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The 2017 Pakistani census (after almost a 20-year hiatus) testifies to a clear underestimation by the authorities of the country of the country's population.
The 2017 census of the population of Pakistan (after almost a 20-year break) indicates a clear underestimation by the authorities of the country of the population of the country - 207.77 million people instead of 199 million declared back in June 2017. This means that the average annual population growth rate Pakistan after the previous census was 2.4%.
Moreover, this figure does not include data on the population of the Pakistani regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan; and this increases the population of Pakistan to 214 million people. Such "non-inclusion" of almost 6 million people is formally motivated by the Pakistani authorities due to their "special status". However, it seems to us that in this case, the country's leadership is trying in this way to emphasize the unresolved Kashmir problem (the indicated areas are located in the Pakistani part of Kashmir) and again draw the attention of the world community to the illegality of India's "occupation" of the part of Kashmir located on the territory of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. First of all, to emphasize the controversy not so much of the Pakistani part of Kashmir as the illegal belonging of India to part of Kashmir (the Kashmir Valley).
At the same time, the Pakistani statistical authorities make a reservation that the final results of the census (including the indicated areas of the country that have not yet been included in its total result) will be published at best in 2018, and most likely in 2019. However, the experience of summing up the results of previous censuses indicates that the publication of the final results is stretched for at least several years.
Thus, the population growth rate since the previous census in 1998 (when Pakistan's population was 132 million) has actually reached 2.6% on average per year, which means that the country's population has grown at one of the highest growth rates in the world. Moreover, it also means that most likely Pakistan moved from 6th to 5th place in the world in terms of population in 2017, behind China - 1.38 billion people, India - 1.31 billion, USA - 325 million. , Indonesia - 265 million.
Currently, Pakistan is the second state in the world (after Indonesia), where the Muslim population predominates - over 97% profess Islam. Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, which is fixed in the Constitution of the country - the full name of the country is the "Islamic Republic of Pakistan".
Based official according to Pakistani demographic statistics (207.77 million people), the population of the 4 provinces of the country is as follows: Punjab - 110 million (53% of the population of Pakistan), Sindh - 48 million (23%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (until 2010 North- Western Frontier Province) - 30.5 million (15%), Balochistan - 12 million (6%).
A separate line in the preliminary results of the 2017 census of Pakistan contains the number of inhabitants of the capital of the country - Islamabad - 2 million people, as well as the population of the so-called. "Tribal Territories of Federal Administration" (TPFU) - 5 million, located in the north-west of the Pakistani state (it is mainly there that members of the terrorist groups Taliban-Pakistan, Taliban-Afghanistan, Lashkar-e- Jhangvi", a number of other terrorist groups).
This census did not take into account Afghan refugees located in the territory of TPFU, in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and partly in Balochistan, as well as employees of diplomatic missions. According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, there are at least 1.3 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan, many of whom emigrated to Pakistan back in the 1980s; (Regarding unregistered refugees, there are only the most rough estimates - at least 600 thousand people).
In the years that have passed since the 1998 census, the ratio between the rural and urban population of the country has somewhat changed in favor of the second - respectively 132 million (63.6% of the total population of Pakistan) and 76 million people - the urban population (36.4%).
Formally, the population of Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, was minimally estimated by Pakistani demographers at 16 million people, which is hardly true, since the calculations were made without taking into account the suburbs that had long been included in the city limits. Karachi has been ranked second in the ranking of the most populated cities in the world for more than one year (23.5 million people), second only to Shanghai. Officially, the population of the second largest city in Pakistan - Lahore - is 11 million; then follow in descending order - Faisalabad - 3.2 million, Rawalpindi - 2.1 million, Peshawar - 1.97 million, Quetta - 1 million people.
In parallel with the population census, a census of households was carried out, of which there were 32.21 million (19.21 million in 1998). At the same time, the average Pakistani family currently consists of 6.45 people (6.89 people in 1998).
It is curious that for the first time in the course of the census transgender people were taken into account, who were not afraid to answer the corresponding question of the census questionnaire in such a rigidly adhering to the canons of Sharia as Pakistan - there were 10.42 thousand of them.
The rapid growth of Pakistan's population will definitely lead to an aggravation of the food problem in the foreseeable future. The annual export of, for example, rice does not at all mean its surplus, but is necessary to obtain foreign exchange in order to cover a significant negative trade balance. Already now, with a total export of $20 billion, imports have reached $51 billion. As a result, problems in foreign trade have taken second place after difficulties in the energy sector. In fiscal year 2016/17 alone, Pakistan imported $6 billion worth of food, primarily sugar and vegetable oil (it also regularly imports milk and dairy products, legumes, tea, sometimes whole wheat).
6th Population and Housing Census. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pakistan. // http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk (Accessed January 13, 2018).
The official name is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Located in the southern part of Asia. The area is 796 thousand km2 (according to other sources - 804-806 thousand km2), the population is 147.7 million people. (2002). The official language is Urdu, the official language is English. The capital is Islamabad (529 thousand people, according to the 1998 census). Public holidays - Independence Day on August 14 (since 1947), Pakistan Day on March 23 (since 1956). The monetary unit is the Pakistani rupee.
Controls part of the former Principality of Jammu and Kashmir, consisting of Azad Kashmir (Free Kashmir), an area of 13.3 thousand km2, and the Northern Territories, an area of 72.5 thousand km2.
Member of the UN (since 1947), Commonwealth (since 1947), OIC (since 1970), Non-Aligned Movement (since 1979), SAARC (since 1985), ECO (since 1985), IBRD, IMF, ADB, Islamic Development Bank, WTO and others
Landmarks of Pakistan
Geography of Pakistan
Located between 60°55' and 75°30' East longitude and 23°45' and 36°50' North latitude. It is washed in the south by the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean). The coast is divided into two sections, of which the western, Makran, accounts for 560 km of the coastline, and the eastern, Sindh, 290 km.
It borders India to the east, Afghanistan to the northwest and Iran to the west.
In the north, the mighty ridges of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush rise with the highest peak, Tirichmir, 7690 m; to the west are less high mountain ranges belonging to the Hindu Kush system. To the south are the structures of the Iranian Highlands - the Suleiman Mountains, the Salt Range, the Kirthar Mountains.
The main river is the Indus (length 3180 km), as well as its tributaries (from west to east) - Kabul (460 km), Jelam (810 km), Chenab (950 km), Ravi (725 km) and Sutlej (1500 km) .
The main plain - Indus, is the western part of the Indo-Gangetic lowland, alluvial, largely plowed. It splits into the north (Punjab plain) and south (Sind lowland).
The soils are mostly brown and grey-brown. Serozems are the main centers of irrigated agriculture. In deserts - primitive sandy soils, and in mountainous areas - a complex of soils characteristic of arid conditions.
On the Indus Plain, natural vegetation is deserted savannahs, along the Indus and other rivers - tree-shrub and reed thickets, along the coast - in places mangrove forests, at an altitude of 1500-3000 m - separate areas of deciduous and coniferous forests.
Animals are represented by Indo-African, Central Asian and Mediterranean species. Large mammals (leopards, Himalayan bears, Persian gazelles, etc.) are preserved in mountain landscapes. The world of birds is quite diverse, there are many types of snakes. The Arabian Sea is rich in fish.
The country is not rich in minerals. Explored reserves are: oil 30 million tons, natural gas 490 billion m3, coal 185 billion tons, iron ore St. 430 million tons, bauxite 74 million tons, rock salt more than 100 million tons. Chromite reserves are quite large, limestone, dolomite, marble, refractory clay and gypsum are very significant.
The climate is mostly tropical, during the hot period the temperature rises to +40-45°С, and in some places it exceeds +50°С. Subtropical in the northwest. Most of the precipitation falls during the southwest monsoon (July-September). On the coast, 100-200 mm of precipitation falls annually, in deserts - up to 50 mm, in valleys and on plateaus 250-500 mm, in the mountains 1000-1500 mm.
Population of Pakistan
Population, according to the 1981 census, 84.2 million people, according to the 1998 census - 130.5 million people. The average annual growth is 2.6%. Despite a gradual decrease in rates (to 2.1%, according to an estimate for 2002), the population continues to increase annually by more than 3.5 million people.
Birth rate 30%, death rate 9%, average life expectancy 62 years; infant mortality 90 people. per 1000 newborns.
The sex and age structure is characterized by the predominance of men and the young population. According to the 1998 census, there were 108 men per 100 women (48% of the population are women). Children 0-14 years old - 40% of the population (2000 estimate), youth 15-24 years old - 20%, persons 25-64 years old - 36%, 65 years and older - 4%. The retirement age is 60 years (the share of people of retirement age is 6%).
33% of the inhabitants live in cities (1998 census), half of them live in the 7 largest cities (over 1 million inhabitants each).
The literacy rate is extremely low. Among males and females over 15 years of age, 59% and 30%, respectively, are literate. Among young people aged 15-24, 24% of men and 52% of women are illiterate.
The ethnic composition is complex. The largest ethno-national group are the Punjabis - approx. 60% of the population, Pashtuns - 16%, Sindhis - 12%, Urdu-speaking Muhajirs (immigrants from India due to the partition of 1947 and their descendants) - 8%, Balochi and Brahuis - 4%. The vast majority (97%) speak the main languages of the Indo-European family, while the Punjabi and Sindhi languages belong to the Indo-Aryan (Indian) group, and Pashto and Baluchi belong to the Iranian group. The native language of the rest of the inhabitants is either Dravidian (Bragui) or Dardic (Kho, Sheena, Khovar, etc.).
The vast majority of the population (97%) are Muslims, of which 20% are Shiites. Sunnis belong mainly to the Hanifis (followers of the religious and legal school of Abu Hanifa). Among the Shiites, the Imamis (followers of 12 Imams) are the most numerous. A prominent role in society is played by two Ismaili sects - the Nizari (their spiritual head bears the title of Aga Khan) and the Mustalites. Christians (Catholics and Protestants) occupy the first place among religious minorities. various directions), the second - Indians.
History of Pakistan
As a result freedom movement peoples of India, the Muslim population of the former colony under the leadership of M.A. Jinnah achieved the creation in August 1947 of the independent state of Pakistan. Until 1971, Pakistan consisted of two parts - western and eastern, the distance between which in a straight line (through India) exceeded 1,500 km of Indian territory. The weakness of communication between the two provinces, inequality and discrimination in the eastern part caused a broad national movement in the eastern part, which, with the help of neighboring India, won - on the site of the former East Pakistan, on March 26, 1971, the People's Republic of Bangladesh was proclaimed.
Attempts to introduce the Westminster system of government in a country where there were no conditions and traditions for this led to chronic internal instability. In the midst of an acute political crisis in the country, martial law was introduced on October 7, 1958. All power was concentrated in the hands of the army commander, General M. Ayub Khan, who also became the president of the country. The lifting of martial law on June 8, 1962 changed little in the essence of power. This caused discontent and the growth of the opposition movement. The situation was further complicated by the armed conflict with India in September 1965 and its grave consequences. On March 25, 1969, martial law was introduced, which was headed by the army commander, General A.M. Yahya Khan. The loss of the eastern province and military failures in the western part of the country during the armed conflict with India in December 1971 led to the rapid fall of the regime (December 20, 1971).
A civil administration was formed, headed by the leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Z.A. Bhutto, who became president of the country. On April 12, 1973, the Constitution was adopted, which established a parliamentary form of government in Pakistan. Bhutto was elected prime minister with great powers. He carried out a wide reform of society, for which it was not adequately prepared; the government actions themselves were insufficiently prepared. Pakistan has been hit hard by the deterioration in mid-March. 1970s international economic conditions, as well as adverse weather conditions. All this led to great discontent and the strengthening of opposition parties. Their struggle with the government paralyzed the life of the country. July 5, 1977 there was a coup. The army commander, General M. Ziyaya-ul-Haq, established a military regime that turned out to be the longest in the history of Pakistan. Bhutto was arrested, tried and executed on April 4, 1979.
The main policy of the government of Zia-ul-Haq was the Islamization of society, including Military establishment countries. On December 19, 1984, a referendum was held, which approved the policy of Islamization; Zia-ul-Haq was declared the elected President of Pakistan. In February 1985, general elections were held on a non-partisan basis. On October 16, 1985, Parliament adopted the "Eighth Amendment" to the Constitution, according to which all the main powers of the Prime Minister were transferred to the President. On December 30, 1985, martial law was lifted, and on August 17, 1988, Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash.
The more than ten years of civil rule that followed were marked by extreme instability. Not a single composition of parliament and not a single government has worked out the term set by the Constitution - 5 years. The two parties are the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and their leaders are Benazir Bhutto and M.M. Nawaz Sharif alternately replaced each other at the helm of power. In the last period of the government of Nawaz Sharif, broad powers of authority again passed to the prime minister. The struggle for political dominance led to an acute conflict between the government and the military command, headed by General P. Musharraf. October 12, 1999 the army again took power into their own hands.
Musharraf's government managed to stabilize the internal situation and limit the activities of Islamic extremists. After the events of September 11, 2001, P. broke off ties with the Taliban and took part in the antiterrorist campaign in Afghanistan. For this, the sanctions imposed by the West for nuclear tests in May 1998 were lifted from him.
Following a referendum on April 30, 2002, Musharraf was elected president. He made amendments to the Constitution that again expanded presidential powers. On October 10, 2002 parliamentary elections were held. The parties supporting the president formed a government coalition. M.Z.Kh. became prime minister. Jamali.
State structure and political system of Pakistan
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic with strong presidential power. Islam is the state religion. The constitution was adopted on April 12, 1973 and entered into force on August 14, 1973.
The subjects of the federation are four provinces: Punjab (55.6% of all residents of the country), Sindh (23.0%), North-West Frontier Province - NWFP (13.4%), Balochistan (5.0%), located in the north in the west, the tribal areas controlled by the center are the UCRP (2.4%) and the Islamabad metropolitan area (0.6%).
The largest cities (1998 census, million people): Karachi (9.3) - the administrative center of Sindh, the main trade, economic and financial center, the sea gate of the country; Lahore (5) - the center of the Punjab, the most important economic, scientific and cultural center; Faisalabad (Punjab) (c. 2); Rawalpindi (Punjab) (1.4); Hyderabad (Sindh) (1.2); Peshawar (ca. 1), center of the NWFP; Quetta (0.7) the administrative center of Balochistan; Islamabad - the capital of Pakistan, together with Rawalpindi forms an agglomeration, a leading scientific and educational center.
The main levers of power are concentrated in the hands of the president. The state structure is highly centralized, but leaves room for the protection of the rights of the subjects of the federation. The exclusive competence of the center includes the most important issues, such as defense, foreign relations, money circulation, planning, foreign trade, etc. There is a list of problems that represent the joint competence of the center and the provinces; this includes law enforcement, property transfer, labor conflicts, ecology, etc. Issues not included in both lists (“residual powers”) are assigned to the provinces.
The highest body of legislative power is the parliament. It consists of two chambers: the lower (National Assembly) and the upper (Senate). AT National Assembly(342 deputies) all subjects of the federation are represented in proportion to the population; in the Senate (100 parliamentarians), all provinces are equally represented. The term of the lower chamber is 5 years, the upper chamber is renewed by half every 3 years. The bill is submitted to any chamber, financial - only to the lower one. To pass an amendment to the Constitution, it is necessary that at least 2/3 of the members of both chambers vote for it.
The supreme body of executive power is the federal government. Its head is the Prime Minister. The government is collectively responsible to the National Assembly.
The head of state is the president. He is the supreme commander, makes appointments to many senior government posts: the prime minister and members of the government, provincial governors, members of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and the high courts of the provinces, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, chiefs of staff of the three branches of the military (i.e. their commanders ), etc. All laws adopted by the parliament (except for financial ones) require the sanction of the president. A presidential veto may be overridden by a repeat vote of the majority of deputies at a joint session of the chambers. The President has the right to dissolve the National Assembly, dismiss the Prime Minister and the entire government. The President has the power to declare a state of emergency in the country if, in his opinion, the security of Pakistan is threatened by war, external aggression or internal unrest.
At the first sitting after the elections, the National Assembly elects the speaker and his deputy. The speaker directs the work of the chamber, monitors compliance with the regulations. He convenes sessions of the chamber at the request of at least 1/4 of the deputies. The Chairman of the Senate and his Deputy are elected for 3 years at the first meeting of the Chamber after its 50% renewal. The functions of the leaders of the Senate are similar to those of their counterparts from the National Assembly. In the event of the temporary absence of the President, his duties are performed by the Chairman of the Senate, and if this is not possible for any reason, then the duties of the President are assigned to the Speaker of the National Assembly.
The head of the supreme body of executive power is the prime minister. He is appointed by the president on the condition that he has the confidence of the majority of deputies and is a Muslim. On the advice of the prime minister, the president appoints members of the government and dismisses them. The Prime Minister ex officio heads the National Economic Council and the Council of Common Interest, established to coordinate the interests of the center and provinces.
In Pakistan, general, direct, secret elections are established according to the majority system of relative majority. To elect members of parliament and legislative assemblies of the provinces, districts approximately equal in population are created in the country, from each of which one deputy passes. The right to vote is granted to citizens over the age of 18.
From total number 272 members of the National Assembly are directly elected, while 60 seats are reserved for women and 10 for religious minorities. These seats are distributed among the parties that entered the parliament in accordance with the votes they received in the elections and overcame the 5% electoral threshold. Provincial legislatures are also formed.
Each province sends 22 people to the Senate, who are elected by local legislative assemblies; 4 senators from the metropolitan area are elected by the National Assembly and 8 members from the UCRP are elected by 12 deputies of the lower house - representatives of these areas.
The president of the country is elected by a majority vote of the members of the electoral college, consisting of deputies from both houses of parliament and provincial legislatures. He must be a Muslim.
Prominent State Officials. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), honorary title Qaid-i-Azam (Great Leader). Leader of the movement for the formation of an independent Pakistan. First head (governor-general) of Pakistan. It remains an unquestioned authority in the country. Ali Khan Liaqat (1895-1951). First Prime Minister of Pakistan. After the death of Jinnah, he became the de facto leader of the country. Killed October 16, 1951. Muhammad Ayub Khan (1907-74). General (from 1959 - field marshal), the first Pakistani - commander of the national army. Leader of the military regime in Pakistan (October 1958 - June 1962). Elected president in 1960, re-elected in 1965. Resigned in March 1969. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-79). In 1958-66 he held various ministerial posts. In 1967 he founded the Pakistan People's Party. He served as president (December 1971 - August 1973) and prime minister (August 1973 - June 1977). Executed in April 1979. Benazir Bhutto (b. 1954). Daughter Z.A. Bhutto. The first woman in Pakistan and throughout the Muslim world to become prime minister (December 1988). She held this post until August 1990 and from October 1993 to November 1996. Pervez Musharraf (b. 1943). Military personnel, general. In 1998, he was appointed to the highest post of chief of staff in the Pakistani army. On October 12, 1999, he led a bloodless military coup and assumed the duties of chief executive. June 20, 2001 took over as president. Following a referendum in April 2002, his presidential powers were extended for 5 years.
The highest official in the province is the governor, who is appointed and removed by the president. The governor appoints the chief minister (head of cabinet), members of the government, other officials; he has the right of suspensive veto over all legislative acts, except for financial ones. In his activities, the governor is guided by the advice of the government.
The provincial legislature is the Provincial Assembly, elected by the people for a five-year term. At the first meeting after the elections, the deputies elect the speaker and his deputy, who manage the current work of the meeting. Executive power in the province is exercised by the government, which is headed by the chief minister. The governor appoints to this post a deputy who has the confidence of the majority of the members of the Assembly. The governor can fire the chief minister and the entire government.
The provinces are divided into districts (districts), districts (tahsils) and volosts. The lower state body is appointed by the higher one and is subordinate to it. At all these levels, there are self-government bodies elected by the population for 5 years. The last time elections were held in 2001.
The Islamabad metropolitan area is under the direct control of the central authorities. UCRP consists of 7 agencies. In each of them, all administrative and economic affairs are managed by a political agent appointed by the central government.
Pakistan has a multi-party system. 72 political parties participated in the October 10, 2002 elections. Among them, the oldest is the Pakistan Muslim League (established in 1906). After the military came to power in October 1999, the party split into two parts. One of them bears the name of "Qaid-i-Azama" M.A. Jinn, PML(KA). Supports General P. Musharraf. Another part of it remained loyal to the last leader of the united party, Nawaz Sharif. The party is called PML(N). The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) is also nationwide. The People's National Party (PNP, established in 1986) has strong positions in SZPP. Muttahid Qaumi Movement (United National Movement, established in 1982) is a political party of Muhajirs (refugees from India and their descendants). Enjoys the support of Muhajirs in the southern regions of Sindh, primarily in Karachi. The fundamentalist parties Jamaat-i Islami (Islamic Society, established in 1941), Jamiat-i-ulama-i Islam (Society of Islamic Theologians, established in 1941) and others. and amal (Joint Action Forum). In the October 2002 general election, the alliance came third in the National Assembly after the PML (KA) and PPP, and second in the Senate.
The leading organization of business circles is the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (created in 1949). Under its auspices are regional chambers of commerce and industry, as well as industry unions of entrepreneurs and manufacturers. The federation coordinates the activities of various groups of businessmen, establishes business relations with foreign entrepreneurs, and promotes the growth of investments.
AT public life important role unions play. The oldest trade union center is the Pakistan Trade Union Federation. There are also the Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions, the Pakistan National Workers' Federation, and the United Workers' Federation. The leading peasant organizations are the Workers' and Peasants' Party and the Committee of Sharecroppers of Sindh.
Youth organizations were formed under the influence of political parties. The largest is Islami Jamaat-i Tulaba (the youth branch of the Jamaat-i Islami party). There are women's organizations, the largest being the All Pakistan Women's Association.
Pakistan's domestic policy is aimed at strengthening the unity of society and the state, combating ethno-national separatism and religious sectarianism. Measures are being taken to curb Islamic extremism and terrorism. Constitutional and parliamentary institutions are being strengthened, and efforts are being made to democratize political life.
Pakistan's foreign policy aims to create favorable external conditions for the development of the country, strengthening national security, attracting investments, developing cooperation with many countries of the world. Pakistan actively participates in the activities of the UN, its peacekeeping operations, and in the antiterrorist campaign in Afghanistan. Develops relationships with the US, others Western countries. Extensive contacts exist between Pakistan and China. Prominent Pakistanis statesmen repeatedly visited the Russian Federation. On February 4-6, 2003, the visit of President P. Musharraf took place, which resulted in the signing of important agreements between the two countries. The tension of Pakistani-Indian relations, the unresolved Kashmir issue has repeatedly led these countries to armed conflicts.
The armed forces are directly led by the chiefs of staff of the army (ground forces), the air force, and the navy. Their work is coordinated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Acquisition personnel The aircraft is produced on a voluntary basis. Officers are trained in military colleges and schools.
Regular aircraft number 620 thousand people. The ground forces are the main branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Their number is 550 thousand people. The Armed Forces include infantry, armored, artillery formations, engineering units, air defense units, operational-tactical missiles. There are 45,000 people in the Air Force; There are 366 combat aircraft in service, as well as training aircraft, search and rescue service helicopters, and anti-aircraft missile systems. The number of the Navy - 25 thousand people; it consists of 11 submarines, 8 frigates, 10 combat boats, marines.
Pakistan has nuclear weapons (according to various sources, from 25 to 40 charges) and their carriers, primarily medium and short-range missiles.
Economy of Pakistan
Pakistan belongs to the category of relatively underdeveloped countries of the agro-industrial type. In the 1990s The economy developed at a slow pace, barely exceeding the rate of population growth. With the coming to power of the military government of Musharraf in 1999, there has been a trend towards macroeconomic stabilization. At the same time, growth, especially in the agricultural sector, was slowed down by unfavorable weather conditions - a drought that lasted for three years. Support for efforts to combat international terrorism allowed the Pakistani government to receive significant foreign assistance after the events of September 11, 2001, including a $1.3 billion concessional IMF loan and $12.5 billion debt restructuring to Paris Club member countries.
GDP $70 billion; taking into account the purchasing power parity of currencies - 310 billion dollars; GDP per capita $490; taking into account PPP - 2140 dollars (2002).
The share in the global economy barely exceeds 0.2%; taking into account PPP is 0.8%.
The labor force is approaching 41 million people, characterized by high levels of migration, mainly to the Gulf countries, and widespread use of child labor. The level of open unemployment rises, in 2002 - 9%. inflation in last years decreased and, according to official data, is 5% per year.
share Agriculture in the structure of GDP 26%, industrial sectors - 24%, services - 50%. 44% of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector, 17% in the industrial sector, and 39% in the tertiary sector.
The industry consists of three segments - energy, mining and manufacturing. The basis of the first of them is the production of electricity at thermal, hydropower and nuclear power plants. Electricity generation is 62.7 billion kWh per year, consumption - 58.3 billion; there are no exports and imports. The primary sources are oil and natural gas (64%), hydro resources (35%), nuclear energy (1%).
The mining industry is underdeveloped. Natural gas production is of the greatest importance - 25.7 billion m3 per year. Significantly less importance is oil production - 3.9 million tons and hard coal - 3.3 million tons. Coking coal is imported. Iron ore, chromites, and bauxites are mined in small quantities from metal ores. Large sizes has limestone mining (10 million tons). Rock and table salt, marble, dolomite, clay, magnesite are also mined.
The main branch of the manufacturing industry is textile. The industry employs more than ¼ of factory workers. There is St. 300 fairly large textile factories, of which approx. 1/2 - spinning. The factories produce 1.8 billion tons of cotton yarn and 560 million m of fabric per year. In addition to cotton, synthetic fiber fabrics are produced, as well as knitwear and finished products. The second most value-added industry is the food industry. The highest contribution was made by enterprises producing refined sugar (3 million tons), vegetable oil (780 thousand tons), cigarettes and soft drinks. The complex of metallurgical and machine-building industries is of great importance. The metallurgical plant built with the help of the USSR near Karachi remains the only enterprise of its kind, producing 1.2 million tons of steel and pig iron per year. It is planned to expand the plant, taking into account the fact that metal consumption is 6 million tons. Heavy engineering enterprises (the largest is the heavy engineering plant built with the assistance of the PRC in Taxila, Punjab) produce a variety of engineering products, incl. complete equipment for sugar and cement plants, road equipment, cranes, masts for power lines, etc. There are large tractor-assembly enterprises, factories for telephone and telegraph equipment, and heavy electrical engineering. A number of car assembly enterprises, set up mainly in cooperation with Japanese firms, produce trucks and cars, buses and minibuses, motorcycles and motor scooters (scooters). The contribution of the oil refining and chemical industries is significant. Two oil refineries in Karachi (their total capacity is about 5 million tons), and partly a third refinery in Multan (Punjab) with a capacity of 2.5 million tons of oil per year, operate mainly on imported raw materials. Chemical enterprises produce mainly mineral fertilizers, primarily urea (urea). Natural gas is widely used as a raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers. A significant role as an auxiliary is played by the industry for the production of tires and tubes for wheeled vehicles. There are large enterprises for the repair and modernization of rolling stock and equipment railways(the main one in Lahore), as well as a shipyard and ship repair plant in Karachi. An increased role is played by the building materials industry, where the main place is occupied by cement plants (cement production is 9.7 million tons per year). The main export value is the industry for the manufacture of sports goods (tennis rackets, cricket bats, balls, etc.) and surgical instruments. The export value of these and other labor-intensive products (carpets, handicrafts, souvenirs made of green marble, onyx, etc.) exceeds $0.5 billion.
Agriculture remains the first important sphere of material production. Agriculture accounts for 2/3 of the value added in it, about 1/3 comes from animal husbandry, and less than 5% from fisheries and forestry. The total land fund is 80 million hectares, and the sown area is 20 million hectares. The world's largest irrigation system has been created in the Indus basin, which includes 43 main canals 65,000 km long, dozens of dams, dams, and reservoirs. The most significant hydrotechnical complexes are the Tarbela dam in the upper Indus, Mangla (on Jelama), Sukkur and Kotri in the lower Indus. The total irrigated area exceeds 75% of the sown area. The grain economy is based on the production of wheat - 20 million tons (2002). The second grain crop is rice (4.4 million tons), followed by corn (2 million tons), cereals and millet (706 thousand tons) and legumes (562 thousand tons). In addition, potatoes (1.7 million tons) and onions (1.6 million tons) are grown in significant quantities. The production of other vegetables reaches 2.8 million tons, and fruits (apples, mangoes, dates, citrus fruits, bananas) - 4.1 million tons.
Among the commercial crops, cotton is the most important. Cotton production was 1.6 million tons in 2002, having decreased compared to a number of previous years, when it reached 1.8-2.0 million tons. Sugarcane is in second place (52 million tons). The production of oilseeds (291,000 tons) is not enough to meet the needs of the dairy industry; raw materials for it have to be regularly imported.
Forage production is estimated at 56 million tons. Cattle predominate, buffaloes, goats and sheep, camels and horses are also bred. Nomadic pastoralism is carried out in arid regions. Fishing is mainly export-oriented, but fish stocks are far from being fully studied and are used very poorly. Forests occupy a small part of the area - approx. 4%. Commercial timber is provided by coniferous mountain forests in the north-west of the country.
The oldest transport industry is the railroad. The length of railways is 8163 km; 293 km of track are electrified. In terms of traffic, road transport ranks first. The length of roads is 248 thousand km, of which 141 thousand are paved; expressways - 339 km. Pipeline transport includes gas and oil pipelines with a length of 4 and 1.1 thousand km, respectively. Air traffic is of increasing importance. There are 87 airports, and 14 of them have runways with a length of St. 3 km. The aviation park has St. 50 aircraft, incl. Boeing 747 and Airbus A-300. The merchant fleet includes 17 vessels with a displacement of St. 1 thousand tons, of which - 1 tanker and 3 container ships; total tonnage of large vessels - 242 thousand tons.
Communication means consist of a telephone network with a length of 2.9 thousand km of main lines and short-wave radio communications. International communication is carried out with the help of 6 stations receiving signals from satellites. The number of radio and television stations is 49 and 22, respectively, radio receivers 13.5 million, television sets 3.1 million. In 2000 there were 30 providers and 1.2 million Internet users.
Domestic trade accounts for 16% of GDP. Wholesale trade is carried out by an extensive network of large and medium-sized companies selling agricultural and industrial goods intermediate and final demand. Retail trade, along with a few modern-type supermarkets in large cities, is carried out by small shops (dukans) and owners outlets in traditional urban and rural bazaars. Part of the retail trade is controlled by wholesalers and creditors. Widespread street trading. On the streets and within the boundaries of urban and rural areas (makhalla) are also concentrated establishments for the provision of personal services.
The central sector of the service sector - the provision of services government agencies, incl. courts of various types and levels, security and law enforcement services. The state is in charge of the most significant part of the education and health care system. Public services in these and a number of other areas are supplemented by private and public ones.
The tourism industry is underdeveloped. Foreign tourists are attracted mainly by archaeological sites (Mohenjo-Daro, etc.) and high-mountainous regions in the north of the country and in the Pakistani-controlled part of Kashmir.
The policy of the current government in the economic and social field is characterized by the desire to continue the course towards the liberalization of the conditions for private entrepreneurship and the formation of a modern market for capital, goods and services. Much attention is paid to privatization programs and attraction of private foreign capital. Among the priorities social policy- the fight against poverty and poverty, illiteracy, uneven development of regions, discrimination based on gender and confession.
The policy of the State Bank is to maintain the conditions of macroeconomic stability, curb inflation, increase gold and foreign exchange reserves, which in 2003 reached a record level of 10 billion US dollars. The Bank exercises control over the activities of private commercial banks and the stock exchange.
Government spending is estimated at $11.6 billion, revenues at $8.9 billion. The deficit is covered by domestic and foreign loans. The basis of the revenue side of the budget is taxes, mainly indirect. External debt is $31.5 billion. Maintenance ratio external debt high - 41.2%.
Minimum wage $600 per year. Below the poverty line (less than $2 a day), according to special surveys, taking into account the purchasing power of the local currency, 85% of the population lives, and 31% are in poverty (less than $1 a day).
The level of gross domestic investment is low (15.2% of GDP), the bulk of income is consumed during the year. A significant share of investment is provided by the transfer of funds by persons working abroad.
The foreign economic sphere is essential for the economy. Export 8.8 billion US dollars, import - 9.2 billion. Main export commodities: textiles (clothing, cotton fabrics and yarn), rice and other agricultural crops. Goods are exported mainly to the USA (25%), Great Britain (7%), UAE (6%), Hong Kong (6%), Germany (5%). Imports consist mainly of engineering products, oil and oil products, chemicals, transport equipment, vegetable oil, oilseeds, grains and flour. Goods come primarily from Kuwait (12%), UAE (11%), Saudi Arabia (11%), USA (6%), Japan (6%).
The volume of foreign investment is small (383 million dollars), although in the middle. 1990s reached 1.3-1.5 billion dollars, and over the past 10 years in the amount of 7.2 billion dollars.
Science and culture of Pakistan
The development of science is planned by the Government Committee for Science and Technology. The State Council for Scientific and Technical Research deals with the problems of introducing the achievements of science into economic practice. Financial assistance from the state is received by public associations and societies - the Pakistan Association for the Development of Science, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, etc.
priority for scientific research have agricultural sciences, biology, medicine, geology, certain areas of chemistry and physics. Pakistan has made some progress in space research, nuclear energy and the military-technical sphere. The Committee for the Study of the Upper Atmosphere and Outer Space (SUPARCO) is actively operating. In January 2003, the Paksat-1 communications satellite was launched.
The Government Atomic Energy Commission in Islamabad is responsible for the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (which has a research nuclear reactor), created with the help of the United States. military program in the nuclear and missile fields was carried out by the Kahuta Research Laboratory (near Islamabad) and the Pakistan Atomic Research Corporation. In 2001 they were merged into the Nuclear Defense Complex.
In May 1998, Pakistan, following India, conducted a series of underground tests nuclear weapons. A moratorium has been declared on further testing. At the same time, work continues to improve the means of delivering nuclear weapons with the help of missiles. Pakistan has tactical and ballistic missiles that use liquid and solid fuels. In 2003, the Ghori missile with a range of up to 1500 km was successfully tested.
The main centers of education, science and culture are the largest universities, among them - the oldest, founded in 1882, the Punjab University in Lahore, Qaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, Karachi University, Sindh University in Jamshoro, Peshawar University, etc. Great attention in universities is given to economic, socio-political and religious-humanitarian knowledge. The International Islamic University built with the help of Saudi Arabia operates in Islamabad. Islamic studies departments exist in most higher education institutions.
The sphere of culture is closely connected with education and the humanities. The most developed literature. Among the classics are the outstanding poet and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938), who wrote in Urdu and Persian, as well as Josh Malihabadi (1938-82) and Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1911-84). A significant contribution to the development of literature in Urdu and the languages of Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Baluchi was made by such authors as A.N. Kasmi, S.H. Manto, A.A. Matin, Sh.M. Ayaz, M. Niyazi, F. Zaman, A. Khattak, A. Jamaldini and others.
The visual arts enjoy considerable public attention. The most famous artists are representatives of the school of traditionalists Abdur Rahman Chugtai (1897-1975) and modernists - Sadekyain (1930-86). A. Bakhsh, Sh. Ahmed, Sh. Ali and others also belong to the number of major artists of various styles.
Musical culture is unique. Instrumental classical music does not find distribution. Folk and professional music of the oral tradition is popular.
There are many architectural monuments different eras. Most of them belong to the eras of the Delhi Sultanate and local dynasties of Punjab and Sindh (13-15 centuries) and the Mughal Empire (16-18 centuries). The most notable are the Lahore Fort, the tomb of Jehangir and the Shalimar gardens in Lahore, the Shah Jehan mosque in Thatta (Sindh), the mausoleum of Rukn-i-Alam in Multan, the mausoleum of Lal Qalandar in Sehvan (Sindh). A notable attraction is the mausoleum of M.A. Jinn in Karachi.
Among the museums stand out National in Islamabad, Lahore and Peshawar museums, founded in con. 19 - beg. 20th century, Karachinsky (since 1950). There are St. 5 thousand libraries, most of them educational institutions. The largest public libraries are the Punjab Public Libraries in Lahore. Liaqat Ali Khan in Karachi, National in Islamabad. The National Archives is located in the capital of the country.
The press is rich and varied. The largest newspapers in English are Dawn (Karachi), News (Islamabad), Nation (Lahore), Frontier Post (Peshawar). The most popular newspaper in Urdu is "Jang". The newspaper "Nava-i Vaqt" is influential. Most of the books are published in Urdu and Sindhi.
Cinema is very popular. More than 100 feature films in local languages are released annually and 60-80 films are imported.
Theatrical art is almost not developed. Dramatic performances are staged mainly by order of television.
The state of Pakistan borders on Iran, India, Afghanistan and is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean. The climate in this area is continental tropical (with a transition to subtropical in the northwest). In fact, there are three seasons in Pakistan, which abruptly replace each other: cold winter (October-March), hot dry summer (April-June) and rainy autumn (July-September). But, despite the sometimes unpredictable weather, many tourists love to travel to Pakistan.
general information
This land was once the cradle of ancient civilizations, and its culture has long remained a secret for Europeans with seven seals.
Today, ancient cities full of oriental flavor, such as Sindh, Thatta, Rohri, Karachi and, of course, Hyderabad, are open to tourists, but no less attractive and mysterious. The architecture strikes with an amazing mixture of styles and eras, historical monuments and legendary Islamic shrines are found literally at every step. In Lahore - a densely populated city of the state (in general, the population of Pakistan is quite high) - tourists are waiting for real oriental bazaars, where you definitely need to bargain, firstly, so as not to offend the seller, because this is a tradition, and secondly, because prices are deliberately overpriced in repeatedly.
Pakistan has a lot to offer tourists, but in this article we would like to dwell on the soul of any country - its inhabitants.
Population of the country
Before you go to another country, be sure to familiarize yourself with the customs and norms of behavior of the local population, otherwise you will not avoid awkward, and even very unpleasant situations. This is especially true for states where Islam is recognized as the official religion: the Muslim mentality is so strikingly different from the Christian that without prior preparation, immersion in the culture of Pakistan can be dangerous.
In addition, local residents are the very essence of any country, not understanding them or trying not to pay attention is the same as never leaving the threshold of your own home.
Key demographics
The population counter of Pakistan for November 2011 showed - 177 million 781 thousand people, the state is among the top ten in the world. With an area of 796,096 km² (plus the occupied Indian territories of Kashmir and the Northern Lands - 13,000 km² and 72,500 km²), this number of inhabitants makes Pakistan also one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
Today, the demography of Pakistan has an average population (according to these indicators, Pakistan is in 75th place among the countries of the world - 1.573%). On average, there are 3.17 newborns per adult woman (55th place in the ranking of countries in the world). There are 24.81 newborns (rank 63) and 6.92 deaths (rank 138) per 1,000 people in Pakistan. So the prospect of extinction looming over European countries due to low birth rates in the coming decades is completely irrelevant.
Sex and age structure of society
The population of Pakistan is quite high, in addition, it is mostly young. The group of residents aged 15 to 64 accounts for 60.4%, the second largest group is children under 15 years old (35.4%), the third is the smallest category - over 65 years old (4.2%).
There are 1070 men for every 1000 women in Pakistan. Moreover, according to statistics, 1050 boys are born among newborns per 1000 girls, 1060 under the age of 15, 1090 in the category of 15-64 years, but after 65 years only 920 men remain per 1000 women. Thus, the mortality among young women is higher than that of men, but the average life expectancy of men is 3 years lower than that of women, so the rates for the old group vary.
The average life expectancy for Pakistanis is quite low - 64.18 and 67.9 years for men and women, respectively, which places Pakistan at 167th place in the world ranking.
ethnic structure
The ethnic (and at the same time religious and linguistic) map of Pakistan is very colorful.
The ratio of national groups looks like this:
- Punjabis 44.7%;
- Pashtuns 15.4%;
- Sindhi 14.1%;
- Saryaks 8.4%;
- Muhajirs 7.6%;
- Balochi 3.6%;
- others (Rajputs, Brahuis, Hindustanis) 6.3%.
The official language is Urdu, but to this day English coexists with it (a relic of the colonial past), which is used at the official level: in education and the administrative sphere.
In ethnic regions, Punjabi is spoken (this is the spoken language for 48% of the population), Pashto (8%), Sindhi (12%), Baluchi and Bragui. The religious picture is no less diverse, with Punjabis in Pakistan practicing Islam, although the same ethnic group in India is mostly Hindu and Sikh.
The population of Pakistan has a low level of literacy. This level among the population over 15 years of age is almost half the mark (49.9%), but, which is typical for predominantly Islamic countries, many more men (63%) can read and write than women (36%). Although these indicators, in comparison with similar data 50 years ago, indicate progressive trends in the field of public education. But the situation remains very deplorable, and in terms of government spending on education (2.9% of GDP), Pakistan is in 153rd place.
Population displacement
The geographical location of Pakistan is such that from ancient times to the present day, individual nationalities and tribes are constantly moving through its territory. So, about 4 thousand years ago, hordes of Aryans, carriers of a more highly developed social system and culture, religion and language, came from the northwest to Hindustan, who subjugated the local population. And thousands of years later, Muslims moved in the same direction, asserting the dominance of Islam in all the conquered lands.
The 20th century is characterized by a different picture: the population of Pakistan is striving to leave the country in search of a better life. The level of 2.7 external migrants per 1000 of the settled population is a rather alarming indicator (167th place among all countries of the world).
The urbanization characteristic of the whole world does not bypass the population of Pakistan: in 2010, the urban population accounted for 36% of the total, and the rate reached 3.1% and continues to grow. For the urban population, the opportunities to find a job, get an education and use healthcare services are an order of magnitude higher than for the rural population; this attracts to big cities not only residents of nearby agricultural areas, but also Muhajir refugees from the Indian border. In 1951, refugees already accounted for 40% of the urban population, but the Pakistani authorities are not yet able to effectively solve this problem.
Administrative unit
The official name of the state is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The form of government is mixed, with the president and prime minister sharing power.
The territorial division is quite complex: 4 provinces, 2 (capital and tribal) federal territories, in addition, 2 more territories of Kashmir, which administratively belong to the Republic of Pakistan. The provinces are divided into 131 districts. The federal territory of tribes - into 7 departments and 6 border regions.
Largest cities in Pakistan by population
In the first place is Karachi (population 13,125,000 people), until 1959 it was the capital of the republic, and now it is the center of Sindh province. The predominant part of the townspeople are Hindus, the most common language is Urdu, but Gujarati refugees also make up a large percentage. Sindhis, Punjabis, Pashtuns, and Balochs live in large isolated communities in Karachi.
Second only to Karachi is Lahore, the central city of the Punjab (pop. 7,132,000). The city is famous for the oldest Punjab University, which was founded in 1882 and rightfully has the status of an intellectual capital.
In third place is Faisalabad (formerly known as Layalpur) with a population of 2,849,000. From colonial times to the present day, it remains the most important center of agricultural trade in the country.
The fourth place is Rawalpindi, also a densely populated city, which belongs to the state of Pakistan, with a population of 2,026,000 people.
Large and old cities of Pakistan are also Hyderabad, Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Gujranwala. currently - a relatively small city with a population of 832,000 people (10th place after all those listed above).
religious question
Among the inhabitants of Pakistan, 95% profess Islam, mostly Sunnis, and about one-fifth are Shiites. The Pashtun population of Pakistan, like many other ethnic groups of the country's population, preaches Islam. In addition, there is also the Ahmadiyya movement, whose representatives call themselves devout adherents of Islam, although at the official level other Muslims refuse to recognize them as equals and attribute them to the rank of a religious sect.
The remaining 5% is shared between Christians and Hindus.
Communication routes, transport
In Pakistan, the most popular public transport remains the bus. Also, rickshaws are still in use there, but most of them have already switched to more advanced means of transportation, there are also ordinary taxis with meters. By the way, rickshaws, as a rule, do not have a meter, and you need to agree on the fare before the trip. City buses are old and constantly overcrowded, tickets are sold even for seats located on the roof (their price is rightfully reduced by 2 times). There is a subway in Karachi. There is also a car rental service, but only those mentioned above, but renting a car in Pakistan is not very safe, since traffic on the roads is almost everywhere spontaneous.
pakistan bazaars
In addition to the traditional ones, shops more familiar to the European eye are also open in Pakistan, all of them work on schedule from big break during the day and close all day on Friday and Saturday. No one works on the days of religious festivities, the entire population of Pakistan is busy at this time with rest and prayers.
Each tourist, to the best of his financial ability, should bring from Pakistan a real local carpet, jewelry, a silk or cashmere scarf or a salt lamp that purifies the air in the room.
Traditional cuisine
Pakistani cuisine is very diverse, and for those who do not limit themselves due to religious beliefs, it provides many original dishes that cannot be found in other parts of the world. The main products of the Middle Eastern cuisine are rice, vegetables, fish, meat - lamb and chicken. Spices are the hallmark of the national cuisine in Pakistan: they are put in a lot, and a bouquet of spices is carefully selected for each dish. The most popular drink is strong tea with many spicy additives, because alcohol is strictly prohibited for devout Muslims.
The population in February 2017 approached the mark of 7 billion 498 million people. The number of earthlings is growing exponentially, but most of them live in 10 countries of the world. We bring to your attention a list of the most numerous states in this article.
1. China
Today, there are about 1 billion 390 million people in the Celestial Empire. There are almost 35 million more men in the People's Republic of China than women. The PRC is the third largest country in terms of area, the second largest economy in terms of nominal GDP, and the first in terms of purchasing power parity. China is not in vain called the "factory of the world", the largest exporter, industrial leader. The country owns the world's largest gold and foreign exchange reserves, is famous for its large-scale space programs, is a member of the "nuclear club" and boasts the largest armed forces.
2. India
The population of the Indian Republic is 1 billion 329 million people, men make up 52% of the total. In terms of territory, India is the seventh on the planet, while the vast majority of Indians live below the poverty line. The country has a nuclear potential, is a member international organizations but the most pressing problems to this day remain poverty and high level corruption. The most populous cities are Mumbai, the former Bombay (13 million) and Delhi (11 million). The leading industries are agriculture, automotive, electronics, metalworking, oil production and oil refining.
3. USA
4.4% of the world's population is in the United States of America (326.8 million). The female population of the New World is slightly larger than the male population. In terms of area, America ranks 4th in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity - the second. The United States, a founding member of NATO, has a huge nuclear potential, is famous for its space programs and is considered the only superpower in existence today.
Many women prefer shopping tourism as the best option to relax, have fun and enjoy shopping. What can be nice...
4. Indonesia
The population in mid-2018 was 263 million people, of which the ratio of men and women is approximately the same. Indonesia is a presidential republic, which is distinguished by an unusually large ethno-cultural diversity. The vast majority of the population is Muslim, making Indonesia the largest country where Islam is practiced. The main sectors of the economy are agriculture (rural residents make up 56% of all Indonesians), services, tourism, food and chemical, textile and tobacco industries, automobile and mechanical engineering.
5. Brazil
The number of inhabitants inhabiting Brazil is more than 210 million people. The ratio of men and women is 49.2% to 51.8% in favor of the beautiful half of humanity. Over the past year, Brazilians have increased by 2 million people due to natural increase, 2.2 newborns per mother. federal Republic Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking and largest country South America. Most of the inhabitants profess Catholicism, the proportion of the white population is declining year by year due to mixed marriages and today is 92 million people, to mixed race owns 82 million. The formation of GDP is due to the developed agriculture, extractive industries and industry.
6. Pakistan
The population of the country is 211 million people, women are 1% less than men. The demographics of Pakistan are changing due to the huge number of people leaving the country, and if the pace of emigration continues, population growth may soon turn negative. Pakistan is a Muslim country that appeared on political map peace in 1947. 20% of GNP comes from agriculture (the main crops are cotton and wheat), 24% of income comes from the industrial sector (hydropower, textile production). The main exports are rice, textiles, carpets and leather.
7. Nigeria
The number of inhabitants of this exotic African country is 193.3 million people. Men and women are almost equal. Nigeria is characterized by a catastrophically low average life expectancy: for both sexes it is only 47 years. A little more than 59% of literate citizens, the rest do not even have access to secondary education. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is the 14th largest state on the African continent and the leading producer of petroleum products on the "black continent". In terms of HIV infection, Nigeria is in 3rd place in the world, most Nigerians live in constant lack of water and food. There are more Christians in the country than Muslims, as a result of which wars on religious grounds periodically break out here.
8. Bangladesh
The country's population is 165 million people, of which 83 million are men and 82 million are women. Life expectancy for both sexes is 69.8 years. The People's Republic of Bangladesh is an Islamic state and the official language is Bengali. The country is one of the poorest in Asia, with 68% of the population employed in the agricultural sector, which specializes in rice, tea, potatoes, sugar cane, wheat and spices. The main export items are items made by folk artisans, clothing, leather, frozen seafood and fish.
9. Russia
The population of the Russian Federation at the beginning of 2018 is about 146.8 million people, the most Big City- Moscow (more than 12 million). There are 7% fewer men in the country than women. The ratio of the urban population to the rural population is 74% to 26%, the average life expectancy for both sexes is 66.3 years. In terms of area, Russia ranks first in the world and borders on 18 countries. 75% of the inhabitants are Orthodox Christians, official language- Russian. The country is the leader in the space industry and has the largest nuclear potential. The state's economy is replenished through the sale of energy, weapons, minerals.
10. Japan
The population of the Land of the Rising Sun as of March 2018 was 126.5 million people, of which 64 million are women, 61 million are men, and infant mortality is one of the lowest in the world. A little more than 1 million children are born in Japan every year. Japan is a great economic power with 6,852 islands. The state is highly developed, with a long life expectancy - 82.3 years for both sexes and one of the highest GDP per capita. Leading industries: banking services, electronics, automotive, machine tools, shipbuilding and mechanical engineering, telecommunications.