Social adaptation as a process and result. social adaptation. List of used literature

adaptation and maladjustment of personality

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

Adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own body;

Adequate system of relations and communication with others; ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

Variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with

role expectations of others (Psychological Dictionary. M., 1997. P. 13).

Social adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation is associated with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, psychological mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed, which are carried out in the process of adaptation.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, roles created by society; socialization ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society. In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is necessary condition adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.

Social adaptation is:

a) a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

b) the result of this process.

The socio-psychological content of social adaptation is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation of norms, traditions, group culture, and entry into the role structure of the group.

In the course of socio-psychological adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations; a person enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts himself and develops his individuality. As a result of socio-psychological adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and activities accepted in society will be formed, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.

Ideas about social adaptation in various psychological schools

psychoanalytic understanding of adaptation is based on the ideas of 3. Freud, who laid the foundations of the theory of adaptation, about the structure of the mental sphere of the personality, in which three instances are distinguished: the instincts of the Id, the system of iteriorized morality of the Superego and the rational cognitive processes of the Ego. The content of the id is almost entirely unconscious; it includes both psychic forms that have never been conscious, and material that has proved unacceptable to consciousness. The "forgotten" material continues to have a force of action that has gone out of conscious control. The ego develops from the id; this structure is in contact with external reality and controls and modulates the id impulses. The superego develops from the ego. Regardless of the motives of the id and regardless of the ego, the superego evaluates, limits, prohibits and judges conscious activity. The social environment is viewed as initially hostile to the individual and his aspirations, and Sigmund Freud interprets social adaptation as a process of establishing a homeostatic balance between the individual and the requirements of the external environment (environment). To restore an acceptable level of dynamic balance, which increases pleasure and minimizes displeasure, the energy that occurs in the Eid is spent. The ego realistically handles the basic drives of the id and mediates between the forces operating in the id and the superego and the demands of external reality. The superego acts as a moral brake or counterbalance to the ego's practical concerns and sets limits on the ego's mobility.

The ego experiences anxiety that develops in a situation of threat (real or imagined), when this the threat is too great to be ignored or dealt with. Freud points out the main prototypical situations that give rise to anxiety:

1. Loss of a desired object (for example, a child deprived of parents, a close friend, or a beloved animal).

2. Loss of love (losing love and not being able to win back the love or approval of someone who means a lot to you).

3. Loss of personality (oneself) - loss of "face", public ridicule.

4. Loss of self-love (Superego condemns actions or character traits, which ends in guilt or self-hatred).

The process of adaptation in the psychoanalytic concept can be represented as a generalized formula: conflict-anxiety-protective reactions. The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of attraction and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), and also as a result of the individual's desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

E. Erickson's approach differs from the main psychoanalytic line and also assumes the presence of a positive way out of the situation of contradiction and emotional instability in the direction of the harmonious balance of the individual and the environment: contradiction-anxiety-defensive reactions of the individual and the environment-harmonic balance or conflict.

Following 3. Freud, the psychoanalytic concept of adaptation was developed by the German psychoanalyst G. Hartmann.

G. Hartmann recognizes the great importance of conflicts for the development of personality, but he notes that not every adaptation to the environment, not every process of learning and maturation are conflict. The processes of perception, thinking, speech, memory, creativity, motor development of the child and many others can be free from conflicts. Hartmann introduces the term "conflict-free sphere I" to designate the totality of functions that at any given moment has an impact on the sphere of mental conflicts.

Adaptation, according to G. Hartmann, includes both processes associated with conflict situations and those processes that are included in the conflict-free sphere of the self.

Modern psychoanalysts, following 3. Freud, distinguish two types of adaptation:

1) alloplastic adaptation, which is carried out due to changes in the external world made by a person to bring it in line with his needs;

2) autoplastic adaptation, which is provided by personality changes (its structure, abilities, skills, etc.) that help it adapt to the environment .

These two actually psychic varieties of adaptation are supplemented by another one: the individual's search for a favorable environment for him.

Humanistic direction research of social adaptation criticizes the understanding of adaptation within the framework of the homeostatic model and puts forward a position on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The purpose of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the conformity of the values of the individual with the values of society. At the same time, the process of adaptation is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment. The process of adaptation in this case can be described by the formula: conflict-frustration-act of adaptation.

The concepts of this direction are based on the concept of a healthy, self-actualizing personality, which strives to achieve its life goals, developing and using its creative potential. Balance, rootedness in the environment reduce or completely destroy the desire for self-actualization, which makes a person a personality. Only the desire for development, for personal growth, that is, for self-actualization, forms the basis for the development of both a person and society.

stand out constructive and non-constructive behavioral responses. According to A. Maslow, the criteria for constructive reactions are: determination by their requirements social environment, focus on solving certain problems, unambiguous motivation and a clear representation of the goal, awareness of behavior, the presence in the manifestation of reactions of certain changes of an intrapersonal nature and interpersonal interaction. Unconstructive reactions are not realized; they are only aimed at eliminating unpleasant experiences from consciousness without solving the problems themselves. Thus, these reactions are analogous to defensive reactions (considered in the psychoanalytic direction). Signs of a non-constructive reaction are aggression, regression, fixation, etc.

According to K. Rogers, non-constructive reactions are a manifestation of psychopathological mechanisms. According to A. Maslow, non-constructive reactions under certain conditions (under conditions of lack of time and information) play the role of an effective self-help mechanism and are characteristic of all healthy people in general.

There are two levels of adaptation: adaptation and maladjustment. Adaptation occurs when an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment is achieved through constructive behavior. In the absence of an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment, due to the dominance of non-constructive reactions or the failure of constructive approaches, maladjustment occurs.

The adaptation process in cognitive psychology of personality can be represented by the formula: conflict-threat-reaction adaptation. In the process of informational interaction with the environment, a person encounters information that contradicts her attitudes (cognitive dissonance), while experiencing a state of discomfort (threat), which stimulates the person to search for ways to remove or reduce cognitive dissonance. Undertaken:

Attempts to refute the information received;

Changing your own attitudes, changing the picture of the world;

Search for additional information in order to establish consistency between previous ideas and information that contradicts them.

In foreign psychology, a significant distribution has received neobehavioristic definition of adaptation. The authors of this direction give the following definition of social adaptation.

Social adaptation is:

The state in which the needs of the individual, on the one hand, and the requirements of the environment, on the other, are completely satisfied. It is a state of harmony between the individual and nature or the social environment;

The process by which this harmonic state is achieved.

Thus, social adaptation behaviorists understand as a process of change (physical, socio-economic or organizational) in behavior, social relations or culture in general. The purpose of these changes is to improve the survival ability of groups or individuals. There is a biological connotation in this definition, indicating a connection with the theory of evolution and attention mainly to the adaptation of groups, rather than the individual, and we are not talking about personal changes in the course of adaptation of the individual. Meanwhile, in this definition, the following positive points can be noted:

a) recognition of the adaptive nature of behavior modification through learning, the mechanisms of which (learning, learning, memorization) are one of the most important mechanisms for acquiring adaptive personality mechanisms;

b) the use of the term "social adaptation" to refer to the process by which an individual or group achieves a state of social equilibrium in the sense of not experiencing conflict with the environment. Wherein we are talking only conflicts with external environment and ignore the internal

personality conflicts.

Interactionist concept Adaptation defines the effective adaptation of the individual as adaptation, in the achievement of which the individual satisfies the minimum requirements and expectations of society. With age, the expectations that are placed on the socialized person become more and more complex. The individual is expected to move from a state of complete dependence to not only independence, but also taking responsibility for the welfare of others. In the interactionist direction, an adapted person is considered not only to have mastered, accepted and implemented social norms,but and taking responsibility, setting and achieving goals. According to L. Philips, adaptability is expressed by two types of responses to environmental influences:

1) Acceptance and effective response to those social expectations that everyone meets according to their age and gender. For example, educational activities, the establishment of friendships, the creation of a family, etc. L. Philips considers such adaptation to be an expression of conformity to the requirements (norms) that society imposes on the behavior of an individual.

2) Flexibility and efficiency in meeting new and potentially dangerous conditions, as well as the ability to give events the desired direction for themselves. In this sense, adaptation means that a person successfully uses the created conditions for the implementation of his goals, values and aspirations. Adaptive behavior is characterized by successful decision making, taking the initiative, and clearly defining one's own future.

Representatives of the interactionist direction share the concepts of "adaptation" and "adaptation". T. Shibutani believed that each personality can be characterized by a combination of techniques that allow it to cope with difficulties, and these techniques can be considered as forms of adaptation. Thus, adaptation refers to well-organized ways of coping with typical problems (as opposed to adaptation, which consists in the body adapting to the requirements of specific situations).

Such an understanding of adaptation contains the idea of personality activity, the idea of the creative, purposeful and transformative nature of its social activity.

So, regardless of the differences in ideas about adaptation in various concepts, it can be noted that personality acts in the course of adaptation as an active subject of this process.

O. I. Zotova and I. K. Kryazheva emphasize the activity of the individual in the process of social adaptation. They consider socio-psychological adaptation as the interaction of the individual and the social environment, which leads to the correct correlation of the goals and values of the individual and the group. Adaptation occurs when the social environment contributes to the realization of the needs and aspirations of the individual, serves to reveal and develop its individuality.

In the description of the adaptation process, such concepts as “overcoming”, “purposefulness”, “development of individuality”, “self-affirmation” appear.

Depending on the structure of the needs and motives of the individual, the following types of adaptation process are formed:

A type characterized by a predominance of active influence on the social environment;

A type determined by the passive, conformal acceptance of the goals and value orientations of the group.

As A. A. Rean notes, there is also a third type of adaptation process, which is the most common and most effective in terms of adaptation. This is a probabilistic-combined type based on the use of both of the above types. When choosing one or another option, a person evaluates the probability of successful adaptation with different types of adaptation strategy. At the same time, the following are evaluated: a) the requirements of the social environment - their strength, the degree of restriction of the goals of the individual, the degree of destabilizing influence, etc.; b) the potential of the individual in terms of change, adaptation of the environment to himself.

Most domestic psychologists distinguish two levels of personality adaptation: complete adaptation and maladaptation.

A. N. Zhmyrikov suggests taking into account the following adaptability criteria:

The degree of integration of the individual with the macro- and microenvironment;

The degree of realization of intrapersonal potential;

Emotional well-being.

A. A. Rean connects the construction of a model of social adaptation with the criteria of internal and external plan. At the same time, the internal criterion implies psycho-emotional stability, personal conformity, a state of satisfaction, the absence of distress, a sense of threat, and a state of emotional and psychological tension. The external criterion reflects the conformity of the real behavior of the individual with the attitudes of society, the requirements of the environment, the rules adopted in society, and the criteria for normative behavior. Thus, disadaptation according to an external criterion can occur simultaneously with adaptation according to an internal criterion. Systemic social adaptation- this is an adaptation both according to external and internal criteria.

Personality maladaptation

In the concept of general adaptation syndrome G. Selye (a set of adaptive reactions of the human and animal organisms that are of a general protective nature and that arise in response to adverse effects that are significant in strength and duration), the conflict is considered as a consequence of the discrepancy between the needs of the individual and the restrictive requirements of the social environment. As a result of this conflict, the state of personal anxiety is actualized, which, in turn, includes defensive reactions that operate at an unconscious level (in response to anxiety and a violation of internal homeostasis, the Ego mobilizes personal resources).

Thus, the degree of adaptation of a person with this approach is determined by the nature of her emotional well-being. As a result, two levels of adaptation are distinguished: adaptability (the absence of anxiety in a person) and non-adaptation (its presence).

The most important indicator of maladjustment is the lack of "degrees of freedom" of an adequate and purposeful response of a person in a psycho-traumatic situation due to a breakthrough of a functional-dynamic education that is strictly individual for each person - adaptive barrier. The adaptation barrier has two bases - biological and social. In a state of mental stress, the barrier of the adapted mental response approaches the individual critical value. At the same time, a person uses all the reserve possibilities and can carry out a particularly complex activity, foreseeing and controlling his actions and not experiencing anxiety, fear and confusion that prevent adequate behavior. Prolonged, and especially sharp, tension of the functional activity of the barrier of mental adaptation leads to its overstrain, which manifests itself in preneurotic states, expressed only in separate, mildest disorders (increased sensitivity to common stimuli, slight anxiety tension, anxiety, elements of lethargy or fussiness in behavior , insomnia, etc.). They do not cause changes in the purposefulness of human behavior and the adequacy of his affect, they are temporary and partial.

If the pressure on the barrier of mental adaptation intensifies and all its reserve possibilities are exhausted, then the barrier is torn - the functional activity as a whole, although it continues to be determined by the previous "normal" indicators, however, the broken integrity weakens the possibilities mental activity, which means that the scope of adaptive adapted mental activity is narrowing and qualitatively and quantitatively new forms of adaptive and protective reactions appear. In particular, there is an unorganized and simultaneous use of many "degrees of freedom" of action, which leads to a reduction in the boundaries of adequate and purposeful human behavior, i.e., neurotic disorders.

The symptoms of adjustment disorder do not necessarily start immediately or disappear immediately after the stress is removed.

Adaptation reactions can occur: 1) with a depressive mood; 2) with an anxious mood; 3) with mixed emotional traits; 4) with behavioral disorder; 5) with violation of work or study; 6) with autism (without depression and anxiety); 7) with physical complaints; 8) as atypical reactions to stress.

Adjustment disorders include the following points: a) disturbance in professional activities (including schooling), in ordinary social life or in relationships with others; b) symptoms that go beyond the norm and expected reactions to stress.

Strategies for social adaptation

The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies for social adaptation. The concept of "strategy" in the general sense can be defined as a guiding, organizing way of conducting actions, behavior, designed to achieve not random, momentary, but significant, defining goals.

Social Adaptation Strategy as a way of harmonizing an individual with the environment, a way of bringing his needs, interests, attitudes, value orientations and requirements of the environment into line, should be considered in the context of life goals and the life path of a person. In this regard, it is necessary to consider such a range of concepts as "lifestyle", "life history", "picture of life", "life plan", "life path", "life strategy", "life style", "life scenario" .

V. A. Yadov notes that the socio-psychological analysis of lifestyle is designed to identify the mechanisms of self-regulation of the subject, associated with his attitude to the conditions of life and activity, his needs and life orientations, as well as his attitude to social norms.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya highlights the basic principles of studying personality in the process of life, formulated by S. L. Rubinshtein and B. G. Ananiev:

principle of historicism where the inclusion of a person in historical time allows us to consider biography as its personal history;

genetic approach, which makes it possible to single out different grounds for determining the stages, stages of its development in life;

connection principle development and life movement of the personality with its labor activity, communication and knowledge.

The principle of historicism was based on the idea of S. Buhler. who proposed to draw an analogy between the process of a person's life and the process of history and declared the life of a person to be an individual history. She called individual, or personal, life in its dynamics way of life personality and singled out a number of aspects of life in order to trace them in dynamics:

The sequence of external events as the objective logic of life;

Logic of internal events - change of experiences, values - evolution inner peace person;

The results of human activity.

S. Buhler considered the driving force of the personality to be the desire for self-fulfillment and creativity. As K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasized, understanding life path S. Buhler contained the main thing: the life of a particular person is not accidental, but natural, it lends itself not only to description, but also to explanation.

B. G. Ananiev believed that the subjective picture of the life path in the self-consciousness of a person is always built according to the individual and social development commensurate in biographical and historical dates.

A. A. Kronik presents subjective picture of life like an image. the time dimensions of which are commensurate with the scale of human life as a whole, an image that captures not only the past of the individual - the history of its formation, not only the present - life situation and current activities. but also the future - plans, dreams, hopes. The subjective picture of the life path is a mental image that reflects the socially conditioned spatio-temporal characteristics of the life path (past, present and future), its stages, events and their relationships. This image performs the functions of long-term regulation and coordination of the life path of the individual with the lives of others, primarily people who are significant to her.

S. L. Rubinshtein, analyzing the works of S. Buhler, perceived and developed the idea of a life path and came to the conclusion that a life path cannot be understood only as the sum of life events, individual actions, products of creativity. It must be presented as something more integral. To reveal the integrity, continuity of the life path, S. L. Rubinshtein proposed not only to single out its individual stages, but also to find out how each stage prepares and influences the next. Playing an important role in the life path, these stages do not predetermine it with fatal inevitability.

One of the most important and interesting thoughts of S. L. Rubinshtein, according to K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, is the idea of the turning stages of a person's life, which are determined by personality. S. L. Rubinshtein asserts the idea personality activity, her "active essence", the ability to make choices, to make decisions that affect her own life path. S. L. Rubinshtein introduces the concept of personality as a subject of life. The manifestations of this subject are how activities and communication are carried out, what lines of behavior are developed on the basis of desires and real possibilities.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya distinguishes three structures of the life path: life position, life line and the meaning of life. Life position, consisting in the self-determination of the personality, is formed by its activity and is realized in time as life line. Meaning of life value determines the life position and line of life. Particular importance is attached to the concept of "life position", which is defined as "the potential for personal development", "way of life" based on personal values. This is the main determinant of all life manifestations of personality.

concept "life perspective" in the context of the concept of the life path of a personality, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as a potential, the possibilities of a personality, objectively developing in the present, which should also be manifested in the future. Following S. L. Rubinshtein, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasizes that a person is the subject of life and the individual character of his life is manifested in the fact that the person acts as its organizer. The individuality of life consists in the ability of a person to organize it according to his own plan, in accordance with his inclinations and aspirations, which are reflected in the concept of "the meaning of life".

As a criterion for the correct selection of a person's life path, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya puts forward the main one - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life.

The ability of a person to foresee, organize, direct the events of his life or, on the contrary, to obey the course of life events, allows us to speak about the existence of various ways of organizing life. These methods are considered as abilities different types individuals spontaneously or consciously build their life positions. The concept itself life strategy K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines it as a constant alignment of the characteristics of his personality and the way of his life, building his life based on his individual capabilities. The strategy of life consists in ways of changing, transforming conditions, situations of life in accordance with the values of the individual, in the ability to combine their individual characteristics, their status and age opportunities, their own claims with the requirements of society and others. In this case, a person as a subject of life integrates his characteristics as a subject of activity, a subject of communication and a subject of cognition and correlates his capabilities with the set life goals and tasks.

Thus, a life strategy is a strategy for self-realization of a person in life by correlating life requirements with personal activity, its values and the way of self-affirmation.

The strategy of social adaptation is an individual way of adapting a person to society and its requirements, for which the determining factors are the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perceiving situations and a conscious choice of behavior made in accordance with goals, aspirations, needs, personal value system.

Thus, the strategy of social adaptation is a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, the goals set by him and the ways to achieve them.

Strategies for social adaptation are individual and unique for each person; types social adaptation strategies.

The variety of types and methods of socio-psychological adaptation can be considered both from the point of view of the types of orientation of activity in the process of adaptation (and then it is set by the leading motives of the personality), and from the point of view of specific types and methods of adaptation, which are set, on the one hand, by the hierarchy values and goals, depending on the general orientation, and on the other hand, the psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of the individual.

In the classification of A. R. Lazursky, three levels of relations are distinguished. At the first level, the personality is entirely dependent on the environment. Environment, external conditions suppress the person, thus there is a lack of adaptation. At the second level, adaptation occurs for the benefit of oneself and society. People who are on the third level of relations - a creative attitude to the environment, are able not only to successfully adapt to the environment, but also to influence it, changing and transforming the environment in accordance with their own needs and inclinations.

Thus, A. R. Lazursky provided for the possibility of directing the transformative effect as a result of the socio-psychological adaptation of the individual as a change and restructuring personality structure(first and second levels), and outside.

Similar ideas are expressed by J. Piaget, according to whom the optimal combination of two aspects of social adaptation can be considered the condition for successful adaptation: accommodation as the assimilation of the rules of the environment and assimilation as the transformation of the environment.

N. N. Miloslavova characterizes the types of adaptation in connection with the level of conformity of the individual to external conditions, "growing into the environment", not including the process of transformation, the impact of the individual on the environment:

balancing - establishing a balance between the environment and the individual, who show mutual tolerance for each other's value system and stereotypes;

pseudo-adaptation - a combination of external adaptability to the environment with a negative attitude towards its norms and requirements;

adjusting - recognition and acceptance of major systems new situations, mutual concessions;

assimilation - psychological reorientation of the individual, transformation of former views, orientations, attitudes in accordance with the new situation.

An individual can consistently go through all these stages, gradually “growing” more and more into the social environment from the stage of balancing to the stage of assimilation, or he can stop at one of them. The degree of involvement in the adaptation process depends on a number of factors: on the degree of “tightness” of the individual, on the nature of the situation, on the attitude of the individual towards it, and on the life experience of the adapting person.

Differences in the way of individual life imply the construction of various strategies, the leading parameter of which K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya considers activity as an internal criterion of the individual in the implementation of her life program. K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya proposes the distribution of initiative and responsibility as an individual way of realizing activity as a basis for describing various personal strategies. A person whose structure is dominated by responsibility always seeks to create the necessary conditions for himself, to foresee in advance what is needed to achieve the goal, to prepare to overcome difficulties and failures. Depending on the level of claims and focus, people with developed responsibility can show different ways of expressing themselves. So, a person of an executive type has a low activity of self-expression, is unsure of his abilities, needs the support of others, is situational, subject to external control, conditions, orders, advice; he is afraid of changes, surprises, seeks to fix and keep what has been achieved.

Another type of personality, with high responsibility, receives satisfaction from the fulfillment of duty, expresses itself through its fulfillment, his life can be planned out to the smallest detail; daily, rhythmic fulfillment of the planned range of duties brings him a sense of satisfaction at the end of the day; in the life of such people there are no distant prospects, they do not expect anything for themselves, but are always ready to fulfill other people's requirements.

People with a different kind of life responsibility may have both friends and acquaintances, but due to the feeling of “one on one” with life, they exclude both any orientation towards support and help from other people, and the opportunity to take responsibility for others, since , in their opinion, this increases their dependence and binds freedom of expression. The responsibility of such people is realized in a variety of roles.

A person with a developed initiative is in a state of constant search, strives for something new, not being satisfied with ready-made, given ones, is guided mainly only by desirable, interesting ones, “lights up” with ideas, willingly takes any risk, but, faced with a new one, different from the imaginary, from plans and ideas created by him, cannot clearly define the goals and means, outline the stages in the implementation of plans, and separate the achievable from the unattainable. For an enterprising personality, it is not the results that are most often important, but the search process itself, its novelty, and the breadth of perspectives. Such a position subjectively creates a variety of life, its problematic and fascinating.

There are different types of initiative people depending on their tendency to take responsibility. Some of them prefer to share their projects, proposals, ideas with others, to intensively involve people in their circle. creative search to take responsibility for their scientific and personal destiny. These people are characterized by a harmonious combination of initiative and responsibility. The initiative of other people may be limited to good intentions, and plans are not implemented. The integrity or partiality of their activity depends on the nature of their claims and the degree of connection with responsibility.

A person whose initiative is a life position is constantly looking for new conditions, actively changing his life, expanding the range of life activities, affairs, communication; he always builds a personal perspective, not only thinks about something new, but also builds multi-stage plans, the realism and validity of which already depend on the degree of responsibility, the level of development of the individual.

In people who combine initiative and responsibility, the desire for novelty and readiness for uncertainty associated with risk are balanced; they are constantly expanding their semantic and vital space, but they can confidently distribute it into the necessary and sufficient, the real and the desired. Responsibility for such a person implies not only the organization of activities, but also the opportunity not to live situationally, but to maintain autonomy and the opportunity to take the initiative.

E. K. Zavyalova and S. T. Posokhova distinguish between individual adaptation strategies in connection with the search activity directed by a person to improve the system of interaction with environment and by ourselves. The passive strategy is most typical for people in a state of social or emotional shock, and manifests itself in a person’s desire to preserve himself primarily as a biological unit, leave the past lifestyle unchanged, use well-established and previously effective stereotypes of interaction with the environment and with himself. The core of the passive adaptation strategy is negative emotional experiences: anxiety, frustration, a sense of loss, insurmountable obstacles; the past seems beautiful regardless of reality, the present is perceived dramatically, help is expected from outside; aggressive reactions towards others and towards oneself become more frequent; a person is afraid to take responsibility for making risky decisions.

The passive adaptation strategy is determined by a number of personal properties and, in in turn, forms a certain type of personality, the dominant position in the structure of which is occupied by overcaution, pedantry, rigidity, preference for the regulation of any creative activity and freedom of decision, orientation towards the adoption of a collectively worked out decision, craving for depersonalization, unconditional acceptance of social norms, responsible performance of habitual duties.

In the event of the emergence of new forms of human interaction with nature, society, an active adaptation strategy is implemented by itself - a strategy centered on intrapersonal and external social restructurings performed by the person himself, on changing the previous way of life, on overcoming difficulties and destroying unsatisfactory relationships; at the same time, a person focuses on his own internal reserves, is ready and able to be responsible for his actions and decisions. An active adaptation strategy is based on a realistic attitude to life, the ability to see not only negative, but also positive aspects of reality; people perceive obstacles as surmountable. His behavior and activities are characterized by purposefulness and organization; active, overcoming behavior is accompanied by predominantly positive emotional experiences. Centered on overcoming, an active strategy, as well as a passive one, forms a certain psychological portrait of a person: social orientation actions and decisions, social confidence and self-confidence, high personal responsibility, independence, communication skills, high level ambition and high self-esteem emotional stability.

Comparing the considered approaches, it is possible, in general, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.

When evaluating this strategy, it is necessary to consider the sphere of subjective relations of the individual: a) attitude towards oneself, assessment of one's success, self-acceptance;

b) interest in others and communication with them, attitude towards the environment and people in general, acceptance of other people, understanding of their assessment of the personality, position in communication (dominance or statement) and in conflict situations; c) a position in relation to the world as a whole, which can manifest itself in the preference for certain experiences, reflected in the level of claims of the individual, his way of assigning responsibility and attitude to the future (openness to the future or fear of the future, closing in on the present).

In conclusion, within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction, social adaptation is interpreted as a homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the external environment (environment). The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of attraction and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), and also as a result of the individual's desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

Within the framework of the humanistic direction of research on social adaptation, a position is put forward on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The purpose of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the conformity of the values of the individual with the values of society. At the same time, about The process of adaptation is not a process of balance of the organism and construction by the subject

Social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of the interaction of the individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts to the environment in accordance with his needs, resources, aspirations and actively self-determines. The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies for social adaptation.

Social adaptation is an individual way of adapting a person to society and its requirements, for which the influences of the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perceiving situations are decisive. conscious choice of behavior in accordance with the goals, aspirations, needs, value system of the individual.

test questions

1. Why is the problem of adaptation so actively developed in psychology and other human sciences?

2. Is adaptation a process or a result?

3. Is the problem of adaptation initially a biological, psychological or social problem?

4. How can you explain Freud's expression 3: "Disease is a symptom of civilization"?

5. What could the Russian philosopher N. Berdyaev mean by saying that “culture has always been the great failure of life”?

6. What is the role of the unconscious in the process of adaptation?

7. What can be the “price” of adaptation?

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational Institution Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin

Social and pedagogical faculty

Department of Social and Medical Disciplines

Course work

Topic: Adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment

Introduction

Relevance term paper. The problem of human adaptation has long been one of the fundamental in many areas of scientific knowledge. Adaptation is one of the very real ways to preserve human viability, not only in today's rapidly changing world, but also in the future.

Turning adaptation into a circle important issues determined by both the real requirements of life and the logic of development scientific knowledge. Modern social science, actively and on a large scale involved in solving problems relevant to society, is faced with the need to comprehend changes in human behavior. Disclosure of adaptation mechanisms provides the key to understanding new forms of human relations with society, nature and with oneself, to predicting the dynamics of behavior.

Today it is quite difficult to understand the essence of adaptation, to see its uniqueness among other ways of human existence. Difficulties arise, first of all, due to the lack of general guidelines for describing and explaining adaptation processes.

The predominant orientation to the signs of the environment led to the emergence of social, professional, climatic, school, university, etc. adaptation. Orientation to the level of human organization - to socio-psychological, mental, psycho-physiological, physiological adaptation. Consideration of a number of conceptual provisions, as well as a long experience in studying the possibilities of human life in different environmental conditions, convinces us that a sufficiently reliable reference point for explaining adaptation processes is contained in a person's personality. In all its complex organization of properties and qualities, in all the diversity of its interaction with the surrounding reality, in its correlation with a specific historical period in the development of society, the main internal regulator adaptation in changing social, cultural, subject-technological and natural conditions.

Target course work is to study the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.

Object − the process of adaptation of the individual.

Thing − changing environment.

In accordance with the purpose of the course work, the following tasks :

1. Generalize ideas about adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment.

2. Expand the content of the concept of "environment".

3. To reveal the strategy of social adaptation providing viability in the changing conditions of existence.

1. Social adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization

The concept of "adaptation" (from Latin adaptation) is currently used in many areas of knowledge - biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. In essence, the study of this problem is at the junction of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.

In the literature, adaptation is considered in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

In a broad, philosophical aspect, adaptation is understood as "... any interaction between the individual and the environment, in which their structures, functions and behavior are coordinated" . In the works performed in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macrosociety, the change in the social status of a person, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation correlates with socialization.

Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological sense is considered as the relationship of an individual with a small group, most often a production or student group. That is, the process of adaptation is understood as the process of entry of a person into a small group, the assimilation of established norms, relations, and the occupation of a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.

Features of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptive interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which a person adapts.

In the study of adaptation, one of the most topical issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation is associated with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction of the individual with the environment are formed.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, and roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.

In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.

Social adaptation is:

The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

The result of this process.

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;

an adequate system of relations and communication with others;

ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

· variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.

In the course of social adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The personality enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and objective activity are formed, which are accepted in society, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.

Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of a person to a changed environment with the help of various social means. The main way of social adaptation is the adoption of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, team, organization, region, which includes the individual), the forms of social interaction that have developed here (formal and informal ties, leadership style, family and neighborly relations, etc.). ), as well as forms and methods of objective activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).

A.G. Kovalev distinguishes two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not seek such an impact and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.

According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform the essential social reality. Therefore, the very process of formation of the mechanisms of social adaptation of a personality is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-consciousness, which characterize its social essence. .

Social activity is the leading and specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation. Important are its constituent types, such as communication, play, teaching, work, which provide full inclusion, active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very same mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of the individual has natural stages:

The need of the individual

Needs,

Motives for making a decision

Implementation and debriefing,

Social communication is the most important mechanism of social adaptation of a person, which directs and expands the range of assimilation of social values in contact with other individuals and social groups.

The social self-awareness of the individual is a mechanism of social adaptation of the individual, in which the formation and understanding of one's social belonging and role is carried out.

According to I. A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:

1. Cognitive, inclusive mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.

2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.

3. Practical (behavioral), offering a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity.

The social adaptation of a person is based on active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform the very personality of a person.

The process of social adaptation is of a concrete historical nature, which affects the individual in different ways or pushes him to a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.

The studies of G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:

1. Societies (macroenvironment) - this level allows you to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.

2. Social group (microenvironment) - the study of this process will help to isolate the causes, the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and social group(work collective, family, etc.).

3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.

An analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is explained by the fact that a person is included in a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in this society. The system of social adaptation includes different types of adaptive processes:

Industrial and professional adaptation;

Household (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at the routine, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group out of touch with the sphere of production activity);

Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);

Political and economic;

Adaptation to the forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality, etc.);

To nature, etc.

According to G. D. Volkov, N. B. Okonskaya, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but social adaptation is dominant here. Full social adaptation of a person includes:

− managerial,

− economic,

− pedagogical,

− psychological,

− professional,

− production adaptation.

Let's take a closer look listed species social adaptation.

Managerial (organizational) adaptation. Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, at home), create prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.

Economic adaptation- this is the most complicated process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals, subjects. For technology social work the so-called "social block" is important here, including the adaptation to the real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the socio-cultural needs of a person.

Pedagogical adaptation- this is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the system of value orientations of the individual.

Psychological adaptation. In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adapting the sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.

Professional adaptation is the adaptation of an individual to a new species professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and characteristics of a particular specialty.

Production adaptation- labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are being improved.

Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual, the process of formation of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-consciousness. In the essence of the mechanisms of social adaptation lies the active activity of a person, the key point of which is the need to transform the essential social reality.

In this section of the course work, the types and structure of social adaptation are considered. Drawing a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The lack of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is a person who is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in this society.

2. The influence of the social environment on the process of socialization of the individual

Considering adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment, it is necessary to note the concept of "environment".

The environment is:

The sphere of habitation and activity of mankind;

The natural world around man and the material world created by him.

The social environment as a factor in the formation and development of personality has always been recognized. Educators, social workers and psychologists for centuries in the process of development of science, culture, society have studied the mutual influence and interaction of the environment and man. K. D. Ushinsky believed that a person is formed under the influence of the whole complex of influences associated with the environment.

The ideas of Russian democrats of the 19th century V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and others are imbued with deep faith in man, in his development and improvement. Belinsky's statement is known that nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society.

The problem of the environment was widely developed in the second half of the 1920s and 1930s. N. K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky, S. T. Shatsky emphasized that it is necessary to study all the factors that form the individual: both organized and spontaneous. The environment and its influence on a person was studied both theoretically and in the form of specific studies of the material, housing, living and cultural conditions of people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social status of the family and the level of education was traced, the specific features of people's lives and the impact on their development were identified. Attempts have been made to introduce certain changes into the human environment. The study of the environment was carried out from class positions, as evidenced by the terms: proletarian, worker-peasant, socialized, intellectual and other environment.

Since the nature of the influence of the environment depended on the quality, the researchers of those years, developing ideal model its use, they saw the environment as healthy, moral, expedient, rationally organized, etc. It was proposed that such an environment should nourish ideals, create good dominants, develop activity, creativity, independence, develop the skills of reasonable disciplined behavior, etc. .

From the above, I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova define the concept of “social environment”.

The social environment is a part of the environment, consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, and so on.

The social environment is an objectively social reality, which is a combination of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the course of his life and practical activities.

The main structural components of the social environment are:

Social conditions of people's lives;

Social actions of people;

Relationships of people in the process of activity and communication;

social community.

natural social environment, human environment, is an external factor its development. In the process of personality socialization, the transformation of a biological individual into a social subject takes place. It is a continuous, multifaceted process that continues throughout a person's life. It proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid down, social norms and relationships are assimilated, and the motivation for social behavior is formed.

The process of socialization of an individual takes place in interaction with a huge number of various conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions acting on a person are usually called factors. In fact, not all of them have even been identified, and far from all of the known ones have been studied. Knowledge of the factors studied is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others. More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conventionally grouped into four groups:

1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to some extent through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.

2. Macrofactors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which affect the socialization of all living in certain countries.

3. Mesofactors (meso - medium, intermediate) - the conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by the area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); by belonging to certain subcultures.

The socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, a particular social stratum, a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:

Ways to feed the baby and care for him;

Formed household and hygiene skills;

The products of material culture surrounding a person;

Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);

Methods of encouragement and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;

Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main areas of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject-practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in family, professional, social, religious spheres.

Developing, the individual seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can "migrate" from one environment to another.

According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova, a person’s attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the character of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and, at the same time, develops himself by his active actions.

The social environment acts as a macro environment (in the broadest sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) - the immediate social environment.

The social environment is, on the one hand, one of the most important factors accelerating or hindering the process of self-realization of the individual, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment to a person is determined by how much his behavior corresponds to the expectations of the environment. A person's behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in society can occupy several positions at the same time. Each position presents a person certain requirements, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital and acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called social role. In the process of formation and development of the individual, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. The development of the personality of role-playing behavior, which ensures his successful involvement in social relations. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation.

Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. It can also be noted that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies, and at the same time develops himself with his active actions. And the way to harmonize the individual with the environment is the strategy of social adaptation.

3. Strategy of social adaptation

The concept of "strategy" in general sense can be defined as a guiding, organizing way of conducting actions, behavior, designed to achieve not random, momentary, but significant, defining goals.

M. A. Gulina notes that the social analysis of lifestyle is designed to identify the mechanisms of self-regulation of the subject, associated with his attitude to the conditions of life and activity, his needs and life orientations, as well as his attitude to social norms.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya highlights the basic principles of studying personality in the process of life, formulated by S. L. Rubinshtein and B. G. Ananiev:

principle of historicism where the inclusion of a person in historical time allows us to consider biography as its personal history;

genetic approach, which makes it possible to single out different grounds for determining the stages, stages of its development in life;

connection principle development and life movement of the personality with its labor activity, communication and knowledge.

The principle of historicism was based on the idea of S. Buhler, who proposed to draw an analogy between the process of a person's life and the process of history, and declared the life of a person to be individual history. She called individual, or personal, life in its dynamics the life path of the individual and singled out a number of aspects of life in order to trace them in dynamics:

The sequence of external events as the objective logic of life;

The logic of internal events - the change of experiences, values - the evolution of the inner world of man;

The results of human activity.

S. Buhler considered the desire for self-fulfillment and creativity to be the driving force of the personality. As K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasized, the understanding of the life path of S. Buhler contained the main thing: the life of a particular person is not accidental, but natural, it lends itself not only to description, but also to explanation.

B. G. Ananiev believed that the subjective picture of the life path in the self-consciousness of a person is always built according to individual and social development, measured in biographical and historical dates.

A. A. Kronik presents a subjective picture of the life path as an image, the temporal dimensions of which are commensurate with the scale of human life as a whole, an image that captures not only the past of the individual - the history of its formation, not only the present - the life situation and current activity, but also the future - plans, dreams, hopes. The subjective picture of the life path is a mental image that reflects the socially conditioned spatio-temporal characteristics of the life path (past, present and future), its stages, events and their relationships. This image performs the functions of long-term regulation and coordination of the individual's life path with the lives of others, primarily people who are significant to her.

S. L. Rubinshtein, analyzing the works of S. Buhler, perceived and developed the idea of a life path and came to the conclusion that a life path cannot be understood only as the sum of life events, individual actions, products of creativity. It must be presented as something more integral. To reveal the integrity, continuity of the life path, S. L. Rubinshtein proposed not only to single out its individual stages, but also to find out how each stage prepares and influences the next. playing important role in the path of life, these stages do not predetermine it with fatal inevitability.

One of the most important and interesting thoughts of S. L. Rubinshtein, according to K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, is the idea of the turning stages of a person's life, which are determined by personality. S. L. Rubinshtein affirms the idea of personality activity, its "active essence", the ability to make choices, make decisions that affect one's own life path. S. L. Rubinshtein introduces the concept of personality as a subject of life. The manifestations of this subject are how activities and communication are carried out, what lines of behavior are developed on the basis of desires and real possibilities.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya distinguishes three structures of the life path: life position, life line and the meaning of life. The life position, which consists in self-determination of the individual, is formed by its activity and is realized in time as a life line. The meaning of life value determines the life position and line of life. Particular importance is attached to the concept of "life position", which is defined as "the potential for personal development", "way of life" based on personal values. This is the main determinant of all life manifestations of personality.

The concept of "life perspective" in the context of the concept of the life path of the individual K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as the potential, capabilities of the individual, objectively developing in the present, which should also manifest themselves in the future. Following S. L. Rubinshtein, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasizes that a person is the subject of life, and the individual character of his life is manifested in the fact that the person acts as its organizer. The individuality of life consists in the ability of a person to organize it according to his own plan, in accordance with his inclinations and aspirations, which are reflected in the concept of "lifestyle".

As a criterion for the correct choice of a person's life path, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya puts forward the main criterion - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life.

The ability of a person to foresee, organize, direct the events of his life or, on the contrary, to obey the course of life events, allows us to speak about the existence of various ways of organizing life. These methods are considered as the abilities of different types of individuals to spontaneously or consciously build their life strategies. The very concept of life strategy K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as a constant adjustment of the characteristics of his personality and the way of his life, building his life based on his individual capabilities. The strategy of life consists in ways of changing, transforming conditions, situations of life in accordance with the values of the individual, in the ability to combine one's individual characteristics, one's status and age opportunities, one's own claims with the requirements of society and others. In this case, a person as a subject of life integrates his characteristics as a subject of activity, a subject of communication and a subject of cognition and correlates his capabilities with the set life goals and objectives.

Thus, a life strategy is a strategy for self-realization of a person in life by correlating life requirements with personal activity, its values and the way of self-affirmation.

The strategy of social adaptation is an individual way of adapting a person to society and its requirements, for which the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perceiving situations and a conscious choice of behavior made in accordance with goals, aspirations, needs, personal value system.

Strategies for social adaptation are individual and unique for each person, however, it is possible to single out some features and characteristics that are common to a number of strategies, and thus distinguish types of social adaptation strategies.

The variety of types and methods of social adaptation can be considered both from the point of view of the types of orientation of activity in the process of adaptation (and then it is set by the leading motives of the individual), and from the point of view of specific types and methods of adaptation, which are set, on the one hand, by the hierarchy of values and goals, depending on the general orientation, and on the other hand, the psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of the individual.

In the classification of A. R. Lazursky, three levels of relations are distinguished. At the first level, the personality is entirely dependent on the environment. The environment, external conditions suppress a person, thus, insufficient adaptation occurs. At the second level, adaptation occurs for the benefit of oneself and society. People who are on the third level of relations - a creative attitude to the environment, are able not only to successfully adapt to the environment, but also to influence it, changing and transforming the environment in accordance with their own needs and inclinations.

Thus, A. R. Lazursky provided for the possibility of directing the transformative effect as a result of the social adaptation of the individual both to change and reorganize the personal structure (first and second levels), and outside.

balancing - establishing a balance between the environment and the individual, who show mutual tolerance for each other's value system and stereotypes;

pseudo-adaptation - a combination of external adaptability to the environment with a negative attitude towards its norms and requirements;

equating - recognition and acceptance of the basic value systems of the new situation, mutual concessions;

assimilation - psychological reorientation of the individual, transformation of previous views, orientations, attitudes in accordance with the new situation.

Differences in the way of individual life imply the construction of various strategies, the leading parameter of which K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya considers activity as an internal criterion of the individual in the implementation of her life program. K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya proposes the distribution of initiative and responsibility as an individual way of realizing activity as a basis for describing various personal strategies. A person whose structure is dominated by responsibility always strives to create the necessary conditions for himself, to foresee in advance what is needed to achieve the goal, to prepare to overcome difficulties and failures. Depending on the level of claims and focus, people with developed responsibility can show different ways of self-expression.

So, a person of an executive type has a low activity of self-expression, is unsure of his abilities, needs the support of others, is situational, subject to external control, conditions, orders, advice. He is afraid of changes, surprises, seeks to fix and keep what has been achieved (example: Anatoly Efremovich Novoseltsev - the hero of the film "Office Romance").

Another type of personality, with high responsibility, receives satisfaction from the fulfillment of duty, expresses itself through its fulfillment, his life can be planned out to the smallest detail. Daily, rhythmic fulfillment of the planned range of duties brings him a sense of satisfaction at the end of the day. In the life of such people there are no distant prospects, they do not expect anything for themselves, they are always ready to fulfill other people's requirements. An example of this type of personality would be the protagonist from the film "Diamond Hand" Gorbunov Semyon Semenovich.

People with a different kind of life responsibility may have both friends and acquaintances. But as a result of the feeling of "one on one" with life, they exclude both any orientation to the support and help from other people, and the ability to take responsibility for others, because, in their opinion, this increases their dependence and binds freedom of expression. The responsibility of such people is realized in a variety of roles, for example: Borshchev Afanasy Nikolaevich from the film "Afonya".

A person with a developed initiative is in a state of constant search, striving for something new, not being satisfied with the ready-made, given ones. Such a person is mainly guided only by the desirable, interesting, "lights up" with ideas, willingly takes any risk, but, faced with a new one, different from the imaginary, from the plans and ideas he created. He cannot clearly define goals and means, outline the stages in the implementation of plans, and separate the achievable from the unattainable. For an enterprising person, most often, it is not the results that are important, but the search process itself, its novelty, the breadth of perspectives. Such a position subjectively creates a variety of life, its problematic and fascinating.

N. N. Miloslavova distinguishes different types of enterprising people depending on their inclination to take responsibility. Some of them prefer to share their projects, proposals, ideas with others, to actively involve people in their creative searches, to take responsibility for their scientific and personal destiny. These people are characterized by a harmonious combination of initiative and responsibility. The initiative of other people may be limited to good intentions, and plans are not implemented. The integrity or partiality of their activity depends on the nature of their claims and the degree of connection with responsibility.

A person whose initiative is a life position is constantly searching for new conditions, actively changing his life, expanding the range of life activities, affairs, and communication. He always builds a personal perspective, not only thinks about something new, but also builds multi-stage plans, the realism and validity of which already depend on the degree of responsibility, the level of development of the individual.

In people who combine initiative and responsibility, the desire for novelty and readiness for uncertainty associated with risk are balanced. They are constantly expanding their semantic and vital space, but they can confidently distribute it to the necessary and sufficient, the real and the desired. Responsibility for such a person implies not only the organization of activities, but also the opportunity not to live situationally, but to maintain autonomy and the opportunity to take the initiative.

E.K. Zavyalova distinguishes between individual adaptation strategies in connection with search activity directed by a person to improve the system of interaction with the environment and himself. first of all, as a biological unit, to leave the past way of life unchanged, to use well-established and previously effective stereotypes of interaction with the environment and oneself. The core of the passive adaptation strategy is negative emotional experiences: anxiety, frustration, a sense of loss, insurmountable obstacles; the past seems beautiful regardless of reality, the present is perceived dramatically, help is expected from outside; aggressive reactions towards others and towards oneself become more frequent; a person is afraid to take responsibility for making risky decisions.

The passive adaptation strategy is determined by a number of personal characteristics and, in turn, forms a certain type of personality, the dominant position in the structure of which is occupied by super-caution, pedantry, rigidity, preference for the regulation of any creative activity and freedom of decisions, orientation towards the adoption of a collectively developed decision, a craving for depersonalization, unconditional acceptance of social norms, responsible performance of habitual duties.

In the event of the emergence of new forms of human interaction with nature, society, an active adaptation strategy is implemented by itself - a strategy centered on the intrapersonal and external social restructurings performed by the person himself, on changing the previous way of life, on overcoming difficulties and destroying unsatisfactory relationships. At the same time, a person focuses on his own internal reserves, is ready and able to be responsible for his actions and decisions. An active adaptation strategy is based on a realistic attitude to life, the ability to see not only negative, but also positive aspects of reality; people perceive obstacles as surmountable. His behavior and activities are characterized by purposefulness and organization; active, overcoming behavior is accompanied by predominantly positive emotional experiences. Centered on overcoming, an active strategy, as well as a passive one, forms a certain psychological portrait of a person: social orientation of actions and decisions, social confidence and self-confidence, high personal responsibility, independence, sociability, high level of claims and high self-esteem, emotional stability.

When evaluating this strategy, it is necessary to consider the sphere of subjective relations of the individual:

a) attitude towards oneself, assessment of one's success, self-acceptance;

c) a position in relation to the world as a whole, which can manifest itself in the preference for certain experiences, reflected in the level of claims of the individual, her way of assigning responsibility and attitude to the future (openness to the future or fear of the future, locking on the present).

Concluding the above, within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction, social adaptation is interpreted as a homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the external environment (environment). The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of attraction and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), and also as a result of the individual's desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

Within the framework of the humanistic direction of research on social adaptation, a position is put forward on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The purpose of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the conformity of the values of the individual with the values of society. At the same time, the process of adaptation is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment.

Social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of the interaction of the individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts to the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies for social adaptation.

In general, the strategy of social adaptation is a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, his own goals and ways to achieve them.

Thus, we have identified the types of social adaptation strategies that are individual and unique for each person. Comparing the considered types, it is possible, in general, to determine the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.

Conclusion

The purpose of this course work was the analysis of the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.

We summarized the concept of adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment. Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment only when a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines.

We have identified a strategy of social adaptation that ensures viability in the changing conditions of existence. The strategy of social adaptation will be a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, the goals set by him and the ways to achieve them.

In connection with the foregoing, it becomes obvious that without research on social adaptation, consideration of any problem of social inconsistency will be incomplete, and the analysis of the described aspects of the adaptation process seems to be an integral part of a person.

Thus, the problem of adaptation is an important area of scientific research, located at the junction of various branches of knowledge, which are becoming increasingly important in modern conditions. In this regard, the adaptation concept can be considered as one of the promising approaches to a comprehensive study of a person.

List of used literature

1. Albukhanova-Slavskaya, K. A. Life strategy / K. A. Albukhanova-Slavskaya - M.: Thought, 1991. - 301 p.

2. Volkov, G. D. Adaptation and its levels / G. D. Volkov, N. B. Okonskaya. - Perm, 1975. - 246 p.

3. Vygotsky, L. S. Problems of age / L. S. Vygotsky - coll. op. 4 vols.: - M., 1984. - 4 vols.

4. Georgieva, I. A. Socio-psychological factors of personality adaptation in the team: author. dis. cand. psychol. Sciences. / I. A. Georgieva - L., 1985. - 167 p.

5. Gulina, M. A Psychology of social work / M. A Gulina, O. N. Alexandrova, O. N. Bogolyubova, N. L. Vasilyeva and others - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. -382 p.

6. Zavyalova, E. K. Bulletin of the Baltic Pedagogical Academy / E. K. Zavyalova - St. Petersburg, 2001 - 28 p.

7. Karpyuk, I. A. Educational system of the school: Handbook for hands. and general education teachers. school / I. A. Karpyuk, M. B. Chernova. - Minsk: Universitetskoe, 2002. - 167 p.

8. Kovalev, A. G. Psychology of personality. / A. G. Kovalev - M .: Thought, 1973. - 341 p.

9. Kronik, A. A. Starring: You, We, He, You, I: Psychology of Meaning. rel. / A. A. Kronik, E. A. Kronik - M: Thought, 1989 - 204 p.

10. Miloslavova, I. A. The concept and structure of social adaptation: author. dis. cand. philosopher. Sciences. / I. A. Miloslavova - L., 1974. - 295 p.

11. Mudrik, A. V. Social pedagogy: Proc. for stud. ped. universities / Ed. V. A. Slastenina. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2000. - 200p.

12. Psychological Dictionary / Ed. V. P. Zinchenko, V. G. Meshcheryakova. -2nd ed., revised. and additional - M: Pedagogy-Press, 1997. - 440 p.

13. Rubinshtein, S. L. Fundamentals general psychology/ S. L. Rubinstein - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000. - 720 p.

14. Rubinshtein, M. M. Essay educational psychology in connection with general pedagogy /M. M. Rubinstein - M., 1913.

15. Khokhlova, A. P. Interpersonal perception as one of the psychological mechanisms of personality adaptation in a group // Problems of communicative and cognitive activity personality / A. P. Khokhlova - Ulyanovsk, 1981. - 368 p.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational Institution Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin

Social and pedagogical faculty

Department of Social and Medical Disciplines

Course work

Topic: Adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment

Introduction

The relevance of the course work. The problem of human adaptation has long been one of the fundamental in many areas of scientific knowledge. Adaptation is one of the very real ways to preserve human viability, not only in today's rapidly changing world, but also in the future.

The inclusion of adaptation in the circle of important problems is determined both by the real requirements of life and the logic of the development of scientific knowledge. Modern social science, actively and on a large scale involved in solving problems relevant to society, is faced with the need to comprehend changes in human behavior. Disclosure of adaptation mechanisms provides the key to understanding new forms of human relations with society, nature and with oneself, to predicting the dynamics of behavior.

The predominant orientation to the signs of the environment led to the emergence of social, professional, climatic, school, university, etc. adaptation. Orientation to the level of human organization - to socio-psychological, mental, psycho-physiological, physiological adaptation. Consideration of a number of conceptual provisions, as well as a long experience in studying the possibilities of human life in different environmental conditions, convinces us that a sufficiently reliable reference point for explaining adaptation processes is contained in a person's personality. In all its complex organization of properties and qualities, in all the diversity of its interaction with the surrounding reality, in its correlation with a specific historical period in the development of society, there is the main internal regulator of adaptation in changing social, cultural, subject-technological and natural conditions.

Target course work is to study the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.

Object − the process of adaptation of the individual.

Thing− changing environment.

In accordance with the purpose of the course work, the following tasks:

1. Generalize ideas about adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment.

2. Expand the content of the concept of "environment".

3. To reveal the strategy of social adaptation providing viability in the changing conditions of existence.

1. Social adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization

In the literature, adaptation is considered in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

Features of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which a person adapts.

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation is associated with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction of the individual with the environment are formed.

Social adaptation is:

The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

The result of this process.

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;

an adequate system of relations and communication with others;

ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

· variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.

The need of the individual

Needs,

Motives for making a decision

Implementation and debriefing,

The concept of "adaptation" (from Latin adaptation) is currently used in many areas of knowledge? biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. In essence, the study of this problem is at the junction of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.

In the literature, adaptation is considered in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

Features of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which a person adapts.

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation is associated with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction of the individual with the environment are formed.

Social adaptation is:

The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

The result of this process.

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;

an adequate system of relations and communication with others;

ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

· variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.

The need of the individual

Needs,

Motives for making a decision

Implementation and debriefing,

The social self-awareness of the individual is a mechanism for the social adaptation of the individual, in which the formation and understanding of one's social belonging and role is carried out.

According to I. A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:

1. Cognitive, including all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.

2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.

3. Practical (behavioral), offering a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity.

The studies of G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:

2. Social group (microenvironment) - the study of this process will help to isolate the causes, the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).

3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.

Industrial and professional adaptation;

Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);

Political and economic;

Adaptation to the forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality, etc.);

To nature, etc.

According to G. D. Volkov, N. B. Okonskaya, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but social adaptation is dominant here. Full social adaptation of a person includes:

managerial,

economic,

pedagogical,

psychological,

professional,

Manufacturing adaptation.

Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.

Economic adaptation? this is the most complicated process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals, subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called "social block" is important here, including the adaptation to real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the socio-cultural needs of a person.

Pedagogical adaptation? this is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the system of value orientations of the individual.

Professional adaptation? this is an adaptation of an individual to a new type of professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and the characteristics of a particular specialty.

Production adaptation? labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are being improved.

The social environment is one of the factors in the formation and development of personality, this fact has always been recognized.

The reality in which human development takes place is called environment.

Social environment- this is an objectively social reality, which is a combination of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the process of his life and practical activities.

The main structural components of the social environment are:

Social conditions of people's lives;

Social actions of people;

Relationships of people in the process of activity and communication;

social community.

The natural social environment surrounding a person is an external factor in his development. In the process of personality socialization, the transformation of a biological individual into a social subject takes place. This is a multifaceted process, it is continuous and continues throughout a person's life. It proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid down, social norms and relationships are assimilated, and the motivation for social behavior is formed.

The formation of personality is influenced by a variety of external conditions, including geographical and social, school and family. When teachers talk about the influence of the environment, they mean, first of all, the social and domestic environment. The first is attributed to the distant environment, and the second - to the nearest. concept social environment has the following General characteristics as a social system, a system of production relations, material conditions of life. Next Wednesday - family, relatives, friends.

The home environment has a great influence on human development, especially in childhood. The first years of a person's life, decisive for the formation, development and formation, pass in the family. The family determines the range of interests and needs, views and value orientations. The family also provides the conditions for the development of natural inclinations Moral and social qualities personalities are also laid down in the family.

The process of socialization of an individual takes place in interaction with a huge number of various conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions acting on a person are usually called factors. In fact, to date, not all of them have been identified, and far from all of the known ones have been studied. Knowledge of the factors studied is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others.

More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conventionally grouped into four groups:

1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to some extent through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.

2. Macrofactors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which affect the socialization of all living in certain countries.

communications (radio, television, etc.); belonging to one or another

subcultures.

4. Microfactors - factors that directly affect specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety. The socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, a particular social stratum, a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:

Ways to feed the baby and care for him;

Formed household and hygiene skills;

Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);

The products of material culture surrounding a person;

Methods of encouragement and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;

Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main areas of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject

Practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in the family, professional, social, religious spheres.

In the process of development, the individual seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can “migrate” from one environment to another.

The social environment is, on the one hand, a very important factor that accelerates or hinders the process of self-realization of the individual, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment to a person is determined by how much his behavior corresponds to the expectations of the environment. A person's behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in society can occupy several positions at the same time. Each position imposes certain requirements on a person, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital and acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called social role. In the process of formation and development of the individual, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. The development of the personality of role behavior, which ensures his successful involvement in social relations. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation. Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. Here we can single out the fact that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and, at the same time, develops himself with his active actions.