Story. A new complete reference book for schoolchildren to prepare for the Unified State Examination Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich
First Russian revolution (1905–1907)
G Lubin's reasons for the revolution were the unresolved agrarian question, the absence of effective labor legislation, the existence of autocracy, and the national question. Because the revolution began in
1905, also contributed to the failure Russian army and fleet in the Russo-Japanese War. The immediate cause for the beginning of the revolution was the execution January 9, 1905 on Palace Square in St. Petersburg, a peaceful demonstration of workers who intended to submit a petition to the tsar with their demands.
It should be noted that from January to December 1905 the revolution was on the rise. The revolutionary movement developed in three directions, corresponding to social structure Russian society 1) protests by workers, 2) peasant and soldier riots, 3) oppositional activities of the liberal intelligentsia (cf. "Bulyginskaya Duma").
Actions of the working class are connected with strikes in May - June 1905, with the activities of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies (see Adviсe) in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Moscow and St. Petersburg, with the All-Russian October political strike, as well as with an armed uprising in Moscow in December 1905
Revolutionary unrest among the peasantry were spontaneous riots. During the period of the greatest activity of peasant uprisings, the First All-Russian Peasant Congress took place (July 1905). At it, the delegates demanded the abolition of redemption payments and the liquidation of landownership. The abolition of redemption payments, punitive actions of the government, the partial satisfaction of peasant demands for permission to leave the community with land - all this led to a decline in the peasant movement.
The fermentation also affected main stronghold autocracy - military establishment: uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" ( June 1905), rebellion on naval base in Kronstadt ( October 1905), a rebellion led by Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt in Sevastopol ( November 1905), soldier performances on the Trans-Siberian Railway. The liberal movement grew in breadth, various unions of the intelligentsia were formed everywhere, which in May 1905 united in the "Union of Unions" under the leadership of P.N. Milyukov. The work of representatives of the zemstvos became more active, and on June 6, 1905, after an extraordinary congress, they presented an address to Nicholas II with demands to establish an elected government within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. The voices of the opposition in the press began to sound louder.
Great importance for the development of the revolution had a Manifesto October 17, 1905 This document was literally wrested from the emperor thanks to the unified pressure of the opposition forces during the All-Russian October political strike. Nicholas II, wishing to relieve social tension, bestowed civil liberties with the highest name - speech, press, meetings, organizations; expanded the electoral rights of the population; declared the creation State Duma - the legislature. In fact, Russia embarked on the path of a constitutional monarchy, although the Manifesto did not mention a constitution. The appearance of the Manifesto had certain consequences: the liberals took it enthusiastically and focused on preparing for the elections, hoping to push the autocracy to continue reforms through Duma activity; the revolutionary parties, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats did not compromise. On the contrary, they saw in the concession of the tsar the weakness of the autocratic power, boycotted the elections to the First Duma and called on their supporters to continue the struggle until the complete overthrow of the imperial power. Thus, there was a split in the united front of the opposition forces, which made it easier for Nicholas II and the government to restore order in the country.
I State Duma began work in April 1906 d. with pressure on the government, demanding general elections, expansion of the legislative rights of the Duma, guarantees of civil liberties, abolition death penalty etc. The government rejected the Duma's demands, receiving a "vote of no confidence" in response. As a result of the confrontation between the Duma and the government July 9 I Duma was dissolved.
II State Duma, which worked with February 20th on June 3, 1907, in its composition was even more radical and irreconcilable to the government, which was headed by P.A. Stolypin. Disputes were over the agrarian law and on the issue of emergency measures against the revolutionaries. Having spoken out against emergency measures, the Second Duma was called in conservative circles a "hotbed of riots and disobedience" and June 3, 1907 was also dissolved by the highest command (cf. Third June coup d'état). This day is considered the day of the end of the First Russian Revolution. The new electoral law sharply reduced the number of Russians who had the right to participate in elections to the Third State Duma (the vote of one landowner was equal to the votes of 7 petty bourgeois, 30 peasant voters and 60 workers). As a result, the government received a constructive Duma, and the emperor abandoned some of the provisions of the Manifesto on October 17th. III Duma worked for the entire five-year term and 1912 transferred powers to the IV Duma, which became the last in the pre-revolutionary history of Russia.
During the revolution, the following range of political parties and organizations was formed. On the extreme right flank were monarchist organizations, the largest of which were the "Union of the Russian People" (headed by A.I. Dubrovin) and the Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel (headed by N.E. Markov 2nd) (see. Black Hundred organizations). The programs of these organizations were based on the principle of the inviolability of autocracy and the recognition of the priority position in the empire for the Orthodox Great Russians. The organizations had fighting squads, the so-called "Black Hundreds", which took part in the dispersal of workers' demonstrations and in Jewish pogroms. These parties unconditionally supported all the decrees issued by the sovereign and the government. Next on the political spectrum is the "Union of 17 October", or Octobrists- the moderate wing of the liberal movement (leader A.I. Guchkov). They considered the political ideal to be a monarchy based on elected representation of the people. Together with the nationalists, the Octobrists made up the majority in the III State Duma and supported the policy of P.A. Stolypin. The party was mainly composed of representatives of business circles and the intelligentsia.
Constitutional Democrats - cadets, or the party of "people's freedom" (leader P.N. Milyukov), united the Zemstvo and broad sections of the Russian intelligentsia. They represented the more radical wing of the liberal movement. Played for constitutional monarchy or a parliamentary republic, freedom of the individual, respect for the rights of national minorities, for the rule of law. In the First and Second State Dumas, the Cadets constituted the majority.
Among the revolutionary parties, the greatest activity was during the revolution of 1905-1907. demonstrated by the socialist revolutionaries and social democrats. These parties, with the exception of the Mensheviks, boycotted the elections to the First Duma. More than 100 socialist deputies were elected to the Second Duma. Representatives of these parties viewed the Duma as a tribune for denouncing government policies and for inciting revolutionary sentiments. The speeches of the deputies were published without cuts in all major newspapers, and they themselves enjoyed the right of personal immunity.
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(AG) author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AK) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IR) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MA) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (RE) of the author TSB From the book History of Belarus author Dovnar-Zapolsky Mitrofan Viktorovich From the book Cossack Don: Five centuries military glory author author unknown From the book 100 great events of the twentieth century author Nepomniachtchi Nikolai NikolaevichDon Cossacks and the Revolution of 1905–1907 Cossack units in the fight against revolutionary uprisings. The tragic events of January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg became the prologue of the first Russian revolution. Practically
From the book Encyclopedia of Special Services the author Degtyarev Klim1905 The first Russian revolution* This revolution, in terms of new historical perspectives, went beyond the traditional bourgeois revolutions the past, as well as beyond narrow national boundaries. However, the character and features of that time are somewhat in common with today's
From the book Smuggling and smugglers [Drugs, antiques, weapons] author Revyako Tatyana IvanovnaPart one. Soviet Union and the Russian Federation
From the book History of State and Law of Russia author Pashkevich DmitryRUSSIAN NEWS Brandenburg Criminal Police in cooperation with border service discovered a new dirty business of the "Russian mafia": with the help of women traveling abroad from the CIS countries, criminals illegally transport young children from Afghanistan
From the book Sniper Survival Manual ["Shoot rarely, but accurately!"] author Fedoseev Semyon Leonidovich27. Change in the state system of autocracy after the revolution of 1905-1907. As a result of the revolution of 1905-1907. Russia has taken another step on the path of transformation from a feudal monarchy into a bourgeois one. The main event was the creation of a representative body -
From the book History author Plavinsky Nikolai Alexandrovich From the book Crimea. Great historical guide author Delnov Alexey AlexandrovichRevolution of 1905-1907 Prerequisites for the revolution: - lack of an effective mechanism for resolving social and class contradictions; - immaturity of civil society; - unresolved agrarian issue; - aggravation of the national question. 1905, January 3 - strike
From the author's book3.3. Russian Federation Socio-political development of Russia in the 1st half. 1990s Politics: 1991, November 1 - the independence of Chechnya was proclaimed (Ichkeria - President - D. Dudayev). 1992, March 31 - the signing of the Federal Treaty (except for Tatarstan and Chechnya). 1992, April 17 -
From the author's bookChapter 52 The Revolution of 1905 During the years of the First Russian Revolution, uprisings of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet thundered throughout Russia. Especially in Russia, where there is always too much in the public mind
What was the reason for the dissolution of the First State Duma?
1) the revolutionary mood of the deputies of the Duma
2) the establishment of a military dictatorship in the country
3) the refusal of the Duma to adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People
4) expiration of the term of its activity established by law
Explanation.
The reason for the dissolution of the First State Duma in July 1906 was the revolutionary mood of the deputies, who were in opposition to the government.
Answer: 1
What was the consequence of the events known as "Bloody Sunday"?
1) the creation of the Supreme Administrative Commission
2) the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war
3) the collapse of the faith of the workers "in the good king-father"
4) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
Explanation.
"Bloody Sunday" - the execution by the tsarist troops of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 - led to the collapse of the workers' faith "in the good tsar-father", dispelled the monarchical moods of the workers.
Answer: 3
Disagreements led to the split of the Russian Social Democrats into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903
1) about the program and charter
2) on participation in the activities of the State Duma
3) about the overthrow of the autocracy
4) participation in the Congress of the Second International
Explanation.
The split of the Russian Social Democrats into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903 was caused by disagreements about the program and charter at the Second Congress of the RSDLP. As a result, in the elections to the central bodies of the party, Lenin's supporters received the majority of votes and began to be called Bolsheviks, Martov's supporters remained in the minority, and they were called Mensheviks.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
1) limiting the legislative power of the king
2) nationalization of the landed estates
4) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
Explanation.
The consequences of the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905 include the establishment in Russia of the State Duma - an elected legislative representative body of power. That is, there was a restriction of the legislative power of the king.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
What are the reasons for the defeat of the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War?
1) economic and military-technical backwardness of Russia
2) commissioning of the Trans-Siberian Railway
3) dissolution of the First State Duma
4) activities of the Entente
Explanation.
The reason for the defeat of the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904−1905. was the economic and military-technical backwardness of Russia. The war ended with the signing of the infamous Peace of Portsmouth.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
The defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1905 was caused
1) presence navy USA in the Far East
2) military-technical backwardness Russian fleet
3) the intervention of foreign diplomacy
4) a strike of the lower ranks of the ship's staff
Explanation.
The defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1905 was caused by the military-technical backwardness of the Russian fleet, as well as the economic backwardness of Russia from European countries and Japan. Ostr raised the question of modernizing the Russian army and navy.
Answer: 2
Russia's failures in the First World War were caused by
1) Germany's international support
2) a crisis in the supply of the army
3) an agreement on mutual assistance in case of hostilities with Serbia
4) the creation of the Triple Alliance
Explanation.
Russia's failures in the First World War were caused by a crisis in the supply of the Russian army, which began in 1915. Russia was not able to overcome the crisis (“shell hunger”) until the end of the war.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Demo version of the USE-2013 in history.
What was one of the causes of the First Russian Revolution of 1905−1907?
1) difficult working conditions and lack of rights for industrial workers
2) defeat in World War I
3) nationalization of enterprises and banks by the government
4) the growing conflict between the tsar and the State Duma
Explanation.
First World War- 1914-1918, the nationalization of enterprises and banks began carried out by the Soviet government in 1918. The State Duma appeared already in the course of the revolution.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
What event happened during World War I?
1) Tsushima battle
2) Brusilovsky breakthrough
3) defense of Port Arthur
4) defense of Shipka
Explanation.
Battle of Tsushima - 1905, Russo-Japanese War; Brusilovsky breakthrough - 1916, World War I; defense of Port Arthur - 1904, Russian-Japanese war; defense of Shipka - 1877−1878, Russian-Turkish war.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Centre. Option 1.
What was one of the consequences of the All-Russian political strike in October 1905?
1) giving the population of Russia political rights and freedoms
2) the creation of a government responsible to the State Duma
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) creation of factory legislation
Explanation.
On October 17, the tsar issued a manifesto on granting political rights and freedoms to the population of Russia and on elections to the State Duma, frightened by the unprecedented scope of the strike movement.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3., USE in history 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3.
1) establishing a republic in the country
2) creation of factory legislation
3) permission for the legal activities of political parties
4) dissolution of social democratic organizations
Explanation.
By a manifesto of October 17, 1905, the tsar introduced political rights and freedoms in the country and allowed the activities of political parties.
The correct answer is numbered: 3
Answer: 3
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 4.
What was one of the consequences of the All-Russian political strike in October 1905?
1) creation of factory legislation
2) permission for the legal activities of political parties
3) dissolution of social democratic organizations
4) establishing a republic in the country
Explanation.
The manifesto of October 17, 1905, the tsar introduced political rights and freedoms in the country, allowed the activities of political parties.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 5.
What was one of the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the First World War?
1) lack of allies in the war
2) a crisis in the supply of the army
3) an agreement on mutual assistance with Serbia in case of hostilities
4) the creation of the Triple Alliance
Explanation.
The main reason for the defeats of the Russian army during the First World War was the crisis in the supply of the army, which arose due to the general crisis in the country.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Demo version of the USE-2014 in history.
What was one of the reasons for the failures of the Russian army in World War I?
1) a significant numerical predominance of enemy troops
2) the inability of domestic industry to meet the needs of the army
3) the performance of Japan on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary
4) the surrender of France at an early stage of the war and the liquidation of the Western Front
Explanation.
The enemy did not have a significant advantage in the number of troops.
Japan took part in the First World War on the side of the Entente.
France did not capitulate at an early stage of the war, and did not capitulate at all, but together with the Allies won.
But the domestic industry, in fact, was unable to meet the needs of the Russian army.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
What was the consequence of the adoption of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905?
1) limiting the legislative power of the king
2) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) the proclamation of Russia as a republic
Explanation.
As a result of the Manifesto, a new legislative body appeared in the country, which limited the power of the king. Everything else is wrong: 2. the Socialist-Revolutionaries never made a decision to stop fighting the government
3. The Constituent Assembly was convened in 1918;
4. Russia was proclaimed a republic in 1917.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
What was one of the consequences of Russia's socio-economic lagging behind the leading Western countries at the beginning of the 20th century?
1) lack of railways
2) the need to import food to Russia
3) insignificant volume of oil production in Russia
4) dependence on foreign investment
Explanation.
Due to Russia's lagging behind, the country was forced to attract foreign investment, as there were not enough of its own funds.
The rest is wrong:
1. There were railways.
2. Russia exported food.
3. The volume of oil production was significant.
Correct answer: 4.
Below are two of the existing points of view on the results of the First
Russian Revolution of 1905–1907:
1. The concessions made by the authorities were sufficient for further
stable development of Russia along the path of moderate reform
("Union of October 17").
2. The first Russian revolution remained unfinished (RSDLP).
Which of these points of view do you prefer?
preferred. Give at least three facts that
can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point
vision.
Decision.
- The State Duma;
reforms;
shortened working day.
- preserved the monarchy;
their supporters;
(Third of June coup);
segments returned);
Answer.
When choosing the first point of view:
- during the revolution, a popular representation was created
- The State Duma;
- the legislative power of the king was limited
the State Duma and the State Council;
- a united government was created (Council
Ministers), which made it possible to develop a course of further
reforms;
- new Basic Laws were adopted (1906), in which
the changes that have taken place have been recorded;
- the population were guaranteed (according to the Manifesto on October 17
1905) civil rights(freedom of speech, conscience, etc.);
- redemption payments were cancelled;
- since 1906, the Stolypin agrarian reform began,
giving hope for a solution to the agrarian question;
workers gained the right to strike, form trade unions, was
shortened working day.
When choosing the second point of view:
- preserved the monarchy;
- the emperor retained great power in
legislative and executive spheres;
- the emperor retained the absolute right to veto
laws adopted by the people's representation;
- the emperor had the right to dissolve the State Duma;
- the emperor could make laws during the dissolution period
the State Duma (according to Article 87 of the Basic Laws);
- all officials (including ministers) were appointed by the emperor and remained in his exclusive subordination;
- the definition was retained in the Fundamental Laws
imperial power as autocratic;
- since 1906, the authorities have grossly interfered in elections
State Duma, providing an advantage for
their supporters;
- On June 3, 1907, the emperor violated the Basic Laws
(Third of June coup);
- the agrarian question was not resolved (there was no significant
increased peasant land use, were not
segments returned);
- the workers did not achieve an 8-hour working day;
- national inequality persisted;
there was no significant expansion of the rights of self-government
The revolution of 1917 became a turning point, which largely predetermined the course of not only Russian but also world history.
Attention! In the historical literature there is no consensus on the number of revolutions in Russia in 1917. According to the prevailing concept, two revolutions took place in Russia - February and October. AT last years the approach is gaining popularity, according to which in 1917 there was one revolution - the Great Russian Revolution of 1917, in which two stages are distinguished - the February and October events.
February Revolution of 1917
Causes of the February Revolution:political crisis:
- frequent changes in the composition of the government ("ministerial leapfrog") due to the inability of ministers to organize the life of the country in wartime conditions;
- the fall of the authority of the emperor, including in connection with the fact that G. E. Rasputin was surrounded by the imperial family (Rasputinism) and with the defeats of the Russian army in the First World War in conditions when, from August 1915, Emperor Nicholas II himself was the Supreme Commander;
- the preservation of autocracy, the exclusion of representatives of other classes, except for the nobility (the military-industrial committees created by the bourgeoisie to organize economic life in war conditions, did not receive any real rights);
- confrontation between the State Duma and the government, the emperor refused to create a government responsible to the State Duma;
economic crisis:
- reduction of arable land in connection with mass mobilization into the army and a reduction in production in agriculture;
- reduction of industrial production, closure of industrial enterprises due to the inability to deliver raw materials and fuel;
- rising prices for goods (inflation);
- unresolved land issue.
social crisis:
- deterioration financial situation workers;
- unresolved work issue;
- the introduction of a rationing system due to the inability of the authorities to ensure the supply of food to the cities in the required quantity;
- fatigue of the population from the war;
- the growing contradictions between the various estates of the Russian Empire.
The main tasks of the revolution:
- the overthrow of the autocracy;
- Russia's withdrawal from the war and the conclusion of a democratic peace;
- the solution of the agricultural problem.
As a result of the February Revolution, on March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, who on March 3 announced that he did not accept the throne and that the question of the future of the monarchy in Russia should be decided by the Constituent Assembly. New bodies created in Russia government controlled and it happened dual power: the Provisional Government and the Soviets claimed the role of all-Russian power. The executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies formally recognized the authority of the Provisional Government, but stated that the orders of the Provisional Government could be carried out only after approval by the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet. In addition, in the spring and summer of 1917, local governments were created in various regions - the Central Rada in Ukraine, the Mountain Government in the North Caucasus, etc.
The main activities of the Provisional Government:
- proclaimed political rights and freedoms (speech, press, unions, meetings and strikes);
- all class, national and religious restrictions have been abolished;
- the death penalty has been abolished;
- abolished censorship;
- carried out a complete and immediate amnesty for all political and religious matters;
- the police were replaced by the people's militia with elected authorities subordinate to local governments;
- arrested Nicholas II and the ministers of the tsarist government;
- An Extraordinary Commission was created to investigate the illegal actions of the tsarist government;
- an agreement was concluded with the Society of Manufacturers on the introduction of an 8-hour working day;
- proclaimed the principle of inviolability of private property.
Crises of the Provisional Government
The provisional government failed to resolve the main issues of Russian life in 1917. The government's decision to continue the war did not correspond to the mood of the main part of the population. The declarations of the ministers of agriculture on the need for a fair solution of the land issue came into conflict with the proclamation of the inviolability of private property, which outlawed the mass seizures of landed estates by peasants in the spring of 1917. Resolving the issue of political structure the state was delayed. Russia was proclaimed a republic only on September 1 after a military mutiny led by L. G. Kornilov. Active preparations for the elections to the Constituent Assembly began only in August. And the elections themselves were held in November 1917 after the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
The inability of the Provisional Government to solve the acute problems facing the country, taking into account the prevailing sentiments in society, and to lead the country out of the crisis became cause of his fall.
October Revolution
Preparation of the Bolsheviks to seize power. The course towards a socialist revolution was proclaimed by the leader of the Bolsheviks V. I. Lenin in April 1917 after his return from exile in the April Theses. But then he did not receive support, including among other leaders of the Bolshevik Party, since he did not correspond to the accepted among the Russian Social Democrats Marxist theory, according to which the socialist revolution could take place only in a country with highly developed capitalism. In Russia, the capitalist system of relations was still in the formative stage and had not fully established itself.The slogan put forward by V. I. Lenin “All power to the Soviets!” did not receive support in the Soviets themselves, representative bodies of public power, which in the spring and summer of 1917 were headed by representatives of the Menshevik Party. After the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in June and the dispersal of anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd on July 3-4, 1917, the Bolsheviks at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) set a course for preparing an armed uprising. The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" was temporarily removed. In late summer and early autumn, the Bolsheviks seek re-elections of the Soviets, and by autumn they take the Soviets under their control in both capitals and in large industrial centers of Russia.
V. I. Lenin in the articles “The Bolsheviks Must Take Power”, “Marxism and Insurrection”, “Advice from an Outsider”, etc. theoretically substantiated the possibility of the seizure of power in Russia by the socialist party.
Organizational preparation the uprising was carried out in October 1917: on October 10 and 16, the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) adopted resolutions on an armed uprising, on October 12 a military revolutionary committee (MRC) was created to protect Smolny (Bolshevik headquarters) from counterrevolution, on October 16 a Military Revolutionary Committee was created center (VRTs), which became part of the VRC, to prepare the seizure of power.
On October 24, 1917, the Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the Military Revolutionary Committee. Detachments of the Red Guard, soldiers and sailors capture the key points of the capital - railway stations, post office, telegraph, etc.
On the evening of October 25, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets begins its work, at which representatives of the RSDLP (b) had a majority. On the night of October 25-26, the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested, after which the congress adopted an appeal to "Workers, soldiers and peasants!" on the transfer of power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.
The Congress of Soviets adopted the first decrees of the Soviet government:
- Decree on peace, calling on the warring countries to stop hostilities and start negotiations on a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities;
- Decree on land, announcing the nationalization of the land and its transfer to the peasants;
- Decree on power, which created the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by V. I. Lenin.
L. B. Kamenev was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) - the body that exercised legislative power between congresses.
The Bolsheviks did not refuse to hold elections in Constituent Assembly. The demand for the convocation of the Constituent Assembly was contained in the programs of all political parties opposed to the autocracy. The idea of a constituent assembly was popular among the population. Elections were held on November 12 and 19, 1917. The Bolsheviks received 24.5% (175 out of 715) of the deputy seats. The Constituent Assembly opened on January 5, 1918. After the deputies refused to approve the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", i.e., to recognize, in this way, the power over themselves of the Soviets, the Bolshevik faction left the meeting room. On the evening of January 5, the meeting was dispersed by revolutionary-minded soldiers and sailors (sailor A. G. Zheleznyak announced to the deputies: “The guard is tired!” and asked to leave the premises). On the night of January 6-7, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was adopted. After working for 1 day, the Constituent Assembly in Russia ceased to exist. The deputies who disagreed with the decision of the Soviet government created in the summer of 1918 in Samara the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), dispersed in December 1918 by the Supreme Ruler A. V. Kolchak.
Social policy of the Bolsheviks in the first years of Soviet power:
- the prohibition of all opposition publications (October 27, 1917);
- the introduction of an 8-hour working day (October 29, 1917);
- adoption of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" (November 2, 1917);
- adoption of the Decree on civil marriage (December 18, 1917);
- adoption of the "Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people" (January 3, 1918);
- Proclamation of freedom of conscience, separation of church from state and school from church (January 20, 1918);
- the adoption of decrees that abolished estate system, ranks, titles and awards that existed in the Russian Empire;
- Adoption of the Labor Code in December 1918
Economic policy in the first years of Soviet power.
Two stages are distinguished in economic policy - the Red Guard attack on capital (October 1917 - spring 1918) and the policy of war communism (mid-1918 - March 1921).
During the period " Red Guard attack on capital»:
- banks were nationalized;
- all industry, transport and communications were nationalized;
- the state monopoly of foreign trade was introduced;
- in the course of the implementation of the Decree on Land and the "Basic Law on the Socialization of Land" dated February 9, 1918, landowners', church and all privately owned lands were confiscated, an equalizing redistribution of peasant allotments was carried out;
- food dictatorship introduced on May 13, 1918
Politics of war communism was an attempt to directly introduce the communist principles of production, distribution and consumption, which, in the conditions of the outbreak of civil war, was accompanied by emergency measures.
Measures of war communism:
- accelerated nationalization of industry;
- abolition of private property,
- centralized management of the economy;
- prohibition of free trade;
- introduction of surplus appropriation;
- prohibition of land lease;
- prohibition of the use of hired labor both in industry and in agriculture;
- an attempt to introduce direct product exchange between the city and the countryside;
- introduction of equal pay;
- naturalization of wages (ration system);
- the introduction of labor service;
- militarization of labor (forced mobilization into labor armies);
- cancellation of payment for housing, utilities, transport, postal services.
The policy of war communism aroused dissatisfaction among the population of the country and led in 1920 - early 1921 to an acute social and political crisis and mass demonstrations against the power of the Bolsheviks. The largest are the uprising of peasants in the Tambov province (Antonovshchina), the uprising of workers in Astrakhan, workers' strikes in Petrograd, the uprising of sailors in Kronstadt. What forced the leadership of the Bolshevik Party in March 1921 to abandon war communism and move on to the New Economic Policy. The call made in the Decree on Peace of October 26, 1917 to all warring parties to stop hostilities and start peace negotiations without annexations and indemnities was not supported by the Entente countries. The Soviet government at the end of November 1917 begins separate negotiations with Germany in BrestLitovsk. Among the leaders of the Bolsheviks there was no unity on the question of the war. "Left Communists" (N. I. Bukharin) advocated the continuation revolutionary war. L. D. Trotsky put forward the slogan "No war, no peace", hoping in many respects for the beginning of a world socialist revolution, which would remove the very problem of war. V. I. Lenin, in the conditions of the actual decomposition of the old tsarist army and the inability of the Red Guard detachments to resist the regular army of Germany, advocated making peace at any cost.
The Soviet delegation at the talks adopted the tactic of dragging out the negotiations as much as possible. But in February 1918, Germany issued an ultimatum and launched an offensive along the entire front. On March 3, 1918, the Soviet government was forced to sign a peace treaty on difficult conditions for Russia: the loss of the western territories, the payment of indemnities, the loss of the fleet, etc.
Russian Civil War
Causes of the Civil War:- exacerbation of socio-economic and political contradictions in the country as a result of a change of power;- the economic policy of the Bolsheviks, primarily nationalization and the abolition of private property;
- dispersal of the Constituent Assembly and the collapse of the democratic alternative for the development of the country;
- rejection of the Brest peace;
- the dominance in society of a psychological attitude towards confrontation and the solution of issues of political life by force;
- lack of democratic experience in finding a political and social compromise between various political forces and social strata.
Attention! In the historical literature, there are different points of view on the time of the beginning of the Civil War in Russia - February 1917 (overthrow of the autocracy), October 1917 (seizure of power by the Bolsheviks), May 1918 (mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps in Russia), July 1918. (uprising of the Left SRs against the Bolsheviks).
The most common dating of the Civil War is 1918–1922. AT civil war distinguish two stages - the Great War of 1918–1920, which ended with the cessation of hostilities in the European part of Russia after the defeat of the army of P. N. Wrangel in the Crimea, and the Small War of 1920–1922, during which the anti-Bolshevik forces and foreign invaders were defeated in Siberia and the Far East.
Main opposing forces:
- Bolsheviks (Red Army);
- White movement, which means a combination of anti-Bolshevik forces of different political orientations - monarchists, Cossacks, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, etc.;
- "green" (anarchist chieftains Zeleny, Makhno, etc.);
- national movements of various peoples who advocated separation from Russia.
The Russian Civil War was accompanied by foreign intervention involving Germany, Great Britain, France, the United States, and Japan.
Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks:
- the nationalization of land and the abolition of estate privileges ensured the support of the Soviet government from a significant part of the population;
- centralization of management, mobilization of all resources to achieve victory - the transformation of the country by the Bolsheviks into a single "military camp";
- successful national policy;
- the cementing role of the Bolshevik Party;
- the use of contradictions in the ranks of opponents who lacked military, ideological, political and social unity;
- the successes of the Bolsheviks in state building.
Explanatory note.
Submitted variant control work in history developed within the framework of the requirements and taking into account the structure of the project Demo version control measuring materials of a single state exam 2016 according to the history published on the FIPI website. The control work contains questions of the first section of the codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of graduates' preparation educational organizations for conducting a unified state exam in history - "Man and Society".
When compiling the control work, all the structural requirements of the Demo Project-2016 were taken into account .When compiling the control work, the materials of the sites were used
1. http://hist.xn--c1ada6bq3a2b.xn--p1ai/?redir=1 “I will solve the exam”: history, educational portal D. Gushchina.
2.
. Federal Institute pedagogical dimensions.3.
. OFFICIAL INFORMATION PORTAL OF THE UNIFIED STATE EXAM.History, grade 11
Part 1 The answers to tasks 1-19 are a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase). First, indicate the answers in the text of the work, and then transfer them to the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each number or letter in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. The names of Russian sovereigns should be written only in letters (for example: Nicholas II).
1. Arrange in chronological order historical events. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.
The evacuation of Japanese troops from Vladivostok, the abolition of the Far Eastern Republic.
Declaration of Russia as a republic, formal liquidation of the monarchy.
Versailles world.
Answer:
2. Establish a correspondence between the revolutionary events in Russia and their dates.
Answer:
3. Below is a list of surnames. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the leaders white movement in Russia in the period 1917-1922.
1. A.I. Denikin. 2. L.D. Trotsky. 3. N.N. Yudenich. 4. A.V. Kolchak. 5. A.A. Brusilov. 6. P.N. Wrangell.
Find and write down the serial numbers of the names of generals who are not related to the specified political movement.
Answer:
4. Write down the term in question.
international organization united the communist parties various countries, established in 1919 and dissolved in 1943, was called the Communist _______________________.
Answer: ______________________
5. Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Answer:
6. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment marked with a letter, select two relevant characteristics marked with numbers.
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand, and Russia on the other, announce that the state of war between them has ended...Russia will immediately carry out the complete demobilization of its army, .... Russia undertakes to immediately conclude peace with
and recognize the peace treaty between this state and the powers of the quadruple alliance. The territory of Ukraine is immediately cleared of Russian troops...Estonia and Livonia are also immediately cleared of Russian troops .... Estonia and Livonia will be occupied by the German police authorities until ... until there is public order restored.
Finland and the Åland Islands will also be immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard...
B)
The German Government, ...... and the Government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, ... have agreed on the following provisions: Both Governments agree that the differences between Germany and the Russian Soviet Republic on issues that have arisen during the state of these states in the war, are regulated on the following grounds:
The German state and the RSFSR mutually refuse to reimburse their military expenses ...
Diplomatic and consular relations between Germany and the RSFSR are immediately resumed.
Both Governments further agree that, for the general legal status citizens of one country on the territory of another and for the general settlement of mutual trade and economic relations, there must be
.CHARACTERISTICS
1) This agreement was signed in Rapallo.
2) In accordance with this treaty, Russia withdrew from the participants in the First World War.
3) This agreement was signed in Moscow.
4) All the territories mentioned in the treaty by 1922 retained political sovereignty.
5) This agreement contained secret articles providing for military-technical cooperation between Germany and Russia.
6) Opponents of the signing of this agreement were representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party and a group of "Left Communists".
Answer:
7. Which three of the following phenomena are related to "war communism"? Write the corresponding numbers in the answer.
1) Lease of small and medium enterprises
2) surplus
3) universal labor service
4) concessions to foreign entrepreneurs
5) free utilities
6) broad cooperative movement
Answer:
8. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, select the number of the required element.
A) ______________ peace that ended the Soviet-Polish war of 1920.
B) One of the leaders of the White movement, Admiral _____________, in November 1918, took the title of "supreme ruler of the Russian state."
C) The anti-Bolshevik organization KOMUCH, created by the Social Revolutionaries from members of the Constituent Assembly of Russia, was created in the city of ___________
Missing items:
1) Riga
2) Brest
3) Rostov-on-Don
4) L.G. Kornilov
5) A.V. Kolchak
6) Samara
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
9. Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Answer:
10.
Read an excerpt from the memoirs and write the last name missing in the text.“I remember that at the beginning of May Mikha Tskhakaya and Philip Makharadze arrived from Petrograd. They participated in the VII (April) All-Russian Party Conference of the Bolsheviks, held under the leadership of ______________. Mikha Tskhakaya told us in detail how the departure from Switzerland of _____________ and a group of Bolsheviks, which included Mikha Tskhakaya himself, was organized.
Tskhakaya told us in detail how ______________ was met in Petrograd, at the Finland Station, about his first speeches, spoke about the significance of [his] April theses _____________, which had already been published in the press by that time.
Answer: _________________________
11. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select the number of the required element.
Missing items:
A.I. Egorov. I.V. Stalin.
The defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel in the Crimea.
May 1918
March 1921
November 1918
M.N. Tukhachevsky, A.I. Sedyakin, P.E. Dybenko.
V.K.Blyukher, I.P.Uborevich.
The defeat of the armies of A.I. Denikin near Orel and Kursk.
August 1920
Answer:
12.
Read an excerpt from an essay by a theorist of one of the revolutionary currents.“The February Revolution is considered a democratic revolution in the proper sense of the word. Politically, it unfolded under the leadership of two democratic parties: the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks. The return to the "precepts" of the February Revolution is even now the official dogma of the so-called democracy... Moreover, both democratic parties have enjoyed considerable leisure for more than thirteen years, and each of them has a staff of writers who, in any case, cannot be denied experience. And yet we do not have a single noteworthy work of the democrats on the democratic revolution. The leaders of the compromising parties are clearly hesitant to restore the course of development of the February Revolution, in which they happened to play such a prominent role. Isn't it surprising? No, it's quite okay. The leaders of vulgar democracy are the more wary of the real February Revolution, the more boldly they swear by its disembodied precepts. The fact that they themselves occupied leading positions for several months is precisely what makes them turn their eyes away from the events of that time. For the deplorable role of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries reflected not just the personal weakness of the leaders, but the historical degeneration of vulgar democracy and the doom of the February Revolution as a democratic one.
Using the passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list provided.
1) The leader of one of the parties named in the passage was P.N. Milyukov.
2) This passage was written in the period 1920-1925.
5) The revolution in question led to a change in the form of government in Russia.
6) The parties named in the passage were liberal and consisted mainly of representatives of the big and middle bourgeoisie.
Using the passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list provided. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Answer:
Look at the diagram and complete tasks 13-16.
13. Indicate the name of the commander-in-chief of the White Guard troops that reached the line indicated on the diagram by the number "2".
14. Write the missing word: "The events indicated in the diagram took place in the year one thousand nine hundred _______."
Answer: ___________________________.
15. Indicate the name of the city indicated by the number "1" and which was the goal of the campaign of the White Guard troops, whose actions are shown in the diagram.
Answer: ___________________________.
16. What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered.
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
The commander-in-chief of the White Army, whose actions are indicated on the diagram, had the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia.
In the course of subsequent events that occurred immediately after those indicated on the diagram, the Whites managed to capture the city of Tula.
Significant damage to the rear of the White Guard troops, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, was inflicted by the army of N.P. Makhno.
After the defeat of the White Guard troops, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, their commander emigrated from Russia.
During the period of events indicated in the diagram, the Bolsheviks pursued a new economic policy.
The White Guard army, whose actions are indicated in the diagram, received weapons and ammunition from the Entente countries.
Answer:
17. Establish a correspondence between cultural figures and the facts of their biography: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Answer:
Look at the picture and complete tasks 18, 19.
18. What judgments about this image are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) The postage stamp depicts an event that took place in 1914.
2) The speech of V. I. Lenin depicted on the stamp took place at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
3) The stamp was issued during the leadership of I.V. Stalin.
4) The stamp was issued on the centenary of the birth of V. I. Lenin.
5) One of the results of the event depicted on the stamp was the creation of the Council of People's Commissars.
Answer:
19. Which of the following historical figures was a contemporary of the event depicted on the stamp above? In the answer, write down the two numbers under which they are indicated.
Answer:
Part 2
To write down the answers to the tasks of this part (20–25), use the ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the task number (20, 21, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.
Read an excerpt from historical source and briefly answer questions 20–22. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the course of the history of the corresponding period.
Read an extract from a historical source and briefly answer questions C1-C3. The answers involve the use of information from the clarifier, as well as the application of historical knowledge at the rate of the history of the corresponding period.
From a letter to V.A. Maklakov.
“Dear Ivan Ivanovich. It was with great pleasure that I read your brilliant article on Guchkov... You see a paradox in his figure: Guchkov passionately loved Russia and hated what Russia loved, that is, the sovereign. In this you see fatal mistake his life. How could even a bad sovereign be overthrown? It was necessary to realize that "the mysticism that surrounded the historical royal power cannot be created in a few months."
All this is true, but the reproach is not addressed. Guchkov understood this well; and it was not he who sought to overthrow tsarist power in Russia. If he was touched by the palace conspiracy, then out of devotion to the monarchy. A saying went around all over St. Petersburg at that time: "To save the monarchy, you must kill the monarch."<…>After all, Russia knew examples of how the deposition and murder of tsars led to a better reign ... Guchkov looked at [the sovereign] in precisely this way when in recent months he completely fell under the influence of the empress and Rasputin.
You do not look at [the sovereign] that way, but this is a moot point. The tragedy of his fate, his behavior in recent months, reconciled with him. You are right even that, if there had been no catastrophe, his reign could have turned out to be brilliant. Under him, a constitution would be introduced and access to the Mediterranean Sea would be opened; but after all, all this could be achieved only apart from him and in spite of him. Nothing good came from him. Fate sent him two great people - Witte and Stolypin, he interfered with them and envied them with petty and not royal envy; they eclipsed him. What in general royal power Russia was moved forward, I agree, but this is the tsarist power in the aggregate, and not the power of each individual monarch, some pushed it back.
20. Name the sovereign referred to in the text. Give the years of his reign. What events ended this reign?
21. How does the author of the letter assess the role of the sovereign, referred to in the text, in the development of the Russian monarchy? What personal traits, actions, deeds of the sovereign are given by the author of the letter to argue his position? Indicate at least two arguments given to the authors in support of your assessment.
22. Using hysterical knowledge, indicate at least three reasons for the "catastrophe" referred to in the text, in addition to the reasons indicated by the author of the letter.
23.
During the First World War, which was difficult for Russia, the idea of concluding a separate peace with the Germans arose. Nicholas II flatly refused to negotiate this. But the Bolsheviks who came to power led by V. I. Lenin in March 1918 concluded a difficult and shameful Brest peace with the Germans, although even within the Bolshevik party itself there were many opponents of this. Why did V.I. Lenin go for something that Nicholas II did not agree to do? Give three explanations.24. There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory, points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.
"The victory of the Reds is not due to their strength, but to the weakness and mistakes of their opponents."
Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can be used to support given point view, and two arguments by which to refute it.
Write your answer in the following form. Arguments to support:
1)...
2)...
Arguments in rebuttal:
1)...
2)...
25. You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia: 1) 1917-1922; 2) February 1917 - October 1917; 3) October 1917–1922 The essay must: - indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) related to a given period of history; - name two historical figures whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of the individuals you named in these events (phenomena, processes); - indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history. Using the knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.