AT this study more than 80,000 autosomal snips are used, fiducial points are very a high resolution, which makes it possible to catch even relatively small influences at the genetic level in the bulk of the people. Comparative analysis data are taken from an open study by V.Verenich, a specialist in comparative analysis genetic components. The genetic calculators themselves are on the GedMatch service, and allow anyone to find out their comparative position on the genetic graph. To do this, it is enough to have the results of an autosomal test from FTDNA, or 23andMe. At the end of the study, maps of geographic distribution and frequency maxima for the main autosomal components from the MDLP World-22 project are provided.
The graphs below show the main components and their average percentage for each of the populations. In one line - percentage breakdown for one population. Each division (vertical bar) corresponds to 10%, and the names of the autosomal components are in the same sequence from left to right as in the legend from top to bottom. The more similar the percentage composition of common genetics in different peoples, the more similar the figure in the above graph looks. So let's get started...
Genetics of Germans, Lithuanians, Russians, Swedes, Finns, etc.
This graph shows the main genetic components for European peoples and aligned with the decrease in the East European component (North-East-European) in various populations. As you can see, all European peoples are quite different in genetic terms, and having genetic components in their set of the same origin, they are nonetheless in very different percentages. For all Slavs and Balts in general, this component is one of the most significant of Eastern Europe, which is at the maximum among Lithuanians and Belarusians. Probably from the time of the archaeological "Corded Ware culture" the territory of these countries was the center of origin of this component. It is represented by more than 80% among Lithuanians, and only 20% among Italians.The purple color indicates the Atlanto-Mediterranean component, and it increases as it moves from northeast to southwest. So among the Finns it reaches an average of 15%, and among the Italians 40%. The rest of the components are less pronounced.
Genetics of Russian Ukrainians Belarusians
This graph shows the Eastern Slavs - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians. Attention is drawn to the similarity of the genetic patterns of the three listed peoples, and within the margin of error they differ very slightly - Ukrainians and southern Russians have a slight increase in the West Asian component, and northern Russians have a slight increase in one of the Siberian components, conditionally called Samoyedic, and an increase components of the Mesolithic of Europe to about 10%, which, according to the latter indicator, brings them closer to the German-speaking population of Scandinavia - the Swedes.
This chart depicts all the Slavs, including the Western - Poles and Czechs, as well as the southern - Serbs, Bulgarians, Macedonians, etc.
All Slavs have 2 main components. These are Eastern European and Atlanto-Mediterranean. The first is at the maximum for Belarusians, and the second for all southern Slavs - Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians. The Eastern European component is more primary in origin among the Slavs, and the Atlanto-Mediterranean component was acquired to a greater extent during the migration of the Slavs to the Balkans. Western Ukrainians and Slovaks have a slight increase in the Samoyedic component relative to neighboring Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Czechs, Poles; this is probably the genetic trace of the medieval migrations of the Huns and Ugrians to Central Europe.
Genetics of Slavs, Russians and Tatars, Germans, Caucasians, Jews, etc.
This graph displays the different origins among the peoples of Russia. As can be seen, among the Slavs, the main component is the Eastern European one, while among the peoples of the Volga region, the share of the Siberian components increases. While for Caucasians, the West Asian component, the Mediterranean and the Middle East are the most characteristic.
Genetics of the Finns, Ugrians, Udmurts, Hungarians, Saami, etc.
As can be seen, the Finns, Veps and Karelians are characterized by a similar genetic origin with the Slavs. They also have the largest East European component, decreasing closer to the Urals and the Volga region, with an increase in the Siberian components in this region. Also, all the Finno-Ugric peoples have a significant component of the Mesolithic of Europe, which reaches almost 80% among the Saami and is associated with the pre-Indo-European and pre-Neolithic populations of Europe. For the Hungarians as a whole, a set of those genetic components is characteristic, as for other populations of the Carpathian region and Central Europe.
As can be seen, the entire Caucasus is characterized by a relatively similar genetic origin - this is a large proportion of the West Asian component and the Mediterranean. Only the Nogais stand out a little - they have an increased share of Siberian components.
As can be seen in Ashkenazim and Sephardim, there is a high frequency of the West Asian, Atlanto-Mediterranean and Middle Eastern components. At the same time, the Ashkenazim have a slight increase in the Siberian component, which is probably due to the Khazar heritage and an increase to 30% of the Eastern European component, which, according to this indicator, brings them closer to the countries of southern Europe.
Only Ethiopian Jews and Indian Jews are especially knocked out of their "company". The former have a high proportion of sub-Saharan Africa (up to 40%), while the latter have a share of the South Asian genetic component, conditionally called Indian (up to 50%).
Genetics of Tatars, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis, Chuvashs, etc.
The Turks in genetic terms turned out to be one of the most heterogeneous ethnic groups, because their genetic components differ significantly. So, given that the primary homeland of the Turks is Siberia, then such peoples as the Yakuts, Tuvans, Khakasses have retained the East Siberian autosomal component in the largest percentage, which reaches from 30 to 65% in them. This genetic component is also the main one among the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The remaining components bring the Turks closer to the peoples from the regions of residence. So, for the Yakuts and Tuvans, these are the North Siberian and Samoyed components. In total, these 3 Siberian components among the Yakuts they make up to 90%, among the Tuvans up to 70%, with an increase to 20% of the East-South Asian component, which is associated to a greater extent with the migration flows of the population of East Asia. For the Bashkirs, the share of the 3 Siberian components is up to 45%, and the Southeast Asian component is up to 10%. Tatars have the data of 3 Siberian genetic components on average from 25 to 50%. At the same time, the proportion of components characteristic of the Caucasoid population among the Bashkirs is up to 45%, and among the Tatars, on average, from 50 to 70%. The genetics of Azerbaijanis and Turks practically do not differ within the margin of error; they, like other peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, have a significant presence of the West Asian component (reaches 50%) and the Atlanto-Mediterranean component (up to 20% on average). The share of 3 Siberian components is represented by Azerbaijanis, Turks and Balkars - at the level of 3-7%.
Conclusion
The genetics of peoples does not have a direct and significant correlation with the distribution of language families, or with the percentage of uniparental markers - Y-DNA and mt-DNA haplogroups, represented in a particular population. The greatest correlation can be traced according to the territorial-geographical principle. Thus, the proportion of Siberian components characteristic of the Mongoloid race as a whole gradually decreases from East to West, and the proportion of components characteristic of the Caucasoid race increases accordingly. In the border territories along the line from the north of the Urals to Central Asia approximately equal ratio. In the regions east of Lake Baikal, the genetic components characteristic of the large Caucasoid race are practically not represented, while at the same time, in the regions west of the Pechora-Volga line, the Siberian components characteristic of the large Mongoloid race are disappearing.The spread of the East European genetic component to Siberia occurred to a large extent already in bronze age(cultures of the Andronov circle), although individual peaks in the extreme east of Siberia among the Chukchi may already be associated with Russian migrations in the 17th century.
The share of the Sub-Saharan component, characteristic of the Negroid race, is distributed throughout Africa - up to the southern Mediterranean and the northern border of the African continent, reaching a maximum in its equatorial part, and is practically never found outside it; a light background is distributed on the Arabian Peninsula and the southern part of the Iranian plateau.
Geography of genetic components
Alexey Zorrin
Project
Modern science gives a slap in the face to Hitler and Ukrainian nationalists. The myth that the Russians are supposedly some kind of “oriental mixture”, “horde” is not new. It was widely exploited at one time by the Nazis and their Kaiser predecessors. Today it has been adopted by the Ukrainian ultra-right. But conclusions modern science greatly upset these "horde worshipers" ...
Favorite Nazi quotes about the Slavs
Here is an excerpt from a German school textbook from the late 19th century:
“Russians are semi-Asian tribes. Their spirit is not independent, the sense of justice and reality is replaced by blind faith, they lack the passion for research. Subservience, venality and uncleanliness are purely Asian character traits.
And here is from the speech of Heinrich Himmler:
“When you, my friends, fight in the East, you continue the same struggle against the same sub-humanity, against the same lower races that once fought under the name of the Huns, later - 1000 years ago during the time of Kings Henry and Otto I, - under the name of the Hungarians, and later under the name of the Tatars; then they appeared again under the name of Genghis Khan and the Mongols. Today they are called Russians under the political banner of Bolshevism.”
Decades later, the same rhetoric was picked up by the Ukrainian right-wing radicals and even penetrated official science and education in Kyiv.
An excerpt from an interview with a militant from the extremist Right Sector, banned in Russia:
In 2011, the State Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine awarded the pseudo-historian Volodymyr Belinsky for his book "about the history of Russia". In his creation, which is more reminiscent of records of the delusions of patients in well-known medical institutions, he foams at the mouth and proves that Russians are in fact not Slavs at all.
Vladimir Belinsky about Russia:
“She has nothing to do with the Slavs. Absolutely. Zero".
But he was rewarded by the official state structure, informally responsible for the formation of ideology in the country!
Naturally, after this idea went to roam further. The ideas of the difference in the origin of Russians and Ukrainians even got into school textbooks. Now thousands of young Ukrainians foaming at the mouth prove this nonsense on the Internet:
“Russians are Finno-Ugric peoples with a mixture of Tatars, why do they attach themselves to the Slavs?”
At the same time, false libels, disguised as the results of "anthropological" and "genetic" studies, were thrown in the media and on Internet forums, naturally devoid of any specifics and scientific character in principle.
Here are a couple of examples.
Why are Russians not Slavs? And not Aryans at all:
“The answer is because the results of the genetic analysis speak for it. According to the media, there is no single Eastern Slavic community of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. And never was. Russians and Ukrainians are not Slavs. And the Belarusians are quite Western Slavs, close relatives of the Poles. Everything that we were taught, if we talk about blood, in a modern, genetic, relationship, is nonsense. Who are the Russians then?.. Russians are genetic Finno-Ugric peoples who have adopted and transformed the Slavic language to such an extent that other Slavs do not understand it ... In the "great and mighty" Russian language, 60-70% of vocabulary, that is, basic words, non-Slavic origin ... "
Proof of? What for? Those to whom this insanity is intended will swallow it anyway ... There are also articles that are trying to make them “more scientific”. For example, the Face of Russian nationality, or the collapse of popular racology:
“It turned out that the Russians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Finns.”
Well, twenty-five again. The main thing is to “throw in”, add a couple of smart terms - and your audience ...
“Russians can be called Slavs only with a big stretch, since the tribes that originally lived in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Moscow were not Slavs. It is no secret that the Russian ethnos, whose formation took place in the northeastern part of Europe, was formed mainly on the Finno-Ugric ethnic basis ... The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups living in the territory of northeastern Europe, due to their civilizational backwardness, were subjected to strong foreign ethnic influences in period of the Middle Ages and modern times. The most powerful was the influence of Slavic or Russian (actually Ukrainian) ... "
All these anti-scientific fabrications are an important ideological component of modern Ukrainian neo-fascism, explaining the superiority of Ukrainians (allegedly descendants of the glades and rulers of Rus) over Russians. But science, including foreign ones, is categorically against such fabrications.
Who are the Slavs
Let's start with the elementary. Slavs are an ethno-linguistic community. Indo-Europeans are carrier peoples Indo-European languages. The main classifying feature, so to speak, is language.
Therefore, terms like "Aryan (Indo-European) race", "Slavic race" - in today's realities are anti-scientific and meaningless. Both Belarusians and Bulgarians are Slavs. Both those and those are Caucasians. But within the framework of the Caucasoid race, both those and those have anthropologically closer peoples from other language groups. But in ethno-cultural terms, the Belarusians will be closer to the Bulgarians than, say, to their neighbors, the Latvians, since the Slavic languages, the Orthodox faith and the Orthodox-Slavic culture in general are related to the Bulgarians. So the Slavs, from the point of view of science, are precisely those who speak Slavic languages and identify themselves with the corresponding modern ethnic groups.
genetic markers
But in order to exclude speculation, let's also solve the issues of genetics, anthropology and the ethnogenesis of Russians in general. We propose to start with blood, since it is about it that historical “speculators” like to talk so much.
A generally accepted statistical marker to understand the origin of human populations are Y-chromosomal haplogroups, transmitted through the male line, from father to son. Language, culture and ethnicity as such, in the modern sense, do not depend on them. But they allow for extremely precise mathematical calculations regarding the biological origin of a particular group.
Looking ahead, I will explain that the non-European ancestors of the Proto-Slavs, the Finno-Ugric peoples and the notorious Tatar-Mongols were characterized by completely different haplogroups. That will allow us, based on the research of biologists, to draw certain "genealogical" conclusions.
So: characteristic of the people who became the distributor of Indo-European languages (the one who was called "Aryans" for a long time) is the haplogroup R1a. Scientists argue about the place of its initial appearance (most tend to Southern Siberia 18-20 thousand years ago), but its most extensive distribution, according to the generally accepted version, occurred 3-5 thousand years ago from the Black Sea steppes. Taming a horse and making a row important inventions, our distant ancestors went to conquer the world in all directions.
"Aryan blood" has nothing to do with it
And now the terrible dream of skinheads. Most of all, R1a is common among the Pamirs (82.5%), Brahmins of Indian West Bengal (72%), Khotons (64%), Lusatians (63%), and residents of a number of peoples of Eastern Europe. It turns out that the Pamir Tajiks in terms of the "volume of Aryan blood" will give odds to any European people!
Let us return to the Russian-Ukrainian issue. In various studies, the numbers differ slightly due to the statistical error of the sample (for the purity of the experiment, you need to take tests from 100% of the population, which, as you understand, is not entirely realistic), but the fluctuations in the results of various studies are minimal. For the sake of truth, we will cite all those present in the popular encyclopedic literature.
Here is the data from the article "Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group".
- Central Russia - 47%,
- Southern Russia - 56.9%,
- Russia (Orel region) - 62.7%,
- Russia (Voronezh region) - 59.4%,
- Russia (Tver region) - 56.2%,
- Russia (Kuban Cossacks) - 57.3%,
- Russia (Novgorod region) - 54.1%,
- Russia (Arkhangelsk region) - 40%.
- Ukrainians - according to one sample 54%, according to another - 41.5%.
- Belarusians - 51% in one sample, 45.6% in another.
I'll talk right away. According to R1a, we cannot distinguish the actual "proto-Slavic" ancestors from the "brotherly" Scythian-Sarmatian ones. Among marker carriers, Eastern Slavs there are male-line descendants of both the former and the latter. But we can clearly distinguish those who have Finno-Ugric or Balkan "pre-Indo-European" ancestors.
Here is the table data from another article on R1a.
- Russians - 46%,
- Ukrainians - 43%,
- Belarusians - 49%.
Another article.
- Russians in general - 47% (center - 52%, north - 34%, south - 50%),
- Ukrainians - 54%,
- Belarusians - 52%.
There are other statistics.
- Russians - 53%,
- Ukrainians - 54%,
- Belarusians - 47%.
It is clear that over time, in the course of research, the data will be refined. But one thing is clear already now: there is no fundamental difference in the number of "proto-Slavic" ancestors among all three East Slavic peoples! Their number varies from study to study within the limits of statistical error.
Why Russians are not Tatars
But maybe the Russians are at least half Finno-Ugric or Tatar-Mongols? Again no!
Only in the Arkhangelsk area do we have a “significant” result in group N, characteristic of the Finno-Ugric peoples: from 35% to 39% (i.e., a result comparable to the number of Indo-European ancestors). For the rest of Russia, it ranges from 0% to 16%. As a result, due solely to the large number of Finno-Ugric ancestors in the Arkhangelsk-Vologda region, we have an estimate for Russians in general for group N - from 14 to 20%, or 3-4 times less than the "Indo-European" ancestors.
The third most common among ethnic Russians (thanks to the inhabitants of the South of Russia) is the group I2 (or otherwise - I1b), which is characteristic, apparently, initially for the pre-Indo-European population of the Balkans. Its volume in the total array of the Russian ethnos is estimated from 12 to 16%. In the Arkhangelsk region, its carriers are about 5%, but among Kuban Cossacks- about 24%.
The Ukrainians have about the same number as the Russians N, there is a "Balkan" I1b. In addition, which is especially curious, Ukrainians have a large number of people with the E3b1 (E1b1b) group, which is considered to be the birthplace of East Africa, and which today is still common in Africa, Western Asia and Southeast Europe (most of all in Greece) . Among the Slavs, most of its carriers are among the Serbs and Bulgarians. The fourth most common among Ukrainians is the "Middle Eastern" J2.
To understand the issue with the "Indo-European" ancestors, it is probably necessary to point out the prevalence of R1a among some other peoples. Albanians - from 2 to 13% (depending on the region), Andalusians - 0%, Arabs - from 0 to 10%, Austrians - 14%, British - 9.4%, Catalans - 0% , among Croats - 34%, Danes - 16%, Dutch - 3.7%, Estonians - 37.3% (apparently, Estonian girls loved their Slavic neighbors ...), Finns - 10%, Germans in Germany as a whole - 7- 8%, and in the Berlin area - 22.3% (this is due to the fact that the Berlin area was originally inhabited by the Slavs, who were partially destroyed in the Middle Ages, and partially assimilated by the Germans), Greeks (depending on the region) - from 2 up to 22%, Icelanders - 24%, Italians - 2-3%, Latvians - almost 40%, Moldovans - from 20 to 35%, Norwegians - from 17 to 30%, Serbs - 16%, Slovenians - 37-38%, Spaniards - 0-3%, Swedes - 17-24%.
What Hitler and company did not want to know about the Slavs
It's funny, but the peoples that Hitler, Himmler and company once referred to as "Aryan" have very little to do with the real Proto-Indo-Europeans by blood. In Southern, Western and Northern Europe, depending on the region, “pre-Indo-European” haplogroups are common, characteristic of the Celts, inhabitants of Northern Europe, the Balkans, and Africa. But the languages of all, except for the Basques and Albanians, are Indo-European!
The fighting Proto-Indo-Europeans, settling, conquered them and gave them their language and culture, but did not engage in genocide. In some regions, they probably made up a small percentage of the local military aristocracy. As a result, the closest blood to the Proto-Indo-Europeans in Europe, so to speak, are the Eastern and Western Slavs, as well as the Balts. The historical conflict is such that the Germans, not being relatives of the Proto-Indo-Europeans by blood, but having largely adopted their language and culture, many centuries later, began the reverse conquest process, only they were no longer so “merciful” to the vanquished.
So it turns out that, according to the haplogroups, Russians and Ukrainians - the heirs of the "Proto-Slavs" and "Proto-Indo-Europeans" - about equally(half, maybe a little more). Only the Ukrainians and the inhabitants of the South of Russia were additionally affected by people from the Balkans and East Africa, and the inhabitants of the North of Russia were affected to some extent by the Finno-Ugric peoples. But on the other hand, the inhabitants of the Center and South of Russia have even more “Proto-Indo-European” markers than the Ukrainians!
But the studies of geneticists “for the benefit of ethnology” are not limited to haplogroups alone. In 2009, according to media reports, the “reading” of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed under the guidance of Academician Konstantin Skryabin.
He told the press literally the following:
“We did not find noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke ... Siberians are genetically identical to the Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are scanty.”
Now let's turn to anthropology
Ukrainian nationalists like to elevate themselves by origin to glades and Rus. But here they are in for a nasty surprise. According to anthropologists' research, a Scythian-Sarmatian "Iranian" trace was observed in the structure of the Polyan's body (which indirectly confirms the theory about the founding of the Old Russian state as a result of a symbiosis of the Proto-Slavs and the descendants of the Scythian-Sarmatians). So, this anthropological type is localized on the Left Bank of the Dnieper and in the Upper Oka basin.
Here, anthropologists have not found any tangible Mongoloid element in the structure of the bodies of Russians. And the majority of modern Ukrainians, according to the structure of their body, are descendants, first of all, of the Drevlyans! Ironically, Ukrainian Nazis love to admire Prince Svyatoslav and his mother Olga, who have numerous monuments in Ukraine. And Olga is known for the very cruel conquest of the Drevlyans. How inconvenient it is. The Drevlyans moved to the territory of modern Ukraine from the southwest, and it was they who most likely brought with them a lot of genes of Balkan and African origin.
An analysis of the early Slavic vocabulary (an abundance of terminology dedicated to lakes, swamps, forests and a much smaller number of seas, steppes, mountains) will allow scientists to assume with a high degree of probability that the Proto-Slavs were formed as an ethnic community on the territory of modern Belarus, Northern Ukraine and Western Russia. Moreover, it was the Proto-Slavic community, apparently, in terms of language that was closest to the Proto-Indo-European, original. Whether the ancestors of most Ukrainians - the Drevlyans - were originally part of the Proto-Slavs who migrated "in a circle", or they were another "Indo-European" people, "glorified" later - it is impossible to say with absolute certainty. It is only clear that they were not an autochthonous population in the territories of their later residence, and also that the Russians took them by force under their arm and civilized them.
It was to the northeast of the former lands of the Old Russian state that, starting from the 13th century, the political, economic and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs shifted. And it was Moscow that, in the end, taking into account the dynastic and spiritual heritage, became in this sense the successor of Russia, against the backdrop of how Kyiv withered.
So who was who
So, we finally break the nationalist myths.
Russians are not any "Finno-Ugric-Mongol-Tatar mixture" either by blood, or by language and culture. In ethno-linguistic terms, Russians are a typical East Slavic people.
There is no significant Mongoloid admixture in the blood of Russians at all. Russians have a tangible Finno-Ugric admixture only in the Arkhangelsk-Vologda region, in the south and in the center of Russia - it is minimal.
In general, Ukrainians and Russians are completely identical in terms of the number of “Proto-Indo-European” ancestors. By the number of "Proto-Slavic" ancestors, they are either identical (if the ancestors of the Drevlyans were also Proto-Slavs), or the Ukrainians are inferior to the Russians (if the ancestors of the Drevlyans were "glorified", but another Indo-European people).
The ancestors of most Ukrainians are not glades, as they are trying to prove Ukrainian nationalists, and the Drevlyans, who, by their anthropological type, differed from the autochthonous Slavic population.
And if it is still possible to breed discussions around anthropology, then genetics is a more accurate science. Of all the peoples of Europe, the descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans by blood to the greatest extent are Lusatians, Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Although, I repeat, this is more simply a statement of a biological fact. Despite the fact that Poles seem to be closer to Russians by blood than, say, Serbs, in ethnocultural terms, the connection between Serbs and Russians is an order of magnitude stronger than with Poles. Ukrainians and Belarusians are almost identical in blood to the inhabitants of South and Central Russia, as well as in ethnocultural terms, while they are radically different from the inhabitants of Central and Central Russia. Western Europe. And it is very important to preserve this unity, not allowing it to be broken by the neo-fascist demoniac opportunists with sick fantasies.
Overall rating of the material: 4.6