A personality is a specific person with individually manifested peculiar mental, emotional, volitional and physical properties. Personality arose and developed in the process of social historical development humanity, in the process of labor.
The belonging of the individual to society, inclusion in the system determines its psychological and social essence.
Personality is a social being, an active figure in social development. Characteristic features personality are its consciousness, the public roles it performs, socially useful activities.
One of the sides of the personality is its peculiar, unique combination of psychological characteristics of character, temperament, movement mental processes(perception, memory, thinking, speech, feelings, will), her.
A person is always a product of his actions and those socio-economic relations in which he participates. The study of personality is essentially historical research the process of its formation under certain social conditions, a certain social system.
They are considered differently.
Some believe that in the structure of personality it is advisable to consider only its psychological components (cognitive, emotional-volitional, orientation), while others distinguish biological aspects in it (typological features nervous system, age-related changes in the body, gender), which cannot be ignored in the process of educating a person.
However, it is impossible to oppose in personality. Natural traits exist in the structure of personality as its socially conditioned elements. Biological and social in the structure of personality create unity and interact with each other.
Man is a natural being, but the biological in the process of historical development under the influence of social conditions has changed, acquired peculiar specific human features.
In the structure of personality, typical and individual are distinguished.
Typical is the most general thing that is characteristic of every person and characterizes a personality in general: its consciousness, activity, mind and emotional-volitional manifestations, etc., that is, what one person is like to other people. The individual is what characterizes the individual: his physical and psychological features, orientation, abilities, character traits, etc., that is, what distinguishes one person from another.
Psychologist K.K. identifies four substructures,
The first -: moral qualities, attitudes of the individual, her relationship with others. This one is defined. substructure of human social existence.
The other is a substructure of experience (knowledge, skills, habits). Experience is acquired in the process of education and upbringing. The leading factor in the acquisition of experience is the social factor.
The third is a substructure of reflection forms. It covers individual characteristics that are formed in the process of social life and are specifically manifested in the cognitive and emotional-volitional activity of a person.
The fourth substructure is the biologically conditioned side of the personality's mental functions. It combines typological personality traits, gender and age characteristics and their pathological changes, which largely depend on the physiological and morphological features of the brain.
Very complex and multifaceted.
Cognitive, emotional-volitional activity of a person, his needs, interests, ideals and beliefs, etc. - the constituent components of the spiritual life of the individual.
They are in a complex interaction and in their unity represent her "I", directing her inner life and its manifestations in activities and relationships with others.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
State educational institution
higher professional education
"STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT"
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING
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"PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY"
Abstract on the topic: The structure of personality.
Moscow - 2010
Plan
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..2
1. The concept of personality…..……………………………………………………………………. ...............................3
2. Psychological structure of the personality.……………………...................................................5
3. Statistical and dynamic structures of personality…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
4. Formation and development of personality………………………………………….8
5. Properties and individual typological features of personality……...10
5.1. Temperament……………………………………………………………………10
5.2. Character……………………………………………………………………..11
6. Determination of the general orientation of the personality ..………………….……… ..12
7. Inclinations and abilities……………………………….………………………….14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…15
Literature………………………………………………………………………….16
Introduction
Psychology is the science of the most complex that is known to mankind so far. After all, the psyche is “a property of highly organized matter”. If we mean the human psyche, then the word “most” should be added to the words “highly organized matter”: after all, the human brain is the most highly organized matter known to us.
The history of research in the field of personality psychology is over a hundred years old. For more than a hundred years, scientists have been looking for answers to questions about the nature of a person, the inner world of a person, about the factors that determine the development of a person and human behavior, his individual actions and his life path as a whole.
This search has by no means only theoretical value. From the very beginning, the study of personality has been closely connected with the need to solve practical problems.
Psychology without practice is deprived of its main meaning and purpose - knowledge and service to man. Practical orientation, however, not only does not reduce the importance of the development of psychological theory, but, on the contrary, strengthens it: the idea that successful practical work requires, first of all, the mastery of a number of practical skills and the accumulation of experience, while theoretical education plays a rather secondary role. , is fundamentally wrong.
Thus, in Western psychology, it is precisely the intensive development of practice that has brought to life questions that relate to the general problems of personality psychology. In particular, the question of the leading beginning in personality development remains debatable: whether to consider it, as many representatives of the humanistic direction in psychology suggest, as a gradual unfolding of the potential inherent in a person that pushes a person to self-realization, or whether the development process is determined by a series of life choices of the person himself .
Personality structure is a set of the most stable and unchanging properties that individuals exhibit at different times in different situations, as well as hierarchical relationships between properties. The description of the personality structure in psychodiagnostics depends on the accepted classification of properties, or diagnostic factors.
It is customary to distinguish three broad classes of properties: abilities, character traits, and motives. In the structure of a complex, heterogeneous personality, shortcomings in temperament (a weak type of nervous system, for example) can be compensated by virtues of character (the ability to self-control - to arbitrary volitional regulation), but in dramatic situations (conditions of danger and lack of time), the usual compensatory hierarchy of properties can "fail ”and a weak, passive-defensive style of behavior due to temperament will appear.
1. The concept of personality
To the question of what a personality is, psychologists answer differently, and in the variety of their answers, and partly in the divergence of opinions on this matter, the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself is manifested. Each of the definitions of personality available in the literature deserves to be taken into account in the search for a global definition of personality.
Personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities. This means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined and do not depend in any way on life in society. In many definitions of personality, it is emphasized that the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people, in society, do not belong to the number of personal ones.
The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people.
Today, psychology interprets personality as a socio-psychological entity, which is formed due to a person's life in society. A person, as a social being, acquires new 9 personal qualities when he enters into relationships with other people and these relationships become "formative" of his personality. At the time of birth, an individual does not yet have these acquired (personal) qualities.
Since personality is most often defined as a person in the aggregate of his social, acquired qualities, this means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are naturally conditioned and do not depend on his life in society. Personal qualities do not include the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people in society.
The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his features and actions that are significant for people.
By definition, R.S. Nemov, a person is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics, which are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable and determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.
Along with the concept of “personality”, the terms “person”, “individual”, “individuality” are used. Essentially, these concepts are intertwined.
Man is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.
An individual is a single member of the species homo sapiens» . As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).
Individuality is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).
The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.
The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life.
The formation of personality is associated with the acceptance by the individual of the ideas developed in society. social functions and roles social norms and rules of conduct, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and uniqueness. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.
In the concepts of “personality” and “individuality”, various aspects, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others.
Individuality is said to be “bright”, “unique”, “creative”, referring to the qualities of an independent entity.
2. Psychological structure of personality
The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.
Let's consider a set of such traits that, according to R. Meili 1 , quite fully characterize a personality:
Self-confidence is insecurity.
Intellectuality (analyticity) - limitation (lack of developed imagination).
The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, illogicality.
Discretion, restraint, steadfastness - vanity, susceptibility to influence.
Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).
Softness - callousness, cynicism.
Kindness, tolerance, unobtrusiveness - selfishness, self-will.
Friendliness, complaisance, flexibility - rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness.
Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.
Realism is autism.
Willpower is willlessness.
Integrity, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.
Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.
Confidence is uncertainty.
Adulthood is infantilism.
Tact is tactlessness.
Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).
Happiness is sadness.
Fascination is disappointment.
Sociability - unsociability.
Activity - passivity.
Independence - conformity.
Expressiveness - restraint.
Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.
Sensitivity - coldness.
Seriousness is windiness.
Honesty is deceit.
Aggressiveness is kindness.
Cheerfulness is cheerfulness.
Optimism - pessimism.
Courage is cowardice.
Generosity is stinginess.
Independence is dependence.
The psychological characteristics of a self-actualizing personality include:
Active perception of reality and the ability to navigate well in it;
Acceptance of oneself and other people for who they are;
immediacy in actions and spontaneity in expressing one's thoughts and feelings;
Focusing on what is happening outside, as opposed to focusing only on the inner world, focusing consciousness on one's own feelings and experiences;
Having a sense of humor;
Developed creative abilities;
Rejection of conventions;
Preoccupation with the well-being of other people, and not with ensuring only one's own happiness;
The ability to deeply understand life;
Establishment with people around, although not with all, quite friendly personal relationships;
The ability to look at life from an objective point of view;
The ability to rely on your experience, reason and feelings, and not on the opinions of other people, traditions or conventions;
Open and honest behavior in all situations;
The ability to take responsibility, rather than avoid it;
The application of maximum efforts to achieve the goals.
Personality in psychology is a central topic for study in psychological science, since it constitutes the main section general psychology called "Psychology of Personality".
The psychology of a person's personality has long gone beyond the "narrow direction", and is of interest to both a specialist psychologist and an ordinary person. The reason is that a person wants to study himself and society, wants to be able to interact with different social groups understand yourself, the people around you - after all, this is one of the central concepts in life, the key to achieving mental and social comfort.
Therefore, since ancient times, scientists have sought to study a person and its impact on society. It can be said that those conclusions, those discoveries that scientists have come to today are an example of the growth, maturation of the human personality over the centuries.
Knowing himself, man knows the world and society. There are many ways to find yourself:
Personality psychology studies the behavior, emotions, feelings of a person in some situations. In fact, each individual is "his own psychologist", since he daily analyzes the behavior of others and his own.
Personality in psychology
Perhaps in this case there is no universal definition of personality in psychology. The very existence of personality is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Therefore, each definition deserves to be supplemented - this explains the abundance scientific approaches to the concept of personality. Moreover, at different times and stages in the development of psychology, scientists put forward different dominant theories.
For example, in Soviet psychology at the beginning of the twentieth century, personality was perceived as a set of certain psychological functions. Since the 30s of the twentieth century, the personality has been transformed into "the experience of life and activity." In the 50s, the concept of personality appeared in psychology: “temperament and age”, and from the 60s, personality began to be designated as a set of human relations, which manifests itself in different areas of its activity.
Definition of personality
On the this moment There are several universal, most common concepts:
- Personality - the difference between one person and another in terms of internal qualities, which contain individuality. An extensive understanding, including the features of the psychological structure of the individual, the structure of his personality. That is, everyone is treated as an individual.
- Personality - a combination of personal and social roles. Such an average understanding of the individual implies the need to be in society. That is, only society is able to provoke. The author of this definition is George Herbert Mead, an American psychologist. The definition is also close to Adler, who believed that the beginning of personality is in the social feeling.
- A person is a cultural subject capable of managing his life and bearing responsibility for it. The narrowest understanding inherent in existentialist psychologists - Jung, Leontiev. I.e, we are talking about the source of personal energy. Based on this, an individual becomes a person not from birth, but in the process of growing up.
Important! Signs of personality are the ability to know, the ability to experience, as well as empathize, the ability to influence the world around us and contact with it.
Psychological structure of personality
It is a set of psychological, biological and social properties. Such a "alignment" allows you to objectively analyze the personality, considering each group separately.
Personality properties in psychology should be considered in separate directions:
Mental properties
It's worth considering here:
Temperament
Temperament is a set of properties that reflect the dynamics of human mental processes. Features of temperament consist in a tendency to certain behaviors in different conditions. It depends on him how strongly and quickly a person reacts to different events. We can say that temperament is in the closest connection with character, forming
The accepted division of temperaments belongs to Hippocrates. Ancient Greek philosopher who lived in the 5th century BC. e., identified the following types of temperament:
- Melancholic. This type is typical for vulnerable people with a complex inner life. Melancholic people get tired quickly, as they have a small energy reserve, and need frequent rest and solitude, because they give great importance all the events that happen to them.
- Choleric. This type is characterized by irascibility and intemperance, as well as stable, stable interests. Cholerics are quickly excited, but just as quickly calm down if the situation has improved in their favor.
- Phlegmatic. It is characteristic of cold-blooded personalities, patient, prone to passivity. Phlegmatic people are not quick-tempered, but it is much more difficult for them to come into balance after a conflict. Personalities of this type are characterized by slow adaptation to new conditions, but at the same time they are distinguished by high efficiency.
- Sanguine. Sanguine people are the easiest type, because they easily converge with the rest due to their optimistic attitude and penchant for humor. Such a person always has a lot of energy and tirelessly implements his plans, easily adapting to new conditions.
Currently, there are many ways to determine your temperament. Knowing the characteristics of your temperament allows you to achieve comfort in life.
Character
Character - the unity of individual traits that characterize the behavior of the individual. Character expresses attitude towards life.
Trait groups:
- The foundation of personality. For example, sincerity, secrecy,
- Attitude towards others: respect, disrespect, anger, care and neglect.
- The traits that determine the attitude towards oneself are arrogance, meekness, pride, self-criticism, etc.
- Perception labor activity. For example, labor activity or laziness, a sense of responsibility or its absence, passivity.
Also allocate normal properties- these are all of the above properties that are natural, and abnormal - are characteristic of mental illness. For example, excessive suspicion, turning into paranoia. Or jealousy, leading to the emergence of "Othello's syndrome."
Orientation
Orientation is an established system of motives, which is characterized by the level of maturity and determines the behavior of the individual.
The features of this property are the social significance of the relationship of the individual (the level of their social value), purposefulness (variety of needs), integrity (degree of stability).
Orientation determines the behavior of the individual.
Capabilities
Abilities are inclinations that can be developed in a particular direction. As a rule, they are measured by the concepts of giftedness, talent and genius.
Giftedness - the presence of inclinations that are present in a person from birth.
Talent is a potential revealed through giftedness and work on abilities.
Genius is the highest stage in the development of talent, meaning the complete mastery of the ability.
Abilities are divided into:
- Elementary - for example, the ability to distinguish colors, hear sounds.
- Complex - associated with activities in a particular area. For example, mathematical (the ability to solve complex problems), artistic, musical, and so on. Abilities are socially conditioned. This means that a person is not born with the presence of these abilities, but with the presence of inclinations that he can develop.
Also, abilities are divided according to the following criteria:
- General - motor or mental. These abilities are different for each person.
- Special - inclinations are required for implementation (sports, acting, etc.). These abilities help a person to realize himself in a particular field of activity.
mental processes
These are stable formations formed under the influence of external conditions vital activity.
Are divided into:
- Cognitive. This is a process of sensory (through the perception of sensations) and abstract-logical (through thinking, imagination) reflection of reality.
- Emotional. Emotions are individual experiences of a pleasant or unpleasant nature.
Types of emotions:
- One of key concepts characterizing the property is the mood, reflecting the state of a person in a certain period.
- Another concept is feelings, which contain a range of emotions and are directed to some object.
- Affects - stormy, but short-lived emotions, are actively manifested outwardly in human gestures and facial expressions.
- Passion is a vivid emotion, which is most often impossible to control.
- Simple emotions - caused by the satisfaction of the simplest needs. For example, the pleasure of delicious food.
- - a combination of emotions with a special physical state of the body.
Emotions are an important part of the personality, and differ in people of different temperament and character. They are able to have a strong influence on the life of a person, who often makes decisions under the influence of certain feelings. Distinctive feature emotions - their inconstancy and frequent change.
Will is the ability of a person to control his psyche and actions.
The peculiarity of this property is that for its manifestation it is required to make an effort and overcome any obstacles, since willpower is associated with making reasonable decisions.
This means the ability to limit oneself in order to achieve specific purpose, as a result of which a person receives not emotional, but moral satisfaction (ultimately) from the manifestation of the property.
Willpower helps you manage your weaknesses and get rid of them. But to possess this property, you first need to develop it through training: setting goals and achieving them.
The concept of will is inextricably linked with the concept of motivation.
Motivation is a set of physiological or psychological urges that determine the behavior of an individual.
This is a property of an incentive nature, responsible for the activity and direction of behavior. Social attitudes are of great importance here, since they are primarily perceived by society.
Motivation is influenced by the following factors:
- need - a state in which a person needs something that can ensure existence and development;
- stimulus - a factor (external or internal) that programs to achieve the goal;
- intention - a decision that is made consciously, with the desire to achieve the intended goal;
- impulse - an unconscious desire that prompts a person to urgent action.
Psychic formations
These are mental phenomena with the help of which the formation of life and professional experience takes place.
- Knowledge is information obtained as a result of historical experience. Knowledge has practical and theoretical significance. Knowledge is also divided into "pre-scientific" - inaccurate, based on assumptions, "extra-scientific" - those that are unfounded by science, and "scientific" - proven and confirmed by science. There is also a difference between theoretical knowledge, consisting of information about the state of the surrounding world, and practical knowledge - information about how to use the objects of the surrounding world.
- Skills are actions that are formed in the process of repetition and are the result of mastering. As a rule, it can be developed in the absence of conscious regulation of the process as a result of, for example, the development of the skill of speed reading.
There are perceptual (sensation), intellectual (analysis of sensations) and motor skills.
- Skills. Spent and effective ways performing actions based on acquired skills and knowledge. For the formation of skills, it is not necessary to perform exercises and training.
- Habits. An established way of behavior, a learned action that acquires the character of a need.
Having considered the mental side of the structure, let's move on to studying its social side.
Social structure of personality
These are social properties in communication and life.
Directions characterizing this structure:
- Component structures according to 1st approach:
- Memory is the totality of acquired knowledge.
- Culture is the unity of social norms. Also, social values.
- Activity - the influence that a person is able to exert in relation to different objects.
- Second approach implies the disclosure of the concept of personality in 2 directions:
- The objective approach is "status + social role".
- Subjective - following legal, cultural norms.
- 3rd approach allows us to consider social structure as a unity of possibilities:
- the possibility of purposeful activity;
- thinking and analysis;
- regulation of needs; manifestations of abilities;
- possession of a certain social role, status;
- possession of value orientations;
- possession of cultural knowledge and beliefs, legal norms.
Important! social structure peculiar continuous change, which occurs as a result of changes in the social environment and the acquisition of new information. In turn, new knowledge influences beliefs, influencing the nature of the individual's behavior.
Hence, social development personality is impossible in a social vacuum. The fear of contact with society is called social phobia:
Personality in major psychological theories
Since the middle of the twentieth century, major research areas have emerged. For a clearer understanding, they are presented in the form of a table.
After overview common mental theories, we can consider the versions of Soviet psychologists.
Personality structure according to Rubinstein
According to the theory, it is necessary to have 3 components of personality:
- Orientation. It includes human needs, as well as beliefs, interests and attitudes. The orientation contains the concept of "I" and the social essence of the individual.
- Mental education. Thanks to the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, a person is co-oriented in the outside world, and achieves good results in various activities.
- Individual properties of a typological character are manifestations of character, temperament and abilities. These factors form the personality.
Thus, the psychology of personality is formed due to the relationship with the outside world and society.
Important! Rubinstein highlights the vital, personal and mental level of human organization. The life level appears in the process of accumulating experience, the personal level consists of individual characteristics, and mental - from the activity of mental processes.
According to Rubinstein, the ratio of all levels creates a mentally healthy, socially adapted person.
The structure of personality according to Platonov
The Soviet specialist in the field of psychology takes the individual for a dynamic system. This system changes over time, it includes new elements, but the old functions are preserved.
According to Plato's theory, the personality structure is hierarchical, and has four substructural levels that line up in the form of a pyramid:
- The substructure of biopsychic conditioning is the basis for the pyramid. These are biochemical features, genetics and physiology. That is, those properties of the body that support human life. This can include gender, age, pathology.
- Substructure of individual features. Connected with cognitive process, that is, they depend on factors such as perception, memory, attention, sensation and thinking. The development of display forms gives a person the opportunity to increase activity, observation, improve orientation in social space.
- The substructure of experience is the social characteristics of a person. That is, these are his mental formations (knowledge, skills), which he acquires through the experience of communicating with people around him.
- Orientation substructure - is determined by the formation of moral traits, a person's worldview, beliefs and ideals. Through desire and desire, motivation arises. Consequently, the fourth substructure is necessary for a person in order to determine his actions, work, hobbies.
Personality structure according to A. N. Leontiev
The Soviet psychologist-teacher believed that a person is not limited to the framework of relations with the world.
A. N. Leontiev clearly separated the concepts of the individual and the personality. If the first means a set of biochemical processes and consists of organ systems and functions, then the second does not depend on the individual, since it arises in the process of life, gaining experience,
There is also a hierarchical structure here, which can be represented as an inverted pyramid:
- The foundation of the structure is the activity of a person that determines his life. These are relations, actions of the subject, which, however, do not always contribute to development. They are also of an external nature, without having a significant effect on the structure of the structure.
- The second level that characterizes personality is the establishment of a hierarchy of motives.
- The top of the inverted pyramid, which is also its base, since at this level the establishment of life purpose. The completion of the structure will be a monovertex or polyvertex type of structure. It depends on how many motives there are and which ones are the most important. The entire viability of the structure depends on the goal set.
Consequently, the main quality of this structure is the built-in hierarchy of motivational actions, since the activity depends on the motive.
Also, according to Leontiev, 3 more parameters are distinguished:
- the extent to which a person interacts with the outside world;
- the extent to which these relationships are hierarchical;
- and what the joint structure of these relationships looks like as a result.
Important! According to A. N. Leontiev personality structure does not depend on the structure of the individual.
In contrast to the theories of the best Soviet minds and to enrich the idea of the worldwide development of psychology, let us consider the American idea of the structure of personality.
Personality Theory by William James
William James is a representative of such a philosophical trend as pragmatism. He is also the founder of the experimental approach in psychology - functionalism.
The American philosopher and psychologist was one of the first to create a theory of personality, which has 2 sides:
- The Empirical Self. This is something that can be known and defined.
Structure:
- physical personality. This includes the material condition, bodily self-organization,;
- social personality. This refers to the recognition of a person as a person by society;
- spiritual personality. The unity of spiritual properties and states is implied.
Here, a sense of activity plays a big role, prompting desire, thinking, and emotions.
- Pure I. This is what cognizes the outer and inner world.
The psychologist also highlights self-esteem as an important structural phenomenon. She is susceptible external influences, corresponds to a certain level of self-esteem, it is thanks to it that certain claims of a person can be more successful, or less successful.
There is a formula "success / level of claims", which allows you to calculate the level of self-esteem. If a person experiences problems with self-esteem, he is not in harmony and balance with reality, he cannot adequately evaluate actions. This type of psychological problem may require a psychosomatic specialist, such as
In psychology, the word "" came from common vocabulary. At the same time, as often happens, in science it has acquired a slightly different meaning. In broad usage, the word "personality" is used to characterize the "social face" of a person. Hence the origin of the word "personality" (face, mask). When they say the words "Lieutenant, it is urgent to clarify the identity of the wanted criminal", then they are mostly interested in the superficial characteristics of a person: full name, appearance, nationality, age, education, profession, social contacts, biography. These can also include those psychological characteristics that are present: calm or irritable, silent or talkative, etc. In general, purely personal a person is either not interested in the speaker, or remains in question. It is rare to hear, for example, something like this: "Our director was a wonderful personality: in his spare time he thought a lot about the meaning of life, secretly from everyone he dreamed of building a house in the village..."In psychology, at least domestic, personality is often, if not most often, understood as a kind of "semantic core" or "value core" of a person. That is just deeply personal features of a person, something most important in his soul, her "motor". Accordingly, the external in a person fades into the background, it is either a consequence of personal characteristics, or in general a random factor that is not connected in any way with the personality.
From this obvious contradiction between the original meaning of the word and the prevailing in science (personality is external or internal), a lot of mutual misunderstanding and confusion arose and is arising. To date, many scientists generally avoid using the term "personality" to refer to any mental phenomena. If the word "personality" is found in their works, it is only as a synonym for "man". The same scientists who continue to study personality, by it mean precisely the "nuclear" properties of a person, the main source of his behavior.
Various scientists have developed very different structures personality. In some, the emphasis is rather on the external, visual characteristics of a person's behavior associated with his social activity. In others, the emphasis is on core features, the search for the main source of human behavior.
In broad usage, the concept of "personality" includes all the many different characteristics of a person (for example, age or nationality). In psychology, the personality structure usually includes only mental properties:
Abilities (willingness to demonstrate success in a particular area),
Temperament ( dynamic characteristics behavior),
Character (attitude to different aspects of being, for example, to friendship or work),
Volitional qualities (collection, inner freedom),
Emotional sphere (tendency to certain emotions, general emotionality),
Motivation (the predominance of certain needs, motives),
Orientation (interests and inclinations in certain areas),
Values and social attitudes (some basic principles) and others.
On the one hand, most scientists consider personality analytically, that is, they consider its structure. On the other hand, all or almost all authors note that a personality is not just a bunch of separate features, but a stable system, where each feature is closely related to others.
A. G. Kovalev considered personality as a synthesis:
Temperament (structure of natural properties),
Directions (system of needs, interests, ideals),
Abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).
K. K. Platonov proposed a "dynamic personality structure":
Socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities),
Personal experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, habits),
Individual features of various mental processes (attention, memory),
Biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, etc.).
V. A. Ganzen included in the personality structure:
Temperament ( dynamic features human behavior)
Orientation (interests and inclinations),
Character (attitude towards certain aspects of life),
Abilities (willingness to perform a particular activity).
S. L. Rubinshtein saw three interconnected plans in the personality structure:
The substructure of the orientation of the personality (attitudes, interests, needs, worldview, ideals, beliefs, interests, inclinations, self-esteem, etc.),
Inclinations and abilities (intelligence, private abilities, the level of development of mental processes (sensations and perceptions, memory, thinking and imagination, feelings and will)),
Temperament and character.
It is easy to see that in the classical domestic psychology in the structure of personality were included exclusively mental phenomena, that is, what is noticeable in the behavior of another person not only to a competent specialist (for example, a psychologist or psychiatrist), but also to a simple layman. The last to understand the greatest difficulty is, obviously, temperament. However, this word was used by ancient Greek thinkers, and now many people know who choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic and sanguine people are.
A number of Western authors have a different approach, who are not at all embarrassed to include elements in the personality structure that seem fantastic to other specialists. At the same time, not only disputable elements are included in the personality structure, but these elements also line up with each other in fantastic connections.
The most famous such structure is the personality structure according to Z. Freud:
Id (it is instincts, biological features, obeys the pleasure principle)
Ego (I am consciousness, reliance on reality, including the settlement of conflicts emanating from the id),
Superego (super-ego - morality, values, reliance on the values of society, deals with the "persuasion" of the ego in the priority of idealistic values).
Another similar personality structure was developed by C. G. Jung:
Ego (sphere of consciousness - thoughts, feelings, memories, sensations, etc.),
Personal unconscious (once aware of conflicts, but now they are suppressed and forgotten),
The collective unconscious (a repository of latent memory traces of mankind - it reflects thoughts and feelings common to all people).
In turn, the collective unconscious consists of archetypes - innate ideas or memories that predispose people to perceive, experience and respond to events in a certain way.
The personality structure according to G. Eysenck is also known:
Introversion-extroversion (the person's focus on the inner or outer world),
Neuroticism-stability.
The combination of these two dimensions gives rise to four different psychological types.
The well-known researcher of personality accentuations K. Leonhard in his works singled out character accentuations (demonstrative type, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective). Thus, two phenomena enter into his personality structure.