, which plays in the second division of the country. The famous Admiral Arseniy Golovko, a young (33 years old) commander of the Northern Fleet during World War II, was born here.

There is an interesting legend about the origin of the name of the city. Allegedly, during her inspection trip to the Caucasus, Catherine II stopped to rest under the trees growing over the numerous springs of this area, and after an exhaustingly hot move across the Caucasian steppe, she liked this place so much that she exclaimed: “Ah! How cool! Prince Grigory Potemkin of Tauride, who accompanied Catherine, immediately gave the order to found a settlement here and call it "Cool", which was done. Whether this is true or not has not been reliably established, but the coolers love their city and this legend, and the springs around Prokhladny really spring, and it’s really nice to relax near them on a hot day under the canopy of hundred-year-old trees.

Baksan(56,160 people) - a city of republican subordination, the center of the Baksan district. It is located on both banks of the river of the same name, 25 km north of Nalchik. Passes through it highway from Nalchik and the resorts of Kavminvod to the Baksan Gorge (in the Elbrus region), as well as the Rostov-Baku highway.

Baksan, made up of the former villages of Kuchmazokovo, Staraya Krepost and Dugulubgey, was founded in 1822 as a Russian fortification during the final conquest of Kabarda. In 1967 it was transferred to the category of cities.

Baksan and the Baksan region are the birthplace of such famous historical figures like the Kabardian princes Atazhukins (Lermontov's poem "Izmail-Bey" was written about one of them - Ismail Atazhukin), poets Ali Shogentsukov and Adam Shogentsukov. And the birthplace of the first President of the KBR B. M. Kokov is Baksan. The population is mostly employed agriculture and processing of agricultural products. The only large industrial enterprise in the city is the Avtozapchast plant, which produces mufflers for all types of Russian cars. The main population of both the city and the region are Kabardians.

The toponymy of this name is interesting. The word consists of two Kabardian words "baha" - steam and "sana" - a drink, which together translates as "above the water." Indeed, the Baksan is such a turbulent river, especially during the melting of glaciers (July, August), that small sprays resembling steam constantly hang over it, formed from a rapid flow over stones. (For other versions of the decipherment of the toponym, see the chapter "Toponymy"). In August 1942, German-Romanian troops were stopped here, on the outskirts of Nalchik, and Nalchik was not occupied until the end of October.

Tyrnyauz(21,092 people) - the center of the Elbrus region, built as a city of miners extracting tungsten and molybdenum. Located at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level, 90 km southwest of the city of Nalchik. When in 1938, as a result of geological exploration, it became clear that the ores of tungsten and molybdenum (“bad lead”, as the local population called these ores - the Balkars) were suitable for industrial development, it was decided to build a tungsten-molybdenum plant. Near the small villages of Girkhozhan, Totur, Kamuk, the construction of the settlement of Nizhny Baksan began, which in 1955 was transformed into the city of Tyrnyauz. The plant worked in Soviet times, making it possible for the whole city to live, i.e. was a city-forming enterprise. Currently, attempts to resuscitate the plant, unfortunately, do not lead to anything, because. the tungsten and molybdenum mined here are very expensive. In addition to the tungsten-molybdenum plant, there are factories for low-voltage equipment and reinforced concrete products in the city.

The city is international in terms of population, although last years due to the partial shutdown of the plant and the migration in connection with this, the Russian-speaking population and Kabardians, the number of Balkars is growing, because. and the Elbrus region can be conditionally called Balkar.

The toponym is divided into two components: "tarny auuzu", which in translation means - the entrance to the gorge. Behind Tyrnyauz, indeed, a gorge begins, and Tyrnyauz itself is by no means located in a wide valley. Some scholars suggest that the name is left of those who appeared here in the 17th-18th centuries. from time to time Karachays and the toponym is based on the word "turnu" - a crane, and not "tarns". Someone translates this toponym as "the gorge of the winds." While they understand.

Nartkala(33,775 people) - since 1937 the village, since 1955 the city of Dokshukino, in 1967 it was renamed the city of Nartkala - the center of the Urvan region. Founded in the middle of the 19th century, when Russian government, carrying out an administrative reform (1865), carried out the enlargement of the settlements of Kabarda. It was here that the authorities indicated the place for the settlement of the princes Dokshukins and their subjects. Located 15 km east of the city of Nalchik.

The district is agricultural, therefore the center of the district is mainly aimed at processing agricultural products, as well as manufacturing building materials: crushed stone, screenings, asphalt. Several powerful industrial enterprises operate in the city: a chemical plant, a tire repair plant, and a distillery. A railway line to Nalchik passes through the city, and the railway station is still called Dokshukino. At present, it is a dynamically developing city in the flat part of Kabardino-Balkaria.

The main population of both the city and the region are Kabardians. The toponym "Nartkala" consists of two words: "Nart" - epic hero epic "Narts" and "kala" - a city, a fortress, i.e. literally "Nart city" or "city of Narts".

Terek(20,255 people) - until 1967, the village and railway station Murtazovo - the center of the district of the same name and, in general, Malaya Kabarda, located on the right bank of the Terek. The village of Murtazovo was founded in the middle of the 19th century, when the Russian government, carrying out an administrative reform (1865), enlarged the settlements of Kabarda. Here, the authorities indicated a place for the settlement of the nobles Murtazovs and their subjects. The city is located 60 km east of Nalchik on the right bank of the Terek River. Passes through the city railway line Moscow - Baku.

Like the Urvansky district, Tersky is an agrarian region, so the processing industry is developing in the city. The main industrial enterprise is a diamond tool plant that manufactures diamond core bits for drilling rigs used in geological exploration. The majority of the population of both the city and the region are Kabardians. The toponym is associated with the Terek River (see the Toponymy section).

May(27,037 people) - the center of the same name, the smallest in the KBR, a region populated mainly by Cossacks and Russian settlers who founded villages, villages and farms in the region during and after the Russian-Caucasian war. In the 20s. XIX century., When this settlement was founded, as a fortification, it was called Prishibsky. The fortification received the name "Maisky" allegedly because A. S. Pushkin stopped here in May 1829 on his way to Erzurum. The legend is beautiful! Until 1967, the settlement was a settlement. Both the district as a whole and the city are located on the left bank of the Terek. Maisky is 45 km away from the city of Nalchik in the direction to the north-east.

The main enterprises: the plant "Sevkavrentgen" and various productions for the processing of agricultural products.

Chegem(17,893 people) - the youngest (established in 2001) city of Kabardino-Balkaria, previously a former urban-type settlement - Chegem 1. The center of the district of the same name. It is located 9 km north of the city of Nalchik on the right bank of the flat part of the Chegem River. In tsarist times it was called Kudenetovo I and was the ancestral village of the nobles of the first degree Kudenetovs. The city mainly operates enterprises of the processing industry and building materials. In 2003, a railway line was built to Chegem from Nalchik, which will allow the region to develop more dynamically.

The mountainous part of the region is inhabited by Balkars, and the flat part is inhabited by Kabardians. The toponym "Chegem" goes back centuries and some scientists refer to the Old Turkic language, breaking into two words: "check" - boundary, border and "them" - river, water, i.e. "border river" True, at present it is not clear, the border between whom (or what) this river was.

According to the Department for Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the KBR, from 2011 to 2017, 37,146 people left Kabardino-Balkaria. Every year, on average, 5,306 people drop out! At the same time, at least 17-18 thousand Meskhetian Turks have arrived in the KBR over the past few years to replace the indigenous people who left the republic. None of the local ethnic groups knows such a rapid population growth. They switched places with the Ossetians, taking the fourth place in terms of population in the KBR.

NALCHIK, April 30, Caucasus Times. Migration processes in the KBR have their own characteristics, in contrast to industrialized cities and regions of the country. This is due not only to natural and geographical differences, but also to other equally important factors.

Firstly, the KBR is one of the most densely populated regions of Russia. Here, on an area of 12.5 thousand square meters. km., 1/3 of which is occupied by forests and mountains, according to the 2010 census, 893,800 people live. Depending on the areas per 1 sq. km. lives from 80 to 180 people. On average, almost 80 people. In Russia, the population density indicator per 1 sq. km. km is 8.4 people. This shows that the population density in the republic is 10 times higher than the national average.

Secondly, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of a full-scale systemic crisis, the republic has been a labor-surplus region to this day. In 2009, this served as a formal reason for the Government of the KBR to refuse to participate in the federal program, which made it possible to return "compatriots living abroad."

The Minister of Economic Development and Trade, Mr. Musukov A., justified his refusal, referring to “ high level unemployment” (about 20% of the economically active population) and the absence of the need “to attract additional labor from abroad”. According to the line he still adheres to (now he is the chairman of the government of the KBR), there is reason to think that it was not economic and social problems, but easily guessed political considerations.

Over the past three decades, the nature of demographic flows in Kabardino-Balkaria has changed greatly both in terms of ethnic composition and intensity. In the 1950s and 1970s, the Russian-speaking population came to the KBR en masse. This was due to the rapid development of industry: mechanical engineering, instrument making, the construction industry, etc.

In 1964, in the village Hasanya, the first families of Meskhetian Turks arrived for permanent residence. In 1969, with the consent of the leadership of the republic, a group of Meskhetian Turks numbering 25 families (according to another version, 350 people) settled in the villages. Psykod of the Urvan region. Most of the Turks arrived in the republic, including the villages. Nartan in 1970-1980. At the same time small groups Turks began to penetrate into neighboring regions: the North Ossetian Republic, Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories. The first Turks considered the North Caucasus as an intermediate stage on the way to their homeland.

In the KBR, the Turks were given homestead lands, equipped in all respects so that they could adapt to local conditions. In 2012, their number reached, according to official data, 13,334 people. By now there are at least 17-18 thousand. None of the local ethnic groups knows such a rapid population growth. They switched places with the Ossetians, taking the fourth place in terms of population in the KBR.

Since the 90s, along with the Meskhetian Turks, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Gypsies, and Chechens began to arrive in the republic. At the same time, in these years, Germans and especially many Mountain Jews left the republic in droves, which many old-timers of the city of Nalchik recall with regret.

During Patriotic War 1941-1945 Kabardians protected Jewish families from the German occupiers, but in the 90s they could not protect them from the racketeers who forced them out.

For such population movements along ethnic and social sign there were serious reasons, both objective and subjective. In general, it should be noted that these changes, contrary to the statement of the migration service, began to seriously affect not only the demographic situation in the republic, but also socio-cultural and national-cultural problems.

According to most experts at the present stage, the main causes of migration processes, especially the outflow of the population, are socio-economic factors. First of all, these are the deindustrialization and crisis in the agricultural sector of the economy that began in the 90s of the last century, which led to an excess of the able-bodied population in the field. The outflow of the able-bodied population is directly related to unemployment, with the lack of demand for specialists in the economy of the republic.

They left the republic in search of work in 2010 4 736 people, which is 19% higher than in 2007. In subsequent years, this trend has intensified. According to the Department for Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the KBR, from 2011 to 2017, 37,146 people left the republic. Every year, on average, 5,306 people drop out! Able-bodied people aged 20 to 45 are leaving towns and villages of the KBR for other cities in Russia and abroad.

By nationality, they are mainly Russians, Kabardians and Balkars. According to unofficial data, more than 100,000 people work outside the republic. This is too much for small Kabardino-Balkaria.

Against this background, a massive, practically uncontrolled process of immigration of Meskhetian Turks, Gypsies and others into the republic has become threatening. In 2016-2017 488 Turks arrived in Kabardino-Balkaria alone. These are officially registered with the Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the KBR. At meetings with representatives of the municipal authorities of the Prokhladnensky, Maisky and Urvansky districts, it turned out that there are quite a lot of relatives who have been “visiting” for years. Yes, the republic is hospitable, Kabardians, Balkars and Russians are tolerant of other nationalities and cultures in their relations. They are always ready to help those who need help and support, if there is a real need for it. Therefore, the KBR has become multinational since the days of tsarism. But the scope of hospitality and support cannot be unlimited at all times. This is evidenced by the events in the Fergana Valley in 1989 and in the Krasnodar Territory in the 1990s.

Today, Meskhetian Turks live in almost all the plains and in the city of Nalchik. In the Urvan region - in such rural settlements as Psykod, Shitkhala, Marzokh, Chernaya Rechka and the city of Narkala; in the Prokhladnensky district - in the villages of Proletarskoye, Vinogradnoye, Ulyanovskoye, Progress, Krasnoselskoye, Stepnoye, Gvardeyskoye, Dalny; in the Maisky district - in the villages of Slavyanskoye, Krasnaya Polyana, Zarechnoye, Pravourvanskoye, Kabardinka, Kaldrasinskoye, Sarsky, Novo-Kursky, Novo-Ivanovskoye; in the Tersky district - in the villages of Novaya Balkaria, Krasnoarmeiskoye, Experienced, Kuyan; in the Chegemsky district - in the villages of Nartan, Chegem-2; in the Leskensky district - in the village of Eroko, and Lesken-2. As one of the labor veterans from the Maisky district noted, the Turks, as hereditary farmers, purposefully settled in the KBR in places where the most fertile lands are located.

The largest number of Meskhetian Turks are in the Prokhladnensky, Maisky and Urvan regions. According to the 2010 census in the Prokhladnensky district in the village of Dalny, out of 960 inhabitants, 209 (22%) are Meskhetian Turks, in the village of Proletarsky, out of 2,394 inhabitants, 586 (24.4%) are Meskhetian Turks, in the village Ulyanovsk, out of 1,444 inhabitants, 767 (57%) are Meskhetian Turks, etc. Quite a large number of recent migrants live in Prokhladny, the district center itself. The intensity of migration in the Prokhladnensky district is evidenced by the fact that 185 people arrived here in 2009, 360 in 2010, 730 in 2011, 254 in 2015, 285 in 2016, and 285 in 2017. m - 269.

According to official figures, an average of 60 people of Turkish origin arrive in the area every year. In total, more than 5 thousand Meskhetian Turks live here. This shows that in this area the number of migrants is growing at a very rapid pace, but even more of the Russian population leaves, on average from 250 to 300-330 people a year.

In the Maisky district, in the above-mentioned villages, from 5-6 to 20-25 Turkish families (yards) live in each. They even settled in villages and individual houses under railway stations, which used to be inhabited exclusively by Russian families. Here their total number reaches more than 4 thousand people. In 2017, the number of Turks who arrived in the Maisky district is 82 people, while 232 Russians left it. This despite the fact that in this area by the end of 2017 there were 5,099 unemployed. There are no industrial enterprises operating here anymore. The social well-being of the Russian population, as in the Prokhladnensky district, is deteriorating catastrophically every year.

By the way, civil society institutions are poorly developed in Prokhladnensky and Maisky districts. There are no active public organizations defending the socio-economic interests of their population. The activities of all kinds of councils under municipal authorities are not very effective. And the more organized Cossacks are occupied only with their corporate (economic and class) interests. Local self-government bodies of the rural level with their meager budgets are so helpless, as in other regions of the republic, that they cannot significantly influence the situation. Therefore, in the context of the deindustrialization of regional centers and the republic as a whole, Russians, unable to compete with migrants for vital resources in the agricultural sector of the economy and trade, leave for other Russian regions in search of work by profession in the field of industrial production. The Turks were not able to compete not only with the Russians, but also with the Koreans, whose labor has long been in demand in the Prokhladnensky, Maisky and Urvan regions. Therefore, their departure from these areas has also become a significant event in recent years (see the table on page 7 of this article).

According to the last census, 3,690 Turks lived in the Urvan region. Today there are even more of them. In the Kabardian village of Psykod alone, out of 380 households (1,824 people), 230 households (1,100 people) are Turks (about 70%).

The birth rate ratio between Kabardians and Turks in this village is 1:5. Every year, Kabardians celebrate 3-4 weddings in this village, while the Turks - 40-42. According to 2010 data, 238 students studied at the local school (now there are more), of which the Turks make up more than 70%.

And in the regional center, in Nartkal, there is preschool institutions, where in separate groups the children of the Meskhetian Turks make up 40-50%. In 2012, the administration of the village. Psykod allocated 4 plots of land to the villagers for individual construction. They went to the Turks, although the urgently needy indigenous people were in line. Under such conditions, it is not surprising that migrants assimilate indigenous people and not vice versa, as is usually the case in life.

According to experts, there are quite a lot of migrants in the republic who do not have a residence permit and registration. In general, the registration of Meskhetian Turks is complicated by the fact that before the 2002 census they were not counted as Meskhetian Turks, since they were recorded as Azerbaijanis and Georgians. Only during the 2002 census, due to the fact that ethnicity was taken into account by self-consciousness, did such an ethnic group as the Meskhetian Turks appear. For the past few years, Meskhetian Turks have preferred to identify themselves simply as Turks. Therefore, today we have information only about those who have a permanent residence permit and call themselves Turks. And the transformation in their ethnic self-name is connected with the political situation abroad. To receive financial support from Turkey, it is more convenient to be just Turks. By the way, Turkey is ready to accept on preferential terms all Turks from all over the world, including from Russia, as ethnically close in origin. According to Internet sites, tens of thousands of Turks returned to their historical homeland from the Krasnodar Territory, Ukraine, America and various regions of Russia, who are provided civil rights as immigrants, good-quality apartments in special new buildings.

In the KBR, the trend of a massive outflow of Russians, Kabardians and Balkars to Russian cities and regions and a fairly large influx of Turks and Gypsies.

In general, the population of the KBR has decreased by 21,610 people over the 7 years since the 2010 census. Only migrants of Turkish nationality are in the black. We focus on these indicators for the following, in our opinion, important reasons: First of all, this process becomes irreversible, which may eventually lead to a noticeable imbalance between indigenous people and migrants. Exceeding the threshold, that is, the optimal ratio between the number of migrants and the subject-forming ethnic groups, threatens to significantly worsen the social well-being of the indigenous population. Secondly, the high outflow of young people and the productive population has already begun to lead to deformation in the age structure of local residents. That is, the population of the republic is aging (in 2018, at a regular meeting of the KBR Parliament, it was said that “every year our republic is aging by a year and a half”), the birth rate is decreasing. In January-September 2017, compared with the year before last, the number of births in the whole country decreased by 10.5%. In some areas even more. Over time, it may become that there will be more pensioners than workers. Thirdly, decreases intellectual level population of the republic, as the most educated and active part of the population is leaving. A significant part of young people after graduation prestigious universities country, as a rule, does not return due to the fact that there is no opportunity to find a job in the republic. In their place comes to us, as a rule, illiterate (who do not even know the Russian language) and unskilled population. This leads to the accumulation in the republic as a whole of a poorly educated part of the youth and an unclaimed amount of labor force. Fourth, in the conditions of labor surplus of the republic, an uncontrolled influx of migrants to us in any case is not profitable. The fact is that the labor of migrants is used mainly in agricultural production, on sublease lands and in seasonal work. Therefore, they do not become taxpayers; they pay only the main tenants, i.e., local oligarchs, for the use of land. From them, the republic (state) does not receive deductions either to the tax service or to the pension fund, etc. But at the same time, they enjoy all the social benefits of society and over time replenish, like all other citizens of the country, the number of pensioners by age. Thus, Kabardino-Balkaria is actively involved in creating a "hole" in the country's pension fund.

Among other factors that affect the social well-being of the indigenous population, especially Russian, in connection with the migration processes in the Prokhladnensky, Maysky and Urvansky districts, experts name: a rise in prices in the real estate market, tension in the labor and trade markets, an increase in corruption, etc. They also believe that compared to previous years, religious extremism has become one of the factors of public security.

Recently, conflicts between youth groups of migrants and local residents have also become more frequent at the household level. So far, of a similar nature conflict situations manages to extinguish local authorities law and order, without giving them wide publicity. But there is a danger of occurrence in the future of other socially dangerous (resonant) events.

The local residents of the above areas have a strong opinion that the Turks are successfully solving all life issues, including land, places in markets and children's institutions, registration, registration of property rights and others through a corruption scheme. Therefore, in the competition for vital resources, the Turks are in better conditions than the locals. This is also one of the reasons why the Russians are leaving the republic. To keep them, the measures taken by the local authorities are insufficient. And the structures at the federal level seem to be looking at this problem according to the principle “the worse, the better”, while accusing the indigenous people of squeezing ethnic Russians out of the republic.

F .BUT. Kalmykov, Ph.D., member of the Public Chamber of the KBR, especially for Caucasus Time s

The following table shows how the demographic situation in the KBR is changing as a result of migration processes:

Information on external migration of the population in the KBR for 2011-2017.

(excluding those who left and arrived from the countries of the near and far abroad)

By nationality	2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		Within 7 years
By nationality	Select	prib	Select	prib	Select	prib	Select	prib	Select	prib	Select	prib	Select	prib	Select	prib	—	+
Russians	3176	2374	4181	1078	3847	1294	3262	1110	2946	947	2799	1079	2415	1200	12644	9082	3562
Kabardians	876	471	1034	431	1181	319	1006	431	998	380	1030	418	1014	483	7109	2933	4176
Balkars	293	193	265	120	319	103	213	94	231	110	219	111	160	87	1700	818	882
Turks	116	229	128	180	112	112	128	202	148	193	124	192	112	237	868	1355		487
Koreans	159	32	96	52	131	39	56	44	137	53	131	58	87	58	896	336	560
other nationalities															13929	1484	12545

19,7 ↘ 19,1 ↗ 20,6 ↗ 22,0 ↘ 19,9 ↘ 13,7 ↘ 13,0 ↘ 12,7 ↘ 12,6 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 ↘ 11,6 ↗ 11,6 ↘ 11,3 ↗ 11,6 ↘ 10,3 ↗ 10,5 ↘ 10,0 ↗ 10,4 ↗ 12,8 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ↗ 13,5 ↗ 13,6 ↗ 14,6 ↗ 14,9 ↗ 15,9 ↘ 15,5 ↗ 15,7

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
6,6	↗ 7,3	↗ 8,0	↗ 8,1	↗ 8,5	↗ 10,4	↗ 10,4	↘ 10,1	↗ 10,4

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗ 10,5	↗ 11,1	↗ 11,1	↗ 11,4	↘ 10,2	↘ 9,7	↗ 10,1	↘ 9,8	↘ 9,5

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↘ 9,1	↗ 9,4	↗ 9,4	↗ 9,4	↘ 8,9	↗ 8,9	↘ 8,8

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
13,1	↘ 11,8	↗ 12,6	↗ 13,9	↘ 11,4	↘ 3,3	↘ 2,6	↗ 2,6	↘ 2,2

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 1,1	↘ 0,5	↘ 0,2	↗ 0,2	↘ 0,1	↗ 0,8	↘ -0,1	↗ 0,6	↗ 3,3

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 4,4	↘ 4,2	↗ 5,2	↗ 5,5	↗ 7,0	↘ 6,6	↗ 6,9

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
71,0	↘ 70,5	↗ 70,6	↘ 68,9	↘ 68,7	↗ 68,8	↗ 68,8	↗ 69,6	↘ 69,5

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 69,2	↘ 69,1	↗ 69,2	↘ 69,1	↘ 68,8	↗ 69,8	↘ 69,3	↗ 70,1	↗ 71,2

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗ 72,5	↘ 72,1	↗ 72,1	↗ 72,4	↗ 73,3	↗ 73,7

Population density

Population density - 69.15 people / km 2 (2016). According to this indicator, the republic ranks 10th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. But the population in the republic is distributed unevenly. So above 2500 meters there is no permanent population, and the majority of the population of the subject lives in the foothill and plain zones of the republic.

National composition

	1959 people	%	1989 people	%	2002 people	% from Total	% from indicating- shih national nal- ness	2010 people	% from Total	% from indicating- shih national nal- ness
Total	420115	100,00 %	↗ 753531	100,00 %	↗ 901494	100,00 %		↘ 859939	100,00 %
Kabardians	190284	45,29 %	↗ 363494	48,24 %	↗ 498702	55,32 %	55,32 %	↘ 490453	57,03 %	57,18 %
Russians	162586	38,70 %	↗ 240750	31,95 %	↘ 226620	25,14 %	25,14 %	↘ 193155	22,55 %	22,49 %
Balkars	34088	8,11 %	↗ 70793	9,39 %	↗ 104651	11,61 %	11,61 %	↗ 108577	12,63 %	12,66 %
Turks		0,00 %	4162	0,55 %	↗ 8770	0,97 %	0,97 %	↗ 13965	1,62 %	1,63 %
Ossetians	6442	1,53 %	↗ 9996	1,33 %	↘ 9845	1,09 %	1,09 %	↘ 9129	1,06 %	1,06 %
Armenians	1421	0,34 %	↗ 3512	0,47 %	↗ 5342	0,59 %	0,59 %	↘ 5002	0,58 %	0,58 %
Ukrainians	8400	2,00 %	↗ 12826	1,70 %	↘ 7592	0,84 %	0,84 %	↘ 4800	0,56 %	0,56 %
Koreans	1798	0,43 %	↗ 4983	0,66 %	↘ 4722	0,52 %	0,52 %	↘ 4034	0,47 %	0,47 %
gypsies	416	0,10 %	2442	0,32 %	2357	0,26 %	0,26 %	2874	0,33 %	0,34 %
Circassians	166	0,04 %	614	0,08 %	725	0,08 %	0,08 %	2475	0,29 %	0,29 %
Tatars	1608	0,38 %	3005	0,40 %	2851	0,32 %	0,32 %	2375	0,28 %	0,28 %
Azerbaijanis	257	0,06 %	2024	0,27 %	2281	0,25 %	0,25 %	2063	0,24 %	0,24 %
Chechens		0,00 %	736	0,10 %	4241	0,47 %	0,47 %	1965	0,23 %	0,23 %
Georgians	1486	0,35 %	2090	0,28 %	1731	0,19 %	0,19 %	1545	0,18 %	0,18 %
Laks	481	0,11 %	1587	0,21 %	1800	0,20 %	0,20 %	1462	0,17 %	0,17 %
Germans	903	0,21 %	8569	1,14 %	2525	0,28 %	0,28 %	1462	0,17 %	0,17 %
Ingush	84	0,02 %	664	0,09 %	1236	0,14 %	0,14 %	1271	0,15 %	0,15 %
Karachays	420	0,10 %	1202	0,16 %	1273	0,14 %	0,14 %	1028	0,12 %	0,12 %
Jews	1310	0,31 %	1726	0,23 %	1088	0,12 %	0,12 %	835	0,10 %	0,10 %
Lezgins		0,00 %	855	0,11 %	867	0,10 %	0,10 %	767	0,09 %	0,09 %
Kumyks	213	0,05 %	624	0,08 %	713	0,08 %	0,08 %	699	0,08 %	0,08 %
Belarusians	953	0,23 %	2022	0,27 %	1194	0,13 %	0,13 %	696	0,08 %	0,08 %
Adyghe	207	0,05 %	828	0,11 %	584	0,06 %	0,06 %	524	0,06 %	0,06 %
Uzbeks		0,00 %	424	0,06 %	290	0,03 %	0,03 %	451	0,05 %	0,05 %
Dargins	178	0,04 %	535	0,07 %	504	0,06 %	0,06 %	438	0,05 %	0,05 %
Avars	196	0,05 %	480	0,06 %	386	0,04 %	0,04 %	425	0,05 %	0,05 %
Abaza	103	0,02 %	468	0,06 %	514	0,06 %	0,06 %	418	0,05 %	0,05 %
Persians	217	0,05 %	485	0,06 %	511	0,06 %	0,06 %	418	0,05 %	0,05 %
Kurds		0,00 %	143	0,02 %	301	0,03 %	0,03 %	321	0,04 %	0,04 %
Nogais	384	0,09 %	501	0,07 %	409	0,05 %	0,05 %	289	0,03 %	0,03 %
Mordva	305	0,07 %	727	0,10 %	490	0,05 %	0,05 %	282	0,03 %	0,03 %
other	5199	1,24 %	10264	1,36 %	6364	0,71 %	0,71 %	46602	5,42 %	5,43 %
indicated nationality	420105	100,00 %	753531	100,00 %	901479	100,00 %	100,00 %	857670	99,74 %	100,00 %
did not indicate nationality	10	0,00 %	0	0,00 %	15	0,00 %		2269	0,26 %

Settlements

Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people

Tyrnyauz	↗ 20 551
Dygulybgey	↗ 20 387
Terek	↘ 19 426
Chegem	↗ 17 957
Nartan	↗ 12 813

General Map

Map legend (when you hover over the label, the real population is displayed):

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Notes

. Retrieved March 27, 2016. .
. Retrieved February 7, 2015. .
. Retrieved October 10, 2013. .
. Retrieved October 14, 2013. .
demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus79_reg1.php All-Union Population Census 1979
. Retrieved June 28, 2016. .
. .
www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=31557 Permanent population as of January 1 (people) 1990-2013
. .
. Retrieved September 21, 2014. .
. Retrieved May 31, 2014. .
. Retrieved November 16, 2013. .
. Retrieved April 13, 2014. .
. Retrieved August 6, 2015. .
:
:
www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/bul_dr/mun_obr2016.rar Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016

Population of subjects of the Russian Federation

Republic

The edges

Areas

Cities of federal significance

Autonomous region

An excerpt characterizing the population of Kabardino-Balkaria

Before sunrise, he was awakened by loud, frequent shots and screams. The French ran past Pierre.
- Les cosaques! [Cossacks!] - shouted one of them, and a minute later a crowd of Russian faces surrounded Pierre.
For a long time Pierre could not understand what happened to him. From all sides he heard the cries of joy of his comrades.
- Brothers! My darlings, doves! - crying, shouted the old soldiers, hugging the Cossacks and hussars. Hussars and Cossacks surrounded the prisoners and hurriedly offered some dresses, some boots, some bread. Pierre sobbed, sitting in the middle of them, and could not utter a word; he embraced the first soldier who approached him and, weeping, kissed him.
Dolokhov stood at the gates of a ruined house, letting a crowd of disarmed French pass him by. The French, excited by everything that had happened, spoke loudly among themselves; but when they passed Dolokhov, who lightly lashed his boots with a whip and looked at them with his cold, glassy look, promising nothing good, their speech fell silent. On the other side stood the Cossack Dolokhova and counted the prisoners, marking hundreds with a line of chalk on the gate.
- How much? Dolokhov asked the Cossack, who was counting the prisoners.
“On the second hundred,” answered the Cossack.
- Filez, filez, [Come in, come in.] - Dolokhov said, having learned this expression from the French, and, meeting the eyes of the passing prisoners, his eyes flashed with a cruel brilliance.
Denisov, with a gloomy face, took off his hat, walked behind the Cossacks, who were carrying the body of Petya Rostov to a hole dug in the garden.

Since October 28, when frosts began, the flight of the French only acquired the more tragic character of people freezing and roasting to death at the fires and continuing to ride in fur coats and carriages with the loot of the emperor, kings and dukes; but in essence the process of flight and disintegration of the French army has not changed at all since the departure from Moscow.
From Moscow to Vyazma, out of the seventy-three thousand French army, not counting the guards (who did nothing during the whole war except robbery), out of seventy-three thousand, thirty-six thousand remained (out of this number, no more than five thousand dropped out in battles). Here is the first member of the progression, which mathematically correctly determines the subsequent ones.
The French army was melting and destroyed in the same proportion from Moscow to Vyazma, from Vyazma to Smolensk, from Smolensk to Berezina, from Berezina to Vilna, regardless of a greater or lesser degree of cold, persecution, blocking the path and all other conditions taken separately. After Vyazma, the French troops, instead of three columns, huddled together and so went to the end. Berthier wrote to his sovereign (it is known how remotely from the truth the chiefs allow themselves to describe the state of the army). He wrote:
“Je crois devoir faire connaitre a Votre Majeste l"etat de ses troupes dans les differents corps d"annee que j"ai ete a meme d"observer depuis deux ou trois jours dans differents passages. Elles sont presque debandees. Le nombre des soldats qui suivent les drapeaux est en proportion du quart au plus dans presque tous les regiments, les autres marchent isolement dans differentes directions et pour leur compte, dans l "esperance de trouver des subsistances et pour se debarrasser de la discipline. En general ils regardent Smolensk comme le point ou ils doivent se refaire. Ces derniers jours on a remarque que beaucoup de soldats jettent leurs cartouches et leurs armes. Dans cet etat de choses, l "interet du service de Votre Majeste exige, quelles que soient ses vues ulterieures qu "on rallie l" armee a Smolensk en commencant a la debarrasser des non combattans, tels que hommes demontes et des bagages inutiles et du materiel de l "artillerie qui n" est plus en proportion avec les forces actuelles. En outre les jours de repos, des subsistances sont necessaires aux soldats qui sont extenues par la faim et la fatigue; beaucoup sont morts ces derniers jours sur la route et dans les bivacs. Cet etat de choses va toujours en augmentant et donne lieu de craindre que si l "on n" y prete un prompt remede, on ne soit plus maitre des troupes dans un combat. Le 9 November, a 30 verstes de Smolensk.
[It takes me a long time to report to Your Majesty about the condition of the corps that I examined on the march in the last three days. They are almost in complete disarray. Only a quarter of the soldiers remain with the banners, the rest go on their own in different directions, trying to find food and get rid of the service. Everyone thinks only of Smolensk, where they hope to have a rest. In recent days, many soldiers have abandoned their cartridges and guns. Whatever your further intentions, but the benefit of Your Majesty's service requires collecting corps in Smolensk and separating from them dismounted cavalrymen, unarmed, extra carts and part of the artillery, because now it is not in proportion to the number of troops. Need food and a few days of rest; the soldiers are exhausted by hunger and fatigue; in recent days many have died on the road and in the bivouacs. This calamity is incessantly increasing, and makes one fear that, unless swift measures are taken to prevent evil, we shall soon have no troops in our power in the event of a battle. November 9, 30 versts from Smolenka.]
Having burst into Smolensk, which seemed to them the promised land, the French killed each other for provisions, robbed their own shops and, when everything was looted, they ran on.
Everyone was walking, not knowing where and why they were going. Even less than others, the genius of Napoleon knew this, since no one ordered him. But all the same, he and those around him observed their old habits: orders, letters, reports, ordre du jour [daily routine] were written; called each other:
“Sire, Mon Cousin, Prince d" Ekmuhl, roi de Naples "[Your Majesty, my brother, Prince Ekmul, King of Naples.], etc. But the orders and reports were only on paper, nothing was executed on them, because which could not be done, and despite calling each other majesties, highnesses and cousins, they all felt that they were miserable and nasty people who had done a lot of evil, for which they now had to pay. as if they were taking care of the army, they only thought about themselves and about how to leave as soon as possible and be saved.

The actions of the Russian and French troops during the return campaign from Moscow to the Neman are like a game of blind man's blindfold, when two players are blindfolded and one occasionally rings a bell to notify the catcher of himself. At first, the one who is caught calls without fear of the enemy, but when he has a bad time, he, trying to walk silently, runs away from his enemy and often, thinking to run away, goes straight into his hands.
At first, the Napoleonic troops still made themselves felt - this was during the first period of movement along the Kaluga road, but then, having got out onto the Smolensk road, they ran, pressing the bell tongue with their hands, and often, thinking that they were leaving, they ran right into the Russians.
With the speed of the French and the Russians behind them, and due to the exhaustion of the horses, the main means of approximately recognizing the position in which the enemy is located - cavalry patrols - did not exist. In addition, due to the frequent and rapid changes in the positions of both armies, information, which was, could not keep up in time. If on the second day the news came that the enemy army was there on the first day, then on the third day, when something could be done, this army had already made two transitions and was in a completely different position.
One army fled, the other caught up. From Smolensk, the French had a lot various roads; and, it would seem, here, after standing for four days, the French could find out where the enemy was, figure out something profitable and undertake something new. But after a four-day halt, the crowd of them again ran not to the right, not to the left, but, without any maneuvers and considerations, along the old, worse road, to Krasnoe and Orsha - along the broken trail.
Expecting the enemy from behind, and not in front, the French fled, stretched out and separated from each other for twenty-four hours. The emperor ran ahead of them all, then the kings, then the dukes. The Russian army, thinking that Napoleon would take to the right beyond the Dnieper, which was the only reasonable thing, also leaned to the right and entered the high road to Krasnoye. And then, as in a game of hide and seek, the French stumbled upon our vanguard. Suddenly seeing the enemy, the French mixed up, stopped from the unexpectedness of fright, but then ran again, leaving behind their comrades who were following. Here, as if through the formation of Russian troops, three days passed, one after the other, separate parts of the French, first the Viceroy, then Davout, then Ney. All of them abandoned each other, abandoned all their burdens, artillery, half of the people and ran away, only at night bypassing the Russians on the right in semicircles.
Ney, who was the last to go (because, despite their unfortunate situation, or precisely because of it, they wanted to beat the floor that hurt them, he took up blasting the walls of Smolensk that did not interfere with anyone), - the last one, Ney, with his ten thousandth corps, ran to Orsha to Napoleon with only a thousand people, leaving all the people and all the guns and at night, stealthily, making his way through the forest through the Dnieper.
From Orsha they ran further along the road to Vilna, just like playing hide and seek with the pursuing army. On the Berezina they again got mixed up, many drowned, many surrendered, but those who crossed the river ran on. Their chief commander put on a fur coat and, sitting in a sleigh, galloped off alone, leaving his comrades behind. Those who could - left too, those who could not - surrendered or died.

It would seem that in this campaign of the flight of the French, when they did everything that was possible to destroy themselves; when there was not the slightest sense in any movement of this crowd, from the turn to the Kaluga road to the flight of the chief from the army, it would seem that during this period of the campaign it is already impossible for historians who attribute the actions of the masses to the will of one person to describe this retreat in their meaning. But no. Mountains of books have been written by historians about this campaign, and everywhere Napoleon's orders and his thoughtful plans are described - the maneuvers that led the army, and the brilliant orders of his marshals.
Retreat from Maloyaroslavets when they give him a road to a rich land and when that parallel road is open to him, along which Kutuzov later pursued him, an unnecessary retreat along a ruined road is explained to us for various profound reasons. For the same profound reasons, his retreat from Smolensk to Orsha is described. Then his heroism at Krasny is described, where he is allegedly preparing to accept the battle and command himself, and walks with a birch stick and says:
- J "ai assez fait l" Empereur, il est temps de faire le general, [I've already represented the emperor enough, now it's time to be a general.] - and, despite the fact, immediately after that he runs further, leaving scattered parts of the army behind.
Then they describe to us the greatness of the soul of the marshals, especially Ney, the greatness of the soul, consisting in the fact that at night he made his way through the forest around the Dnieper and without banners and artillery and without nine-tenths of the troops ran to Orsha.
And, finally, the last departure of the great emperor from the heroic army is presented to us by historians as something great and brilliant. Even this last act of flight, in human language called the last degree of meanness, which every child learns to be ashamed of, and this act in the language of historians is justified.
When it is no longer possible to stretch further such elastic threads of historical reasoning, when the action is already clearly contrary to what all mankind calls good and even justice, historians have a saving concept of greatness. Greatness seems to exclude the possibility of a measure of good and bad. For the great - there is no bad. There is no horror that can be blamed on one who is great.
- "C" est grand! [This is majestic!] - say historians, and then there is no good or bad, but there is "grand" and "not grand". Grand is good, not grand is bad. Grand is a property, according to their concepts, of some special animals, which they call heroes. And Napoleon, getting home in a warm coat from not only dying comrades, but (in his opinion) people brought here by him, feels que c "est grand, and his soul is at peace.
“Du sublime (he sees something sublime in himself) au ridicule il n "y a qu" un pas, ”he says. And the whole world repeats for fifty years: “Sublime! Grand! Napoleon le grand! Du sublime au ridicule il n "y a qu" un pas. [majestic... There is only one step from majestic to ridiculous... Majestic! Great! Great Napoleon! From majestic to ridiculous, only a step.]
And it would never occur to anyone that the recognition of greatness, immeasurable by the measure of good and bad, is only the recognition of one's insignificance and immeasurable smallness.
For us, with the measure of good and bad given to us by Christ, there is nothing immeasurable. And there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.

Which of the Russian people, reading the descriptions of the last period of the 1812 campaign, did not experience a heavy feeling of annoyance, dissatisfaction and ambiguity. Who did not ask themselves questions: how they did not take away, did not destroy all the French, when all three armies surrounded them in superior numbers, when the frustrated French, starving and freezing, surrendered in droves, and when (as history tells us) the goal of the Russians was precisely that, to stop, cut off and take prisoner all the French.
How then Russian army, which, weaker in number of the French, gave battle of Borodino How did this army, which surrounded the French on three sides and had the goal of taking them away, not achieve its goal? Do the French really have such a huge advantage over us that we, having surrounded them with superior forces, could not beat them? How could this happen?
History (the one that is called by this word), answering these questions, says that this happened because Kutuzov, and Tormasov, and Chichagov, and that one, and that one did not make such and such maneuvers.
But why didn't they do all these maneuvers? Why, if they were to blame for the fact that the intended goal was not achieved, why were they not tried and executed? But even if we admit that Kutuzov and Chichagov, etc., were to blame for the failure of the Russians, it is still impossible to understand why, even in the conditions in which the Russian troops were near Krasnoye and near the Berezina (in both cases, the Russians were in excellent forces), why was the French army not taken prisoner with marshals, kings and emperors, when this was the goal of the Russians?
The explanation of this strange phenomenon by the fact (as Russian military historians do) that Kutuzov prevented the attack is unfounded, because we know that Kutuzov's will could not keep the troops from attacking at Vyazma and Tarutino.
Why was the Russian army, which with the weakest forces defeated the enemy in all its strength near Borodino, near Krasnoye and the Berezina in superior strength, was defeated by the frustrated crowds of the French?
If the goal of the Russians was to cut off and capture Napoleon and the marshals, and this goal was not only not achieved, and all attempts to achieve this goal were destroyed every time in the most shameful way, then the last period of the campaign is quite rightly presented by the French side by side victories and is completely unfairly presented by Russian historians as victorious.
Russian military historians, as much as logic is obligatory for them, involuntarily come to this conclusion and, despite lyrical appeals about courage and devotion, etc., must involuntarily admit that the French retreat from Moscow is a series of Napoleon's victories and Kutuzov's defeats.
But, leaving the people's pride completely aside, one feels that this conclusion in itself contains a contradiction, since a series of French victories led them to complete annihilation, and a series of Russian defeats led them to the complete annihilation of the enemy and the purification of their fatherland.
The source of this contradiction lies in the fact that historians who study events from the letters of sovereigns and generals, from reports, reports, plans, etc., have assumed a false, never existing goal of the last period of the war of 1812 - a goal that allegedly consisted in was to cut off and capture Napoleon with his marshals and army.
This goal has never been and could not be, because it had no meaning, and its achievement was completely impossible.
This goal did not make any sense, firstly, because Napoleon's frustrated army fled from Russia with all possible speed, that is, it fulfilled the very thing that every Russian could wish for. What was the purpose of doing various operations on the French, who were running as fast as they could?
Secondly, it was pointless to stand in the way of people who had directed all their energy to flee.
Thirdly, it was pointless to lose their troops to destroy the French armies, which were being destroyed without external causes in such a progression that, without any blocking of the path, they could not transport more than what they transferred in the month of December, that is, one hundredth of the entire army, across the border.
Fourthly, it was pointless to want to capture the emperor, kings, dukes - people whose captivity would have made the actions of the Russians extremely difficult, as the most skillful diplomats of that time (J. Maistre and others) recognized. Even more senseless was the desire to take the French corps, when their troops melted half to the Red, and the divisions of the convoy had to be separated from the corps of prisoners, and when their soldiers did not always receive full provisions and the prisoners already taken were dying of hunger.
The whole thoughtful plan to cut off and catch Napoleon with the army was similar to the plan of a gardener who, driving the cattle that had trampled his ridges out of the garden, would run to the gate and begin to beat this cattle on the head. One thing that could be said in defense of the gardener would be that he was very angry. But this could not even be said about the compilers of the project, because it was not they who suffered from the trampled ridges.
But besides the fact that cutting off Napoleon with the army was pointless, it was impossible.
It was impossible, firstly, because, since experience shows that the movement of columns for five miles in one battle never coincides with plans, the probability that Chichagov, Kutuzov and Wittgenstein converged on time at the appointed place was so negligible that it was equal to impossibility, as Kutuzov thought, even when he received the plan, he said that sabotage over long distances did not bring the desired results.
Secondly, it was impossible because, in order to paralyze the force of inertia with which Napoleon's army was moving back, it was necessary without comparison to have larger troops than those that the Russians had.
Thirdly, it was impossible because the military word to cut off does not make any sense. You can cut off a piece of bread, but not an army. It is absolutely impossible to cut off the army - to block its way, because there are always a lot of places around where you can get around, and there is a night during which nothing is visible, which military scientists could be convinced of even from the examples of Krasnoy and Berezina. It is impossible to take prisoner without the one being taken prisoner not agreeing to it, just as it is impossible to catch a swallow, although you can take it when it sits on your hand. You can capture someone who surrenders, like the Germans, according to the rules of strategy and tactics. But the French troops quite rightly did not find this convenient, since the same starvation and cold death awaited them on the run and in captivity.