The Autonomous Republic of Adjara is a historical, political and geographic region within Georgia. This part of the country is completely different from other administrative units of the Georgian Republic, because for many centuries it was the subject of a dispute between different empires that influenced it.
History of Adjara
Civilization has continuously existed on the territory of the autonomous republic for almost two and a half thousand years, when the first Greek settlers appeared on the Black Sea coast at the foot of the Caucasus.
The Greeks lived on the territory of Colchis for several centuries, and their colonies had a high degree autonomy from mother cities, but the period of independence ended in the ll century BC, when the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, which established centralized administration and taxation.
The Roman region, known as Ergisi, existed until the 800s of our era, and after that it was included in the newly formed unified Georgian kingdom, which lasted until 1624. In that fateful year, still young Ottoman state seized the southwestern coast of the Caucasus and began to actively spread the confession of Islam to the locals.
Wars and occupations
Throughout its long history, Adjara has not known quiet years, being regularly raided and plundered. The fertile lands were plundered by the Mongols, Seljuks and Ottomans.
And after the conquest of the region by the Ottoman Empire, a long period of struggle for national independence began, and uprisings followed one after another, but did not have far-reaching consequences. The period of oppression came to an end when the interests of Turkey and Russian Empire.
However, in the two hundred years that have passed from the moment of annexation to the liberation Russian troops, Adjarians managed to endure harassment and persecution by Turkish officials. In the seventeenth century power Ottoman Empire were no longer distinguished by the religious tolerance that they so willingly demonstrated at the dawn of their state-building.
Most of the inhabitants of the cities of Adzharia fled without waiting for conversion to Islam, and those who remained were forced to change their faith. However, the majority converted to Islam only formally, continuing to practice Christianity and perform rituals at home, in places hidden from the eyes of Turkish guards.
Under Russian rule
In 1878, the troops of the Russian Empire entered Adzharia and thereby initiated a mass exodus of Muslims from these lands. So the pendulum swung in reverse side. While entire villages of Muslims were leaving the seashore in Adjara, the crypto-Christians came out of their hiding places and openly declared that Islam was only a cover for them.
In the same year, at the Berlin Congress, the new capital of Adjara was announced. Batumi was proclaimed a free port, after which the active development of the city itself and the surrounding lands began.
The rapid growth of the city of Batumi was also facilitated by the fact that it was connected with oil fields on the other side of the Caucasus Range, because oil was supplied from Baku to Europe, including through the port of Batumi. Russians actively moved to the city and Georgians returned, whose ancestors left the region after the conquest by the Turks.
It is noteworthy that in 1892 the port facilities were developed so well that the first ever oil tanker set off from the capital of Adjara, which was destined to pass through the Suez Canal to reach the capital of modern Thailand - the city of Bangkok.
Early 20th century
However, the flourishing of industry and trade in the region did not last long, and already at the beginning of the twentieth century, mass strikes began to occur in Batumi, many of which escalated into clashes with the military and police in 1905, when the first revolution began in the capital of the Empire. As in other regions, the uprisings in Adjara were suppressed.
Revolutionary sentiment soon died down, but tensions rose again with the outbreak of World War I, when Turkey and Russia entered into direct confrontation in the region.
The collapse of the empire
However, the February Revolution soon happened, and the tsarist government fell, Turkish troops entered the city, the garrison of which existed in Batumi until it was replaced by the British expeditionary corps, with the help and under whose patronage the first Adzharian autonomy was created within the boundaries of democratic Georgia.
However, both the new Georgian Republic and the Adjarian religious and cultural autonomy did not last long. In 1921, the Red Army occupied Georgia and drove out the Turkish troops that had returned to these lands. Thus began the history of the Adjara autonomy as part of Georgian SSR.
Democracy in the South Caucasus
After the collapse of the USSR and the outbreak of the Georgian-Abkhazian war, the Adzharian leader Abashidze did everything possible to consolidate his personal power in the region and achieve maximum independence from the central Georgian government.
During civil war in Georgia, the capital of Adzharia could boast of relative prosperity and political stability, especially against the backdrop of an impoverished Tbilisi. The main conflict between Batumi and the Georgian government flared up around Adzharia's failure to pay taxes to the central treasury, but Aslan Abashidze did not at all think of changing his behavior and starting to support the central government.
In this regime, the authorities of the Autonomous Republic and Georgia existed for thirteen years, until the territorial integrity of the country was restored with the power of Mikheil Saakashvili's active actions.
Adjara crisis
In November 2003, the Shevardnadze regime in Georgia was overthrown, and immediately after that, Abashidze declared a state of emergency to protect himself from the actions of the new government. However, already in 2004, the inhabitants of Adzharia took part in the general Georgian elections, and Aslan Abashidze was forced to leave the republic and go to Moscow, transferring power in the autonomy to the central government headed by Mikheil Saakashvili.
The Russian military also left Adjara, although a few years later. However, military bases in South Ossetia and Abkhazia have survived to this day.
Economy of Batumi today
Batumi, located in the southwestern part of the country, is not only the second most populated city in the country, but also the resort capital of all of Georgia. This situation is favored by the subtropical climate and the fact that Batumi is located on the very coast of the Black Sea.
After the establishment of control by Tbilisi in the republic, the new government took steps to increase the attractiveness of the region for foreign investors.
Since 2007, the city of Batumi has been actively building hotels of various levels, but, of course, five-star hotels managed by world famous brands attract the most attention. The Radisson and Hilton hotels rise above the city to a height of several tens of floors and are striking examples of modern architecture.
In addition, the development of the tourism sector of the economy contributes to the growth of the number of jobs for the local population. Active construction of tourism infrastructure facilities is also underway in other cities of Adjara: Kobuleti, Gonio, Makhinjauri, Sarpi.
The proximity of the Turkish border also affects the dynamic development of the city, through which small cross-border cooperation is carried out. Many households in Adjara have economic ties on the other side state border. Both regular buses and fixed-route taxis run from the capital of Adjara to Turkish cities at a reasonable price.
Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicAJAR AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
ADJAR AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Adjara, is located in the southwest. parts of Transcaucasia, to the east. coast of the Black m; included in the cargo. SSR. Pl. 3 tons km 2. Us. 375 thousand hours (as of January 1, 1984). The capital is Batumi (130 tons, as of January 1, 1984). Auth. The republic was formed on July 16, 1921 as part of Gruz. SSR.
From ancient times, terr. modern A. and neighboring areas was inhabited by dec. cargo. tribes. In the era of feudalism in Georgia, departments were formed. historical provinces, one of which was formed in the basin of the river. Adzharistskali (hence the name A.). From the 4th c. n. e., when Christianity was rapidly spreading in Georgia, A. was included in the cargo. state Association - Laziku. From the 10th c. A. - part of the united feud. Georgia. In the 2nd floor. 16th century south part of A. was captured by Turkey, and in the 17-18 centuries. Türkiye took possession of the entire territory. modern A., tearing it away from Georgia and forcibly distributing cargo among the indigenous Christians. us. Islam. In A. sharply worsened demographic. situation, there was a stagnation in the economy and culture of the region. Only as a result of the Russian tour. war of 1877-78 A. was released from the tour. yoke.
Main us. A. - Georgians, constituting one of the branches of the Caucasian family of peoples. In addition to them, Russians, Armenians, Greeks, Ukrainians, Abkhazians, Jews, Azerbaijanis and others live in the republic. Russians and Ukrainians moved here from inside. regions of Russia after the liberation of the region from the tour. domination, Greeks and Armenians - ch. arr. refugees from Turkey. Main lang. - Georgian and Russian.
One of the consequences of A.'s entry into Russia was an increase in the number. us. If in 1874 us. (within modern borders) did not exceed 48.5 thousand hours, then by 1897 78.3 thousand hours lived here. But the accelerated growth of us. in the pre-revolutionary A. was called Ch. arr. immigration. Due to high mortality, natural. growth remained relatively low.
Favorable conditions for the growth of numbers. us. formed during the years of the Soviet authorities. For 1926-82 us. A. increased from 132 thousand to 370.7 thousand, including urban from 50 thousand to 167.9 thousand. us. in 1983 - 45% of all of us. A. Number. us. changed trace, way (including): in 1939 - 200, in 1959 - 245.3, in 1970 - 309.8, in 1979 - 354.2. Number growth rates us. A. is higher than for Georgia as a whole and for other authors included in it. formations, which is associated with the preservation of the traditions of having many children among the indigenous us., and in the main. outside Batumi.
A. - the most densely populated auto. republic in the USSR: cf. population density - 124.9 people. per 1 km 2 (On 1.1. 1984). The density of us is especially high. to the seaside strip. Population points here are located up to vys. 400 m, and the width of the settlement strip does not exceed 10-12 km. On this territory placed up to 80% of the total and approx. 97% mountains. us. republics, and cf. us density. exceeds 400 people. per 1 km 2. In the mountainous area where he settled. points are located up to vys. 1600 m, cf. us density. 10 times less. Cities are growing at a moderate pace; mountains us. increases as a result of migration. growth and creation of new mountains. settlements. In addition to the capital city is Kobuleti.
Means. size reaches the migration of us. within the republic. Main its direction - from the villages. areas in cities and from mountain districts to coastal areas, where highly intensive subtropical industries are developed. With. x-va. The mountainous area, which occupies approx. 2/3 terr. A., suffers from acute shortage of land and the narrowness of the sphere of application of labor. To the seaside tea growing, citrus growing, and other labor-intensive industries with. x-va require a large number of labor. In this zone, both cities and 4 urban settlements are located, which arose on the basis of agrarian and industrial, as well as resort and tourist. complexes - recreational areas of national importance.
The social structure of us. A. over the years of Sov. power has changed radically. Before the revolution, part of us. were individual peasants and non-cooperators. artisans. In 1970 the proportion of workers among all of us. (including non-working family members) was 35.1%, employees - 21.9%, collective farmers - 42.6%; in 1979 - resp. 41.2%, 22.5%, 36.2%. The number of people employed in companies. production in 1979 compared with 1970 increased by 22.1%, with a predominance of those employed in the sphere of material production. In the 70s - early. 80s there is a decrease in the share of people employed in the sectors of material production and an increase in the share of people employed in non-production. industries.
Great success has been achieved in the republic in the field of nar. education. Before 1917 literate us. was less than 7%. In 1979, per 1000 people employed in nar. x-ve, accounted for with higher. education 115 people., with incomplete. higher 12, cf. special 133, cf. general education 389. In 1982/83 account. in 406 general education. schools enrolled 77.1 thousand hours, in 8 cf. specialist. uch. institutions - 3.5 t. h., in ped. in-te - 2.2 thousand students. In 1982, 330 people worked in A. public libraries(2653 volumes of books and magazines), 2 museums, 196 clubs, 227 film installations.
In 1921 there were only 47 doctors and hospitals in Azerbaijan with 140 beds. In 1982, there were 9 sanatoriums, 19 rest houses and boarding houses (for a total of 6,459 beds), 41 hospitals for 3,900 beds, and St. 1400 doctors, 4.3 thousand persons cf. honey. personnel.
● Collection of statistics. information on the Transcaucasian region, ed. E. Kondratenko, Tiflis, 1902; Nizharadze N. I., Djibouti N., Adzharia, Batumi, 1978.
V. Sh. Jaoshvili, N. I. Nizharadze.
Demographic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief editor D.I. Valentey. 1985 .
See also `Adzharian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic` in other dictionaries
Adjara. As part of the Georgian SSR. On the territory of Adjara, monuments of the prehistoric period have been preserved: menhirs, "kvakatsebi" (stone human figures), the remains of Colchis settlements (3-2 millennium BC), settlements on the territory of Kobuleti (4th-3rd centuries BC). .). The feudal era of the period of the existence of the Georgian kingdom (X-XIII centuries) includes numerous defensive structures (with building layers of earlier eras) - Tamaristsikhe, Petrastsikhe, Goniostsikhe, Khikhanistsikhe (all - the first half of the 13th century), etc .; a hall church with carved facade decoration in Skhalta (mid-13th century), single-arch bridges in the villages of Saputkreti, Kokolati, Keda, etc.
During the period of Turkish domination (XVI-XIX centuries), the architecture of Adzharia was in decline; wooden mosques with rich carvings in the interiors have been preserved (in the villages of Gorjo, Dandalo, Didachara, etc.). IN late XIX- early XX centuries. the growth of the port city of Batumi, seaside resorts (Kobuleti, Zeleny Mys, etc.) began with private ...
Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
(Acharis Avtonomiuri Sabchota Socialisturi Republic)
Adjara. As part of the Georgian SSR. It was formed on July 16, 1921. The area is 3.0 thousand square meters. km 2. The population is 310 thousand people (as of January 1, 1969, an estimate; 245 thousand people according to the 1959 census). Azerbaijan has 5 districts, 2 cities, and 6 urban-type settlements. The capital is Batumi. Political system. The Adzharian ASSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current constitution was adopted on October 25, 1937 by the 12th All-Adzhar Congress of Soviets. The highest bodies of state power are the unicameral Supreme Soviet of the Adjara ASSR, elected for 4 years at the rate of 1 deputy from 3 ...
AJAR AUTONOMIC SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Adjara , as a part of Cargo. SSR. Located in the southwestern part of Georgia, on the very south coast Black Sea region. Formed June 16, 1921. Plosch. 3.0 thousand km 2. Us. 245286 [Georgians (Adjarians, etc.). Russians, Armenians, etc. (1959)]; mountains us. 110843, village. 134 443. Capital Batumi (82 thousand hours). A. (Adjara, Achara) ist. region of Georgia. In cargo. and Byzantium. sources mentioned in the 10th century. n. e. Even earlier, information about it is found in Armenian sources (Movses Khorenatsi and others). In the 64 centuries. BC e. A. was part of the zap.-cargo. kingdoms "Colchis", then "Iberia". In the 4th c. n. e. A. was part of the Georgian state. association "Laziku" . In the 6th c. Zap. Georgia was the arena of struggle between Rome and Iran. In the 7th century subjected to devastate. Arab invasion. In the 9th century A. became part of the prince of Tao-Klarjeti, the sovereign princes of which were among the initiators of the unification of Georgia. From con. 10th c. A. was part of the united feud. Georgia; ruled by royal eristavis (rulers of provinces). Later, the territory of modern Primorsky A. was part of the Gurian Mtavars. In the 1113 centuries. Armenia suffered greatly during the invasion of the Seljuks and Mongols. In connection with the weakening of Georgia, due to the growth of feudal fragmentation and internecine struggle, most of Azerbaijan in the 2nd half. 16th century was taken over by Turkey. Tour. domination brought A. ruin, threatened nat. and cultural degeneration. Türkiye traded in prisoners, pursued a policy of violence. Turkification, deprived the peasants of the land. The population of Armenia repeatedly rose up to fight the invaders (1680, 1685, 1697, 1744, 1819, 1856), defending their identity and culture. After joining the East. Georgia to Russia (1801) Armenia still remained in the power of Turkey. Only as a result of the "Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78" according to the Berlin Treaty (see "Berlin Congress of 1878") Batum (the Russian name for the city of Batumi), Kars and Ardagan were annexed to Russia. A. reunited with Georgia, got rid of the tour. dominion, which had a progressive meaning. Despite the colonialist policy of tsarism, Azerbaijan received broader opportunities for growth in production. forces, joined the advanced Russian. culture. From con. 80s industry began to develop in A. Batum quickly turned into one of the advanced bourgeoisie. cities of Transcaucasia, having taken an important place in the external. trade and industry of the Russian Empire. In 1898, there were more than 10 large industrial enterprises in Batum. enterprises, number workers reached 11 thousand (chief arr. port loaders and oil refinery workers). In 18971907 the Baku-Batum oil pipeline was built. In 1896, the first Marxist group was created in Batum, and the Russians took an active part in it. s.-d. G. Franceschi and I. Luzin. In 1901, an Social-Democrat was created in Batum. org-tion. On March 9, 1902, the Batumi Committee of the RSDLP organized a major demonstration of workers (see "The Batumi Strike and the Demonstration of 1902"). During the revolution of 1905–07 strikes took place in Azerbaijan. At the end of November 1905, an armament took place in Batum. performance of the workers. 1st world war A. became the arena of the military. actions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 A. was under the authority of the "Special Transcaucasian Committee" body Provisional. pr-va. The Bolshevik organizations of Armenia at that time came out of the underground, organized the publication of Bolshevik newspapers (Petrel, Worker and Soldier, etc.) and began to create Red Guard detachments. Beginning in November 1917, the authority of the "Transcaucasian Commissariat" was established in Azerbaijan. In Apr. 1918 the Turks captured Batum, part of Guria, Akhaltsikhe, Ardagan. From Dec. From 1918 to July 1920 A. was occupied by the British. troops (see "Foreign military intervention in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia 191821"). Beginning in 1917, the working people of Azerbaijan, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, fought for the victory of the Soviet Union. authorities.
After the establishment of the Soviet authorities in Tbilisi in Feb. 1921 Batumi became the last refuge of the Mensheviks, who made a secret agreement with Turkey. March 11 tour. troops occupied Batumi. On March 18, 1921, the working people of Azerbaijan, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, with the help of the Red Army, established the Sov. power. In the early years of the Soviet the authorities carried out the nationalization of the land; the peasants of A. received 6,865 dess. earth. On June 16, 1921, Aj was created. ASSR as a part of Gruz. SSR. Dec. 1922 Aj. ASSR as a part of Gruz. The SSR became part of the ZSFSR. Over the years of the Soviet authorities in Azerbaijan created a developed industry and a diversified socialist. With. x-in. A cultural revolution has taken place. Illiteracy in the liquidated (in 1913 there were 7% of literate people in Azerbaijan). National theaters, libraries, clubs, scientific. and cultural enlightenment. institutions. 12th Congress of Soviets A. 25 Oct. 1937 Aj adopted a new constitution. ASSR, reflecting the victory of socialism in the republic. During the years of Vel. Fatherland. war in the republic were awarded orders and medals 19207 people, 5 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Union. The republic has developed subtropical. x-in, prom-st for the processing of agricultural-x. raw materials, oil, and mechanical engineering. In terms of the yield of tea leaves, A. occupies one of the first places in the world. Tea factories, tung oil and essential oil plants, shipbuilding and ship repair plants were created, large hydroelectric power station. In with. x-ve, the proportion of citrus fruits is especially large, making up half of the fruit plantations of Georgia. Batumi is a large prom. center and seaport.
In A. published 2 rep. newspapers "Batumi Worker" (in Russian) and "Sabchota Adjara" ("Soviet Adzharia") for cargo. lang. In Batumi there are Aj. state archive, museum of local lore, museum of revolution, ped. in-t and other scientific. institutions.
Lit.: History of Georgia, ed. N. A. Berdzenishvili, Tb., 1960; Bakradze D., Archaeological. journey through Georgia and Adchara, St. Petersburg, 1878; Akhvlediani n. A., From the history of the people's freedom. struggle in the South. Georgia, Batumi, 1956.
M. I. Dumbadze, N. T. Nakashidze. Tbilisi.
Adjara, - as part of the Cargo. SSR. It is located in the southwestern part of Georgia, on the southernmost Black Sea coast. Formed June 16, 1921. Plosch. 3.0 thousand km2. Us. 245286 (Georgians (Adjarians, etc.), Russians, Armenians, etc. (1959)); mountains us. 110843, village. - 134 443. Capital - Batumi (82 thousand hours). A. (Adjara, Achara) - ist. region of Georgia. In cargo. and Byzantium. sources mentioned in the 10th century. n. e. Even earlier, information about it is found in Armenian sources (Movses Khorenatsi and others). In the 6th-4th centuries. BC e. A. was part of the zap.-cargo. kingdoms of Colchis, then Iberia. In the 4th c. n. e. A. was part of the Georgian state. Association - Laziku. In the 6th c. Zap. Georgia was the arena of struggle between Rome and Iran. In the 7th century subjected to devastate. Arab invasion. In the 9th century A. became part of the prince of Tao-Klarjeti, the sovereign princes of which were among the initiators of the unification of Georgia. From con. 10th c. A. was part of the united feud. Georgia; ruled by royal eristavis (rulers of provinces). Later, the territory of modern Primorsky A. was part of the Gurian Mtavars. In the 11th-13th centuries. Armenia suffered greatly during the invasion of the Seljuks and Mongols. In connection with the weakening of Georgia, due to the growth of feudal fragmentation and internecine struggle, most of Azerbaijan in the 2nd half. 16th century was taken over by Turkey. Tour. domination brought A. ruin, threatened nat. and cultural degeneration. Türkiye traded in prisoners, pursued a policy of violence. Turkification, deprived the peasants of the land. The population of Armenia repeatedly rose up to fight the invaders (1680, 1685, 1697, 1744, 1819, 1856), defending their identity and culture. After joining the East. Georgia to Russia (1801) Armenia still remained in the power of Turkey. Only as a result Russian-Turkish war 1877-78 according to the Berlin Treaty (see the Berlin Congress of 1878) Batum (Russian name for the city of Batumi), Kars and Ardagan were annexed to Russia. A. reunited with Georgia, got rid of the tour. dominion, which had a progressive meaning. Despite the colonialist policy of tsarism, Azerbaijan received broader opportunities for growth in production. forces, joined the advanced Russian. culture. From con. 80s industry began to develop in A. Batum quickly turned into one of the advanced bourgeoisie. cities of Transcaucasia, having taken an important place in the external. trade and industry of the Russian Empire. In 1898, there were more than 10 large industrial enterprises in Batum. enterprises, number workers reached 11 thousand (chief arr. port loaders and oil refinery workers). In 1897-1907 the Baku-Batum oil pipeline was built. In 1896, the first Marxist group was created in Batum, and the Russians took an active part in it. s.-d. G. Franceschi and I. Luzin. In 1901, an Social-Democrat was created in Batum. org-tion. On March 9, 1902, the Batumi Committee of the RSDLP organized a major demonstration of workers (see Batumi strike and demonstration of 1902). During the revolution of 1905–07 strikes took place in Armenia. At the end of November 1905, an armament took place in Batum. performance of the workers. In the 1st World War A. became the arena of the military. actions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 A. was under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee - the body of the Provisional. pr-va. The Bolshevik organizations of Armenia at that time came out of the underground, organized the publication of Bolshevik newspapers (Petrel, Worker and Soldier, etc.) and began to create Red Guard detachments. Beginning in November 1917, the authority of the Transcaucasian Commissariat was established in Azerbaijan. In Apr. 1918 the Turks captured Batum, part of Guria, Akhaltsikhe, Ardagan. From Dec. From 1918 to July 1920 A. was occupied by the British. troops (see Foreign military intervention in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia 1918-21). Beginning in 1917, the working people of Azerbaijan, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, fought for the victory of the Soviet Union. authorities. After the establishment of the Soviet authorities in Tbilisi in Feb. 1921 Batumi became the last refuge of the Mensheviks, who made a secret agreement with Turkey. March 11 tour. troops occupied Batumi. On March 18, 1921, the working people of Azerbaijan, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, with the help of the Red Army, established the Sov. power. In the early years of the Soviet the authorities carried out the nationalization of the land; the peasants of A. received 6,865 dess. earth. On June 16, 1921, Aj was created. ASSR as a part of Gruz. SSR. Dec. 1922 Aj. ASSR as a part of Gruz. The SSR became part of the ZSFSR. Over the years of the Soviet authorities in Azerbaijan created a developed industry and a diversified socialist. With. x-in. A cultural revolution has taken place. Illiteracy in the liquidated (in 1913 there were 7% of literate people in Azerbaijan). National theaters, libraries, clubs, scientific. and cultural enlightenment. institutions. 12th Congress of Soviets A. 25 Oct. 1937 Aj adopted a new constitution. ASSR, reflecting the victory of socialism in the republic. During the years of Vel. Fatherland. war in the republic were awarded orders and medals 19207 people, 5 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Union. The republic has developed subtropical. x-in, prom-st for the processing of agricultural-x. raw materials, oil, and mechanical engineering. In terms of the yield of tea leaves, A. occupies one of the first places in the world. Tea factories, tung oil and essential oil plants, shipbuilding and ship repair plants, and a large hydroelectric power station were created. In with. x-ve, the proportion of citrus fruits is especially large, making up half of the fruit plantations of Georgia. Batumi is a large prom. center and seaport. In A. published 2 rep. newspapers - "Batumi Worker" (in Russian) and "Sabchota Adjara" ("Soviet Adzharia") for cargo. lang. In Batumi there are Aj. state archive, museum of local lore, museum of revolution, ped. in-t and other scientific. institutions. Lit.: History of Georgia, ed. N. A. Berdzenishvili, Tb., 1960; Bakradze D., Archaeological. journey through Georgia and Adchara, St. Petersburg, 1878; Akhvlediani H. A., From the history of the people's liberation. struggle in the South. Georgia, Batumi, 1956. bbl.
Adjara, - as part of the Cargo. SSR. It is located in the southwestern part of Georgia, on the southernmost Black Sea coast. Formed June 16, 1921. Plosch. 3.0 thousand km2. Us. 245286 (Georgians (Adjarians, etc.), Russians, Armenians, etc. (1959)); mountains us. 110843, village. - 134 443. Capital - Batumi (82 thousand hours). A. (Adjara, Achara) - ist. region of Georgia. In cargo. and Byzantium. sources mentioned in the 10th century. n. e. Even earlier, information about it is found in Armenian sources (Movses Khorenatsi and others). In the 6th-4th centuries. BC e. A. was part of the zap.-cargo. kingdoms of Colchis, then Iberia. In the 4th c. n. e. A. was part of the Georgian state. Association - Laziku. In the 6th c. Zap. Georgia was the arena of struggle between Rome and Iran. In the 7th century subjected to devastate. Arab invasion. In the 9th century A. became part of the prince of Tao-Klarjeti, the sovereign princes of which were among the initiators of the unification of Georgia. From con. 10th c. A. was part of the united feud. Georgia; ruled by royal eristavis (rulers of provinces). Later, the territory of modern Primorsky A. was part of the Gurian Mtavars. In the 11th-13th centuries. Armenia suffered greatly during the invasion of the Seljuks and Mongols. In connection with the weakening of Georgia, due to the growth of feudal fragmentation and internecine struggle, most of Azerbaijan in the 2nd half. 16th century was taken over by Turkey. Tour. domination brought A. ruin, threatened nat. and cultural degeneration. Türkiye traded in prisoners, pursued a policy of violence. Turkification, deprived the peasants of the land. The population of Armenia repeatedly rose up to fight the invaders (1680, 1685, 1697, 1744, 1819, 1856), defending their identity and culture. After joining the East. Georgia to Russia (1801) Armenia still remained in the power of Turkey. Only as a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78, according to the Berlin Treaty (see the Berlin Congress of 1878), Batum (the Russian name for the city of Batumi), Kars and Ardagan were annexed to Russia. A. reunited with Georgia, got rid of the tour. dominion, which had a progressive meaning. Despite the colonialist policy of tsarism, Azerbaijan received broader opportunities for growth in production. forces, joined the advanced Russian. culture. From con. 80s industry began to develop in A. Batum quickly turned into one of the advanced bourgeoisie. cities of Transcaucasia, having taken an important place in the external. trade and industry of the Russian Empire. In 1898, there were more than 10 large industrial enterprises in Batum. enterprises, number workers reached 11 thousand (chief arr. port loaders and oil refinery workers). In 1897-1907 the Baku-Batum oil pipeline was built. In 1896, the first Marxist group was created in Batum, and the Russians took an active part in it. s.-d. G. Franceschi and I. Luzin. In 1901, an Social-Democrat was created in Batum. org-tion. On March 9, 1902, the Batumi Committee of the RSDLP organized a major demonstration of workers (see Batumi strike and demonstration of 1902). During the revolution of 1905–07 strikes took place in Armenia. At the end of November 1905, an armament took place in Batum. performance of the workers. In World War I, A. became the arena of the military. actions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 A. was under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee - the body of the Provisional. pr-va. The Bolshevik organizations of Armenia at that time came out of the underground, organized the publication of Bolshevik newspapers (Petrel, Worker and Soldier, etc.) and began to create Red Guard detachments. Beginning in November 1917, the authority of the Transcaucasian Commissariat was established in Azerbaijan. In Apr. 1918 the Turks captured Batum, part of Guria, Akhaltsikhe, Ardagan. From Dec. From 1918 to July 1920 A. was occupied by the British. troops (see Foreign military intervention in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia 1918-21). Beginning in 1917, the working people of Azerbaijan, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, fought for the victory of the Soviet Union. authorities.
Watch value Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in other dictionaries
Republic- and. lat. popular government, people's government, land ruled without a sovereign, by the people themselves, through the elected. Swiss government, American. net m. -kanka f. citizen........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
City-republic of M. — 1. feudal state on the territory of the north-west and north of Rus' in the XII-XV centuries.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
Republic of J.— 1. A form of government in which the highest government belongs to elected for a certain period of time authorities. 2. A state with such a form of government.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
Autonomous region- - one of the forms of territorial or national-territorial autonomy in the state, which most often enjoys greater independence in its internal ........
Political vocabulary
Autonomous Republic- - a form of state in which this republic is part of another unitary or federal state on the basis of broad autonomy and independently exercises ........
Political vocabulary
Republic- (from lat. res - business and publicus - public, nationwide) - one of the forms of the state - a form of government in which the highest bodies of state power are either elected, ........
Political vocabulary
Republic Dualist- - a term used as a synonym for the concept of "presidential republic".
Political vocabulary
Republic Parliamentary- - a form of government based on the principle of the supremacy of parliament and the responsibility of the government to parliament.
Political vocabulary
Republic Presidential- - a form of government based on the principle of the priority of the executive branch, headed by the president.
Political vocabulary
Republic Mixed (presidential)- - a variety of republican form of government, in which elements of a presidential republic are combined with elements of a parliamentary republic. President (Head of State)
Political vocabulary
Republic of the Soviet- - a special kind of republican form of government, formally characterized by the following political and legal features: 1) the presence of a unified system of state bodies ........
Political vocabulary
Socialist Ideology- - the ideology of the main part of the country's population under socialism, which is a mixture of communist and petty-bourgeois ideologies. The communist (public) side ........
Political vocabulary
Autonomous Non-Profit Organization- - non-membership
a non-profit organization established by citizens and (or) legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions in order to provide ........
Economic dictionary
Autonomous region- - national-territorial
education, one of the varieties of subjects of the Russian Federation. At the present time, there is only one aviation association within the Russian Federation. - Jewish A. o., at the same time ........
Economic dictionary
Autonomous Republic (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic)- - V former USSR
form of autonomy. Represented "
state, which was part of union republic(RSFSR, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan). A. r. had........
Economic dictionary
Republic- republics, (lat. respublica, lit. public business) (polit.). 1. Form state structure, under which the supreme power belongs to a person or several persons, ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Dualist Republic- (fly away, dualis - dual) - in the science of constitutional
rights -
a term used as a synonym for the term "
presidential republic".
Economic dictionary
Model Autonomous- a model that can be considered without relationship with environment, other subjects, systems. The autonomy of most models is conditional. As M.a. can........
Economic dictionary
Organization Nonprofit Autonomous- an organization established by individuals or legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions for the purpose of providing services in the field of education, healthcare, ........
Economic dictionary
Organization, Non-Profit Autonomous — -
a non-profit organization that does not have membership and established by citizens and (or) legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions in order to provide ........
Economic dictionary
Parliamentary Republic- (fr parier - to speak) - a kind of republic, the parliament of which has the highest state power. It is not only the highest representative legislature.....
Economic dictionary
Duty Customs Autonomous- a fee established by the state, regardless of existing international agreements.
Economic dictionary
Presidential republic- (from Lat praesidens - lit. sitting in front) - a kind of republican form of government, such a republic in which the population of the country elects not only the highest legislative ........
Economic dictionary
Republic- -And; and. [lat. republic]
1. Form of government, in which the highest authorities are elected for a certain period; country with this form of government. Bourgeois........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
Republic- (lat. res publica - property
people, public
case)
form of government in which the supreme government
power is exercised by the elected...
Economic dictionary
Republic of the Russian Federation- - one of the six types of subjects of the Russian Federation. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 R. in with. RF is
a state with its own constitution and
legislation........
Economic dictionary
Republic of Mixed Type (semi-presidential Republic)- - a kind of republican form of government in which elements of a presidential republic are combined with elements of a parliamentary republic. President (Head of........
Economic dictionary
Soviet Republic- - a special kind of republican form of government (see.
REPUBLIC), formally characterized by the following features. unified system government agencies...
Economic dictionary
Superpresidential Republic- - in the science of constitutional
rights -
a term used to refer to a special kind of republican form of government characterized by a legal ........
Economic dictionary
Austria (Republic of Austria)- - a state in Central Europe. Formed in 1918 as a result of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The capital is Vienna. Federal state: 9 federal states (Burgenland,........
Law Dictionary