On May 9, 2012, our country celebrated the 67th anniversary of Great Victory. On this day, it is customary to bow to the veterans of the Great Patriotic War who provided us with a bright future without wars and the loss of our loved ones, without destruction and suffering. It was a time that many now do not understand and do not feel.
On October 13, 1941, the advanced units of the German troops approached the city of Kalinin. The hastily assembled fighter detachments and the militia could not resist the 2nd armies and the mechanized corps of the Wehrmacht. The fascist tanks did not meet worthy resistance of the Soviet troops, the fascist battalions crossed the Volga and came close to Kalinin.
Street fighting ensued, by the morning of October 15, Soviet troops left the city. By capturing Kalinin, Army Group "Center" partially solved the problem, thereby creating a dangerous situation for further advance to Moscow. Fierce fighting continued around the city, but the Soviet units were forced to retreat. Occupied Kalinin the whole was in the power of the Nazi invaders.
In Kalinin, a very hard life was going on under the occupation. A curfew was set from 8 am to 4 pm. The burgomaster of the city ordered all specialists and workers of the city to appear for registration at the city government. The Council was located on Krasnoarmeiskaya Street (nowadays Street). Crossing the Volga and Tvertsa rivers on ice was strictly prohibited. An order was also issued by the commandant's office, to carry out public executions of all those suspected of having links with partisans, to shoot without distinction of gender, those who had weapons found, teenagers detained without passes were ordered to be flogged.
The population of the occupied city had no information about the actual state of affairs on the fronts, rumors spread that Moscow was surrounded by the Germans, the Red Army had nothing to fight with, no weapons and food.
Already in October it was frosty and cold in Kalinin. During the day, when it got warmer, the Germans appeared on the streets and walked around the streets in their tunics, without overcoats. Some rode bicycles, with red tires, unusual for us.
As eyewitnesses recall, the Nazis had a clear organization of conducting air defense. Our air raids and shelling continued regularly. Attempts to knock out the Nazis did not stop from the first days of the occupation of the city. Once our troops managed to seize the railway bridge across the Volga, but failed to hold an important strategic object.
The Germans tried to move north, even got to, but were driven back by our troops. Practically there was not a single day or night without shots, explosions, fires. During the days of bombing and shelling, the inhabitants waited in shelters. When repulsing our air raids, the Germans organized a well-coordinated defense.
As soon as a group of our planes appearing in the sky approached a certain line, the city, as if on a single command, seemed to explode, spewing fire trails of bullets and shells towards the planes. Some planes left, dropping bombs anywhere, others lay down on the return course, many of them were shot down. One of our bombers fell in the area of Khlebnaya Square (now Tverskaya) and did not explode.
In the suburbs of Kalinin, the villages of Old and New Kalikino were destroyed. In the surviving houses of Old Kalikino, the Germans settled, who roasted chickens, slaughtered pigs, and drank alcohol. The remaining villagers are forced to cook food, heat stoves, and local residents were not allowed to go to the forest. Residents, as best they could, hid their property and leftover food from the Nazis.
In the city on Revolution Square, the monuments of Lenin and Stalin were thrown off their pedestals, in the square on the graves German soldiers many birch crosses. On the pedestal, instead of the statue of the leader, there is a huge swastika. The monument to Pushkin and the bust of Karl Marx were not touched by the Germans.
Soon by December 1941, the intensity of German movement began to increase in the city. The columns stretched towards the Proletarka, it became clear that the Nazis were leaving the city in an organized manner. By the evening of December 15, the Germans blew up the bridges in the city, set fire to many buildings, and Small Peremerki were on fire.
The fighting continued into the night. By 3 o'clock in the morning the 243rd rifle division liberated the northern part of Kalinin, and by morning broke through to the station. By 11 o'clock, December 16, 1941, the city was occupied by our troops.
The city lay in ruins, industries were destroyed, bridges were blown up, railroad station the youth theater, cinemas, schools, 7,700 residential buildings were badly damaged, destroyed, the water supply and sewerage network was damaged, tram rails, radiotelephone network. At the hands of the Nazis occupied Kalinin more than 2,000 citizens died.
By the end of December 1941, the city began to revive, a bakery and a bathhouse started working, they gave electricity to the residents' houses, and on December 30, orders and medals were awarded to the soldiers of the Red Army, c.
The local authorities returned to the city. A canteen was opened on Belyakovsky Lane, a hairdresser's. Films began to be shown in the miraculously surviving Zvezda cinema.
By February 1942, tram traffic was restored, and schools began to open. Life in Kalinin began to gradually improve.
I will be glad to your comments.
According to the pages of the Pravda newspaper, Alexander Ognev, front-line soldier, professor, honored worker of science of the Russian Federation
2011-11-25 18:40
The falsification of history is an attempt at a brazen substitution of Russia itself. The anti-Soviet chose the history of the heroic deed of the Soviet people, who liberated the world from German fascism, as one of the main objects of falsification. It is clear that sincere patriots do not accept this game of thimble-makers. Therefore, the readers of Pravda warmly approved the article published by the newspaper on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the start of the Great Patriotic War, an article by a front-line soldier, Doctor of Philology, Honorary Professor of Tver State University Alexander Ognev and strongly recommended that the newspaper continue publishing his revelations of falsifiers of history. Fulfilling the wishes of readers, the editorial board of Pravda decided to publish the chapters of the study of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation A.V. Ognev in the Friday issues of the newspaper.
Strategic outpost
The German command attached particular importance to the area of the city of Kalinin (now Tver). Back in the second half of July 1941, it ordered (“Top secret! Only for command!”) Army Group Center to allocate the 3rd Panzer Group “with the task of advancing in the direction of Kalinin, cutting communications connecting Moscow and Leningrad ...” September 16 In 1941, the directive of the command of Army Group Center on the preparation of Operation Typhoon stated: "9A must use every opportunity to also break through the wooded area in front of the northern flank of the army and advance the troops in the direction of Rzhev." The order to continue the operation "in the direction of Moscow" dated October 7, 1941 set the task for the 9th Army, together with the 3rd Panzer Group, to reach the Gzhatsk-Sychevka line in order to further advance on Kalinin and Rzhev.
The headquarters of the German army group on October 8 stated: “The enemy has no large forces at his disposal that he could oppose to the further advance of the army group on Moscow ... For the direct defense of Moscow, according to the testimony of prisoners of war, the Russians have divisions of the people's militia, which, however, are partially have already entered the battle, and are also among the encircled troops. Such an underestimation of the state of the Soviet troops contributed to the decision by the German command to turn significant forces in the direction of Kalinin.
Halder wrote in his diary on October 9, 1941: “The 9th Army is concentrating forces on the northern flank to strike at the Rzhev area ... Talking on the phone with von Bock ... I asked to strengthen the left flank of the army group and send it to Kalinin ... North of the boiler near Vyazma, our troops are regrouping for a further flank attack on Kalinin. The book “On the Right Flank of the Moscow Battle” (1991) states: “Under the onslaught of superior enemy forces, the troops of the 22nd, 29th, 30th and 31st armies retreated to the Ostashkov-Rzhev line. In the defense of our troops in the Kalinin operational direction, a gap was formed up to 80 kilometers wide. The fascist German command sent the 3rd Panzer Group into this gap ... Significant forces of the 9th Army were also aimed at the Kalinin operational direction. In total, up to 20 percent of the Nazi troops intended to capture Moscow operated here.
On October 10, German troops, as noted in Volume IV of the History of the Second World War 1939-1945, entered the Sychevka area. The 3rd Panzer Group turned to the Kalinin direction in order to “capture the city of Kalinin on the move, bypass Moscow from the north-west, and also launch an offensive to the north in the rear of the North Western front, and under favorable conditions - to strike at Yaroslavl and Rybinsk.
However, on the move, the German troops, despite their great superiority, failed to break into Kalinin. Only after three days of fighting did they capture the city on October 14th. It seemed that this would allow them to develop a further offensive, using the highways to Moscow, Bezhetsk and Leningrad. But the troops of the Red Army repulsed the attempts of the Germans immediately after the capture of Kalinin to advance along the Bezhetskoye Highway. The fifth battery of the 531st artillery regiment under the command of Lieutenant A. Katsitadze played a role in this. When the fascist tanks approached the Tveretsky bridge and began to cross the river along it, 4 cannons of the battery, hidden behind a blank fence with a gate, opened accurate fire on them. For three days the battery and a group of infantrymen did not allow the enemy to cross the bridge, and on October 17 the regiments of the 256th division approached. The German offensive in the direction of Bezhetsk was thwarted.
The Soviet military command at the beginning of October did not expect that the Kalinin operational direction would appear. One must sin against the facts in order to assume: “Maybe Kalinin was simply sacrificed for the sake of Moscow?” And ask: “Why was the bridge across the Tvertsa covered by anti-tank guns, and the bridge across the Volga, which, we note, was guarded by the NKVD, remained safe and sound? As if in order to drive tank fist for two rivers. This was the result of miscalculations, confusion, shortcomings in the management of our troops. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief I. Stalin immediately demanded from Konev, who headed the Kalinin Front: "To destroy the railway and highway bridges in the city of Kalinin by means of aviation." But many attempts to destroy them from the air have failed.
Colonel-General I. Konev, who arrived in Kalinin, managed under the most difficult conditions to restore the Soviet strategic defense front in the city area, which was of great importance for a successful battle near Moscow. Arriving in Rzhev, where the headquarters of the 29th army of General I. Maslennikov was located, he ordered him to regroup his troops and strike from the west to the rear of the enemy advancing on Kalinin. “The idea,” Konev later explained, “was as follows: castling the 29th army from the north to South coast Volga and, advancing along the coast to the east in cooperation with the group of General Vatutin and the 256th Infantry Division, strike at the rear of the enemy grouping that was breaking through to Kalinin. The quick and precise execution of this maneuver would inevitably, in my opinion, stop the enemy advancing on Kalinin from the south. But Maslennikov, apparently not understanding the situation, did not complete the task, secretly appealing my decision to Beria, who had contact with him ... Contrary to my order, he moved the army along the north coast, deciding to cross to the south coast near Kalinin, moreover, he referred to the permission of Army General G .TO. Zhukov, but the front commander could hardly cancel my order without informing me, who was directly in the area. One way or another, the planned and realistically possible strike was not carried out.”
The battles for Kalinin are directly related to the battles for our capital. Subsequently, the former chief of staff of the 4th Panzer Group, General Charles de Bolo, claimed that "the Battle of Moscow was lost on October 7th." In his opinion, all formations of his troops and the 3rd Panzer Group should have been sent to Moscow. He wrote: "By October 5, excellent prospects for an attack on Moscow were created" - and considered the turn of the 3rd Panzer Group to Kalinin a terrible mistake in the Typhoon operation.
However, the command of the "Center", not without reason, did not take advantage of this tempting, but risky prospect: if strong German formations had not turned towards Kalinin, then the movement along railway Bologoe-Kalinin-Moscow. Those divisions of the North-Western Front that fought fierce battles for Kalinin would immediately be thrown to the aid of the troops in the Moscow direction.
Task Force of General Vatutin
The capture and retention of Kalinin made it possible for the Germans to bypass Moscow from the north. On October 17, 1941, the Kalinin Front was created with a length of 220 kilometers. It was headed by Colonel General I. Konev. It included the 22nd, 29th and 30th armies, transferred from the Western Front, the 183rd, 185th and 246th rifle divisions, the 46th and 54th cavalry divisions, the 46th motorcycle regiment and the 8th tank brigade. An important task of the front was to occupy the Kalinin region. Around him there were fierce battles. As a result of almost daily attacks by Soviet troops, the commander of Army Group Center von Bock on October 23 issued a directive to suspend the offensive through Kalinin.
On October 14, the command of the Center group issued an order: “The 3rd tank group ... holding Kalinin, reaches the Torzhok area as quickly as possible and advances from here without delay in the direction of Vyshny Volochek in order to prevent the main enemy forces from crossing the river. Tvertsa and the upper course of the river. Place to the east. It is necessary to conduct enhanced reconnaissance up to the Kashin-Bezhetsk-Pestovo line. It is also necessary to hold the Kalinin-Staritsa line and to the south until the units of the 9th Army approach. The 9th Army, in cooperation with the right flank of the 3rd Panzer Group, destroys the enemy in the Staritsa, Rzhev, Zubtsov area, which is still resisting ... The main direction of the further strike is on Vyshny Volochek. On October 18, the headquarters of Army Group Center sent a telegram to the 9th Army: "The command of the Army Group considers it necessary to remind once again that the retention of Kalinin is of great importance."
By the end of October 16, the Germans reached the Medny area, but on October 19-21, as a result of successful counterattacks by our army, the district center was liberated from the enemy. Mednoye turned out to be the center of battles for a short time because it closed the way for the Germans to Torzhok and Vyshny Volochek. Advancing north, the Germans planned to create another "cauldron", surrounding the Red Army troops in the upper Volga.
Fulfilling the instructions of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the commander of the North-Western Front created a task force under the command of the chief of staff of the front, Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin. It included the 183rd and 185th rifle divisions, the 8th tank brigade of Colonel P. Rotmistrov, the 46th and 54th cavalry divisions and the divisions of the 22nd and 29th armies retreating to Kalinin. In total, this group had more than 20 thousand people, 200 guns and mortars and 20 tanks. She was supported by 20 aircraft allocated by the North-Western Front.
On October 15, 16 and 17, the 8th Tank Brigade fought intense battles in the area of Kalinin and Mednoy along the Leningrad Highway. The main role in frustrating these far-reaching plans belongs to the decisive counterattacks of the troops of the operational group of the North-Western Front under the command of Lieutenant General N. Vatutin. As a result of unexpected for the enemy offensive operations N. Vatutin's group was defeated by the 1st tank division and the 90th motorized brigade of the enemy. Enemy attempts to encircle the 22nd and 29th armies and isolate the troops of the Northwestern Front were thwarted.
German troops broke through to Maryino, captured the crossing over the Logovezh River, intending to take Torzhok. In this critical situation, Rotmistrov made the wrong decision to withdraw the brigade to the Likhoslavl region. Konev in a telegram to Vatutin demanded: “Rotmistrov should be arrested and tried by a military tribunal for failure to comply with the military order and unauthorized departure from the battlefield with a brigade.” Vatutin, after analyzing the situation, ordered Rotmistrov: “Immediately, without losing a single hour of time, return to Likhoslavl, from where, together with units of the 185th Rifle Division, swiftly strike at Mednoye, destroy the enemy groups that have broken through, capture Mednoye. It's time to end cowardice!" This order was carried out. In the future, P. Rotmistrov did not allow such "unauthorized departures", brilliantly commanded the formations entrusted to him and became the Chief Marshal of the armored forces.
Pavel Alekseevich Rotmistrov was born in the village of Skovorovo, Selizharovsky district, Tver province, his parents were peasants. In 1916 he graduated from elementary school. In 1919, Rotmistrov voluntarily joined the Red Army, in March 1921 he participated in the suppression of the uprising in Kronstadt, was awarded the order Red Banner. In 1931 he graduated from the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze, in 1937 he became regiment commander, and in May 1941 - chief of staff of the 3rd mechanized corps.
At the beginning of the war, this corps was surrounded. Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences A.S. Malgin in the brochure "Outstanding Commander of the Tank Forces, Honorary Citizen of Tver, Hero Soviet Union, Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces P.A. Rotmistrov" said: "Part personnel the command and headquarters of the corps, being surrounded, tried to break through to its troops, moving on foot all the time towards the front line. For more than two months, they made their way through the enemy rear through the forests of Lithuania, Belarus and northern Bryansk, bypassing settlements and destroying individual enemy units. Only on August 28, 1941, officers of the corps headquarters and personnel from other units went across the front line to their troops with personal weapons and in military uniform.
At the end of August 1941, Colonel P. Rotmistrov was appointed commander of the 8th tank brigade. On September 23, she arrived at the North-Western Front in the Valdai region. There the brigade led successful fighting against the Germans.
It should be recognized that “the command of the Kalinin Front made a miscalculation by undertaking the disbandment of the task force of General Vatutin at a crucial moment in the defensive operation. It was real acting force from five compounds. The opportunity for immediate action to liberate the city of Kalinin was missed, ”this is how Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. assessed the situation years later. Konev. General N. Vatutin also pointed out this in the report on the combat operations of the operational group: “At the most crucial moment, the troops of the operational group are transferred to the 31st Army, which could not quickly establish contact with the troops. In the following days, new orders from the Kalinin Front for the army follow, according to which the entire grouping of troops of the operational group is distributed among the armies and part of the divisions is withdrawn to the reserve. Thus, the troops of the operational group as a single organism did not become. The only strike force in the Kalinin region was dispersed among the armies. It was a mistake of the command of the Kalinin Front ... "
This serious mistake prevented the release of Kalinin earlier, back in October. Soviet troops at the end of October were unable to achieve victory, but at the same time managed to stabilize the front. The Germans were unable to continue the offensive and were forced to go on the defensive.
Strategic Heroic Raid
An important role in changing the general situation in the Kalinin region was played by the heroic raid of the 21st Tank Brigade on the German rear. Arriving by rail at the stations of Zavidovo and Reshetnikovo, concentrating in Turginovo, the brigade received an order from the commander of the 30th Army to move along the Volokolamsk highway, destroying enemy reserves, and, together with the 5th Infantry Division, capture Kalinin. On the morning of October 17, 27 T-34 tanks and 8 T-60 tanks headed for Kalinin, but met with heavy anti-tank gun fire and were subjected to continuous air bombardment. Only 8 tanks reached the southern outskirts of Kalinin, and only the T-34 tank under the command of senior sergeant S. Gorobets broke into the city and made a legendary raid on the city. He appeared from the side of the Proletarka, passed through the city, fired at the commandant's office, caused a commotion among the Germans and went to his troops.
On October 25, 1941, the Izvestia newspaper reported on the feat of the tank crew of senior political officer Gmyri, who broke into the German airfield (now the Yuzhny residential area is located here): “The appearance of a Soviet tank caused an incredible commotion here. One by one the bombers began to rise into the air. One bomber never got off the ground: Gmyri's tank crushed its tail unit. The second plane was hit by a cannon shot on takeoff. The rest still managed to take to the air ... Enemy bombers bombarded the brave tankers with bombs. But the wrecked car made its way to its own.
The command of the 3rd Panzer Group of the Germans was forced to withdraw the 1st Panzer Division advancing on Vyshny Volochek in order to support the 36th Motorized Division, which was defending in Kalinin. The 3rd Panzer Group was unable to complete the main task for which it was turned from Moscow to the north. Military researchers note: “The enemy was unable to develop an offensive against Torzhok, Likhoslavl and Bezhetsk, the threat of encirclement of the 22nd and 29th armies, the isolation of the troops of the North-Western Front was eliminated, the uninterrupted operation of the Rybinsk-Bologoye railway line was ensured ... The Nazi command was forced to transfer the 6th, 36th, 161st infantry and 14th motorized divisions to the Kalinin region, removing them from other directions. A significant part of the German troops was involved in stubborn battles around Kalinin and could not participate in the attack on Moscow.
“The results of the battles for Kalinin,” noted historian A. Isaev, “for the 3rd tank group were truly catastrophic. Its 1st Panzer Division on September 28, 1941 consisted of 111 combat-ready tanks. On October 31, 1941, the number of combat-ready vehicles decreased to 36 vehicles. As of September 10, the 6th Panzer Division had 171 tanks combat-ready. On October 16, she had at her disposal only 60 tanks ready for use in battle.
Kalinin Front and its commander
The Kalinin Front pulled over 13 divisions of the German Army Group Center, as a result of which they were not used against the Western Front. Their attempts to break through to Torzhok-Vyshny Volochek and encircle the troops of the North-Western Front were repulsed. “However, in command and control of the troops on the part of the command and headquarters of the Kalinin Front,” noted in the study “On the right flank of the Moscow battle,” mistakes were made in assessing the capabilities of the enemy and their troops. This led to the failure of the troops of the front to fulfill the plan of the High Command. The front failed to encircle the enemy grouping in Kalinin in October, nor to cover the Moscow direction in mid-November 1941. In his decisions, the front commander did not always take into account the specific situation in each army's zone of operations. Therefore, his orders often did not correspond to the real situation and could not be carried out or carried out by the armies, as a rule, with a delay.
The defense zone of the 30th Army was not strong enough; in mid-November it included rifle and motorized rifle division, a tank brigade and a motorized regiment. The defense was focal in nature, there were no reserves. At the end of October, the commander of the 30th Army reported to Konev that "the army does not have a sufficient number of combat personnel and equipment, few mining equipment ... The left flank of the army is a particularly weak spot." This became all the more acute as it became increasingly clear that the German command was preparing for a new offensive in the defense zone of the 30th Army in order to break through to Moscow from the northwest. But the front command, having made a serious miscalculation, did not take the necessary measures in a timely manner to strengthen the defense of the 30th Army.
On the morning of November 15, superior enemy forces launched a surprise offensive. By the end of the day they reached the Volga. And only after that I. Konev decided to strengthen the 30th army of the 185th rifle, 46th cavalry divisions, the 8th tank brigade and a motorcycle regiment. If this had been done earlier, the 30th Army probably would not have found itself in such a critical situation when it was forced to act in three dismembered groups. On November 17, the 30th Army was transferred to the Western Front. “As a result of the mistakes made in command and control of the troops by the command of the Kalinin Front, and the unsuccessful actions of the troops of the 30th Army, the troops of the front,” it was noted in the same work “On the right flank of the Moscow battle,” this time the task of covering the Moscow direction from the northwest could not be performed. The center of gravity has completely shifted to the Western Front."
On November 27-29, the commander of the Kalinin Front, I. Konev, carried out several scattered strikes by small forces in separate directions, but they did not have the due success. According to Zhukov, Konev "was clearly cautious at the moment his front went over to the counteroffensive", he incorrectly assessed the current operational-strategic situation and, instead of an operation to defeat the right wing of Army Group Center, planned to carry out an operation only to capture the city of Kalinin.
The headquarters of the Supreme High Command, signed by Stalin and Vasilevsky, emphasized: "Private attacks in different directions by the troops of the Kalinin Front on November 27-29 are ineffective." On December 1, 1941, she ordered: “1. The Kalinin Front, having concentrated a strike force consisting of at least five to six divisions over the next two or three days, strike from the front (claim) Kalinin, (claim) Sudimirka in the direction of Mikulino Gorodishche and Turginovo. Task: by reaching the rear of the Klin group of the enemy, to contribute to the destruction of the latter by the troops of the Western Front. On the morning of December 1, at the direction of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, a conversation was held between the Deputy Chief General Staff Vasilevsky with Konev about this directive. Konev referred to his lack of tanks and lack of forces, and proposed instead of helping the Western Front to conduct a local operation to capture the city of Kalinin. Such an operation pursued local interests and in fact did not take into account the general goal.
Vasilevsky told Konev: “It is possible to disrupt the German offensive on Moscow and thereby not only save Moscow, but also initiate a serious defeat of the enemy only by active actions with a decisive goal. If we do not do this in the coming days, it will be too late. The Kalinin Front, occupying an exceptionally advantageous operational position for this purpose, cannot stand aloof from this. You have to collect literally everything in order to hit the enemy, and he is weak against you. ... Comrade Stalin allowed you to immediately transfer another one, the 262nd Rifle Division of the North-Western Front, for this purpose. She starts loading today at 18.00. The division has over 9 thousand people and is well armed. The Headquarters of the Supreme High Command considers it not only possible, but also necessary to withdraw from the front and concentrate for this strike the divisions I have indicated. I do not understand your statement that all these divisions have only 2-3 thousand people each. Before me is a report from your headquarters, received on November 24, 1941, according to which the 246th rifle division has 6 thousand 800 people, the 119th - 7200, the 252nd - 5800, the 256th - 6000 people, etc. If in these divisions, as you stated, the artillery is really weak, then you can strengthen them at the expense of the artillery regiments of the High Command Reserve, of which you have 9. After the convincing instructions of A. Vasilevsky, I. Konev, still asking to strengthen his front, promised to act as ordered by the Stavka: he would inflict main blow on Turginovo, will do everything to "be sure to break through the defenses and go behind enemy lines."
The Stavka was very concerned about ensuring the exact execution of this order. Vasilevsky in the book “The Matter of All Life” recalled: “On the afternoon of December 4, being at a regular report in the Kremlin with Stalin, I received instructions on the night of December 5 to go to the headquarters of the Kalinin Front in order to personally convey to the front commander the directive to go on the counteroffensive and explain to him all the requirements for it ... December 12, 1941, when B.M. Shaposhnikov had already recovered, the Supreme Commander, in our presence, transmitted to the commander of the Kalinin Front by direct wire: “The actions of your left group do not satisfy us. Instead of attacking the enemy with all your strength and creating a decisive advantage for yourself, you ... bring individual units into action, allowing the enemy to wear them down. We demand from you that you replace the Krokhobor tactics with the tactics of a real offensive. The commander tried to refer to the thaw, the difficulties of crossing the Volga, the Germans receiving reinforcements, etc., but in conclusion he said: “Understood, everything is clear, accepted for execution, I press with might and main.”
Offensive
The troops of the Kalinin Front launched a decisive offensive on December 5, 1941. On that day, Halder wrote in his diary: "The enemy broke through our front in the area east of Kalinin ... Some confusion arose in Army Group Center."
December 6: "As a result of the enemy's offensive on the northern flank of the 3rd Panzer Group, it became necessary to withdraw the troops located south of the Volga reservoir, they must be withdrawn to Klin."
December 7: “The enemy made a breakthrough from the north to Klin. In the area east of Kalinin, the enemy also wedged into our front in a number of sectors, but these wedgings have so far been localized.
December 8: “In the area east of Kalinin, seven enemy divisions went on the offensive. The situation here is still tense. I consider this section of the front to be the most dangerous, since here we have no troops in the second line.
December 9: "Extremely strong onslaught of the enemy southeast of Kalinin, apparently, will allow him to recapture the city."
As a result of heavy fighting, the 31st Army entered the Volokolamsk Highway. Parts of the 29th Army broke through to the operationally important road Kalinin-Staritsa. This really threatened the encirclement of the German group in Kalinin. December 16, 1941 the city was liberated from the enemy. In 2010, Tver was awarded the honorary title of "City of Military Glory".
Corporal of the 161st German Infantry Division Diedrich Bosch wrote to his wife: “Kalinin, on the morning of 12/15/1941 My dear Gezina! We must leave this city. It will all be blown up and set on fire at noon. German corporal Hans Lex wrote on October 19, 1941: “We were already standing 5 kilometers from Leningrad, today we are standing 150 kilometers from Moscow and now we are advancing on Moscow ... On October 16, 1941, we had a very difficult battle near the city of Kalinin ... You write, that censorship opened my letter. But that doesn't worry me, because it's better to spend 10 years in prison than to stay one month in Russia."
In the essay “Fighter”, Fadeev noted the feat of a Red Army soldier who was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: “In 1941, in the battles for Kalinin, at the enemy bunker, which did not allow us to move forward and claimed many lives of our people, Paderin was seriously wounded and in a fit of great moral rise closed the embrasure of the bunker with his body.
The Main Directorate of Personnel of the Red Army reported: “Politruk 190 joint venture. Tsanov Kamen Kostovich died heroically on October 15, 1941 in street battles for the city of Kalinin. Tsanov - Bulgarian political emigrant, sentenced in absentia by the anti-people court of Bulgaria to death penalty for his struggle for his free democratic homeland, he was included in the lists of active "reds". After the attack Nazi Germany in the USSR, on the third day of the war, he volunteered for the front. One of the streets of Tver is named after him. On October 17, 1941, the commander of the regiment, Hero of the Soviet Union, Major M.A., died near the city of Kalinin. Lukin.
Not to be forgotten
B. Polevoy wrote about the struggle of the Soviet people against the invaders in Kalinin: “An underground organization began to operate in the city from the very first day ... In the Vagzhanovka area, large quartermaster warehouses burned down. They burned for three days, a lot of German goods died ... Workshops were set on fire, where the Germans repaired damaged equipment ... A bomb was thrown into the officers' casino, which was located in the Tekstilshchik club. Well, two policemen were once hanged at night in the city garden ... Subsequently, the commandant ordered twenty-five hostages to be shot.”
The consequences of the occupation of Kalinin by German troops were extremely severe. The Germans burned and destroyed more than 50 enterprises, 7700 buildings, bridges across the Volga and Tmaka, a drama theater, a philharmonic theater, a theater young viewer, cinema "Hermitage", burned the library named after Gorky, many schools, kindergartens. With anger and pain, A. Fadeev, in the article “Monsters-destroyers and people-creators”, published in Pravda on January 14, 1942, told about what the Nazis had done in Kalinin: “Twelve corpses of young people were found in one of the basements of the city ; two of them were sixteen years old. All were killed with a blunt object: some had their eyes gouged out, some were tortured by being hung up by their legs. Four girls were first raped, then killed... A stable was set up in the building of the excellent surgical hospital in Kalinin.”
Then he continued: “In the village of Rubtsovo, Morkino-Gorodishchensky village council of the Kalinin region, the Germans drove the entire population, women and children, out of the outskirts, and shot them with machine guns ... The population of the villages of Danilovsky, Nekrasovsky and Borisovsky village councils, total number up to 2000 people were driven out by the Germans in severe frost across the Tmaka River and began to be shot from machine guns and machine guns ... The ancient Russian city of Staritsa, the birthplace of the first Russian traveler merchant Athanasius Nikitin, a city famous for its monastery - a monument of Russian architecture, a city located on two sides of the upper Volga , extraordinary in its beauty, - almost completely destroyed and burned by the Germans.
Not only the famous writer testified about the atrocities of the invaders. Colonel N. Deev said: “Many Kalinin villages were plundered and destroyed. The Germans took away all the horses, cows, and sheep on the Krasnoe Zveno collective farm in the Kalininsky District, and destroyed the apiary. They took all the collective farm bread and vegetables. Collective farmers were deprived of their personal livestock, warm clothes, and shoes.” N. Krotov, a native of the village of Petryankha, Shatursky district, Moscow region, a fighter of a sapper battalion, wrote about the Germans, who “were driven far beyond Kalinin”: “They completely ruined the collective farmers, they ate all the food, they took all their clothes, shoes, burned their houses, took off their felted boots down, even in children, and killed many women; not even that good, but also cups, spoons, cast-iron lamps - they took everything with them.
Having become acquainted with such disgusting behavior of the invaders, one can concretely imagine in what incredibly difficult conditions the Soviet people had to revive a more or less normal everyday life after their liberation from the "charms" of the new German order.
In the plans German command the city of Kalinin (now my city of Tver) was given great importance as a major industrial and transport hub, which was planned to be used for a further attack on Moscow, Leningrad and the north-east of the European part of the USSR.
The enemy came close to the city on October 13, 1941. The inhabitants of the city of Kalinin remembered this day with the roar of shells, explosions of bombs, and the flames of fire. Burned "Proletarka", "Vagzhanovka", Carriage Works. Enemy tanks broke through in the Migalovo area.
The city was defended by units of the fifth and two hundred and fifty-sixth rifle divisions, junior lieutenant schools and fighter battalions. The enemy threw 15 divisions and a third tank group here. The forces were unequal, and on October 14 the enemy managed to capture the city.
The northern part of Kalinin and Zatereche remained under the control of the Red Army. The fighting in the city did not stop for another three days. On October 17, the city completely came under the control of the Germans. 
With the beginning of the occupation, with the help of the German authorities, the local administration was formed, the Nazi secret services and punitive bodies were actively operating. With Soviet side in Kalinin there were agents and residency, an anti-fascist underground. Throughout the entire period of occupation, battles were fought in Kalinin and in its immediate vicinity, the city itself was under martial law. Due to the importance of the operational area, on October 19, 1941, the Kalinin Front was formed, initially as part of the 22nd, 29th, 30th, and a few days later - the 31st armies. Colonel-General I.S. Konev was appointed commander of the front. At the end of October, the front in the Kalinin region stabilized.
On December 5, 1941, the troops of the Kalinin Front went on the offensive.
It was one of those offensives that dispelled the myth of the invincibility of the Nazi army to ashes. The main role in the liberation of Kalinin was assigned to the 29th and 31st armies. Coming from different sides, they were supposed to unite in the village of Negotino.
The enemies did not expect such an onslaught. Hastily leaving their positions, leaving the wounded, the enemies retreated. After 45 minutes of artillery preparation on the morning of December 16, the assault on the city began. By 15 o'clock Kalinin was completely cleared of fascist invaders. 
November 15, 1941 began new stage offensive of fascist troops on Moscow. A large German grouping hit the weakened 30th Army, and by the end of November 17, its troops were divided into three groups: the 5th Infantry Division withdrew beyond the Volga, and the German troops reached the Volga reservoir. One of the most tragic and critical moments of the defense of Moscow has come. By decision of the Headquarters, the 30th Army was transferred to the Western Front, and the center of gravity of the struggle moved to its defense zone. At the end of November, the troops of the Kalinin Front undertook a series of scattered strikes with small forces in separate directions, which did not provide significant assistance to the Western Front. 
During the Kalinin defensive operation, the enemy's attempts to make a breakthrough between the Western and Northwestern fronts and the plans of the German command for deep coverage of Moscow from the north were thwarted. Up to 35 thousand enemy soldiers and officers of the enemy were destroyed. The total losses of the Kalinin Front amounted to over 50 thousand people.
The Soviet troops managed to stop the further development of the offensive of the Wehrmacht, and also repeatedly made attempts to liberate the city.
This is how the liberators saw the city. 
The city is largely destroyed, half wounded, but the joy of the first days when the Red Army returned to the city is accurately captured on the faces of the people, and the joy sounds in the upbeat voices of the people, is reflected in free movements, in a lively readiness to tell, help, explain. Touching announcements from the first days, when Proletarskaya Pravda had not yet resumed, have been preserved on fences and shop windows - this newspaper, the brainchild of Kalinin workers, is being published again. These ads on buildings and storefronts can be read in succession like a poem of restoration. They are written in ink by hand, they were written by Soviet people who took the initiative to rebuild the city. The Voroshilov Weaving Factory asks all workers, workers, craftsmen to register and announces the hiring of labor. "The health department has resumed its work, it needs construction workers, roofers, glaziers, craftsmen." School number such and such “asks all students and teachers to appear on such and such a date.” "Professors, teachers and students of the Pedagogical Institute are asked to register." Dozens and dozens of announcements of institutions, enterprises, schools, cooperative artels. Now many of these organizations are already working. 
December 16 is a great day not only for my city, but for the whole country. It was on this day in 1941 that Kalinin was liberated from the oppression of the Nazi invaders. It was this military operation that became one of the first victories Soviet soldiers on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
November 4, 2010 President Russian Federation Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev signed decrees conferring the title of "City of Military Glory" on Vladivostok, Tikhvin and Tver. Three cities were awarded this title for courage, steadfastness and mass heroism shown by the defenders of the city in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Fatherland.
Every centimeter of the land of my Tver keeps the memory of battles, heroism, death. And we must remember this. Remember and honor the feat of our ancestors. And the title "City Military Glory obliges to honor this feat doubly.
The clouds over Tver lay very low.
Hundreds of tombstones, stones, obelisks
Reminiscent of bloody battles
Somewhere weeping willows yearn,
Putting their branches on the graves.
Quietly rustle about the heroes of the oak forest.
Tver is a city of military glory!
Unhealed wounds of war are aching.
Few veterans left
After all, they won that bloody battle.
Tver is a city of military glory!
A fire will break out in the alley of heroes.
As we sometimes lack grandfathers,
The hands of their loved ones, hot, rough.
Tver is a city of military glory!
Fighters fought to the last breath.
Difficult time, period, era.
The end of the brown lava flow!
Tver is a city of military glory!
The evening is loud, anxious and long
The ringing of bells is streaming over the Volga!
In memory of our brave defenders!
Tver is a city of military glory!
My city is my love and pain, my city rising above the Volga. My city ... You are infinitely dear to me and familiar to each of your streets, to each of your houses. I love your streets. My whole life has been here. Everywhere and always you are in my heart.
Your fate was difficult and difficult. How many hardships have fallen to your lot, with how many lives of your citizens you have paid for your right and happiness to be a Great City on the Great Russian River! 
On December 16, 1970, in the center of Tver, where the Tmaka River merges with the Volga, the Victory Obelisk was opened. He shot up 45 meters as a symbol of the sacred memory of those who gave their lives for the Motherland, for our happiness. Burning day and night Eternal flame at the bottom of a granite wall. 
At the beginning of October 1941, the military situation of the Soviet Union became very close to the state defined by the term "catastrophe".
Despite the fact that the Barbarossa blitzkrieg ran into the stubborn resistance of the Red Army, Nazi Germany was close to achieving one of its main goals: the capture of Moscow.
City of strategic importance
Breakthrough of the Nazis in the Vyazma region with subsequent encirclement Soviet armies created a situation in which there were practically no units left on the way to Moscow that could resist.
On October 12, 1941, the advanced units of the Nazis approached Kalinin (Tver). The city with a population of 216 thousand people was not just a large industrial center. The largest transport arteries converged here: the Moscow-Leningrad highway, the waterway along the Volga and the Oktyabrskaya railway.
The Nazis planned to use Kalinin not only as a reference point for a further attack on Moscow. In the future, from here, the Wehrmacht strategists intended to strike in the direction of Leningrad, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk.
In theory, defense lines were prepared on the outskirts of Kalinin. But the advancing Germans passed them without a fight: there were no troops physically to protect them.
German pointer to the city of Kalinin, 1941. Photo: RIA Novosti / Pavel Kasatkin
“I arrived in Kalinin and found myself in a very difficult situation”
Future Marshal of Victory Ivan Konev ended up in Kalinin under dramatic circumstances: he was threatened with a tribunal after the disaster near Vyazma, but intervened Zhukov saved Konev, making him his deputy and sending him to restore order in the Kalinin direction.
“On October 12, as commander of a group of troops, I arrived in Kalinin and immediately found myself in a very difficult situation,” Konev wrote in his memoirs.
"Difficult environment" is putting it mildly. German hordes were moving on the city, and the Soviet group existed only in theory. In Kalinin itself, only cadets and extermination squads made up of workers remained.
The Headquarters understood that the situation was deplorable, and urgently transferred everything that they could collect. At that moment, the Germans were approaching the city from one side, and echelons with units of the 5th Infantry Division on the other. Lieutenant Colonel Telkov.
To say that the division was weakened is to say nothing. Three rifle regiments there were an average of 430 fighters armed with rifles, plus 7 easel and 11 light machine guns. The artillery consisted of 14 guns of 76 and 122 mm caliber, as well as six anti-tank "forty-five".
Artillerymen firing near the city of Kalinin, 1941. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Kapustyansky
Defense nodes were hacked by flamethrower tanks
Parts of the division were ordered to take up defense and hold out at all costs along with the cadets and the militias. It was necessary to buy time for the arrival of new reinforcements.
On the morning of October 13, fighting broke out. The Germans threw aircraft and tanks into battle, trying to crush the centers of Soviet defense.
It was not possible to bring down the Red Army soldiers from their positions on the move. On the night of October 14, the 256th Infantry Division arrived in the city. General Goryachev.
But still, these forces were extremely small. By the morning of October 14, the Nazis aimed at Kalinin a grouping of the 1st tank division, the 900th motorized brigade and parts of the forces of the 36th motorized division. In total, this shock fist consisted of about 20,000 people.
According to some estimates, the attackers outnumbered the defenders by eight times, which, it would seem, left no chance for the Soviet units.
Nevertheless, the fighting on the outskirts and in Kalinin itself was stubborn and fierce. German officers, who participated in the battles, recalled that the Russians fought for every strong point and, in order to take them, they had to use flamethrowers and flamethrower tanks.
By the morning of October 15, the 5th Rifle Division, having lost about 400 men killed and wounded from its more than modest strength, was forced to retreat to the outskirts of Kalinin, to the line of Konstantinovka - M. Peremerka - Kotovo stations.
The 256th Rifle Division, after fierce fighting, also retreated to new lines, however, together with the advanced units of the 8th Tank Brigade that came to the rescue Colonel Rotmistrov and the 16th border regiment did not allow the Germans to break through to Torzhok.
Soviet soldiers in Kalinin, 1941. Photo: RIA Novosti
Going to die: how a tank brigade raid horrified the Nazis
The Nazis captured Kalinin, but there were big problems with plans for further advancement. Hastily created task force General Vatutin with a total number of 20,000 people, with the support of 200 guns and mortars and 20 tanks, cut off the German grouping that had rushed forward and defeated it by October 21.
By this time, the Kalinin Front was formed by the decision of the Headquarters, to which four armies of the Western Front were transferred. Ivan Konev was appointed commander of the front.
The raid of the 21st Tank Brigade went down in history. The unit, hastily formed in Vladimir, received the task of reaching the rear of the Kalinin group of Germans, contributing to the operation to liberate the city.
It was a desperate move. The tankers were moving without cover from enemy air strikes, breaking through areas equipped with anti-tank guns.
Of the 27 T-34 tanks and 8 T-60 tanks that moved towards Kalinin on the morning of October 17, only 8 reached the city itself. Tank Senior Sergeant Stepan Gorobets passed through Kalinin from west to east, sowing panic among the Nazis. The crew of the T-34 managed to destroy one enemy tank, up to 20 vehicles and several dozen Nazis.
In total, the 21st brigade during the raid destroyed 38 enemy tanks, up to 200 vehicles, 82 motorcycles, about 70 guns and mortars, at least 16 aircraft at airfields, 12 fuel tanks, a large number of soldiers and officers.
The losses of the brigade were also very heavy: 25 tanks and 450 personnel. In this raid they died the death of the brave Heroes of the Soviet Union Mikhail Agibalov and Mikhail Lukin awarded high rank for the battles at Khalkhin Gol.
Broken German tanks near Moscow. Photo: RIA Novosti / Samary Gurary
“The chances of bypassing Moscow simultaneously from the north and south were very small”
The fierce resistance of the Soviet troops and the inflicted counterattacks forced Commander of Army Group Center von Bock On October 23, decide on the suspension of offensive operations in the Kalinin area.
Remaining in the hands of the Germans, the city was so close to the front line that the Nazis could not use all its advantages.
Commander of the German 3rd Panzer Group Hermann Goth wrote in his memoirs: “Due to a lack of fuel, the 3rd Panzer Group stretched out between Vyazma and Kalinin and got stuck in this sector, getting involved in heavy battles near Kalinin, and already lacked ammunition. Large in number, combat-ready enemy forces, concentrated on the left bank of the Volga and north-west of Rzhev, hung over its flank. Thus, the chances of bypassing Moscow simultaneously from the north and south were very small.
The front in the Kalinin direction stabilized at the line of Selizharovo - the Bolshaya Kosha River - the Tyma River - the northern and eastern outskirts Kalinina - the western shore of the Volga reservoir.
Red Army soldiers demonstrate the first German banners captured in the battles for the liberation of the city of Kalinin. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Glichev
Liberation
Attempts Soviet command to recapture Kalinin were not crowned with success. On the other hand, the activity of our troops fettered 13 infantry divisions Army Group Center, which the Nazis failed to use in the direction of the main attack during the November offensive against Moscow.
On December 5, 1941, units of the Kalinin Front launched a counteroffensive. By the end of December 9, part of the 31st Army Major General Yushkevich, breaking through the enemy defenses, advanced 15 km and created a threat to the rear of the enemy grouping in the Kalinin area.The threat of encirclement loomed over the German group. Despite all the strategic importance of Kalinin, the Nazis decided to retreat. By 13 o'clock on December 16, 1941, the city of Kalinin was completely cleared of enemy troops.
The Germans were in Kalinin for sixty-three days, from October 14 to December 16, 1941. This is one of the most tragic pages in the history of my hometown.During my work as a journalist, I had to talk more than once or twice with older native Kalinin residents.
The stories about the war, about the occupation, about the loss of relatives and friends remained the most significant events in the life of each of them. Always. The only way. Everything else paled before the experience of the war.
The history of the occupation of the city has never been written. Of course, there are archives that can be looked into fifty years from now. Maybe even better - everything will be digitized and the researcher will not have to swallow archival dust.
But the living witnesses of the era will gradually leave. As some of my interlocutors have already left, whom I once wrote about as part of the large cycle "Tver Saga".
I don't have answers to these questions...
Kalinin's Liberation Day is celebrated on December 16th. Before this period, I will try to post materials about the war, about heroes and ordinary people, about the occupation.
I hope they pique your interest.
For the inhabitants of the city of Kalinin, October 14, 1941, is perhaps the most tragic day in the history of the already cruel twentieth century.
On this day, the Nazi troops, moving in the direction from the east, reached the outskirts of the city in the Migalov region and gradually occupied the entire city.
Thus began the occupation, which lasted 63 days.
Not much, some would say.
But the civilians who remained in the occupation could not know when it would end. They experienced hunger, cold, and most importantly, mortal fear of the new government.
Some people did not survive the occupation, dying from unbearable living conditions or the new government. The gallows became part of Kalinin's landscape. Executions and arrests are commonplace. It was forbidden to walk freely around the city, a pass was needed, at 16.00 the curfew began.
All those who survived the occupation or were evacuated consider this period the most significant in their lives. All conversations of the inhabitants of Tver about the past sooner or later come down to this topic. But it was not always so. A long stay in an occupied city was considered a shameful stain in a person's biography. Now you can remember everything. But are there many people left in Tver who remember the occupation? The word goes to those who can tell about the tragic events of the end of 1941.
Inna Georgievna Bunina,
in 1941 - 9 years:
On June 22, 1941, my mother gave birth to twins, Vera and Kolya. My father almost the same day went to the front, he was a surgeon.
In the second decade of October, the evacuation of the city's residents began.
At that time we lived in house number 10 on Vagzhanov Street, in the so-called Kreps house, from the windows of our apartment the exodus of residents from the city was clearly visible. The commanding staff were allocated cars, on which they loaded their things, furniture, up to tubs with ficuses.
Ordinary people left on foot, taking with them only hand luggage, the wounded in bloody bandages, many on crutches, women with children, and old people walked along the side of the street. It was a terrible picture.
By the evening of October 14, motorcycles with Germans appeared on the street, followed by tanks. They entered an almost empty city.
My mother refused to evacuate. There was nowhere to go, and how would you go? In addition to me and the tiny twins, there were grandparents in the family, already elderly people.
So we remained, as they said then, under the Germans. Shops were closed, there was nowhere to get food. Mom went to the field behind the current Gagarin Square, where one could find frozen cabbage, and to the elevator for burnt grain.
It was very cold, we all lived in the same room, stoked the only potbelly stove.
Thus passed two long months of occupation.
It is bitter to remember that the liberation of the city Soviet troops brought new troubles to our family.
Mom was accused of aiding the invaders and arrested.
She was placed in the city prison No. 1, which is not far from our house.
The twins were crying from hunger. Once a day, mothers were allowed to feed them; for this, the grandmother took the children to prison on a sled.
Grandmother wrote to her father about the arrest of her mother, he came from the front and secured her release.
Mom was again taken to KREPZ, where she long years was in charge of the chemical laboratory.
But being in the occupation remained a black spot in her biography.
After the Victory, my father returned from the front unharmed, and my mother once again gave birth to twins, it was again a boy and a girl.
Elena Ivanovna Reshetova,
in 1941 - 16 years:
On the afternoon of October 13, I was visiting my aunt on Mednikovskaya Street, in the very center of Kalinin.
When we were told that the enemy was already approaching the city, I went home, to the village of Andreevskoye, this is in the area of the village of Sakharovo, beyond Tvertsa.
We tried not to leave the house. Who knew that our village would be almost at the forefront?
Units of the Red Army marched along the street every day. The Red Army soldiers spent the night in the huts, about twenty people in each. They seemed to me boys not much older than me. In some houses there was not enough space, not just to lie down, sometimes there was nowhere to sit down, and the soldiers stood all night like horses.
In the morning they went to the front line, to the banks of the Volga. The fighting went on in the area of Konstantinovka, Savvatiev, Poddubya.
Our units stormed the high opposite bank. From a height, our soldiers were clearly visible, the Germans shot them almost point-blank.
Few returned. The dead were buried in a mountain near Andreevsky.
New wounded were brought in every day. Until a hospital was opened in Sakharov, the soldiers lay in cold sheds and moaned.
We helped them in every way we could, tried not to cry and not to think about our warring fathers, husbands, brothers.
Nina Ivanovna Kashtanova,
in 1941 - 15 years:
My father, Ivan Timofeevich Krutov, fought in Finnish war and returned badly wounded. There were five children in our family, I am the oldest.
In October 1941, we went on foot to evacuate, settled in the Rameshkovsky district, in a Karelian family, from there my father was called to the front, we never saw him again, in March 1942 a funeral came from near Rzhev.
The hosts treated us well, gave us milk and cottage cheese. But still, I was hungry.
My mother, Anna Arkhipovna, to feed us, went from house to house, asking for alms. In the evening she returned, laying out bread rolls, boiled eggs, potatoes, pieces of porridge from a canvas bag.
We have been looking forward to this moment all day. On December 16, a foreman ran into the hut and shouted: “Kalininskys, rejoice! The city has been liberated!
But we did not return to Kalinin soon. I returned first, at the end of January. She walked for three days, spending the night in the villages.
Our house on 1st Begovaya, fortunately, survived, although there were no windows in it, and stars shone through the roof. But many of our acquaintances had housing in even worse condition.
On the very first day after my return, I went in search of work, without which they did not give bread cards.
But there was no work: the enterprises stopped, the workers were required only to clear the rubble, where they did not take me, still 16 years old.
I was lucky to get a job as a courier at the Proletarian District Commissariat. This made it possible to receive a card for 400 grams of bread per day. I wanted to eat always, constantly.
For fraud with cards from those times they planted without hesitation. In our house management, several women paid this way, who were given 10 years in the camps.
Galina Anatolyevna Nikolaeva,
in 1941 - 18 years old:
Before the war, my mother and younger sister Augusta and I lived at the Kulitskaya station, where my mother worked at the school.
Six months before the start of the war, my mother died, and my 15-year-old sister and I were left alone.
In June 1941, I received my matriculation certificate and applied to pedagogical institute. I was enrolled as a student, but I did not have time to start classes.
The occupation has begun. All two months my sister and I sat in the teachers' dormitory on Kulitskaya.
At the end of December, I went on foot to the liberated Kalinin. The city was in ruins.
What frightened me most of all was the spectacle of the German cemetery on Revolution Square. Corpses were piled vertically into shallow graves. They froze and swayed in the wind, creaking disgustingly.
I reached Mednikovskaya Street, where our relatives lived. There I was met by my aunt and sister, frightened but unharmed. They told about the terrible death of our father's sister, Nadia Akhmatova.
Before the war, Nadia was considered a disgrace to the family. She worked as a cashier in the city garden, then in the bathhouse, met with different men.
With the outbreak of war, Nadia became a scout for the 31st Army, crossing the front line many times. Once she was captured and ended up in the Gestapo, where she was tortured for a long time. The mutilated body of Nadia was found after the liberation of the city.
Classes soon began at the Pedagogical Institute. I began to study, but quickly realized that I could not withstand constant hunger.
Bread was given on cards, and sour cabbage was given in the institute's canteen. The old men kept coming up to the tables and begging the students to leave at least some food. In one of the beggars, with horror and shame, I recognized my school teacher German language Maria Vasilievna.
Soon I left the institute, at the school on Kulitskaya I was given a referral to Vyshny Volochek, for a 6-month teacher training course, after which I went to teach in the village of Pogoreloye Gorodishche.
My sister Gutya at the same time entered the Likhoslavl Pedagogical College, but due to constant malnutrition, she fell ill with tuberculosis and died.
Father, who lived separately from us, in Staritsa, was arrested on a denunciation. His further fate is unknown to me.
Zoya Evgenievna Zimina,
in 1941 - 17 years:
Before the war, my mother, Nadezhda Ivanovna Baranova, worked as a secretary in the Hospital City, with the famous Tver doctor Uspensky.
We lived not far from the hospital, on the streets of Sofia Perovskaya.
When the Germans were already approaching Kalinin, my mother was preparing hospital documents, so we did not have time to evacuate.
It is not far from our house to the Old Bridge across the Volga, but when we ran to cross to the other side, it was already too late.
The city was heavily shelled, our house burned down from a fire. We only managed to pull out a few blankets.
Fortunately, before the Germans arrived, my mother put the family photos, which she treasured, into a large candy tin and buried them in the garden, so they survived.
During the occupation, we were sheltered by relatives living in Smolensky Lane. I remember hunger, cold and fear of the unknown.
Mom's sisters waited out the occupation in Kashin, but it wasn't much better there. She came back scary, exhausted, lice-ridden. Aunt Masha soon died of illness.
Antonina Nikolaevna Bradis,
in 1941 - 16 years:
On October 13, a high-explosive bomb fell near the house on Volny Novgorod Street, where our family lived. She broke the glass in the windows, killed two neighbors and concussed me.
These were the days of mass exodus of residents from the city. Those who survived them will never forget the panic fear that gripped the entire population of Kalinin. Tens of thousands of people fled aimlessly from the advancing German troops.
Our family - father, mother, my younger sister and I walked more than one hundred kilometers on foot to the city of Uglich.
There we managed to board a barge. Before our eyes, a German plane bombed another barge, and it sank with all the passengers. It was very scary, but we did not see any other way out but to sail into the unknown. The barge traveled along the Volga until the ice settled (in 1941, winter came very early, already in mid-October there were real winter frosts).
We settled in Mari Republic. Father, a shoemaker by profession, quickly found a job. Mom in Kalinin worked as a store manager, then as the head of the coop insurance cash desk, during the evacuation she managed to get a job in a vegetable store to sort out vegetables. I also went to work, they took me to a factory for the production of army skis.
We returned home only in the spring, on the same barge. Kalinin was found in ruins. Fortunately, the home has survived.
But many of my classmates at school and children from the yard I no longer saw. Zhenya Inzer, Zhenya Karpov, Yura Ivanov, Zhenya Logunov died, all of these were boys from our 22nd, now 16th school.
They remained in the occupied city, fought as best they could with the enemies, and died. They were given out by Zhenya Karpova's housemate. He lived with his mother at number 9 on Stepan Razin Embankment. The underground group had a meeting place there. The Germans took Zhenya's mother Maria Efimovna along with the guys. They were tortured for a long time, and then they were all killed, the bodies were found after the liberation of the city.
At the end of the war, I went to Moscow and entered VGIK, the All-Union state institute cinematography.
She lived in a hostel with Nonna Mordyukova, Inna Makarova, Sergei Bondarchuk, Evgeny Morgunov, Lyalya Shagalova. All of them played in the film by Sergei Gerasimov "The Young Guard".
When the film was released on the screens of the country, deafening fame fell upon my friends, letters were brought to the hostel in bags.
The audience identified the young actors with the dead heroes.
And the guys from my hometown were never recognized as heroes.
Their feat did not receive such fame as their peers from the Krasnodon "Young Guard", but for me they are heroes forever.
From our 22nd school, dozens of guys and girls fought. Many died.
Yura Mikhailov died in December 1941 near Volokolamsk.
Kolya Tumanov was a sniper, died in 1944.
Yura Shutkin, a nurse, went missing.
Sasha Komkov was not taken into the army because of his age, he went to the partisan detachment, then was mobilized, died in East Prussia.
Volodya Moshnin, a bomber-saboteur, went missing.
Yura Pasteur, clever poet, was killed in 1943.
Slava Urozhaev died near Leningrad.
Lev Belyaev served in the Navy, died of wounds.
Lida Vasilyeva spent the entire war in an evacuation train, often donated blood for the wounded, died in 1950 from illness.
Rosa Ivchenko was a scout partisan detachment. Many times I went to Kalinin across the front line to collect intelligence. After the war, she sold pies at the station, as in the film "Military Field Romance". She got married and had two children.
Volodya Zaitsev, the youngest of us, also survived. At the age of 13, he was already a scout. His sister Tonya served as a radio operator and died.
Of all our guys, only me and Volodya Zaitsev got a long life ...
During the liberation of the city, over 20 thousand soldiers of the Red Army died. During the 63 days of occupation, 7714 buildings were destroyed in the city, 510 thousand square meters. meters of housing (more than half of the housing stock), more than 70 enterprises were disabled.
Until March 3, 1943 (the day Rzhev was liberated), Kalinin remained a front-line city and was subjected to systematic German air raids.
After the liberation of Kalinin, the inhabitants began to return to their destroyed homes.
But they had to solve not only everyday problems. The authorities, which left the civilian population to the mercy of fate before the approaching enemy, now decided who could live in the city and who was not worthy of it.
On January 7, 1942, a decision was made by the executive committee of the Kalinin Regional Council of Workers' Deputies "On the registration of the population in the city of Kalinin and the norm of living space."
This decision was prescribed in the period from January 15 to February 1, 1942 to carry out a new registration of citizens.
Registration was denied to family members of traitors and traitors to the Motherland who fled with the Germans; who have served imprisonment for crimes provided for by a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, including Article 58; who worked during the occupation in institutions and in any work; who had connections with the Germans, for example, attending meetings, parties, banquets, etc. The latter category included mostly young women and girls.
Family members of persons arrested after December 15, 1941 were also not registered. For registration, a reduced standard of living space was set at 4.5 square meters. meters, so that you can resettle citizens who have lost their homes due to its destruction.
The history of the occupation of Kalinin during the Great Patriotic War has not yet been written.
The military part of this period has been studied to a greater extent - how the city was left to the enemy, how it was liberated.
What happened in the occupied city, how people lived without a livelihood and without knowledge of their future, historians are still not very interested.
I would like to believe that the true history of the occupation, based on the documents and memories of the people who survived it, will nevertheless be created and people who know the occupation firsthand will have time to read it.
To be continued