February 26 marks the 95th anniversary of the birth of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergei Georgievich Gorshkov, who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for almost 30 years (1956-1985). He entered the history of the Soviet Union, the history of Russia as an outstanding naval commander and a major leader, thanks to his determination, perseverance, energy and the highest diplomatic abilities, a modern ocean-going nuclear missile fleet was actually built.
Sergei Gorshkov was born in 1910 into a family of provincial teachers. Father taught mathematics, mother - Russian language and literature. The family had three children: two daughters and a son - the future commander-in-chief of the Navy. By the way, Gorshkov's father came from a family of a cabinetmaker, the eldest of his ten children. He showed early ability to exact sciences, was enrolled in free education to the gymnasium, which he graduated with a gold medal, and then Kharkiv University. Apparently, his abilities were largely transferred to his son.
After leaving school, he entered the Leningrad University, and a year later he moved to the Leningrad Naval School. M.V. Frunze. In 1931 he served in the Black Sea Fleet, a year later in the Pacific. Since 1934, he has been in command of the TFR "Burun", which, following the results of combat training in 1936, took first place in the Naval Forces of the Red Army. After graduating in 1937 from the courses of ship commanders in Leningrad, Sergey Gorshkov was again in the Pacific Fleet. In 1939, he was already the commander of a destroyer brigade on the Black Sea, and six months later, he was the commander of a formed cruiser brigade. With her, he met the war, which he went through, as they say, "from bell to bell."
Gorshkov was a participant in all landing operations carried out on the Black Sea, starting with the landing in August 1941 near the village of Grigorievka, near Odessa. Being the commander of the Azov and Danube flotillas, he gained rich experience in the interaction of the forces of the fleet with the troops of the coastal fronts. For some time (as one of the leaders of the defense of Novorossiysk) he commanded the 47th Army. For special merits, Stalin offered Gorshkov to gain a foothold in the post of army commander, to which Sergei asked to leave him in the navy.
COMMANDER OF THE BSF
Since January 1945, Gorshkov has been in charge of the Black Sea Fleet (BSF) squadron, at the same time he has been involved in the development of proposals for the military shipbuilding program (PVK) for 1946-1955. In November 1948 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. In the conditions of the beginning aggravation of the post-war international situation, the main efforts in the work of the headquarters are directed to the development of plans for preparing the forces of the fleet for combat operations, as well as replenishing the ship's composition and restoring the entire infrastructure of the Black Sea Fleet. The heavy and dangerous operations started immediately after the liberation of the Crimea and carried out until the beginning of the 1950s to trawl mine hazardous sea areas, fairways and harbors of ship bases demanded great attention.
In February 1950, the Naval Ministry of the Soviet Union was restored. In July 1951, the Main Military Council of the Navy was held to review and discuss the affairs of the fleet and its condition. Stalin was present at the council. After this advice, Kuznetsov was appointed Minister of the Navy, Admiral Basisty was appointed his first deputy, who was replaced by Gorshkov as commander of the Black Sea Fleet.
The new commander of the Black Sea Fleet pays serious attention to the construction, formation and arrangement of the Southern test site being created (it began to function in 1954) for future various tests of missile weapons and test launches of missiles - after all, the fleet's missile era has begun. Scientific and technological achievements in the field of creating nuclear weapons, atomic energy, rocket technology and radio electronics required their comprehension and implementation in the construction of ships, the creation of new types of weapons. And these innovations in the further development of the fleet and its combat means were already sensitively caught by Gorshkov. But with the death of Stalin, already on March 15, 1953, the Military and Naval Ministries were again merged into a single Ministry of Defense. And Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov becomes Deputy Minister of Defense - Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.
The Main Naval Staff (GMSH) at the end of 1953 prepared a draft PVK for 1956-1965, which, after approval by the General Staff and the Minister of Defense, was submitted to the Council of Ministers of the USSR in early 1954. However, the program did not receive support from the country's leadership. The revisions of the PVK, carried out by the GMSH twice, in 1954 and 1955, were considered at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, at which Kuznetsov made presentations. And again, his proposals did not receive support from the country's leadership. In turn, the leadership of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff, while seemingly approving the plans and proposals of the Navy, did not support them at meetings before the country's leadership. Unfortunately, the fleet did not have supporters among the leaders of the defense industries either, since the shipbuilding plans presented were not agreed with them.
The persistence and uncompromisingness of Kuznetsov in defending his views on the development of the fleet caused increasing dissatisfaction with the Minister of Defense Zhukov, and again even more dissatisfaction with Khrushchev, who by this time had become the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The situation became more difficult. In July 1955, on the proposal of Kuznetsov, Gorshkov was appointed his first deputy. Soon, Nikolai Kuznetsov suffered a severe heart attack and went on vacation due to illness. The duties of the commander-in-chief were assigned to Gorshkov, and all responsibility for the further preparation of plans for the construction of ships fell on his shoulders.
At the end of October 1955, in the Sevastopol Bay, the battleship Novorossiysk died from an explosion in the bow, which was the reason for the removal of Nikolai Kuznetsov from the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Navy and dismissal from military service. Gorshkov was appointed in his place at the beginning of January 1956. The decision of the country's leadership was perceived ambiguously in the naval environment, evil tongues put into circulation the expression "Kuznetsov was removed, and the fleet was covered with a pot."
Commander-in-Chief of the Navy
In the very first days of new position Sergey Gorshkov visited the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding (TsNIIVK) and the Institute of Armaments of the Navy, where he considered in detail the proposals on the prospects for the development of the fleet. The discussion was also attended by scientists from the Naval Academy, Central Research Institute. A.N. Krylova and designers of some TsKB. As a result, at the end of January 1956, the Defense Council considered and approved the plan for the design and construction of ships for 1956-1960, prepared by the Navy and agreed with the ministries of defense industries.
All subsequent plans and programs for the construction of the fleet were developed under the personal guidance of Gorshkov. Working on promising issues for the development of the fleet, Gorshkov organizes exhibitions and demonstrations of new ships and weapons systems directly at the Northern Fleet or Black Sea Fleet, inviting party and government leaders, ministers, general and chief designers, directors of large factories.
The demonstrations were accompanied by participants going out to sea on ships, where tactical exercises were carried out with combat exercises - missile launches, torpedo and artillery firing, aviation flights using its airborne weapons. During the exhibitions, issues of building not only ships and armaments were discussed, but also the development of fleet infrastructure, the solution social issues. This increased the prestige of the fleet in the eyes of the country's leadership and the leaders of its defense industry.
Sergey Gorshkov devoted the lion's share of his working time in the Navy Command to reviewing and solving shipbuilding issues, starting with control over the development operational management The General Staff of the Navy of operational-tactical assignments for ships and for the most important weapons systems, the issuance by shipbuilding and armament bodies of tactical and technical specifications for industry and ending with the consideration of projects of ships and weapons systems at various stages of their design and development.
The organizational system of consistent review and approval at different levels (KB OPK, National Research University of the Navy, Deputy State Committee for Shipbuilding and Armament, Main Headquarters of the Navy) of various stages of ship design and weapons development has been further developed. Ultimately, the draft and technical designs of new ships and the development of the most important weapons systems were directly considered and approved by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy at meetings with the ministers of Sudprom and other defense ministries, the leadership of the General Staff, shipbuilding and armament bodies, central directorates, the NRU of the Navy and the design bureau of industry.
Sergey Gorshkov became the ideologist and organizer of the creation of the country's modern nuclear-missile ocean fleet - he brought it to the World Ocean. With our Navy - the second in the world after the US Navy in terms of combat power - the so-called great maritime powers had to reckon with.
He was outstanding personality according to all the "parameters" and requirements for such military leaders and major leaders of our turbulent twentieth century, full of wars, other upheavals and cataclysms, as well as according to the assessments of his associates and even opponents.
Fedor Ivanovich Novoselov - Admiral, former head of the Rocket and Artillery Department, later Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for shipbuilding and armament, who was directly subordinated to Gorshkov for 14 years (1972-1985)
For the sixth time, the Chelyabinsk Academic Drama Theater named after Naum Orlov hosted the ceremony of awarding the People's Prize "Bright Past". One of the laureates of 2009 was Admiral Fedor Novoselov, whose activities are connected with the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering and the Academician V.P. Makeev.
The project was created on the idea of Oleg Mityaev, now People's Artist of Russia, and is being implemented by the Government of the Chelyabinsk Region and the Oleg Mityaev Foundation. The purpose of the project is to pay tribute to the people who glorified the Chelyabinsk region in Russia and abroad with their work; contributed to the development of the economy, science, culture and art, sports, achieved success in social and political activities.
For six years, 63 nominees who were born, studied and worked in the Chelyabinsk region, but now live outside of it (the latter condition is one of the main ones in the award regulations) became laureates. Among the laureates there are many outstanding athletes - champions of the Olympic Games, the world and Europe (L.P. Skoblikova, A.I. Tikhonov, A.E. Karpov, brothers S.M. and N.M. Makarov, etc.), musicians, writers and poets, theater and film actors, directors (A.B. Gradsky, S.A. Gerasimov, A.O. Kroll, G.A. Panfilov, L.S. Bronevoi, etc.), statesmen, military, scientists, businessmen, philanthropists, etc.
Representatives of SKB-385 and Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (now - OAO "GRTs Makeeva") often became laureates of the People's Prize "Bright Past". Such representation means and confirms the significant role of the State Missile Center among the enterprises of the Chelyabinsk region.
In 2005, the People's Prize "Bright Past" was awarded to the creator of the national school of naval rocket science, General Designer V.P. Makeev, in 2007 - First Deputy V.P. Makeev for production, director of the Zlatoust machine plant (1976-1983) V.Kh. Doguzhiev, in 2008 - First Deputy Head of SKB-385, Director of the Zlatoust Machine Plant (1961-1974) V.N. Konovalov.
In 2009, Admiral Fyodor Ivanovich Novoselov became the laureate of the "Bright Past" award, who gave Navy over 40 years. Working in the apparatus of the military representative office of the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering, he made a significant contribution to the design, production and testing of D-5 and D-9 complexes with ballistic missiles for submarines. In 1972, he was the head of the Department of Missile and Artillery Arms of the Navy, took part in the creation and development of missile systems with ballistic missiles. From 1986 to 1992 - Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for shipbuilding and weapons.
All these years he was associated with the Miass missilemen.
Press service of OJSC "GRTS Makeeva"
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Sergei Georgievich Gorshkov was born on February 26, 1910 in a family of teachers. After graduating from school, he entered Leningrad University, and a year later he moved to naval school them. M.V. Frunze. In 1931, his ship service on the Black Sea began, a year later - on Far East. 1934 - he is the commander of the TFR "Burun", which, following the results of the training in 1936, took first place in the Naval Forces of the Red Army. After graduating in 1937 from courses for ship commanders in Leningrad, S.G. Gorshkov again in the Pacific Fleet - commander destroyer, commander of the destroyer division. In 1939, he was the commander of a destroyer brigade on the Black Sea, and six months later, he was the commander of a formed cruiser brigade, with which he met the war, going, as they say, "from bell to bell."
He is a participant in all landing operations carried out on the Black Sea, starting with the landing in August 1941 in the area of the village of Grigorievka, near Odessa. Being the commander of the Azov and Danube flotillas, he gained rich experience in the interaction of the forces of the fleet with the troops of the coastal fronts. Being one of the leaders of the defense of Novorossiysk, he commanded the 47th Army for some time, which did not go unnoticed. I.V. Stalin offered Gorshkov to gain a foothold in the post of commander, to which Sergei Georgievich asked to leave him in the navy, with which the Supreme agreed. After the liberation of Crimea, the Danube Flotilla was created on the basis of the Azov Flotilla, S.G. became commander. Gorshkov. The flotilla participated in the battles for the liberation of Odessa, Transnistria, fought for the freedom of the peoples of Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Yugoslavia.
From January 1945 S.G. Gorshkov commands the squadron of the Black Sea Fleet - the largest, according to him, in maritime forces that time by a ship squadron. He was instructed to meet at the airfield in Saki the leaders of the United States and Great Britain, who were arriving for the Yalta Conference. It should be noted that his desire to learn new things and the experience of participating in the war in the Black Sea Fleet were noticed by the command of the Navy. He is involved in the development of proposals for the first post-war military shipbuilding program for 1946-1955. (PVK-46), he heads the cruisers and destroyers section.
From November 1948 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. He directs his main efforts to working out plans for preparing the forces of the fleet for conducting combat operations in the conditions of the possible use of atomic weapons in war at sea.
In February 1950, the Naval Ministry was restored, in July 1951 the Main Military Council of the Navy discussed the state of affairs in the fleet, N.G. was appointed minister. Kuznetsov, his first deputy - Admiral N.E. Bass. Commander of the Black Sea Fleet - S.G. Gorshkov.
During these years, search work was underway to create new types of weapons, preparations were made for the Southern Test Site, created in 1949 for testing missiles. The commander of the fleet paid close attention to the construction of the training ground, staffing of testers, allocation of ships for new weapons.
On March 15, 1953, the Military and Naval Ministries were merged into the Ministry of Defense. Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov was appointed First Deputy Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.
At the end of 1953, the Main Naval Staff prepared a draft PVK for 1956-1965, which, after approval by the General Staff and the Minister of Defense, was submitted to the Council of Ministers of the USSR in early 1954. The program did not receive support, because. the country's leadership considered that the plans gave priority to the construction of surface ships, that there were not enough ships with new types of weapons. The finalized proposals of the fleet were repeatedly discussed at a meeting of the Board of the Defense Ministry and meetings with the Minister of Defense. After the approval of the draft PVK-56 and the formulation of the tasks of the Navy, in November 1954 they were submitted to the Central Committee of the CPSU. At meetings of the special commission of the Presidium of the Central Committee, only N.G. made a report and defended the submitted documents. Kuznetsov, and the leaders of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff practically did not take part in this.
Unfortunately, the fleet did not have supporters among the leaders of the defense industries either. The country's leadership, headed by N.S. Khrushchev considered the implementation of the plans presented too expensive and demanded their reduction and concentration of the main efforts on the construction of submarines, considering them, together with naval aviation, as the main force capable of resisting the fleet of a potential enemy in the ocean, and building surface ships only for the defense of the country from the sea, with to equip submarines, aviation and NK with missile weapons. It's hard to imagine what nervous tension experienced N.G. Kuznetsov, repeatedly defending his vision of the future fleet in the General Staff and the Ministry of Defense, and then in the highest party and state authorities.
In July 1955, on the proposal of N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. was appointed his first deputy. Gorshkov. Soon Kuznetsov suffered a heart attack, the duties of the commander-in-chief were assigned to S.G. Gorshkov, and all responsibility for the preparation of plans for the construction of ships fell on his shoulders.
In order to study and take into account the opinions of officers on the appearance of the future fleet in mid-October 1955, N.S. Khrushchev and G.K. Zhukov is holding a two-day meeting in Sevastopol with the command and commanders of the Black Sea Fleet formations. Khrushchev, in his address, urged the participants to express their opinion and vision of the future fleet, without looking back at the opinion of the command.
Most of the participants were in favor of the fact that the main forces for the fight in the ocean are submarines and naval aviation with missile weapons. There were different opinions about large surface ships, but the majority favored the construction of cruisers and destroyers with missile weapons and air defense aircraft carriers. The leaders expressed satisfaction with the course of the meeting, G.K. Zhukov outlined his vision of the nature of a possible war and the role and place of the fleet in the system of the Armed Forces. N.S. Khrushchev agreed to the design of a small aircraft carrier in order to master, as he put it, the culture of building and operating these ships, which may be needed in the future.
At the end of October 1955, in the Sevastopol Bay, the battleship Novorossiysk sank from an explosion in the bow, killing more than 600 people. N.G. Kuznetsov was relieved of his post as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy and dismissed from military service.
In early January 1956, Admiral S.G. was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. Gorshkov. The beginning of his activity as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy coincided with a difficult period in the life of the fleet. The death of the battleship "Novorossiysk" in the Sevastopol Bay, the removal of N.G. Kuznetsov from the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the dissatisfaction of the country's top party and state leadership with plans to build a fleet:
The scientific and technological revolution that had begun in military affairs required the development of ways for the development of the fleet, the definition of the appearance of new ships and weapons systems. Among the higher commanders fleets there was no unity of opinion on this issue. Different opinions about the role and place of the Navy in terms of possible use nuclear weapons existed in the leadership of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. In addition, there was a purely moral and psychological aspect - S.G. Gorshkov was much younger than many of the admirals who commanded the fleets during the war and held various positions in the Navy and the Ministry of Defense. The core of the country's top military leadership was made up of marshals and generals of the army. It is unlikely that Gorshkov could count on and hope for their support and understanding. These circumstances demanded from the 46-year-old commander-in-chief a skillful policy of relations and intense organizational work. Thanks to his deep knowledge of naval affairs, personal experience participation in hostilities at sea and on land during the war years, strong character and ability to build relationships with people S.G. Gorshkov successfully coped with the difficulties initial stage its activities.
Life and practical results of many years of activity of S.G. Gorshkov as commander-in-chief show that he was able to choose the right strategy for building the fleet and tactics for its implementation. At the end of January 1956, the Defense Council considered and approved the plan for the design and construction of ships for 1956-1960, prepared by the Navy and agreed with the ministries of defense industries, which was approved.
All subsequent plans for the fleet construction program were developed under the leadership of S.G. Gorshkov. He was the ideologist and organizer of the creation of an ocean-going nuclear missile fleet. In this work, he always sought to have allies and associates among the leaders of the country's defense complex, primarily shipbuilding.
Gorshkov organizes exhibitions and demonstrations of new ships and weapons systems directly on the Northern or Black Sea Fleet, inviting leaders of the party and government, ministers, general and chief designers, directors of large factories. The demonstrations were accompanied by ships going out to sea, where tactical exercises were carried out with missile launches, torpedo and artillery firing, and aviation flights. During the exhibitions, issues were discussed not only in the construction of ships and the creation of weapons systems, but also in the development of fleet infrastructure, as well as social problems.
When determining the prospects for the development of the fleet, he always relied on science, primarily on the work of institutes and academies of the Navy. By revising scientific works always focused scientists on the search for unconventional ideas in the creation of weapons systems and the construction of ships. He was opposed to copying foreign ships and weapons. Although he attached considerable importance to the study of foreign experience. He persistently recommended that the institutes of the fleet work more closely with scientists from the USSR Academy of Sciences and the leading institutes of industries.
The fleet throughout its 300-year history has always been closely associated with the country's Academy of Sciences, many prominent scientists have made an invaluable contribution to the construction of the fleet.
In the process of building the ocean fleet, especially nuclear submarines, a number of new problems arose, the solution of which required the participation of institutes of the Academy of Sciences. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences supported the initiative of the Navy and created special Scientific Councils:
Hydrodynamics (1960), leaders - academicians M.A. Lavrentiev and L.I. Sedov;
Hydrophysics (1967), leaders - academicians A.P. Aleksandrov and A.V. Gaponov-Sins;
Applied Problems (1967), leader - Academician V.M. Glushkov;
Communication with submarines (early 70s), leader - Academician V.A. Kotelnikov;
Oceanographic Commission (1939), leaders - academicians V.P. Shirshov and L.M. Brekhovsky.
Representatives of the Naval Research Institute were members of each council.
S.G. Gorshkov treated outstanding scientists with great respect and attention, who made a significant contribution to the construction modern fleet. First of all, academician A.P. Aleksandrova, scientific and practical work which was closely connected with the fleet in the pre-war years. He was the initiator and supervisor of the creation of nuclear power plants and the design of nuclear submarines. For many years, incl. and after being elected president of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1975, Anatoly Petrovich headed the Council for Hydrophysics, organizing studies of the World Ocean in the interests of creating systems of underwater observation and underwater shipbuilding. S.G. Gorshkov often attended and spoke at plenary sessions Council for Hydrophysics and the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the problems of building a fleet.
S.G. Gorshkov highly appreciated creative activity general and chief designers of ships and weapons systems elected to the USSR Academy of Sciences. These are academicians N.N. Isanin, S.N. Kovalev, V.N. Chelomei, V.P. Makeev, P.D. Grushin, B.P. Zhukov, Yu.B. Khariton, E.I. Zababakhin, A.I. Savin, V.S. Semenikhin, A.A. Tupolev, S.V. Ilyushin, R.A. Belyakov, G.M. Beriev. With all these extraordinary personalities, as with many others, S.G. Gorshkov perfectly knew how to conduct conversations and resolve issues and enjoyed great authority and respect among them. I think I will not be mistaken if I say that Sergei Georgievich was the most authoritative and respected military leader in the 70-80s among scientists of the country. Communication with prominent scientists and employees of the defense complex, meetings and conversations with scientists of the Navy and institutes of the Navy allowed S.G. Gorshkov to receive a large amount of scientific and technical information, process it and be fully equipped in solving difficult problems fleet building.
His ability to quickly grasp the meaning of the conversation and make a decision was surprised and even envied, and some saw elements of voluntarism in this. Of course, Sergei Georgievich had a firm and strong-willed character and, as you know, never changed his mind. Fleet Admiral N.D. figuratively spoke about this. Sergeev: "Our commander-in-chief, like an airplane, has no reverse gear." But to accuse him of voluntarism when making decisions on shipbuilding issues, I think, is not only unlawful, but also a deliberately false slander. For 14 years of service in the central apparatus of the Navy, and this is almost half of the term of his command of the fleet, and the second half, when S.G. Gorshkov had great authority not only in the Navy and the Ministry of Defense, but also in the government and higher party circles, I did not notice any elements of voluntarism. By own experience I testify that during personal reports he was official and strict, but this did not exclude the possibility for the speaker to express his thoughts and even debate the essence of the issue.
The situation was different at meetings of the Military Council or official meetings, especially following the results of combat and political training, issues of accidents and military discipline. The speaker had to give an objective assessment, not try to cover up shortcomings, and be ready to answer unpleasant questions.
S.G. Gorshkov, together with the heads of ministries and departments, made trips to the research institutes and design bureaus of industry for shipbuilding, having visited almost all the parent organizations, many of them more than once. So, on missile matters, he visited the Urals, Altai, Tajikistan, Kharkov, Tula, Reutov, Lyubertsy, Khimki and Dubna, not to mention Moscow, Leningrad and other shipbuilding centers. He treated the work of ship designers and designers of weapons systems with great respect and trust, always listened attentively and with interest to their speeches, and actively participated in the discussion himself. He was very receptive to the new proposals of scientists and designers and actively supported their introduction into shipbuilding. So, the ideas of the chief designer R.E. Alekseev on the creation of hydrofoil boats and ekranoplans, the creation of hydrofoil landing boats, the introduction of anti-ship cruise missiles on boats that have reached the level of large surface ships in terms of their strike capabilities. S.G. Gorshkov supported in the early 60s, when space exploration was just beginning, the proposal of the general designer of cruise missiles V.N. Chelomey on the creation of a marine space reconnaissance system for detecting enemy surface ships in the ocean and transmitting data directly to surface and submarine ships. And such a system was created and adopted by the Navy.
The massive introduction of anti-ship missiles on submarines, surface ships and naval aircraft ensured a certain balance of power in the ocean. The creation of an automated nuclear submarine destroyer of submarines (supervisor - academician A.P. Alexandrov) was major achievement in underwater shipbuilding.
At factories, when visiting workshops and laboratories, he showed great interest in the latest in technology, production organization and quality control system, and was also interested in the development of the enterprise, the mood in the team. He believed that only a successful enterprise can create high-quality equipment.
In his organizational work on the construction of the fleet, S.G. Gorshkov relied on ordering departments, whose chiefs were the main organizers of the preparation and implementation of the decisions made on the design of ships, the creation of weapons systems, and the organization of testing.
Taking into account the specifics of operating conditions and combat use, naval weapons systems were created on the instructions of the Navy, in connection with which there were 13 departments in its central office. Gorshkov paid close attention to the work of these departments; they were the main link between the fleet and industry. The commander-in-chief, as a rule, invited the heads of the ordering departments to a conversation with general designers or directors of enterprises, hearing an opinion on the issue under discussion, which increased their authority in industry.
For many years, Sergei Georgievich had friendly, business relations with prominent leaders of the defense industries: B.E. Butomoi (shipbuilding), E.P. Slavsky (atomic), S.A. Afanasyev (rocket and space), S.A. Zverev and P.V. Finogenov (defense), V.V. Bakhirev (ammunition and solid fuels), V.D. Kalmykov and P.S. Pleshakov (radio engineering), E.K. Pervyshin (means of communication).
The complex problems of building a fleet, in particular when creating missile systems, were resolved by the commander-in-chief through repeated meetings and conferences with general and chief designers, heads of ministries, in order to find a solution in the interests of the fleet. Thus, during the creation of the D-19 missile system (RK) with the R-39 solid-fuel ballistic missile, at least 10 meetings were held with ministers S.A. Afanasiev and V.V. Bakhirev in Moscow. In order to get acquainted with the progress of work on the ground, they went to the enterprises of the Urals, Altai and Tajikistan.
Particular attention on trips to the fleets of S.G. Gorshkov addressed issues of trouble-free operation of ships, training personnel to the fight for survival. Each case of equipment failures, leading to an accident or disruption of the ship's entry into combat service, caused a harsh assessment by the commander-in-chief. His saying on the assessment of accidents is known: "There is no inevitable accident, it is created by people with their lack of training, negligence and lack of performance in the operation of complex equipment", which served as a guide for all categories of personnel of ships and units. When investigating accidents and disasters, he trusted the commission, focusing on objectivity in determining the causes and developing measures to eliminate them in the future.
During the exercises at sea, conditions were created that were close to combat. The ships were in combat formations (orders), providing all types of defense, the weapons of the ships in readiness for combat use. BR launches were carried out in the conditions of SSBNs being on combat patrol. Launches of anti-ship missiles were carried out in the conditions of a reconnaissance-strike complex using data on targets from space or aviation reconnaissance systems in the current time mode.
When there was a threat of attack from the air, the ships of the formation were transferred to full combat readiness, the combat order to repel air targets using anti-aircraft weapons was issued only to those ships that were checked. This provision was written down in the governing documents, which ensured the safety of all ships when repelling an air raid. During the performance of combat exercises, the level of training of personnel and the reliability of the work of the materiel were evaluated. In cases of unsuccessful missile launches, other shortcomings in the exercise, Gorshkov never showed nervousness, gave clear instructions. After the exercise, the reasons were investigated.
I remember the incident at the exercise on the landing of troops on the Black Sea Fleet, characterizing the commander-in-chief. One of the hovercraft could not immediately go to the coast and did it only on the third call. The command of the fleet and everyone who was on the viewing platform were worried and worried about the failure and possible trouble for the boat commander. The commander-in-chief calmly went to the boat, and everyone on the podium followed him. We saw the commander's pale face when he reported to the commander-in-chief. Sergei Georgievich calmly listened to the report, shook hands with the commander and began a conversation about the combat and seaworthiness of the ship. The commander, a senior lieutenant, was agitated at the beginning of the conversation, which is quite natural, and then calmed down and confidently answered all questions. S.G. Gorshkov thanked him and wished him success in his service. You should have seen the beaming face of the commander. I think that he remembered the conversation with the commander-in-chief for the rest of his life, and for those present it was an instructive example of the admiral's attitude towards a young officer.
In the mid-1960s, at the initiative of the Commander-in-Chief, the ships of the Soviet fleet began to carry out military service in the Mediterranean Sea. The main task was to monitor the actions of the 6th American fleet. Over time, a similar squadron of ships was created in the Indian Ocean. In the Atlantic and western region Pacific Ocean combat service was carried out by the operational squadrons of the Northern and Pacific Fleets. The performance of combat service by squadrons of surface ships and multi-purpose submarines, as well as combat patrols of submarine missile carriers, was the highest form of combat and operational training of the Soviet fleet. Soviet Union unlike the United States, it did not have permanent bases for ships in other countries. S.G. Gorshkov showed great energy with the support of the country's leadership to establish friendly relations with a number of countries in the Mediterranean, Africa and Southeast Asia. He made a number of visits, intergovernmental agreements on military-technical cooperation and the procedure for the entry of Soviet ships into the ports of these countries were prepared and signed, which greatly facilitated combat service. The entry of Soviet ships into the World Ocean required the solution of serious issues regarding the technical resource and reliability of the operation of equipment on long voyages, and the improvement of conditions for personnel in various climatic conditions.
At the end of the 80s, plans for the construction of the fleet, developed under the leadership of S.G. Gorshkov. A powerful ocean-going nuclear missile fleet was created, adequately representing the Land of the Soviets in the expanses of the World Ocean.
S.G. Gorshkov had a well-deserved and indisputable authority among officers and admirals. At the pinnacle of power long years, he managed to maintain human relations with subordinates, a respectful appeal to "you", and outside meetings - by name and patronymic. For many years, even in difficult situations, I did not hear from him swear words and screams, he always strictly and carefully listened to the participants and gave instructions. Outside the service, everything human, as they say, was not alien to him.
At the end of November 1985, at my next report, the commander-in-chief said: “You probably already know that I am leaving the service in the near future. V.N. Chernavin is appointed commander-in-chief. Admiral P.G. Kotov should also retire soon By a joint decision with Chernavin, I offer you the position of Deputy Commander-in-Chief for Shipbuilding and Armaments." This offer was unexpected and became the highest appreciation of my work and the entire missile and artillery service of the Navy. I sincerely thanked Sergei Georgievich for the high trust and honor shown, and assured me that I would try to justify them. This was my last report to him. In subsequent years, only telephone conversations: The last one took place on the eve of Victory Day 1988, and soon he was gone:
It was a huge loss for the fleet, for the country. It is difficult to overestimate everything that he did. The main result of his life is the creation of a powerful ocean, nuclear missile, nuclear fleet of the Land of Soviets and its withdrawal to the World Ocean. This gigantic work by S.G. Gorshkova deserves not only the highest appreciation, but also an in-depth study of scientists and the publication of special works on life path outstanding son of the Fatherland. I am grateful to fate for the fact that I was lucky - I met a Person who played a decisive role in my life and service. Eternal glory and memory to him.
Fedor Ivanovich Novoselov - Admiral, former head of the Navy's Missile and Artillery Department (1972-1986), then Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for Shipbuilding and Armament (1986-1992).
The name of Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, general designer, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, is inscribed in golden letters in the history of national science and technology. Chelomey is rightfully considered the father-creator of a whole family of ship-based missile systems that form the basis of the "anti-aircraft carrier" system of the Navy.
Passion and work
After an early - for a year - graduation from the Kyiv aviation institute Vladimir Chelomey became interested in the problems of creating jet engines, concentrating his design efforts on testing pulsed engines (ramjet engines). In 1944, on the basis of the aviation plant # 51, the country's first Special design department(OKB), specializing in the creation of projectiles (cruise missiles), headed by Vladimir Chelomey. In the period 1944-1953. The OKB team developed ground-based cruise missiles (CR) 10X, 14X and 16X, and 10XH, designed to destroy ground targets.
In the late 1940s these missiles were also proposed by Chelomey for arming submarines (submarines) and surface ships (NK), but design studies revealed the great complexity of their placement on these ships. The first design steps of Chelomey showed that an enterprising developer of the CD appeared in the industry, striving to cover three types of aircraft at once with his brainchild. True, his first experience was unsuccessful due to the low reliability of ramjet rockets, shown in tests. Work on them was stopped, and the Design Bureau was disbanded. However, this failure did not break Vladimir Nikolayevich - he himself was convinced of the futility of the CR on a ramjet and the difficulty of placing them on carriers due to their large dimensions.
High engineering training and the creative gift of the designer yielded results: Chelomey designed a rocket wing opening machine (ARC), which made it possible to place the missile launcher with folded wings in small-sized launch containers and open the wings after the rocket left the container. This was a colossal leap in the development of weapons systems, primarily for the fleet, since it made it possible to have a significant number of launchers on ships and simplified the preparation of missiles and their launch from the so-called "zero guides". Chelomey not only told his idea from the drawings - he created a portable container model with a KR model placed in it, on which he clearly demonstrated it in various instances, incl. before the leadership of the Navy, the idea of launching a rocket and opening the planes of its wings.
In June 1954, by order of Minaviaprom, a special design group (SKG) was created, which laid the foundation for glorious history Established in 1955 in the city of Reutov, Moscow Region, OKB-52, now TsKBM, to develop weapons systems based on cruise missiles. In the second half of the same year, work began on the creation of a P-5 missile system (RK) with a missile launcher placed on a submarine to destroy ground targets. During the tests, the design of the rocket airframe, the container launcher for long-term storage and launch of the rocket, their connection with the control equipment located in the submarine's robust hull were tested. In 1959, the P-5 missile system was adopted by the fleet and placed on project 613 converted from torpedo submarines: project 644 with two missiles (6 units) and project 665 with four missiles (6 units). In addition, 16 diesel submarines of the new project 651 and 5 nuclear submarines of project 659 (4 missiles each) were armed with this rocket launcher. A modified version of the P-5 RK under the S-5 index was also adopted ground forces in containers on auto chassis.
The P-5 complex, however, did not solve the main task of the fleet - the defeat of aircraft carriers, which, following the results of World War II, became the main strike force at sea and carriers of nuclear weapons, moreover, a strategic part of the US Navy (before the advent of nuclear missile submarines with ballistic missiles) and countries NATO in common system their strategic nuclear forces.
Cruise missiles, which would later be called anti-ship missiles, were chosen as the main weapon in the fight against aircraft carriers. In accordance with the well-known Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 1946, work was carried out in the Navy on the creation of weapons systems with ballistic, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles for arming various carriers: surface ships, submarines, naval aircraft and placement on coastal installations. Primary attention in the first years after the Great Patriotic War devoted to the creation of anti-ship cruise missiles. Already in 1948-1949. work began in a number of design bureaus of Minaviaprom on the creation of anti-ship missiles for arming surface ships, naval aviation and coastal troops of the fleet - these were the Shtorm, Pike, Comet, Strela, KSShch missiles, the last three were put into service and with tests, and then during the combat training of the fleet, showed a reliable defeat of targets and a great prospect. This was an important stage in the development of anti-ship missiles, which solved a number of serious scientific and technical issues and gave the fleet and industry the first experience in the operation and combat use of a new type of weapon. But these missiles did not provide the possibility of creating a mass system of anti-ship missile weapons for the fleet.
The most powerful impetus for the further development of anti-ship missiles was nevertheless given by the creation of the P-5 missile system, in the course of work on which Chelomey and the design team conducted a broad search for ways to create a highly effective missile to destroy mobile sea targets. And in 1956, TsKBM, together with the Research Institute "Granit" and "Altair" (developers of control systems), began work on the creation of the P-6 RK for submarines and P-35 for surface ships. This was the beginning of the creation of our national anti-ship missiles as the basis of the anti-aircraft carrier system of the Navy, the Armed Forces and the country as a whole. Let me note right away that anti-ship missile systems are our national priority in the global rocket industry.
sidereal period
The P-6 and P-35 missile systems became the Navy's first high-precision weapon systems (HTO) capable of hitting small maneuvering surface targets at various ranges from the firing ship, incl. and targets over the horizon. The launch of missiles from submarines at over-the-horizon targets was carried out according to target designation from an external source of information, and the guidance and distribution of salvo missiles to targets was carried out according to the commands of the ship's operators, based on information received from the radar sight of the missiles in the form of a picture of the radar marks of the order of the enemy ships.
The effectiveness of the complex largely depended on the accuracy of the resulting target designation and its obsolescence time (the time interval between target detection and missile launch). Realizing this, the scientists of the Institute of Armaments and the Institute of Radio Electronic Systems of the Navy, in agreement with the developer of the RK, put forward the idea of creating an aviation system for reconnaissance of sea targets and issuing data on detected targets directly to the carrier ships of the RK. After processing, these data on targets were issued to the Republic of Kazakhstan for launching missiles. Created by the Kyiv Research Institute "Kvant" ( chief designer I.V. Kudryavtsev) the aircraft-ship system MRTS "Success" in combination with the P-6 and P-35 missile systems became the world's first reconnaissance-strike system (RUS) of the Navy's high-precision anti-ship long-range weapons. It should be noted that the naval strike weapon systems of the fleet have always been built as reconnaissance and strike systems based on their own means of detecting targets and issuing target designation for the use of weapons also from external sources.
Realizing that reconnaissance aircraft with the "Success" system would not always be able to operate in the open ocean, Chelomey put forward the idea of using spacecraft (SC) for reconnaissance of surface targets and "dumping" reconnaissance information directly onto anti-ship missile carriers (SSGN and NK). The idea was supported by the command of the Navy and the Government Decree of 06/20/60, and was entrusted with the cooperation of many design bureaus and research institutes of industry, headed by TsKBM, to develop a system of marine space reconnaissance and target designation (MKRTS). The Directorate of Missile and Artillery Weapons (URAV) of the Navy was determined as the general customer of the system, military scientific support was assigned to the Institute of Arms of the Navy. The ideology of construction and the principles of combat use were developed by TsKBM together with the Institute of Arms of the Navy.
The system was built on two types of spacecraft (SC): US-A - for active target radar with a nuclear power plant on board as a source of electricity, and US-P - for reconnaissance of radiation from operating radio equipment of enemy ships with an on-board power plant powered by solar batteries. The preparation and launch of the spacecraft were carried out at the Baikonur cosmodrome, the spacecraft flight control and the reception of reconnaissance information were carried out at a special command post of the Navy. SSGNs, and then surface missile carriers, were equipped with special equipment for receiving intelligence information directly from the spacecraft. Both spacecraft and the special launch vehicle UR-200 were developed by the TsKBM team, while the UR-200 was universal as a launch vehicle (LV) for launching spacecraft and as an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) for the Strategic Missile Forces. She passed successful tests, but was not accepted into service. Another, later modified ICBM (design bureau Yuzhnoye, chief designer M.K. Yangel) was introduced into the MKRTS system as a launch vehicle.
The MKRC system was put into service in the mid-1970s. and showed high efficiency of conducting reconnaissance in the oceans, incl. and during the Falklands conflict between Great Britain and Argentina in 1982, providing the command of the Armed Forces, Navy and fleets with intelligence information. Reception points for information directly from the spacecraft of the system were also placed at the command posts of the fleets.
Under the P-6 RK, diesel submarines (PLD) pr. 651 were retrofitted and TsKB-18 designed new SSGN pr. 675 (chief designer P.P. Pustyntsev), of which 29 units were built.
The P-35 RK was created with its own missile, lighter than the P-6 missile, for arming surface missile cruisers (RKR) pr. 58 (4 units) - the sailors called them "pocket cruisers" because of their relatively small displacement.
Even at the testing stage of the P-6 and P-35 RK in 1961, General Designer Chelomey proposed a new P-500 RK, built according to the same RSS scheme, but his rocket had a greater range and flight speed, an increased flight area at low altitude, which significantly decreased in comparison with the P-6 and P-35 RK. A more advanced control system, built on digital computers, had increased noise immunity and a more efficient distribution of missiles to targets in the warrant of ships. The missile was for the first time equipped with a system for the withdrawal of anti-aircraft and aircraft missiles from itself, developed by the Taganrog Research Institute of Communications (chief designer V.N. Brovikov). The complex was intended to replace the P-6 RK with the SSGN pr. 675 and equip new RKR projects.
This proposal was greeted in military circles ambiguously, because. its use was possible only when the submarine was on the surface. Its development was opposed by a group of submarine admirals of the General Staff. At a number of meetings in various instances, incl. and the General Staff, the command of the Navy managed to show the need to replace the missile launcher of a large series of submarines pr. missiles only with homing.
The creation of the complex was difficult for technical and organizational reasons and was completed only by the mid-1970s. It was placed during modernization during repairs with the simultaneous placement of unified receiving points for information from the MKRTs and MRTS systems on half of the SSGN series pr. 675, on the built RKR pr. (TAVKR) project 1143 (chief designer A.V. Marinich, then V.F. Anikiev, Nevsky Design Bureau).
TsKBM was created to carry out work on cruise missiles, but the scientific and design interests of the general designer soon went beyond this direction. Already in 1961, TsKBM began work on the creation of the UR-100 ICBM, which was distinguished by the novelty of a number of solutions that allowed the family of these missiles (UR-100K, UR-100n) to become the most massive ICBM for the Strategic Missile Forces. It was a serious competitor to the ICBMs developed in the design bureau headed by Korolev and Yangel. This missile was also proposed to the Navy as an alternative to the intercontinental R-29 SLBM, developed by KBM headed by Makeev. Scientists and the command of the Navy did not support this proposal of the TsKBM, and the Defense Council, under the leadership of Khrushchev, agreed with the opinion of the fleet.
The inquisitive mind and energy of Chelomey lead the TsKBM team to a new direction in rocket science. On an initiative basis, it begins in the late 1950s. the design of a powerful launch vehicle, which later received the name "Proton", which the general designer first reported on in the summer of 1962 at a meeting of the Defense Council in Pitsunda, which amazed many participants. In parallel, he is developing an orbital manned station (OPS), which later received the name Almaz.
Thus, the first half of the 1960s. was a stellar period in the activities of Chelomey. Such a breadth of scientific, technical and organizational approaches was characteristic of the style and methods of his work, and was supported by Khrushchev and the country's top military leadership. Some design bureaus of well-known aircraft designers and many factories were involved in the implementation of TsKBM's proposals, and many did not like this. But life has confirmed that all the ideas and proposals of Chelomey were implemented and adopted.
"Amethyst" flies from under the water
Understanding the vulnerability of SSGNs when on the surface during the preparation and launch of missiles and the need to control their flight to the target, TsKBM in the early 1960s. on the instructions of the fleet, it is developing the Amethyst rocket launcher with solid-fuel anti-ship missiles, equipped with a control system with a radar homing head developed by the Granit Research Institute, which provides autonomous missile flight, search for a ship order and guidance of the missile at the selected target. The complex was put into service in 1968. They were armed with SSGN pr. 670 and 661, created respectively in the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit" (chief designer V.P. Vorobyov) and LPMB "Rubin" (chief designer N.N. Isanin). The Amethyst missiles were launched while the submarine was submerged on a fire-and-forget basis. In order to increase the noise immunity of the homing head, selectivity of the target and increase the range of the missile, TsKBM developed the Malachite missile launcher (as a further development of the Amethyst missile launcher) also with a solid-propellant missile for arming the SSGN project 670M (chief designer V.P. Vorobyov) and RTOs project 1234 (chief designer I.P. Pegov, Almaz Central Design Bureau). The control system with radar and thermal homing heads for this RK was created at the Altair Research Institute and provided a flight mode with homing to a target according to radar and thermal principles.
These rocket launchers with solid-propellant missiles successfully for their time solved the problem of overcoming the enemy's air defense system and ensured high efficiency in destroying ships. With the increase in the radius of anti-submarine defense and the strengthening of the missile defense system of aircraft carriers and other attack groups of the potential enemy’s navy, it was necessary to increase the flight range and increase the ability of anti-ship missiles to overcome the developed missile defense system of ship formations.
In the course of solving this problem, the highest achievement of domestic rocket science in the creation of RK with anti-ship missiles is the RK "Granit", which were armed with SSGN pr. 949 (chief designer P.P. Pustyntsev, then V.L. Baranov, LPMB "Rubin"), nuclear heavy missile cruisers (TRKR) pr. 1144 (chief designer B.I. Kupensky, Severnoe Design Bureau) and TAVKR pr. The supersonic rocket of this RK is built on a turbojet engine, which is launched after the rocket leaves the water and reaches the required thrust power in a short period of time. The ship's system ensures the launch of the entire missile ammunition load at a high time rate, the on-board equipment - the collection of missiles and their flight in radio silence mode with the specification of the direction to the enemy's ship formation due to the direction finding of its operating radio equipment. When the calculated point is reached, the radar sights of all missiles open for a fraction of a second and cover the area of the water surface, providing cover for the ship warrant. After processing the information and its identification due to the exchange of information between the missiles, the target is selected by each missile, they are lowered and fly at low altitude to the target in the homing mode. To divert enemy anti-missiles, the missiles of the Granit complex are equipped with a special system, which ensures that they can overcome the air defense and missile defense system of enemy ships. Such an organization of a missile attack, according to the estimates of the early 1980s, provided a volley of missiles from one SSGN to defeat the entire AMG with a high probability.
It should be emphasized that Vladimir Chelomey professed the idea of creating cruise missiles only with supersonic speed, equipped with a powerful warhead and a control system that ensures reliable delivery of salvo missiles to the target in conditions of overcoming an effective air defense-missile defense system, therefore all domestic anti-ship missiles of its development had supersonic flight speed .
In the mid 70s. The United States launched large-scale work on the creation of a strategic cruise missile (TFR) of the Tomahawk type with subsonic speed for the navy, aviation and army. After a detailed study and repeated discussions, scientists from the Ministry of Defense and industry came to the conclusion that it would be expedient to create a similar system in our country. As a general customer, I suggested to Chelomey to develop a similar system for domestic fleet, but he did not agree and noted that he was not interested in dealing with subsonic missiles, that this was a long-past stage, and proposed a variant of the supersonic TFR "Meteorite".
After a detailed consideration of this proposal at the Armament Institute and the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Gorshkov, it was decided to develop two TFRs in parallel: "Meteorite" for arming submarines in special launchers and subsonic "Granat" (developer of the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulyev), launched from PLA torpedo tubes. The need to create the "Meteorite" missile system in the General Staff met with objection, but the persistence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy and the credibility of the materials presented ensured the support of Minister of Defense Ustinov.
During the development of the Meteorite rocket launcher, a number of serious scientific and technical problems in rocket science were solved: in the design of the rocket airframe, in the means and methods for reducing the visibility of the rocket in the zone of the enemy’s air defense system, placing a radar on the rocket to obtain a radar map of the terrain in correction areas, processing the received images on board the rocket with the help of a high-performance computer system and bringing the rocket to the target with high accuracy. The Navy has set up a special computer center to prepare, on the basis of digital terrain maps, the flight route of the Meteorite and Granat missiles and areas for correcting their flight trajectory on enemy territory. But the Meteorite rocket turned out to have significant weight and size characteristics, which led to the loss of the flight (firing) range of the missiles, the difficulties of placing them on the submarine, in connection with which it was decided to stop work on this rocket launcher.
A permanent partner of TsKBM in the creation of the RK with anti-ship missiles was the developer of ship and onboard control systems of the complexes of the Research Institute "Granit" of the Minsudprom in Leningrad (director V.V. Pavlov, then I.Yu. Krivtsov). Close long-term cooperation between TsKBM and LPMB "Rubin", headed by P.P. Pustyntsev, and then I.D. Spassky, ensured the creation of a domestic anti-aircraft carrier system capable of withstanding the powerful US and NATO aircraft carrier groups in the World Ocean.
For 30 years, TsKBM, under the leadership of General Designer Vladimir Chelomey, has created and put into service with the Navy seven missile launchers with cruise missiles with a total number of 1444 launches, of which 56 launches on PLDs to destroy ground targets, 270 launches on RTOs and coastal installations to destroy surface ships in near sea zone and 1118 launches on SSGNs and surface missile carriers to destroy large ships in the far sea and ocean zones. Taking into account the number of launches of its ICBMs (up to 70% of all ICBMs of the Strategic Missile Forces), the famous and hitherto unsurpassed Proton launch vehicle, spacecraft with nuclear power on board, the Almaz OPS and other developments, we can safely say that other such design bureaus and there were no general designers, with all the deep respect for them, in the country.
At the end of the 70s, under the leadership of Chelomey, proposals were prepared for the further development and improvement of the anti-aircraft system, which, after consideration by the fleet command, were included in the Navy's armament program for 1981-1990. This is the unified Onyx missile system as the main weapon of multi-purpose submarines (MTsPLA) of the Severodvinsk type and surface ships of Project 11,000 with a vertical launch from multi-container launchers, unified for various missiles, installations, with a single weapon control system. The second RK "Bolid" was intended to replace the RK "Granit". Work on the creation of these RCs was started under the leadership of Chelomey and continued by the TsKBM team under the leadership of his student and follower, General Designer Herbert Efremov.
Vladimir Chelomey was very sensitive to failures, but quickly and efficiently found solutions and vigorously implemented them. By nature, he was a fighter-designer, boldly putting forward new ideas and skillfully defending them in any instances. And it is not surprising that he had many envious and ill-wishers.
The laureates were solemnly presented with diplomas of laureates and prize figurines "Centaur with a flower in his chest" by sculptor Ernst Neizvestny.
Opening the festive evening, the permanent host, the author of the idea of the project "Bright Past" People's Artist of the Russian Federation Oleg MITYAEV proposed to make January 17 a "red day of the calendar" - as the day of the formation of the Chelyabinsk region, and as the day of the celebration "Bright Past". The First Deputy Governor of the Chelyabinsk Region made a welcoming speech Andrey Nikolaevich KOSILOV.
The People's Prize is awarded only in their native land, so the laureates who could not receive the Centaur in time become guests of the next ceremony. The event of the evening was the arrival in Chelyabinsk to receive the People's Prize Viktor Borisovich Khristenko: one of the first winners of the "Bright Past" (2004), finally managed to combine his busy work schedule with the date of the ceremony. The minister warmly welcomed fellow countrymen, emphasizing the special significance of the project, which unites people and returns them to their roots.
One of the important conditions for the success of the project: award famous countrymen people connected with them by fate, family or friendship ties, common activities, way of life, etc. These are not only Chelyabinsk residents, but also residents of other cities and districts of the region - Zlatoust, Miass, Asha, Satka, laureates of the People's Prize of past years. Among those who went on stage to present the statuette and congratulate the laureates are the vice-president of the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of the Chelyabinsk Region, the chairman of the board of the International Cultural Foundation "World for culture and peace" Mark LEIVIKOV, Managing Director of OAO ChMK Sergey MALYSHEV, Minister of Culture of the Chelyabinsk Region Vladimir MAKAROV; People's Artist of the Russian Federation Valentina KACHURINA; Major General of the Reserve, Head of the Security Service of the Ashinsky Metallurgical Plant Leonid POLYAKOV, Olympic champion, MP State Duma Russian Federation, Laureate of the Bright Past Award -2006 Svetlana ISHMURATOVA; head of the head office of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the Urals Federal District for naval strategic missiles, captain of the first rank Andrey YURCHIKOV other. The “bright past” connects people: classmates, friends, relatives, colleagues meet, who sometimes have not seen each other for many years. In the hall - members of the families of the laureates, their relatives. This is a whole army of fans who are able to empathize and support each laureate as “ours”, “ours”. The unifying moment for the stage and the auditorium is the leitmotif of the project - the theme small motherland, the theme of the community of people.
The creative context of the event is supported by the best figures of culture and art of Russia, so, a constant participant in all ceremonies is the world famous composer and musician, laureate of the People's Prize-2004, People's Artist of the Russian Federation Anatoly KROLL. For the first time, the well-known TV presenter of the Good Morning channel and the Fashion Sentence program acted as the host of the ceremony. Arina Sharapova, which conquered the hall with charm, sincerity and unique charm. The special guest of the ceremony was the theater and film actor, People's Artist of Russia Dmitry PEVTSOV: he completed an honorable mission, receiving a statuette of the Centaur and a diploma for his "cinematic godfather" - a film director Gleba PANFILOVA who was unable to attend the ceremony. For the Chelyabinsk audience, the artist performed an excerpt from his concert program "There are many singers, only one singer."
Did not attend the celebration Galina SHERBAKOVA: a video message from her (an interview in Moscow was recorded by a well-known TV journalist Rustem SOFRONOV, winner of the "Bright Past" -2007) was warmly received by the public. The statuette was handed over (for transfer to a colleague in the "creative workshop") to a special guest of the ceremony, the famous Russian writer Victoria TOKAREVA. A real gift for spectators, participants, and, most importantly, for the laureate Sergei PLOTOV was the performance of the People's Artist of Russia Gennady KHAZANOV. Gennady Viktorovich not only presented the award to his favorite author, but brought with him a unique recording of one of the reprises in his performance, belonging to "Plotov's pen", wittily commented on it and in the finale brilliantly read his own poems dedicated to the hero of the occasion.
The ceremony was attended by artists Leonid MARGOLIN, Rodion MARCHENKO, Vitold PETROVSKY(Moscow), laureate international festivals jazz music Big Band "Jazz Academy" under the direction of the Honored Artist of Russia Stanislav BEREZHNOVA, ballroom dance ensemble "Pulse" Palace of Culture of Metallurgists under the leadership of the Honored Worker of Culture of Russia Svetlana MALYKHINA.
During the preparation of the ceremony, a press conference was held with the participation of the laureates and guests.