Portrait of Peter I, Paul Delaroche
- Years of life: June 9 (May 30 O.S.) 1672 - February 8 (January 28 O.S.) 1725
- Years of government: May 7 (April 27), 1682 - February 8 (January 28), 1725
- Father and mother: and Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina.
- Spouses: Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.
- Children: Alexey, Alexander, Pavel, Ekaterina, Anna, Elizabeth, Natalya, Margarita, Peter, Pavel, Natalya.
Peter I (June 9 (May 30), 1672 - February 8 (January 28), 1725) - the first All Russian emperor who "cut a window to Europe". Peter's father is Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and his mother is Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina.
Youth of Peter I
In 1676 Alexei Mikhailovich died, and in 1682 Fyodor Alekseevich died. Peter was appointed king, but the Miloslavskys were against this turn of events. As a result, on May 15, the Miloslavskys organized a streltsy revolt. In front of Peter's eyes, his relatives were killed, so he hated the archers. As a result, John (Peter's older brother) was appointed the first king, Peter the second. But because of their small age, Sophia (older sister) was appointed regent.
Peter's education was poor, he wrote with errors all his life. But he was very interested in military affairs, history, geography. In addition, Peter preferred to learn everything by doing. Peter was distinguished by a sharp mind, strong will, curiosity, obstinacy and great capacity for work.
During the reign, Peter lived with his mother in Preobrazhensky, occasionally coming to Moscow for official ceremonies. There he arranged war games with the so-called "fun troops". They recruited children from the nobility and from peasant families. Over time, this fun grew into a real teaching, and the Preobrazhensky army became a powerful military force.
Peter often visited German Quarter. There he met Frans Lefort and Patrick Gordon, who became close friends with him. Also, Peter's associates were Fedor Apraksin, Prince Romodanovsky, Alexei Menshikov.
In January 1689, at the insistence of his mother, Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina, but a year later he lost interest in his wife and began to spend more and more time with the German Anna Mons.
In the summer of 1689, Sophia tried, by organizing a streltsy revolt, to seize power and kill Peter. But Peter found out about this and took refuge in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where his allies later arrived. As a result, Sofya Alekseevna was removed from power and exiled to the Novodevichy Convent.
Yes, in 1694, Natalya Naryshkina ruled on behalf of her son. Then Peter became closer to power, because. government was not very interested.
In 1696, Peter I, after the death of John, became the sole tsar.
The reign of Peter I
In 1697, the king went abroad to study shipbuilding. He introduced himself by a different name and worked at the shipyard along with ordinary workers. Also abroad, Peter studied the culture of other countries and their internal structure.
The wife of Peter I turned out to be a participant in the Streltsy rebellion. For this, the king exiled her to a monastery.
In 1712, Peter married Ekaterina Alekseevna. In 1724, the tsar crowned her as co-ruler.
In 1725, Peter I died of pneumonia in terrible agony. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Catherine I, wife of Peter I, became queen.
Peter I: domestic politics
Peter I is known as a reformer. The tsar tried to overcome the backlog of Russia from the Western countries.
In 1699, Peter introduced the Julian calendar (from the birth of Christ, instead of the creation of the world). Now the beginning of the year began to be considered January 1 (instead of September 1). He also ordered all the boyars to shave their beards, wear foreign dresses and drink coffee in the morning.
In 1700, the Russian army was defeated near Narva. This failure led the king to the idea that he needed to reorganize the army. Peter sent young people of a noble family to study abroad in order to have qualified personnel. Already in 1701, the tsar opened the Navigation School.
In 1703, the construction of St. Petersburg began. In 1712 it became the capital of Russia.
In 1705 a regular army and navy were created. Recruitment duty was introduced, the nobles became officers, after studying at a military school, or privates. The Military Regulations (1716) were developed, Maritime charter(1720), Maritime Regulations (1722). Peter I installed. In accordance with it, ranks were given to military and civil servants for their personal merits, and not for noble origin. Under Peter, the construction of metallurgical and weapons factories began.
Peter was also involved in the development of the fleet. In 1708 the first ship was launched. And already in 1728, the fleet on the Baltic Sea became the most powerful.
For the development of the army and navy, funds were needed, for this a tax policy was carried out. Peter I introduced a poll tax, which led to the fact that the peasants became even more dependent on the landowners. The tax was imposed on men of all ages and all classes. This led to the fact that the peasants began to run away more often and organize military demonstrations.
In 1708, Russia was divided first into 8 provinces, and then into 10, headed by a governor.
In 1711 instead of Boyar Duma the Senate, which was in charge of administration during the departure of the king, became the new authority. Collegiums were also formed, subordinate to the Senate, which made decisions by voting.
In October 1721, Peter I was appointed emperor. In the same year, he abolished church authority. The patriarchate was abolished, and the Synod began to manage the church.
Peter I carried out many transformations in culture. During his reign, secular literature appeared; engineering and medical-surgical schools were opened; primers, textbooks and maps were published. In 1724, the Academy of Sciences was opened with a university and a gymnasium attached to it. The Kunstkamera, the first Russian museum, was also opened. The first Russian newspaper Vedomosti appeared. Active study of Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East also began.
Peter I: foreign policy
Peter I understood that Russia needed access to the Black and Baltic Seas - this determined the entire foreign policy.
AT late XVII century, two campaigns were made against the Turkish fortress of Azov. Russia and Turkey concluded, as a result of which Russia received access to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
In 1712-1714 Finland was conquered.
Peter I tried to buy the shores of the Gulf of Finland from Sweden, but was refused. As a result, the Northern War began, which lasted more than 20 years (1700 - 1721). After the death of Charles XII, Russia and Sweden made peace, as a result of which Russia received access to the Baltic Sea.
Peter I - the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage with Natalya Naryshkina - was born on May 30, 1672. As a child, Peter received home education knew from a young age German, then studied Dutch, English and French. With the help of palace masters (carpentry, turning, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, had a good memory.
In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of a childless man, bypassing his older half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan - and relatives of the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich - the Miloslavsky used the streltsy uprising in Moscow to palace coup. In May 1682, the supporters and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the "senior" tsar, and Peter the "junior" tsar under the ruler Sophia.
Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. Here, from his peers, Peter formed "amusing regiments" - the future imperial guard. In those same years, the prince met the son of the court groom Alexander Menshikov, who later became " right hand"emperor.
In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter and Sofya Alekseevna, who were striving for autocracy. In August 1689, having received news that Sophia was preparing a palace coup, Peter hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, gathered by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her close associates were exiled or executed.
After the death of Ivan Alekseevich (1696), Peter I became an autocratic tsar.
Possessing a strong will, purposefulness and great capacity for work, Peter I throughout his life replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, devoting Special attention military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during the first trip abroad, he passed full course Artillery Sciences in Koenigsberg, worked for six months as a carpenter at the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland), studying ship architecture and drawing plans, completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.
By order of Peter I, books, instruments, weapons were purchased abroad, foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. Peter I met with Leibniz, Newton and other scientists, in 1717 he was elected an honorary member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
During the reign of Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming the backwardness of Russia from the advanced countries of the West. Transformations touched all areas public life. Peter I expanded the landlords' property rights over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with poll tax, issued a decree on the possession of peasants, who were allowed to acquire the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and yasak peasants to state and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The decree on single inheritance (1714) equalized estates and estates, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of their sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merit.
Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, means of communication, domestic and foreign trade.
The reforms of the state apparatus under Peter I were an important step towards the transformation of the Russian autocracy of the 17th century into the bureaucratic-noble monarchy of the 18th century with its bureaucracy and service classes. The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), boards were established instead of orders (1718), the control apparatus was represented first by "fiscals" (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the prosecutor general. Instead of the patriarchate, the Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government. Great importance had an administrative reform. In 1708-1709, instead of counties, voivodships and governorships, 8 (then 10) provinces headed by governors were established. In 1719, the provinces were divided into 47 provinces.
As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His whole life's work was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, to wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the North and South. As a result Azov campaigns(1695-1696) Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified on the shores of the Sea of Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia under the leadership of Peter I achieved a complete victory, gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.
Under Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates abroad were established, outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.
Major reforms were also carried out by Peter I in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School; the first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg were established Marine Academy(1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at collegiums, the first Russian museum - the Kunstkamera (1719) with a public library was opened. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the reckoning from the "Christmas", and not from the "Creation of the World".
By order of Peter I, various expeditions were carried out, including to Central Asia, to Far East, to Siberia, laid the foundation for a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping.
Peter I was married twice: to Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina and to Marta Skavronskaya (later Empress Catherine I); had a son from his first marriage Alexei and from the second - daughters Anna and Elizabeth (besides them, 8 children of Peter I died in early childhood).
Peter I died in 1725 and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
The first Russian Emperor Peter I the Great was born
autocratic hand
He boldly sowed enlightenment,
He did not despise his native country:
He knew her purpose.
Now an academician, then a hero,
Now a navigator, now a carpenter,
He is an all-encompassing soul
On the throne was an eternal worker.
Pushkin A. S. "Stans", 1826
May 30 (June 9), 1672 in Moscow in the family Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov and his second wife Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina was born first Russian emperor (1721) Peter I Alekseevich the Great.
Being the youngest of the heirs, Peter Alekseevich received the Moscow throne in April 1682, immediately after the death of his childless half-brother, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, bypassing the second prince, Ivan. This caused dissatisfaction with the relatives of the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Miloslavskys, who used Streltsy Moscow uprising of 1682 for a palace coup. Adherents and relatives of the Naryshkins were repressed, Peter I was crowned king together with his half-brother, Ivan V, as a junior co-ruler, and the sister of the elder tsar, Princess Sofya Alekseevna, became regent under them. During her reign, Peter, along with his mother, was away from the Court in the village of Preobrazhensky. Only in 1689 did he succeed in removing Princess Sophia from power, and in 1696, after the death of Ivan V, he became an autocratic tsar.
Like all the children of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter I received a good education at home, and then throughout his life he replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, paying special attention to military and naval affairs. In 1687, he created the amusing Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian regular army. In 1688-1693. an amusing flotilla operated on Lake Pleshcheyevo, the experience of which was then used in the construction of the fleet in the Black Sea region and the Baltic. And in 1697-1698. the young king made a trip abroad, during which he not only got acquainted with the features state structure other countries, but also completed a full course of artillery sciences in Koenigsberg, a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England and a six-month practice as a carpenter at the shipyards of Amsterdam.
While maintaining and strengthening the feudal serf system during his reign, Peter I carried out a series of reforms aimed at overcoming Russia's separation from the Western European path of development and strengthening the country's influence on the international economy and politics.
This was largely facilitated by the energetic foreign policy of the king. So, as a result of the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Russia captured the Turkish fortress of Azov and received access to the Azov and Black Seas. During Northern War (1700-1721) the lands along the banks of the Neva, in Karelia and the Baltic states, previously conquered by Sweden, were returned, the country received access to the Baltic Sea, which greatly influenced its economic, political and cultural development. During the Persian campaign (1722–1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.
Important transformations were carried out inside the country in all spheres of life. So, there was a transfer of the capital to the city created in 1703. city of St. Petersburg , division of the country's territory into provinces in 1708–1715., the formation of a higher body government controlled- Senate, creation of colleges etc. Changes in the social sphere, reflected in the decree on uniform inheritance of 1714, touched upon the merger of two forms of land ownership (patrimonies and estates) and the transformation of the nobility into a life service. In 1722, a document was approved regulating the procedure for moving through the service - "Table of Ranks". In 1721, Peter I introduced "Spiritual regulation" officially abolished the Patriarchate in the Russian Church and created a Spiritual Board for its management, which was soon renamed the Holy Governing Synod. Bthanks to military reform a regular Russian army and navy took shape, the organizational basis of which was the “Military Charter” and the “Marine Charter”.Under Peter was created the Russian Academy of Sciences, a number of higher educational institutions, formed a secular comprehensive school, opened the first museum in Russia and public library, started to come out the first Russian newspaper "Vedomosti", a number of expeditions were organized to Central Asia and the Far East, etc. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and a year later decree of succession, which secured the autocratic rights of the monarch to appoint his successor.
The activity of the king was evaluated by society ambiguously. The promotion of the service nobility and bureaucratic bureaucracy to the fore, the elimination of the patriarchate, the loss of political independence by the church caused dissatisfaction among the boyars and the church hierarchy. The answer to many violent innovations and the increased tax burden was the uprisings of the townspeople and soldiers.
On January 28 (February 10), 1725, the first Russian emperor died and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. His successor was his wife, Catherine I.
Lit .: Bazilevich K. V. Peter I - statesman, converter, commander. M, 1946; Brikner A. G. History of Peter the Great. M., 2004; Valishevsky K. F. Peter the Great. M., 2003; Great reformer of Russia: On the 300th anniversary of the birth of Peter I. Voronezh, 2002; Memorable stories about the life and deeds of Peter the Great. SPb., 1872; Legislation of Peter I. M., 1997; Zolotov V. A. History of Peter the Great. SPb., 1872; Kara-Murza A. A. Reformer: Russians about Peter I. Ivanovo, 1994; Massey R.K. Peter the Great: Personality and Epoch. St. Petersburg, 2003; Pavlenko N. I. Peter I. M., 2003; Peter the Great in legends, anecdotes, fairy tales, songs. St. Petersburg, 2000; Letters and papers of Peter the Great. St. Petersburg; M. T. 1-13. 1887-1992; Poghosyan E. A. Peter I - architect Russian history. SPb., 2001; Reforms of Peter I and the fate of Russia. M., 1994; Senigov I.P. Tsar-worker and teacher. Pg., 1915; Tarle E.V. Russian fleet and foreign policy of Peter I. St. Petersburg, 1994; Shchebalsky P.K. Sovereign Tsar Peter the Great, the first Russian emperor. Warsaw, 1873.
See also Presidential Library:
Battle of Lesnaya // On this day. October 9, 1708 G.;
The first civil calendar was published in Moscow // On this day. January 8, 1709 G.;
Alexander Nevsky Lavra founded in St. Petersburg // On this day. April 5, 1713 G.;
A decree of Peter I "On wearing a dress in the manner of the Hungarian" was issued // On this day. January 14, 1700 ;
The Treaty of Constantinople was signed between Russia and Turkey // On this day. July 14, 1700 ;
Treaty of Preobrazhensky signed between Peter I and August II // On this day. November 21, 1699 ;
Peter I Alekseevich - the first Emperor of All Russia; representative of the Romanov dynasty; the youngest son of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Naryshkina Natalia Kirillovna. Born June 9, 1672; at the age of ten he was already proclaimed king with his brother Ivan. Peter from childhood had a penchant for science and a foreign way of life. He is one of the first Russian tsars who made a long tour of the countries Western Europe. Formally, the education of the future ruler began in 1677. The clerk N. Zotov was appointed his teacher.
The prince studied willingly and briskly, was interested in historical books and manuscripts. At the age of four, he lost his father, and guardianship was transferred to his then reigning half-brother Fyodor Alekseevich. The actual management was in the hands of their elder sister Sofya Alekseevna. Peter and his mother were temporarily away from the court and lived in Preobrazhensky, where he discovered many new things in the field of military affairs. He was fond of shipbuilding, the creation of "amusing" regiments, which he later introduced into the Russian army.
Living in the German settlement, he made many new friends and became a fan of the European way of life. After the removal of Sophia from the throne, power passed into the hands of the 17-year-old Peter, although he became the official ruler only in 1721. By that time, he was fluent in several European languages (German, English, Dutch, French), owned many crafts (blacksmithing, carpentry, weapons, turning), was physically quite strong and active, showed a healthy interest in public affairs. During the years of his reign, this Russian ruler carried out many reforms and transformations.
He expanded the property rights of the landowners, built new cities, fortresses and canals, signed a decree on uniform inheritance, secured noble ownership of land, and established the order of chinoproizvodstvo. Foreign policy The king was sent to search for allies in the fight against the Ottomans. Soon, however, a peace treaty was concluded with Turkey, and in order to access the Baltic Sea, Peter I started a war with Sweden. The Northern War lasted from 1700 to 1721. Under Peter I, the first gymnasium was opened in Russia. During his reign, he carried out not only military reforms, but also economic, scientific and educational ones.
This king introduced enlightenment to the masses and created a powerful Navy. By his order, various expeditions were sent to Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East. Well, the main achievement, of course, was the foundation of St. Petersburg in 1703. Peter I was married twice and had three children: a son from his first marriage and two daughters from his second. In addition to them, there were eight other children who died in infancy. In 1741, the daughter of Catherine I (Marta Skavronskaya) - Elizabeth I Petrovna - became the successor of the sovereign's work. The emperor himself died in February 1725 from a long illness and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672. His parents are Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalia Naryshkina. Peter was brought up by nannies, his education was poor, but the boy's health was strong, he was the least ill in the family.
When Peter was ten years old, he and his brother Ivan were proclaimed kings. In fact, Sofia Alekseevna reigned. And Peter and his mother left for Preobrazhenskoye. There, little Peter began to be interested in military activities, shipbuilding.
In 1689, Peter I became king, and Sophia's reign was suspended.
During his reign, Peter created powerful fleet. The ruler fought against the Crimea. Peter went to Europe because he needed allies to help him stand against Ottoman Empire. In Europe, Peter devoted a lot of time to shipbuilding, the study of cultures different countries. The ruler mastered many crafts in Europe. One of them is gardening. Peter I brought to Russian Empire tulips from Holland. The emperor liked to grow in the gardens various plants brought from abroad. Peter also brought rice and potatoes to Russia. In Europe, he caught fire with the idea to change his state.
Peter I waged war with Sweden. He annexed Kamchatka to Russia and the coast of the Caspian Sea. It was in this sea that Peter I baptized people close to him. Peter's reforms were innovative. During the reign of the Emperor, there were several military reforms, the power of the state increased, and a regular army and navy were founded. And also the ruler invested his forces in the economy and industry. Peter I put a lot of effort into the education of citizens. They opened many schools.
Peter I died in 1725. He was seriously ill. Peter gave the throne to his wife. He had a strong and persistent personality. Peter I made many changes, as in political system and in the life of the people. He successfully ruled the state for more than forty years.
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