Lesson topic:"Russian names on the world map"
Lesson form: school lecture
Explanatory note
Every person constantly encounters geographical names. "It's impossible to imagine life modern society without geographical names, - writes a well-known specialist in the field of toponymy E. M. Murzaev. They are everywhere and all the time. Everything on earth has its address, and this address begins with the place of birth of a person. His native village, the street on which he lives, the city, the country - everything has its own names.
- Look at the geographical map, it is all dotted with the names of countries, seas, islands, rivers, lakes, cities, villages. All geographical names have their own meaning. Behind every word are amazing stories, often legends, and sometimes curiosities. It is believed that there are seven wonders of the world. But it seems to me that an ordinary geographical map should be recognized as the legitimate eighth wonder of the world.
First of all, any card is simply beautiful.
Secondly, she always excites, excites the imagination, calls to distant lands and seas.
Thirdly, the map is a powerful tool of knowledge, visibly creating a game of colors, conventional signs, contours, the nature of a particular area, at the same time characterizing its economic development, its degree of population, the level of study. But among the advantages of any geographical map, there is one, perhaps the most serious one: the map is humane, it has incorporated a thousand-year history of people, and pioneers (they are pioneers), and thoughts, and heroes - in general, the most worthy representatives of the human race who have the right name on the map - this says a lot, it is evidence of respect, love, recognition of merit. On the maps different countries we read Russian names and words transmitted in Latin letters - in the Arctic and Antarctica, in America and Oceania on star and lunar maps.
Task lesson to talk about Russian names on the world map.
Goals:
- The development of cognitive activity through the study of the appearance of Russian names on the world map.
- Consolidation of the studied material in the work with the map.
The first idea of Russian names on the world map.
Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian pioneers - explorers and sailors. Boats, schooners, ships of brave Russian sailors passed the Arctic Ocean, the Great, or the Pacific Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the mountain ranges of the Pamirs, Altai, were the first to map the coasts North America. Their path is not always marked by Russian names, since the first explorers sought to preserve local names, if they already existed. Part of the Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually carried out by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. Even a cursory glance at the map of the world, at the dotted line of Russian words, will allow us to present a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and later sad migrations in search of a better life.
The ancient Slavs of Kievan Rus paved the famous path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" - from the Baltic Sea to the Black. Afanasy Nikitin went "over three seas". The name of the legendary Sadko, who sailed on boats to distant lands, has also been preserved in the memory of the people. The descendants of the Novgorodians - Russian Pomors - already in the 15th century knew the northern seas - the White and Barents Seas. And here on the map of the North we find names - Starostin Cape, Dezhnev Cape, Bering Strait, Chelyuskin Cape, Laptev Sea.
Ivan Starostin lived settled on Grumant (this is the old name of the island of Svalbard), his ancestors had known this island since 1426. Bold Pomors swam for walrus tusks and bacon; by the 16th century, about 3,200 miles of polar regions were described in sailing directions. This story of the discovery and development of the northern seas is behind the name Starostin, but the name itself, like the Russian flag, is on the map. Cape Dezhnev. This name has recently appeared on the maps of the world. On June 26, 1648, S.I. Dezhnev, together with F.A. Popov with 90 Cossacks left the mouth of the Kolyma on seven horses. Semyon Dezhnev sets off across the Arctic Ocean and in September goes around Cape Bolshoy Kamenny Nos, as Dezhnev himself called it. So the discovery was made: Asia and America are separated by a strait. It was a great geographical discovery, but Dezhnev himself did not know this, and his report on the voyage lay in the Yakut archive for almost a hundred years. In 1664 Dezhnev visited Moscow. The royal decree is known: "For Evo, Senkin, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, turn into chieftains." And one more important piece of evidence. The world map (atlas), compiled in 1784 in Nuremberg, marks "Dezhnev Strait". And yet, Dezhnev's discovery remained in the shadows. Peter I, in order to establish the truth, sends an experienced sailor Vitus Boring. And in 1728 the strait was given the name Bering. And only in 1898, at the initiative of the Russian Geographical Society, Dezhnev was honored . Cape Big Stone Nose renamed to Cape Dezhnev. Now, at the most extreme northeastern point of our country, it stands like a flag Russian name – Dezhnev.
Shore Pronchishcheva, bay Pronchishcheva, cape Chelyuskin- these names not only mark geographical points, but can also be a symbol of fidelity, friendship and love. On the ship "Yakut", brave sailors made their way through the ice and reached the maximum northern latitude for those times (1736) (77˚29׳, taking into account imperfect instruments, it is possible even 77˚55׳). At the end of the hard way back, Vasily Proinchishchev died, and a few days later, his wife, Maria Pronichisheva, who accompanied him, also died. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Semyon Chelyuskin. Deep reverence and gratitude should awaken such names on the map of Taimyr as the coast Pronchishcheva and bay Pronchishcheva. By their labors I acquired my general form north coast map Arctic Ocean, which we see today, and which has become the property of all mankind. The memory of the heroes of the Arctic is imprinted in the names of the Laptev brothers - Strait Dmitry Laptev, shore Khariton Laptev (work on the contour map to apply and sign these geographic features).
Russian names and notable historical events.
At the beginning of the 20th century, an expedition of two ships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" made a new geographical discovery - discovered an unknown land. On September 4, 1913, the Russian flag was raised among the ice. And only in 1930, a new expedition on the ship "Sedov" explores an unknown land. The name appears on the map - the archipelago Severnaya Zemlya from four islands: October Revolution, Bolshevik, Komsomolets, Pioneer. These names, which appeared beyond the Arctic Circle, reflected new life countries. The proper names of the discovered and explored lands became the keywords of our Soviet era - words that characterized our time, our social achievements, new relationships between generations of fathers and children.
There are names of a different kind, affirming new ideas and achievements. Soviet Union. This is the ridge Marx and Engels, mountain peaks - peaks Lenin, Voroshilov, Kalinin, Kirov and, finally, the peak opened in 1943 victories as a sign of victory over fascism, how to remember the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 (work on a contour map)
In the waters of the southern part Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean a number of Russian names - the names of the islands mark the path of the Russian ships Mirny and Vostok, which explored these waters for the first time. These are the islands Annenkov, Leskov, Zavadovsky, Vostochny, Middle, Western, Mikhailov, East, Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, Island PetraI and finally the beach Alexandra. It is the shore Alexandra, named after the Russian Tsar, according to the tradition that existed then, was the desired land - Antarctica. The successful expedition lasted from July 1819 to February 1821, led by F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lavrov. In memory of this voyage, later the southeastern part of the Great, or Pacific, Ocean was called the sea. Bellingshausen.
Now Antarctica has become a base for scientists around the world. scientific, research reached a special rise in the International Geographical Soviet stations, conducting scientific research, are named in memory of the discoverers of Antarctica - the Russian expedition - by the names of the ships "Mirny" and "Vostok". They also receive a new understanding, echoing the aspirations of all modern mankind - the name of the Russian ship "Mirny" turned out to be a symbol coming from ancient times and characterizing the aspirations of Russian and Soviet scientists. Let's pay attention to one more phenomenon connected with proper names on the map. We see names given in honor of a certain specific person. Compare: “This island in the south latitude 54˚51׳, west longitude 37˚13׳ I called the island Annenkov in honor of the second lieutenant on the Mirny sloop, ”the expedition leader Bellingshausen wrote in his diary on December 5, 1819. This was the first geographical discovery of the Russians on the way to Antarctica. But now we may not even know who Annenkov is. Samo Russian sound name becomes central to the geographic name function.
Two more names sea map– strait Golovin and shore Miklukho-Maclay. In 1812, a new strait was marked on the map in the ridge of the Kuril Islands, named after the Russian captain V.M. Golovin. During a geographical expedition, Golovin was captured by the Japanese and remained in captivity from 1811 to 1813. It was the captivity of a real scientist, a Russian man, even whose captivity became a definite starting point in the history of Japan and Russia. V.M. Golovin taught the Japanese the basics of the Russian language. Note that after a visit to Nagasaki in 1853, the Russian language began to penetrate Japan, and the first Russian language textbooks for the Japanese were compiled. But the very first teacher was the captain-geographer V.M. Golovin.
N.N. was a kind of "teacher of life" for the Papuans. Miklukho Maclay. Miklukho-Maclay proved by his observations that the cultural level of any nation is not determined by its biological features, a historical development the people themselves.
Shore Miklukho-Maclay on the northeastern coast of the island of New Guinea - the memory of the years lived by the scientist among the Papuans (1871-1872) and left a grateful memory of himself. Mikuho-Maclay introduced the natives to the life and culture of a different stage of development, introduced into their everyday life words from the Russian language that expressed new concepts still unknown to the locals. We know how thoroughly and accurately the interpretation of each word denoting a particular object (knife, bottle, beads) was, how the value of an object and the meaning of its name were known (work on a contour map).
Russian names mark mountain ranges, peaks, glaciers. Read the word on the maps of different countries Przhevalsky: ridge Przhevalsky in China, island Przhevalsky on the Kuriles, cape Przhevalsky on Lake Bennet in Alaska. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky walked 33 thousand kilometers across Asia, studying ridges, deserts, animals and vegetable world. The students of Przhevalsky, the geographers of the world, inscribed his name on the map of the world, the students of the students continued this tradition of memory. So the names appeared on the map Potanin, Fedchenko, Kozlov, Pevtsov, Matusovsky, Obruchev (contour map).
Names A.P. and O.A. Fedchenko, G.N. and A.V. Potanins associated with the mountain ranges and glaciers of the Pamirs, Tien Shan and Altai. Name Fedchenko the largest glacier in the Pamirs is named, the largest branch in the glacial knot of the Mongolian Altai is named after G.N. Potanin, and its right tributary is named Alexandrin in honor and memory of his wife and constant companion Potanin - Alexandra Potanina, supplementing his research with observations on flora. These names are Fedchenko and Potanins- as if they remind of the asceticism of scientists, loyalty to science, mutual devotion. To these names it is impossible not to add the names of Ivan Dmitrievich and Marfa Pavlovna Chersky, explorers of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, Baikal, who made an unprecedented trip from Upper Kolymsk to Nizhne-Kolymsk (1891). The husband who died on the expedition was replaced by his wife and brought the conceived business to the end. Ridge Chersky in Zaboykail keeps the memory of them.
Russian names on the map of the USA and Canada.
There are about 400 on the US map, and more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names on the map of Canada. The names Russia, Russian and Russian land are not uncommon (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Illinois). The first settlers in America gave their settlements names with a transparent internal form: fort Russian. An illusion was created of the proximity of the Motherland: the fort Russian, river Slav, later renamed to Russian. Thirteen towns and localities bear the name Moscow. largest american Moscow in the state of Oidoha. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. So, St. Petersburg in the state of Florida - the opposite of a Russian city. Instead of the fogs of the “Northern Palmyra”, American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun, the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the "sunny city". No less contrast to the Black Sea Odessa is Odessa in the state of Texas. This is a city of oil fields, naked, nothing resembling the green Black Sea Odessa. Such a contrast, the lack of external similarity, especially emphasizes the meaning of the word and its national and local shades, which make up the essence of the name - geographical name.
The native name for emigrants has acquired an attractive force. This was taken into account by entrepreneurs-industrialists, naming cities and towns by names that evoked memories of the Motherland. Thus, in the wave of Ukrainians' migration to America, Florida arose Odessa, and in Arkansas, Moscow. The Pacific Railroad Company made the right calculation: the name locality will attract Russian emigrants, ensure the influx of workers.
Native names were expressions of patriotic feelings. In Michigan appeared Moscow during the Napoleonic Wars. At that time, Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.
Residents of Cactwelle Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) in 1855 renamed their city, choosing the name Odessa. That was the time Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy. There are both American and Canadian Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous settlements bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.
A special group is geographical names - the names of prominent Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian figures in the history of our state: Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Khmelnitsky etc., which are also filled with special meaning. Tolstoy is not only an outstanding writer, but also an intercessor of the people, who organized the departure of destitute peasants from tsarist Russia with funds from his literary earnings.
The names of the first settlers make us understand the history of the settlement of lands, their resilience, inexhaustible energy: Marco, Vasil, Fedor, Sadko, Anton. But time erases the concreteness of these names. From the proper names of certain persons, they turn into symbols. And here the Slavic sound of the name, a generalized national coloring, comes to the fore. But such a generalized perception of the name can contribute to forgetting the history of one's own geographical name from the own name of a particular person. The inner form wakes up in the word-name. The name is constantly being assimilated, the personal is being lost, the name is approaching a common noun, which has become a geographical name. And then there is a translation of a proper name, like a translation of a common noun. In a proper name, the etymological meaning is revived and comprehended. So, in Alaska there is a bay Morozov - Morozov Bay, now this name has been translated into English language: Cold Bay, which already means "cold bay". The name has become a household word that defines the characteristic features of the bay.
The awakening of the inner form, the movement from one's own name to a common word often erases from memory the social aspect of the name, the socio-historical meaning of the name.
There are names, although they are common nouns in origin, but the national, so-called connotative element that has developed in everyday life, developed by tradition, sounds so clearly in the meaning of the word that it makes it difficult to translate into another language, keeps the name without translation and transformation: Sadok, Babina Dolina, Khlebodarivka.
Communication with native land and reflected in the geographical name is very peculiar. Yes, name Russland -Rusland speaks of the difficult fate of the Germans, originally settlers on Russian lands, then immigrated to America, but keeping the memory of the land that sheltered their ancestors. A name that is alien to the Russian language, but exists on the territory of Russia, can also become native, or rather keeping the memory of the native land. Yes, the title Inkerman- the name is clearly not Slavic, but it was brought to America by immigrants from Russia.
Some of the names are indeed a characteristic of the new place, but given on mother tongue. These are already mentioned names. Zelena,The mountains, as well as Fertile, virgin soil, ditch. The last names already reflect the impressions received by the settlers in their new life in a new place. Here they had to raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. External the world reflected in the title.
Bibliography.
- A. Adamov "The first Russian explorers of Alaska". Moscow 1950
- A.A. Bragina " Russian word in the languages of the world. Moscow 1978
- Z. Kanevsky "Mysteries and tragedies of the Arctic". Moscow 1991
- N.A. Severin "Domestic travelers and researchers". Moscow 1955
- A.P. Pospelov "Travelers and Explorers" Moscow 1999.
Russian names, Russian names of seas, straits and bays, islands and capes, mountain ranges and glaciers and, of course, cities, villages - large and small - are scattered all over the map of the world, they exist far beyond the borders of Russian lands. It would seem that these geographical names, proper names belong to geography - the science of the earth, and not the science of language. Indeed, at first glance, the names of cities, seas, as well as people, are arbitrary. And can they tell anything about the object itself, the very reality that bears this or that name, about those who gave it? Can they talk about the language from which they are taken?
Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian pioneers - explorers and sailors. We will try to approach geographical names from the position of a linguist. A proper name - a Russian geographical name - is a word from the Russian language.
Boats, schooners, ships of brave Russian sailors passed the Arctic Ocean, the Great, or Pacific, Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the humpbacked ridges of the Pamirs, Altai, and were the first to map the coasts of North America. Their path is not always marked by milestones of Russian names, since Russian explorers sought to preserve local names, if they already existed. Part of the Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually carried out by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. And yet, even a cursory glance at the map of the world, at the dotted line of Russian words, will allow us to present a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and later sad migrations in search of a better life.
There are about 400 on the US map, and not on the map of Canada, more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names. The names Russia, Russian and Russian land are not uncommon (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Wisconsin, Illinois). The first settlers in America gave their settlements names with a transparent inner shape: Russian Fort. An illusion was created of the proximity of the homeland: the Russian Fort, the Slavyanka River, later renamed the Russian. Thirteen towns and localities are named after Moscow. The largest American Moscow in Idaho. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. So, St. Petersburg in Florida is the opposite of a Russian city. Instead of the fogs of the “Northern Palmyra”, American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun, the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the `sunny city.' No less contrast to the Black Sea Odessa is Odessa in the state of Texas. This is a city of oil fields, naked, not reminiscent of the green Black Sea Odessa. - local shades that make up the essence of the name - geographical name.
The native name for emigrants acquired an attractive force. Entrepreneurs-industrialists took this into account, naming cities and towns by names that evoked memories of their homeland. So, in the wave of Ukrainian migrations to America, Odessa appeared in Florida, and Moscow in the state of Arkansas. The Pacific Railway Company made the right calculation: the name of the settlement will attract Russian emigrants and ensure the influx of workers.
Native names were also exponents of patriotic feelings. Moscow appeared in Michigan during the Napoleonic Wars. At the time, Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.
Residents of Cactwelly Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) in 1855 renamed their city, choosing the name Odessa. It was during the Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy.
There are American Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous villages bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.
Some of the names are a description of the new place, but given in the native language: Mountains, Fertile, Virgin, Kanava. The names reflect the impressions received by the settlers in their new life in a new place. Here they had to raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. The external surrounding world was reflected in the word-name.
But there are names, as if dedicated inner world people who suffered, hoped for better life in a new place. These are the names Faith, Liberation, Truth, Patience, Glory, Mirnam (from `peace be upon us'), etc.
The public nature of the language is found in the functioning of any national language in all areas and spheres of its life. Geographical names on the world map, although they represent a small and incomplete linguistic picture - separate words-names, they show how the world of thoughts, views, feelings of a Russian person is reflected in the world of names - geographical names.
Among the stars and planets on the map of the starry sky there are also Russian names. They also perpetuate our history.
Let us tell in more detail one small but symbolic story about the name of the planet No. 1900.
During the Great Patriotic War on September 12, 1941, military pilot Ekaterina Zelenko died in an air battle. This was the first case of an aerial ramming committed by a female pilot who selflessly fought for the freedom of her homeland. And in memory of Katya Zelenko International planetary center approved the name of the new minor planet No. 1900 - Katyusha. The planet was discovered by “Soviet astronomer T.M. Smirnova, she also suggested a name ... Every 17 months, Katyusha will approach the Earth, sending its inhabitants the pure light of youth given in the battle for freedom ”(“ Komsomolskaya Pravda ”, 1976, November 7). The name Katyusha is the name of a pilot and a symbol of our victory over the enemy in the Great Patriotic War. "Katyusha, Katyusha" - this is how the famous Soviet rocket launchers were called. “Katyusha” is also one of the most popular Soviet songs that has probably spread all over the world. The proper name has become a glorious symbol summarizing both the feat of man and the feat of the people. The name also marks our scientific achievements in the study of the starry sky.
Russian geographical science has always occupied and now even more so occupies a leading place in world geography. This was determined by the grandiose size of the territory of our homeland, its remarkable diversity and the enormous extent of borders with neighboring countries, seas and oceans. Russian geography enjoys priority in world geography. Consciousness of national importance geographical research and discoveries has always aroused in enterprising Russian people an active interest in geographical discoveries and research since ancient times.
A remarkable Russian traveler, the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin, having left Russia in 1466, traveled to southwestern Asia and visited Iran and India. In the book he wrote, "Journey Beyond Three Seas", Nikitin gave a detailed geographical description India. Only thirty years after Nikitin's voyage did the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama travel for the first time from Europe to India by sea around Africa. In the discovery and exploration of the spaces of northern, central and eastern Asia, especially great importance had Russian studies.
In the XVI century. Russian Cossacks, having crossed the Ural Mountains, discovered Siberia, about which until now the Europeans knew absolutely nothing. Passing first western Siberia, the Cossacks gradually moved further and further east and reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
In 1638, Ivan Moskvitin with a detachment of thirty people discovered the Sea of Okhotsk. A few years later, Vasily Poyarkov, at the head of a detachment of 132 people, was the first to enter the Amur basin and sail along this river and the Sea of Okhotsk. This marked the beginning of the establishment of Russian domination in the Amur region.
In 1648, the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and Fedot Alekseev, at the head of a small detachment on several small ships, left the mouth of the Kalyma River in the Arctic Ocean and, rounding the Chukotka Peninsula, passed into the Pacific Ocean. They discovered the easternmost cape of Asia, which they called the Big Stone Nose and which later received the name of Cape Dezhnev. Five to ten years after Dezhnev's voyage, Vasily Atlasov, at the head of a detachment of 120 people, visited the Kamchatka Peninsula for the first time and annexed it to Russia.
In 1675, a large embassy headed by Nikolai Spafarii was sent from Moscow to China. Having traveled through all of Siberia and through Manchuria to Beijing, the capital of China, Spafari presented, upon his return to Moscow, a detailed description of the new Russian possessions from the Urals to the Amur and a geographical description of China. This description of Spafarius was a very valuable work in the world literature of that time and was used by foreign scientists.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter I was very interested in Russia's access to the Pacific Ocean and the possibility of sailing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. At his direction, an expedition was set up to Far East led by Captain Vitus Bereng and Alexei Chirikov. Bering's task was to go north on ships from the Shores of Kamchatka to look for where Asia "met with America."
Bering and Chirikov passed on ships from the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean and returned back, confirming the correctness of the assumption about the existence of a strait between them.
Bering also has another great merit: on his initiative and under his leadership, the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743) was equipped, as a result of which all the northern and northeastern shores of Asia with all the seas and islands adjacent to them were explored for the first time, and also the coasts of northwestern America and the Aleutian Islands. Many died from cold and illness, including the head of the expedition, Commander Bering, and their names are imprinted in geographical names: the extreme northern cape of the Asian mainland is named after the navigator Chelyuskin, the sea between Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands is named after Khariton and Dmitry Laptev; the islands near Kamchatka, where Commander Bering died, are called Commander Islands. One of the members of the Bering expedition, Stepan Krasheninnikov, made a number of trips around Kamchatka, explored this country in detail and wrote the book Description of the Land of Kamchatka, which glorified his name. This book was the first Russian scientific work about the Siberian (islands) regions. In 1732, modest little-known Russian navigators, the navigator Fedorov and the surveyor Gvozdev, mapped the northwestern coast of America and discovered Alaska. After that, at the end of the 18th century, many Russians visited and followed the northwestern part of America. Of these, Shelikhov and Baranov should be noted. Shelikhov founded the Russian settlements in America, did a lot for the exploration of Alaska and the development of it by the Russians.
Alaska became a Russian possession and was often called Russian America.
After the death of Shelikhov, his activities continued at the end of the 18th century. early nineteenth century Baranov, former chief ruler of the enterprises of the Russian-American Trading Company. Baranov, continuing his exploration of the western coast of America, founded in the southwest of the current United States, near the present port city of San Francisco, a Russian settlement called Ross. This graying, located in an area with fertile soil and a climate favorable for agriculture, was supposed to supply the population of Russian America with food - bread, vegetables, milk and meat.
In the nineteenth century Russian settlements in America were often visited by Russian navigators around the world - Lisyansky, Golovnin, Lazarev, Litke, Stanyukovich and others.
Navigators Korsakovsky, Khromchenko, Kashevarov and others continued to explore the shores of America. Zagoskin reached the interior of Alaska and explored them. In 1852, the ruler of the Russian-American Company published the Atlas of the North-Western Coasts of America and the Amut Islands.
Russian navigators discovered many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Of the Australian islands, New Guinea was the most difficult to explore. To study it, the remarkable Russian traveler Miklukha-Maclay, who lived among the Papuans for a long time, did a lot. In 1819-1821. Russian naval officers Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, on two ships they commanded, went to Antarctica to explore it on behalf of the Naval Ministry. In two and a half years of voyage, Bellingshausen and Lazarev went around Antarctica, were the first explorers to approach its shores three times, and discovered a number of Antarctic islands, capes and bays. They described them in detail and mapped them, paving the way for further research. So, near Antarctica itself, between 85 degrees and 75 degrees west longitude, the Russian expedition discovered the island of Peter the Great and the land of Alexander the First. To the north, Russian explorers visited and mapped a number of islands, of which they gave names to one in honor of the victories of the Russian army in the Patriotic War (1812-1813) (the islands of Borodino, Maly Yaroslavets, Smolensk, Berezina, Polotsk), and others in honor of Russian navigators (the islands of Admiral Mordvinov, Vice Admiral Shishkov, Mikhailov). Several islands discovered by the Bellingshausen expedition between 60 degrees and 65 degrees south latitude were named after the participants of this expedition (the islands of Demidov, Annenkov, Leskov, Zavadovsky). One of the Antarctic seas of the Pacific Ocean was named the Bellingshausen Sea.
Antarctica is rich in coal, gold, silver, lead, iron, and the waters surrounding it are rich in whales, seals, and dolphins. There are many penguins on the mainland and islands. Over Antarctica there are the shortest air routes between the southern parts of Africa, Australia and South America. That is why, all this draws the attention of the capitalist countries to the Antarctic. The USSR has the right to priority, to participate in the administration of Antarctica.
Of the later explorers of the northeast of Asia (in the first half of the 19th century), P.A. Kropotkin, who studied and described the Lena River basin, and I.D. Chersky, who explored the basin of the Kolyma River.
A great merit in the study of Central Asia belongs to the prominent Russian geographer P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, who first explored the Chu valley, the region of the Issyk-Kul mountain lake and the Tien Shan mountains covered with eternal snow and glaciers. The works of Semenov were the basis for further scientific research Central Asia. In commemoration of Semenov's merits, "Tian-Shansky" was added to his surname.
The Russian scientists N.A. Severtsov and A.P. Fedchenko (who discovered the peak, which is now called Lenin's sand), I.V. Mushketov and others.
N.M. played a very important role in the study of the Chinese and Mongolian regions of Central Asia. Przhevalsky. Since 1870, he spent more than 9 years traveling in these areas for 20 years. He traveled and studied the highest Tibetan plateau, powerful mountain system Kuen-Lun, the Tarim River basin, the upper reaches of the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers, the vast Gobi Desert. He discovered more than a dozen mountain ranges, a number of lakes and rivers. In those places that Przhevalsky studied and described, the foot of a European had never set foot before him.
During one of his travels, he fell seriously ill and died in the Tien Shan mountains.
Przhivalsky's research was continued by his student and travel companion Kozlov, who explored the Gobi Desert and found the remains of ancient city Khara-Khato, covered with sand.
However, the knowledge of Russia was completely insufficient for solving those grandiose national economic tasks that were set by the Great October Revolution.
10th grade student Slavenko
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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The work was performed by students of grade 7 "B" of the MBOU secondary school No. 2, Dobrinka village Laptev Ilya Soshkin Aleksey Supervisor Fateeva E.M.
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Hypothesis: Russian travelers and researchers own many discoveries on the planet. Since there was a tradition of naming objects in honor of their discoverer or expedition leader, we believe that geographical map there should be many objects bearing the names of our compatriots. Purpose: To determine, as a result of the analysis of the world map, objects bearing the names of Russian travelers and researchers, to find out the reason for their name, to give them a brief description.
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Requirements for geographical names: The object for which the name is proposed must be unnamed. The name must be organically included in regional system geographical names. The name should clearly characterize the object and be simple, short, understandable and easy to use. Names-dedications must be accompanied by a convincing justification for their legitimacy. The spelling of Russian names must strictly comply with the rules of Russian spelling, and foreign names - the rules for their translation into Russian.
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Classification of geographical names according to V.P. Semyonov - Tyan - Shansky (1924) from personal names, nicknames, surnames; from church holidays; from historical names; from a pagan cult; from ancient tribes; assigned in honor of various events and persons; from the objects that make up the typical geographical landscape of the area.
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Russian names on the world map Wrangel Island Cape Dezhnev Lisyansky Island Miklukho-Maclay Coast Bellingshausen Sea Przhevalsky Ridge Laptev Sea Pronchishchev Coast Krusenstern Strait Chersky Ridge Bering Sea Shelikhov Bay Golovin Strait Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamirs Potanin Glacier in Altai Ratmanov Island Sannikov Strait Lomonosov Ridge Cape Chelyuskin Atlasov Island
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Russian names on the world map Cape Dezhnev Bering Sea Bering Strait Bering Island Bering Glacier in Alaska Lisyansky Island Bellingshausen Sea Laptev Strait Kruzenshtern Sea Lazarev
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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed Beringov the strait separating Alaska from Chukotka. His name is: Cape Dezhnev, which is the extreme north-eastern tip of Asia (named Dezhnev - Big Stone Nose), as well as: an island, a bay, a peninsula and a village.
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Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin In the autumn of 1714, in Moscow, he was enrolled in the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, which was located in the Sukharev Tower. In the 1720s, S. I. Chelyuskin served on the ships of the Baltic Fleet as a navigator, apprentice navigator and sub-navigator. From 1726 he served in the Baltic Fleet, in 1733-1743 he participated in the Great Northern Expedition.
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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a Russian navigator, admiral. Comes from Baltic German nobles. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803-1806), which included the ships Nadezhda (commander K.) and Neva (commander Yu. F. Lisyansky). Description of the journey and the results of oceanological and ethnographic research K. outlined in a three-volume work. One of the major straits Kuril ridge - Krusenstern Strait.
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Vitus Bering Vitus Jonassen Bering - navigator, officer of the Russian fleet, captain-commander. Vitus Bering was born in 1681 in the Danish city of Horsens, graduated cadet corps in Amsterdam in 1703, in the same year he entered the Russian service. In 1725-1730 and 1733-1741 he led the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions. He passed through the strait between Chukotka and Alaska (later the Bering Strait), reached North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge. In the name of Bering, in the North Pacific Ocean, are named: an island, a strait, a sea, a Bering glacier in Alaska.
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Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky is a Russian navigator and explorer. Captain of the second rank. Comes from an ancient Ukrainian Cossack family. Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the first Russian round-the-world expedition. Lisyansky commanded the Neva and discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands. Lisyansky was the first to describe Hawaii in his book Journey Around the World (1812). In honor of Lisyansky are named: Lisyansky Island, a cape, a strait and a peninsula, a peninsula on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
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Faddey Fadeevich Bellingshausen Faddey Fadeevich Bellingshausen is a famous Russian navigator, discoverer of Antarctica. Comes from Baltic German nobles. In 1803-1806, Bellingshausen participated in the first round-the-world voyage of Russian ships on the faregat Nadezhda under the command of Ivan Krusenstern. In 1819-1821 he was the head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition sent to the south polar seas. It consisted of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", the latter was commanded by Mikhail Lazarev. The Bellingshausen Sea in the Pacific Ocean, the Thaddeus Islands and the Thaddeus Bay in the Laptev Sea, the Bellingshausen Glacier are named after Bellingshausen.
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Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev - Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral, commander Black Sea Fleet, participant of three round-the-world voyages and discoverer of Antarctica. On January 16, 1829, he (together with Bellingshausen) discovered the sixth part of the world - Antarctica - and a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many geographical objects are named after him, as well as a glacier in Antarctica, scientific stations and the sea off the coast of Antarctica.
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“I named this island in the southern latitude 54˚51 ׳, western longitude 37˚13 ׳ Annenkov Island in honor of the second lieutenant on the Mirny sloop,” wrote the head of the expedition, Bellingshausen, in his diary on December 5, 1819. This was the first geographical discovery of the Russians on the way to Antarctica. But now we may not even know who Annenkov is. The very Russian sound of the name becomes the main one in the function of the geographical name.
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Yakov Sannikov SANNIKOV Yakov (18-19 centuries - Yakut industrialist, explorer of the Novosibirsk Islands. In 1800 he discovered and described Stolbovoy Island, in 1805 he discovered Faddevsky Island. In 1808-10 he took part in the M.M. Hedenstrom on surveying and exploring the Novosibirsk Islands, in 1810 he crossed island Novaya Siberia from south to north. In 1811, together with the surveyor Pshenitsyn bypassed the island Faddeevsky and found that it is connected with Kotelny Island by a low sandy expanse, later called Bunge Land. S. expressed the opinion about the existence of a vast land to the north of the Novosibirsk Islands, the so-called. Sannikov Land (later it was proved that it does not exist). The strait between the islands of M. Lyakhovsky and Kotelny and the river on the Novosibirsk Islands are named after S..
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Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev Khariton Prokofievich Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a Russian explorer of the Arctic, Vice Admiral. Since 1736, he led one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. As a result of the voyages and land campaigns of 1739-1742, inventories of the northern sea coast were carried out. A cape in the delta of the Lena River is named after Laptev. The Laptev Sea is named after Dmitry Laptev and his cousin Khariton. Khariton Prokofyevich Laptev - Russian naval sailor, commander of the detachment of the Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, who described in 1739-1742 the previously unknown coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. The northwestern coast of Taimyr, which was photographed directly by Khariton Laptev, is called the Khariton Laptev Coast.
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Ratmanov Makar Ivanovich Russian navigator and traveler. In 1784, at the age of twelve, Makar Ratmanov was appointed to the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, which was then headed by Admiral I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Toropets nobleman. Three years later, Ratmanov was promoted to midshipman and made his first voyages on various ships in the Gulf of Finland. At the end of the course on January 1, 1789, M. Ratmanov became a midshipman. M.I. Ratmanov took part in the first Russian voyage under the command of Krusenstern. Senior Lieutenant Ratmanov was appointed senior officer on Nadezhda. And here Kruzenshtern was not mistaken. Ratmanov was already a member of numerous naval battles, for ten years before the expedition commanded military courts. Stern, laconic, athletic, pedantic in matters of service, he was ideally suited for the role of senior assistant.
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Ferdinant Petrovich Wrangel Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1817, as a midshipman on the sloop "Kamchatka" under the command of V.M. Golovin Wrangel went on the first trip around the world. In 1825-1827, he made a second round-the-world trip, commanding the ship "Krotkiy" F.P. Wrangel is one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society
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Vasily and Maria Pronchishchevy Pronchishcheva Beach, Pronchishcheva Bay - these names not only mark geographical points, but can also be a symbol of fidelity, friendship and love. On the ship "Yakut", brave sailors made their way through the ice and reached the maximum northern latitude for those times (1736) (77˚29 ׳, taking into account imperfect instruments, it is possible even 77˚55 ׳). At the end of the hard way back, Vasily Pronchishchev died, and a few days later, his accompanying wife, Maria Pronchishcheva, also died. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Semyon Chelyuskin. Deep reverence and gratitude should be awakened by such names on the map of Taimyr as the Pronchishchev coast and Pronchishcheva bay. Through their labors, the map of the coast of the Arctic Ocean, which we see today, has acquired its general form, and which has become the property of all mankind.
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Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky Russian names mark mountain ranges, peaks, glaciers. On the maps of different countries we read the word Przhevalsky: Przhevalsky Ridge in China, Przewalsky Island in the Kuril Islands, Cape Przhevalsky on Bennet Lake in Alaska. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky walked 33 thousand kilometers across Asia, studying ridges, deserts, flora and fauna. The students of Przhevalsky, the geographers of the world, inscribed his name on the map of the world, the students of the students continued this tradition of memory.
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Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklukho-Maclay N.N. was a kind of “teacher of life” for the Papuans. Miklukho Maclay. Miklouho-Maclay proved by his observations that the cultural level of any people is determined not by its biological characteristics, but by the historical development of the people itself.
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Golovin Vasily Mikhailovich In 1812, a new strait was marked on the map in the ridge of the Kuril Islands, named after the Russian captain V.M. Golovin. During a geographical expedition, Golovin was captured by the Japanese and remained in captivity from 1811 to 1813. It was the captivity of a real scientist, a Russian man, even whose captivity became a definite starting point in the history of Japan and Russia. V.M. Golovin taught the Japanese the basics of the Russian language. Note that after a visit to Nagasaki in 1853, the Russian language began to penetrate Japan, and the first Russian language textbooks for the Japanese were compiled. But the very first teacher was the captain-geographer V.M. Golovin
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Ilcheva Maria, Bezhentseva Alina
The geographical map has incorporated a thousand-year history of people, discoverers, thoughts, and heroes. On the map of Russia we read the names of Russian scientists and travelers. The work is devoted to the biography of Russian travelers. The authors consider geographical objects on the map of Russia, named after them.
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"Names of Russian travelers on the map of Russia" Municipal educational institution secondary comprehensive school No. 6 of the Central District of Volgograd 2013
The Laptev Sea The Laptev Sea is the sea of the Arctic Ocean. Most of the year it is covered with ice. The sea is named after the brothers Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, Russian polar explorers.
Dmitry Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a Russian explorer of the Arctic, Vice Admiral. Since 1736, he led one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. As a result of the voyages and land campaigns of 1739-1742, inventories of the northern sea coast were carried out.
Khariton Prokofyevich Laptev - Russian naval sailor, commander of the detachment of the Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, who described in 1739-1742 the previously unknown coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. The northwestern coast of Taimyr, which was photographed directly by Khariton Laptev, is called the Khariton Laptev Coast. Khariton Prokofievich Laptev
Bering Sea A sea in the north Pacific Ocean covered with ice in winter. The air temperature is up to +7, +10 °C in summer and -1, -23 °C in winter. Named in honor of Vitus Bering, navigator, Russian Navy officer, Dane by origin.
Vitus Bereng Vitus Jonassen Bering is a navigator of Danish origin, captain-commander of the Russian fleet, leader of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions that laid the foundation for scientific research coasts of Russia. Vitus Bering was born in 1681 in the Danish city of Horsens, graduated from the cadet corps in Amsterdam in 1703, and entered the Russian service the same year.
The northernmost point of Russia and the Eurasian continent, Cape Chelyuskin (77°43" N and 104°18" E), is named after the polar explorer Semyon Chelyuskin
Semyon Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin - Russian polar explorer, captain of the 3rd rank (1760). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. In 1741-42 he described part of the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, reaching the northern tip of Eurasia. Chelyuskin was born in the Kaluga province in the Przemysl district in the village. Borishchevo.
Cape Dezhnev (formerly Cape Kamenny Nos) is the easternmost point, the easternmost continental point of Russia and all of Eurasia.
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed Beringov the strait separating Alaska from Chukotka.