social control - a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society.
Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions.
Sanction (from lat. sanctio- inviolable ordinance) - any reaction to the behavior of a person or group by others.
| Types of sanctions | |
| Formal | informal |
| Negative | |
| Punishment for breaking the law or violating an administrative order; fines, imprisonment, correctional labor, etc. | Condemnation of a person for an act by society: offensive tone, swearing or reprimand, demonstrative ignoring of a person, etc. |
| Positive | |
| Encouragement of a person’s activity or act by official organizations: awards, certificates of professional, academic success, etc. | Gratitude and approval of unofficial persons (friends, acquaintances, colleagues): praise, approving smile, etc. |
Forms of social control
In the process of socialization, the norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness → the emergence of a feeling of guilt → pangs of conscience. Conscience - manifestation internal control.
In a traditional society, social control rested on unwritten rules; in modern society, it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, decrees, laws. Social control has acquired institutional support in the form of a court, education, army, production, means mass media, political parties, governments.
In the Russian Federation, special bodies have been created to exercise social control: Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, federal Service security, various financial control bodies and others. deputies of various levels. Apart from government agencies control, an increasing role in Russia is played by various public organizations, for example, in the field of consumer protection, in the control of labor relations, the state of environment etc.
Detailed (petty) control, in which the leader intervenes in every action, corrects, pulls, etc., is called oversight.
The more self-control developed among members of a society, the less that society has to resort to external control. Conversely, the less self-control people have, the more institutions of social control come into play. The weaker the self-control, the tighter the external control must be.
Methods of social control
1) Insulation- the establishment of impenetrable partitions between the deviant (i.e., a person who violates social norms) and the rest of society without any attempts to correct or re-educate him.
2) Isolation- limiting the deviant's contacts with other people, but not his complete isolation from society; this approach allows for the correction of deviants and their return to society when they are ready not to violate generally accepted norms.
3) Rehabilitation- a process by which deviants can prepare to return to normal life and the correct performance of their social roles in society.
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QUESTIONS:
1. Establish a correspondence between positive sanctions and examples illustrating them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.
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The system of social control is one of the elements of the mechanism of socialization of the individual. We imagined socialization as a process of mastering cultural norms and social roles. Socialization primarily concerns the individual and occurs under a certain control of society, others (not only teach children, but also control the correct assimilation of patterns of behavior). It is believed that social control is achieved by a combination of factors of predisposition to subjugation, coercion and obedience to social norms, rules of conduct, values. It is also interpreted as a purposeful impact of society on the behavior of an individual, and provides a normal ratio between social forces, expectations, requirements and human nature, as a result of which a "healthy" social order arises, adheres to a normal way of life public life(theories of E. Ross, P. park). The problem of social control is essentially a component of the problem of the relationship between the individual and society, the citizen and the state. Figuratively speaking, social control performs the function of a policeman who monitors the behavior of people and "fines" those who do not comply with appropriate measures. If there were no social control, people could do whatever they want and in the way they want. Therefore, social control is the foundation of stability in society, its absence or weakening leads to unrest, social anomie (ignoring norms and rules).
social control- this is a way of self-regulation of the social system, which ensures the orderliness of interactions between people due to normative regulation. His system includes all methods of reaction as large public entities, and a specific individual on various specific actions of a person or groups, all means of social pressure in order to put behavior and activities within certain social boundaries.
Considering social institutions, we see that they perform a controlling, influential, regulatory function, are reduced to a certain "social control" (we can give examples from Everyday life). Schematically, it can be explained as follows: each member of society is aware of how to behave in different situations to be clear, to know what to expect both from him and - what will be the reaction of the groups. That is, the "organized course" of our social life can be ensured due to the fact that people's behavior is mutually transferable.
Each social group develops a system of means by which each person behaves in accordance with the norms, patterns of behavior in various situations. In the process of social control, relations are formed, which, however, are much more complicated than the "fitting" of individual qualities to certain social standards. Here it is necessary to take into account the fundamental feature of the functioning of individual consciousness and social consciousness. The individual and society (social group) are interacting constituent elements of social control. This is a process of interaction between individuals and socialized (groups, classes), the scheme of which includes two types of actions: individual actions and social (group, collective) actions. But even this is not enough. It is fundamentally important to take into account some kind of additional intermediate elements of this system, variables of a socio-psychological nature: self-assessment of the subject of action (both an individual and a social group), perception and assessment of the social situation (social perception) by both an individual and a social group.
Self-assessment and assessment of the situation are important socio-psychological indicators, the manifestation of which makes it possible to largely predict the content and direction of individual and social actions. In turn, self-esteem, assessment and perception of the social situation depend on the specifics of the social and individual rating scale. Schematically, the mechanism of action of social control is shown in fig. 2.
The system of means of social control includes:
■ a system of measures, norms, rules, prohibitions, sanctions, laws, a system of suppression (including physical destruction);
■ a system of incentives, rewards, positive, benevolent incentives, etc.
All this is called the system of "social control". It is a mechanism for maintaining public order and requires two main groups of elements - norms and sanctions.
Norms are guidelines, instructions: how to behave in society. This is primarily the duty of the individual or group to others, as well as expectations (desirable behavior). They form a network social relations, interactions in a group, society. Social norms are also "guardians" of order and values.
Sanctions are means of encouragement and punishment that encourage people to comply with the norms.
The elements of the social control system can be called:
■ habit - as an established way of an individual's behavior in various situations where he does not have a negative reaction from the group;
■ custom or tradition - as an established way of behavior, where the group binds their moral assessments and the violation of which the group causes negative sanctions;
■ laws - as normative acts adopted by the highest authority state power;
■ Sanctions - as a system of events, actions that regulate people's behavior (they were discussed above). By law, society protects the precious: human life, state secrets, property, human rights and dignity.
Social norms perform very important functions in society, namely:
■ regulate the general course of socialization;
■ integrate people into groups, and groups into communities;
■ control deviations from normalized behavior and activities;
■ serve as a model, a standard of behavior.
Sanctions- the guards of the norms, they are "responsible" for the observance of the norms by people. Social sanctions are a fairly extensive system, on the one hand, rewards, incentives for the implementation of norms, that is, for conformity, consent. On the other hand, punishments for deviation and non-compliance with them, that is, for deviance. Conformism, consistency and correctness of actions are the goal of social control. Thus, sanctions can be positive or negative. Another criterion for the division of social sanctions is the presence of fixing their actions in the regulatory and legislative framework. Therefore, they are divided into formal and informal. The same goes for social norms. Consequently, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. Based on this, the norms and sanctions can be conditionally reflected in the form of a logical square (Fig. 3).
By themselves, the rules do not directly control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people on the basis of the same norms and on the basis of sanctioning circulars.
Formal control, as already noted, is based on condemnation or approval from official authorities or administration. It is global, it is carried out by people empowered - agents of formal control: law enforcement officers, administrative and other authorized persons.
Informal control is based on the approval or disapproval of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion. For example: the traditional local community still controls all aspects of the life of its members to this day. Religion (strict adherence to rituals and ceremonies associated with holidays and rituals) was organically woven into a single system of social control. There is a system of control and informal relations between members of a criminal gang or prison communities.
A special kind of elements of social control is public opinion and self-control. Public opinion is a set of ideas, assessments, assumptions, judgments common sense shared by the majority of the population. It exists both in the production team and in a small settlement, in the social stratum.
Self-control is also called internal control, which manifests itself through consciousness and conscience, and is formed in the process of socialization. Scientists have found that more than 2/3 of social control is carried out through self-control. The more self-control is developed among members of a society, the less this society has to apply external control. And vice versa. The less a person has developed self-control, the more this society has to use external leverage factors.
If we expand in the coordinate system all the elements of rules and norms (X) in ascending order depending on the degree of punishment (Y), then their ordering will have the following form (Fig. 4).
Compliance with the norms is regulated by society with varying degrees of rigor. Violations of legal laws and prohibitions are most punished (murder of a person, disclosure of state secret, desecration of a shrine, etc.); and least of all - habits (elements of uncleanliness, bad manners, etc.).
Social control always has as its object undesirable behavior, action - deviations (deviations from the norm). At all times, society has sought to overcome undesirable norms. human behavior. The behavior of thieves, and geniuses, and lazy, and too hardworking, can be attributed to an undesirable norm. Various deviations from the average norm, both in a positive and negative direction, threaten the stability of society, which is most valued at all times. Sociologists call behavior rejected from the norm - deviant. It is any action that does not comply with written or unwritten norms. So, any behavior that does not cause the approval of public opinion is called deviant: "crime", "drunkenness", "suicide". But this is in a broad sense. In a narrow sense, deviant behavior is considered a violation of informal norms, enshrined in customs, traditions, etiquette, manners, and the like. And all serious violations of formal norms, laws, the observance of which is guaranteed by the state, which means that such violations are illegal, act as delinquent behavior. Therefore, the first type of behavior is relative (deviant), and the second is an absolute (delinquent) violation. Delinquency includes: theft, robbery, another type of crime.
But, as mentioned above, manifestations of deviant behavior can be not only negative, but also positive.
If we carry out statistical calculations, it turns out that in civilized societies in normal conditions each of these groups accounts for about 10-15% of the total population. About 70% of the population are the so-called "middle peasants" - people with minor deviations in behavior and activities.
Most often, deviant behavior is observed in adolescents. The reason is, in particular, psychological features age: the desire for thrills, the desire to satisfy curiosity, as well as the lack of ability to predict their actions, the desire to be independent. A teenager often in his behavior does not meet the requirements that society imposes on him, and at the same time is not ready to perform certain social roles, provided that others expect him to. In turn, the teenager believes that he does not receive from society what he has the right to count on. All these contradictions are the main source of deviation. About 1/3 of young people somehow participate in any illegal actions. The most common forms of deviation among young people are: alcoholism, prostitution, drug addiction, hooliganism, suicide.
Thus, at one pole there is a group of persons showing the most unflattering behavior (criminals, rebels, terrorists, traitors, vagrants, cynics, vandals, etc.). At the other extreme, there is a group of people with the most acceptable deviations ( national heroes, outstanding figures of science, sports, culture, talents, successful civilized entrepreneurs, missionaries, philanthropists, etc.).
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Slides captions:
municipal autonomous educational institution
Perevozsky municipal district Nizhny Novgorod region
"Ichalkovskaya secondary school"
social studies presentation
social control
(questions of the USE codifier)
Ganyushin M.E.,
history teacher
highest qualification category
with. Ichalki
social relations
Social science. Codifier of exam questions.
3.9. social control
Social control is a system of ways in which society influences the activity, behavior of a person, social groups.
In a broad sense, social control can be defined as the totality of all types of control that exist in society: moral, state control, etc.
In a narrow sense, this is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of people's activities and behavior.
Functions of social control: protective; stabilizing (consists in the reproduction of the dominant type of social relations, social structures); regulatory.
Social norms are generally accepted rules in society that regulate people's behavior.
Sanctions are rewards or punishments aimed at maintaining social norms.
formal and informal
formal and informal
positive
negative
legal
customs, traditions
religious
moral
political
aesthetic
ethical
Social control is the mechanism of relations between the individual and society
- Encouragement of a person’s activity or deed by official organizations (rewarding, bonuses, etc.)
Formal positive
- Gratitude and approval of unofficial persons: friends, acquaintances, colleagues (praise, applause, etc.)
Informal positive
- Punishment for violation of legal norms (fine, imprisonment, etc.)
Formal negative
- Public condemnation of a person for an offense (scoldling, refusal to give a hand, etc.)
Informal negative
Social sanctions
Forms of social control
Internal (self-control)
A form of social control in which an individual independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms
A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws
In the process of socialization, the norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a sense of awkwardness, the emergence of a sense of guilt and, as a result, pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.
Ways to implement social control in a group and society:
- through socialization (socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society);
- through group pressure (each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately, otherwise condemnation and sanctions from the group may follow, ranging from simple remarks to expulsion from given basic heading);
- through coercion (in a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulatory regulators, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else).
Depending on the sanctions applied, control methods:
a) direct: hard (the tool is political repression) and soft (the tool is the operation of the constitution and the criminal code);
b) indirect: hard (tool - economic sanctions of the international community) and soft (tool - the media);
c) control is exercised in organizations: general (if the manager gives a task to a subordinate and does not control the progress of its implementation); detailed (such control is called supervision).
Anomie -
1) the state of society, in which the significance of social norms and prescriptions has been lost for its members, and therefore the frequency of deviant and self-destructive behavior (up to suicide) is relatively high;
2) the lack of standards, standards of comparison with other people, allowing you to assess your social position and choose patterns of behavior, which leaves the individual in a "declassed" state, without a sense of solidarity with a particular group
2. Find a concept that is generalizing for the rest of the concepts in the series below.
1) law; 2) traditions; 3) morality; 4) social control; 5) social sanctions.
1. Write down the missing word in the diagram.
3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of "social control".
1) encouragement; 2) punishment; 3) social mobility; 4) social norm; 5) social sanction; 6) social stratification.
4. Fill in the gap in the table "Forms of social control"
Interior
5. Find formal positive sanctions in the list below.
1) government awards
2) friendly praise
3) state awards
4) presentation of diplomas
5) applause
6) friendly disposition
6. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) social control; 2) etiquette; 3) legal norms; 4) encouragement; 5) punishment.
7. Select the correct judgments about social control and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Social control is based on moral and legal norms.
2) Social control is a set of sanctions applied to violators of social norms.
3) Support and encouragement of the immediate environment is an important mechanism of social control.
4) Social control is only formal, it does not work in an informal environment.
5) Social sanctions ensure compliance with social norms in society.
8. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, are formal negative sanctions.
1) fine; 2) warning; 3) refusal to give a hand at a meeting; 4) reprimand; 5) boycott; 6) arrest.
9. Select the correct judgments about social control and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) An element of social control is social norms.
2) Social control is carried out only by state bodies.
3) Social control serves as an important means of preventing deviant behavior.
4) An award by a government body is an example of an informal positive sanction.
5) Internal self-control helps the individual to build relationships with other people.
10. Choose the correct judgments about social control and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Informal social control is carried out by applying only positive sanctions.
2) Social control is necessary to maintain the stability of social life.
3) Depending on the nature of the sanctions, it is customary to distinguish between progressive and regressive social control.
4) Social control includes a set of methods and methods that guarantee the fulfillment of role requirements for the individual.
5) Social control ensures compliance with certain conditions, the violation of which damages the functioning of the social system.
11. Establish a correspondence between positive sanctions and examples illustrating them.
12. Establish a correspondence between the manifestations of social control and its forms.
13. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) Social control is a mechanism by which society enforces certain restrictions (conditions), the violation of which is detrimental to the functioning of the social system. (B) The elements of social control are social norms and social sanctions. (C) Sociological survey data show that almost 50% of respondents do not violate the norms for fear of punishment. (D) It is puzzling that almost a quarter of those surveyed expect rewards for following the norms. (E) It seems that social control is effective only when citizens consciously follow accepted norms.
Determine which positions of the text have
1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements
14. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called ______ (A). Another element is _________ (B), which is understood as the reaction of society to the behavior of a person or group. They mean either approval and encouragement - ______ (C), or disapproval and punishment _______ (D).
Along with external control on the part of society, group, state, other people, internal control, or _______ (D), in which ________ (E) plays an important role, i.e. the feeling and knowledge of what is good and what is bad, the subjective consciousness of the conformity or inconsistency of one's own behavior with moral standards.
1) positive sanctions 6) social norms
2) self-control 7) social control
3) honor 8) conscience
4) social sanctions 9) negative sanctions
5) informal sanctions
15. “Sociologists emphasize that social control can be ________ (A) only if it adheres to the “golden mean” between freedom of choice and ________ (B) for it. The effectiveness of social control is ensured by the presence of common values that have established themselves among people, and the stability of ________ (B).
It is also necessary to distinguish between internal and external social control. In science, external control is understood as a set of social ________ (D) that regulate the activities of people. Excessively strong, petty social control, as a rule, leads to negative results. A person can completely lose the initiative and ________ (D) when making decisions. Therefore, it is important to form internal control in people, or ________ (E).”
1) independence 6) society
2) self-control 7) civil
3) efficient 8) mechanism
4) authority 9) status
5) responsibility
16. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social control"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the structure of social control, and one sentence revealing any function of social control.
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: social control is a system of methods of regulating the influence of society, social groups on a person;
2) one sentence with information about the structure of social control, for example: "Social control includes social norms and social sanctions";
3) one sentence, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, any function of social control, for example: "Social control serves to maintain the stability of the social system."
17. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social control"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence with information about the types of social control based on the knowledge of the course, and one sentence revealing the features of one of the types of control.
:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: "a mechanism for maintaining public order through the application of social sanctions";
2) one sentence with information about the types of social control la: “The types of social control include self-control, carried out by the person himself, directed at himself, and external control, carried out by social institutions, groups and individuals”;
3) one sentence that reveals the features of one of the types of social control, for example: “External control is formal, based on the approval or condemnation of official authorities and administration, and informal, based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as public opinion, which is expressed through customs, traditions, mass media ".
18. Several schoolchildren entered the tram and took all the empty seats. Next came an elderly woman with a heavy bag. None of the guys gave her a seat. One of the tram passengers made a remark to schoolchildren. What kind of social norms this case became the basis of social control? Determine the type (type) of the applied social sanction. Give another example of a sanction of this kind (type).
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) Answered the first question: moral norms;
2) The type of social sanction is indicated: informal negative;
3) An example of another similar sanction is given.: refusal to communicate.
19. Colleagues accused Nikifor of dishonesty and refused to communicate with him. What kind of social norms in this case became the basis of social control? Explain your opinion. Determine the type (type) of the applied social sanction (name two of its characteristics). Give another example of a sanction of this kind (type).
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) kind of social norm: moral (moral);
2) explanation, for example: decency - a category of morality; we are talking about an informal assessment of human behavior from the standpoint of good and evil;
3) two characteristics of a sanction:
informal
negative;
4) an additional example of a sanction, let's say: refusal to give a hand.
20. Society cannot exist and develop without social control. Indicate any two functions of social control, each of which is illustrated with an example.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
Two functions of social control are indicated, as well as examples illustrating them, for example:
1) regulation of social relations (for example, moral control regulates people's behavior in terms of ideas about good and evil)
2) opposition to antisocial, destructive behavior of members of society (for example, control through the application of measures of legal responsibility to offenders)
3) coordination of the lives of people, their groups, associations (for example, according to the norms of constitutional law, elections to public authorities are held in the state)
4) encouragement of socially approved behavior (for example, applying to people who volunteered to help flood victims, incentive measures and social recognition)
21. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social Control". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
1) The concept of social control / Social control - a set of ways in which society influences the behavior of individuals and groups.
2) Signs of social control:
b) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance;
c) collective exercise of control.
3) Functions of social control:
a) regulatory (regulation of people's lives);
b) protective (preservation of values and ideals existing in society);
c) stabilizing (ensuring people's behavior in standard situations).
4) Elements of social control:
a) social norms;
b) social sanctions.
5) Types (circles) of social control:
a) formal control through legal norms;
b) informal control through moral norms, customs, mores;
c) social control in professional activity;
d) social control in the family and private life;
6) The inextricable link between external control and self-control exercised by the individual.
22. You were instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "The role of social control in the development of society."
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:
1) The concept of "social control"
2) Elements of social control:
a) social norms
b) formal and informal, positive and negative sanctions
3) Social control as a condition of social stability:
a) the socialization of individuals is the main goal and function of social control;
b) social control as a way to ensure the interaction of people
4) Flexibility of social control - necessary condition changes in the social system
5) Deviant and delinquent behavior
Internet resources
- http://85.142.162.119/os11/xmodules/qprint/index.php?proj=756DF168F63F9A6341711C61AA5EC578- FIPI. open bank USE assignments. Social science
- http://soc.reshuege.ru/- I will solve the exam
- https://elhow.ru/images/articles/4/44/4408/inner.jpg- image "conscience"
- http://cs622424.vk.me/v622424569/42a2b/lIPRXgyAvRU.jpg- the image of the "struggle of good and evil"
- https://im0-tub-ru.yandex.net/i?id=cffa0e8d12665406fd5e584551705f8b&n=33&h=190&w=272- image "social control"
Literature
1) USE 2016. Social science. Typical test tasks/ A.Yu. Lazebnikova, E.L. Rutkovskaya. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2016.
2) Social science: USE textbook / P.A. Baranov, S.V. Shevchenko / Ed. P.A. Baranov. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2014.
3) Social science. Grade 10. Modular triactive course / O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - M .: Publishing house " national education", 2014.
In the broad sense of the word, social control is defined as the totality of all types of control that exist in society (moral, state, industrial, legal control). In a narrow sense, social control is an assessment of people's activities by public opinion.
Forms of social control changed as society developed.
In a traditional society, social control existed in the form of customs, traditions, unwritten rules of conduct. AT modern society individual mechanisms of social control are formalized, their basis is the norms fixed in writing: decrees, laws, instructions.
Examples of social control in modern society: examination grades at school, the taxation system, product control authorities.
In sociology, there are different types and forms of social control.
Internal and external control.
A person who has mastered social norms is able to independently regulate his actions, coordinating them with the generally accepted system of values and approved patterns of behavior. This is internal control (self-control), which is based on the moral principles of a person.
External control is a set of social institutions that regulate people's behavior and ensure compliance with generally accepted norms and laws.
Informal and formal control.
Informal (intra-group) control is carried out by participants of some social process and is based on the approval or condemnation of the actions of the individual from the immediate environment (colleagues, acquaintances, friends, family members), public opinion.
Formal (institutional) control is carried out by special public institutions, control bodies, government organizations and institutions (army, court, municipal institutions, media, political parties, etc.).
The mechanism of social control is formed by certain elements:
1) social norms - prescriptions indicating how one should behave in society;
2) positive and negative social sanctions - means of encouragement (reward) or censure (punishment), regulating people's behavior, stimulating them to comply with social norms and act for the benefit of society;
3) methods of social control (isolation, separation, rehabilitation);
4) specific measures (certain forms of physical, economic, emotional impact on the individual).
Social sanctions are different types of reaction on the part of society to the behavior of a person or group and certain forms of influence on it.
Depending on the method of influence on the individual, formal and informal sanctions are distinguished.
Social sanctions can be negative (blaming) and positive (encouraging).
Formal negative sanctions - punishments and measures to prevent deviant behavior coming from official organizations (for example, a fine, reprimand, demotion, dismissal, deprivation civil rights, imprisonment, confiscation of property).
Formal positive sanctions are various ways of encouraging an individual's activities that come from official bodies and institutions (for example, announcing gratitude, conferring an honorary title, government award, election to a high position).
Informal negative sanctions - an expression of dissatisfaction, condemnation of a person coming from informal persons and social groups (for example, ridicule, unfriendly feedback, remark, complaint, defiant ignorance).
Informal positive sanctions - approval of a person's actions coming from informal persons and social groups (for example, praise, gratitude, compliment, approving smile).
Self-control, or internal control, is the application by a person of positive and negative sanctions in relation to himself.
Assessing his actions, a person compares them with the system of norms, customs, moral rules, value orientations, standards of proper behavior adopted by him.
Self-control is an important mechanism for maintaining social stability, based on a conscious volitional effort, restraint of involuntary impulsive urges. The higher the level of development of self-control among members of society, the less society has to resort to external control and negative sanctions.
Conscience is a manifestation of internal control, the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral duties. Conscience is an indicator of a developed self-awareness of a person, a sense of duty, responsibility.
The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants are defined by the concept of "social control".
Social control is a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society.
In the broad sense of the word, social control can be defined as the totality of all types of control that exist in society *, moral, state control, etc., in the narrow sense, social control is the control of public opinion, publicity of the results and evaluations of activities and people's behavior.
Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions.
Sanctions - any reaction on the part of others to the behavior of a person or group.
There is the following classification of sanctions.
Types of sanctions
Formal:
- negative - punishment for breaking the law or violating the administrative order: fines, imprisonment, etc.
- positive - encouragement of a person's activity or act by official organizations: awards, certificates of professional, academic success, etc.
Informal:
- negative - condemnation of a person for an act by the society: offensive tone, swearing or reprimand, defiant ignoring of a person, etc.
- positive - gratitude and approval of unofficial persons - friends, acquaintances, colleagues: praise, approving smile, etc., etc.
Sociologists distinguish two main forms of social control.
social control
Internal (self-control)
A form of social control in which the individual independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms
A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws
Informal (intra-group) - based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through the media
Formal (institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions (army, court, education, etc.)
In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.
Generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is located the sphere of the subconscious, or unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means containment of the natural elements, it is based on volitional effort.
In a traditional society, social control rested on unwritten rules; in modern society, it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, decrees, laws. Social control has gained institutional support. Formal control is carried out by such institutions of modern society as the court, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls thanks to examination grades, the government - thanks to the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state - thanks to the police, the secret service, state channels of radio, television, and the press.
AT Russian Federation created special bodies for the implementation of social control. These include the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Federal Security Service, various financial control bodies, etc.
social behavior
Deputies of various levels are also vested with control functions. In addition to state control bodies, various public organizations play an increasing role in Russia, for example, in the field of consumer protection, in monitoring labor relations, the state of the environment, etc.
Detailed (petty) control, in which the leader intervenes in every action, corrects, corrects, etc., is called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a specialized public institution.
The more self-control developed among members of a society, the less that society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control is developed in people, the more often the institutions of social control come into action, in particular the army, the court, the state. The weaker the self-control, the tighter the external control must be. However, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens hinder the development of self-consciousness and expression of will, muffle internal volitional efforts.
Methods of social control
Insulation
Establishment of impenetrable partitions between the deviant and the rest of society without any attempt to correct or re-educate him
Isolation
Limiting the deviant's contacts with other people, but not his complete isolation from society; this approach allows for the correction of deviants and their return to society when they are ready to fulfill the generally accepted norms again
Rehabilitation
The process by which deviants can prepare for a return to normal life and the correct performance of their social roles in society
SIBERIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE
INSTITUTE FOR RETRAINING SPECIALISTS
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
Course work
in sociology
Topic: social control (on the example of Russia)
Completed by: Vlasova T.N.
gr. 08611 GMU
Checked by: Shukshina Z.A.
Novosibirsk 2010
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3
Chapter I. The essence of social control………………………………………….5
1.1. The concept of social control, its functions………………………..…….5
1.2. Social norms as a regulator of behavior…………………………………7
1.3. Sanctions as an element of social control……………………….………9
1.4. self control……………………………………………………………………………………..12
Chapter II. Social control in modern Russia……………………….14
2.1. Organized crime in modern Russia…………..……….14
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….19
List of literature used…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction
Society is a self-regulating complex social system. The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. However, in social structure society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. He acts as part of common system social regulation and is called upon to ensure by various means the normal orderly functioning and development of society, as well as to prevent and correct such social deviations that are capable of disorganizing public life and social order.
This topic is relevant, because. society is a dynamic system, and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, and values are formed and developed. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is provided by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous the society will be. Therefore, the system of social control needs to be studied more deeply, to find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the current social culture.
Target term paper- to determine the role of social control in society, to identify the dependence of the direction and content of social control on the economic, political, ideological and other characteristics of a given social system, historically determined by the level of its development.
The set goal determined the following tasks:
Consider the essence of social control.
Familiarize yourself with the various functions of social control.
Explore forms of social control.
object this course work is directly the institution of social control, public relations, a subject- its close relationship with society, the forms in which it is carried out, as well as the effectiveness of the impact of social control on society.
ChapterI. The essence of social control
1.1 The concept of social control, its functions
Term "social control" was introduced into scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, G. Tarde, who proposed considering it as one of the most important factors of socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists - such as, for example, E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre - a theory of social control was developed.
So, social control - this is a way of self-regulation of a social system (society as a whole, a social group, etc.), which provides through normative regulation the targeted impact of people and others structural elements of this system, their orderly interaction in the interests of strengthening order and stability 1.
The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction (continuity) in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society. Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains a balance.
You can point to the following distinctive features social control:
1) orderliness, categoricalness and formality: social norms are often applied to an individual without taking into account his personal characteristics; in other words, a person must accept a norm only because he is a member of a given society;
2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance;
3) collective implementation of social control: social action is often a reaction to a particular human behavior, and therefore can be both a negative and a positive incentive when choosing goals and means to achieve them 2.
The mechanism of social control plays essential role in strengthening the institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the “central nervous system» social institution. social institution and social control consist of the same elements, i.e.
e. identical rules and norms of behavior, fixing and standardizing the behavior of people, making it predictable.
Social control in relation to society performs two main functions:
protective function. This function sometimes prevents social control from acting as a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes the new, which has not been properly tested.
stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to disorder, confusion and social discord.
Conclusion: social control - component a more general and diverse system of social regulation of people's behavior and public life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation is of an orderly, normative and rather categorical nature here and is ensured social sanctions or the threat of their use.
1.2. Social norms as a regulator of behavior
Everyone understands that no one could successfully build their relationships with other people and social organizations without mutual correlation of actions with the rules approved by society.
Element of social control reaction to the behavior of a person or group
These rules, which serve as a standard in relation to our actions, are called social norms.
social norms- these are prescriptions, instructions and wishes of varying degrees of severity, forcing individuals to act as it is customary to do in a given society, in a specific situation 3. Social norms act as regulators of people's behavior. They establish boundaries, conditions, forms of action, determine the nature of relations, stipulate acceptable goals and ways to achieve them. The assimilation of social norms of society, the development of an individual attitude towards them occur in the process of socialization.
Norms impose obligations and mutual responsibility on the participants in social interaction. They concern both individuals and society. On their basis, the whole system of social relations is formed. At the same time, norms are also expectations: society expects predictable behavior from an individual who performs a certain role. The individual also assumes that society will justify his trust and fulfill his obligations.
Social norms perform an important function - they support and preserve social values, what is recognized in society as the most important, significant, indisputable, deserving of attention: human life and dignity of the individual, attitude towards the elderly and children, collective symbols (coat of arms, anthem, flag) and the laws of the state human qualities(fidelity, honesty, discipline, diligence), religion. Values are the basis of norms.
Social norms in a generalized form reflect the will of society. Unlike values that are recommended for choice (which predetermines differences in the value orientations of many individuals), norms are more stringent, mandatory 4.
There are several types of social norms:
1) customs and traditions, which are habitual patterns of behavior;
2) moral norms based on collective authority and usually having a rational justification;
3) legal norms enshrined in laws and regulations issued by the state. They more clearly than all other varieties of social norms regulate the rights and obligations of members of society and prescribe penalties for violations. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the power of the state;
4) political norms that relate to the relationship between the individual and power. Between social groups and between states are reflected in international legal acts, conventions, etc.;
5) religious norms, which are supported primarily by the belief of the adherents of religion as a punishment for sins. Religious norms are distinguished on the basis of the scope of their functioning; in reality, these norms combine elements characteristic of legal and moral norms, as well as traditions and customs;
6) aesthetic norms that reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly 5.
Social norms are determined by the diversity of social life, any direction of human activity is regulated by them. Different kinds social norms can be classified according to the following criteria:
by the scale of distribution - universal, national, social group, organizational;
by functions - orienting, regulating, controlling, encouraging, prohibiting and punishing;
according to the degree of increasing severity - habits, customs, manners, traditions, laws, taboos. Violation of customs or traditions in modern society is not considered a crime and is not strictly condemned. A person bears strict responsibility for violating laws 6.
Conclusion: thus, social norms perform very important functions in society. features:
Regulate the general course of socialization;
Integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society;
Control deviant behavior;
They serve as models, standards of behavior.
Deviation from the norms is punished with sanctions.
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