For the first time in new history peace Eternal flame lit on the grave unknown soldier in Paris, near the Arc de Triomphe. The fire appeared in the memorial two years after its inauguration, after which the French sculptor Gregoire Calvet proposed placing it in a special gas burner. With the help of this device, the flame really became Eternal - now it illuminated the tomb not only during the day, but also at night.
Since 1923, the Eternal Flame at the French memorial has been lit daily and with the participation of World War II veterans.
The tradition of lighting the Eternal Flame was adopted by many states that created city and national monuments - in memory of those who died in the First world war. So, in the 1930-1940s, the Eternal Flame lit up in the Czech Republic, Romania, Portugal, Canada, the USA and Belgium. Then it was lit by Poland, thus perpetuating the memory of the fallen heroes of the Second World War, and in Berlin they went even further and installed a glass prism with a fire burning inside over the remains of an unknown German soldier and an unknown concentration camp victim.
Eternal flame in Russia
In Russia, the Eternal Flame first lit up in Leningrad in 1957 - it was lit at the monument to the "Fighters of the Revolution", which is located on the Field of Mars. It was this flame that became the source from which they began to light military memorials throughout Russia, in all Soviet hero cities and cities of military glory. Then the grand opening of the Eternal Flame took place on May 8, 1967 - it was lit on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the Kremlin wall
Today many Russian cities the Eternal Flame is lit only on memorial days and on military holidays.
At present, the ignition of the Eternal Flame in Russia is gradually fading away, because in the conditions of the need for urgent financing of many industries, paying for its maintenance seems to be burning money. In addition, the Eternal Flame is a complex engineering structure that requires a constant supply of gas and security, and also depends on temperature differences. An additional nail in the situation is driven by the absence legislative framework to consolidate the status of the Eternal Flame and the technical regulations for its maintenance. All these factors allow Russian gas companies to charge a lot of money from city authorities for gas supply and maintenance of the gas burner itself.
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Eternal flame Compiled by: teacher-defectologist Kirchenkova E.A. Ryazan, 2015
The eternal flame is a constantly burning fire that burns in winter and summer, day and night. It symbolizes that the memory of the feat of the defenders of the Motherland will live forever.
On Victory Day in the Great Patriotic War (May 9), and on other days, flowers are brought to the Eternal Flame, people come to stand, be silent, bow to the memory of the heroes...
In the main city of our country - the city of Moscow - three Eternal Flames were installed in memory of those who died in the Great Patriotic War. One of them is located at the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" in the Alexander Garden (it is the main component of the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" complex).
The memorial architectural ensemble "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" was opened on May 8, 1967. L.I. Brezhnev lights the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (1967)
Since 1997, State Post No. 1 has been transferred to the Eternal Flame from the Mausoleum, where the guard of honor of the Presidential Regiment steps in. Post of the Guard of Honor at the Eternal Flame in Moscow at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Post No. 1) - the main guard post in Russian Federation. In accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin (dated December 8, 1997), the Guard of Honor stands at the post in the Alexander Garden at the Eternal Flame daily from 08.00 to 20.00. Post #1 Changing of the Guard
There are many such graves in our land. These graves contain the remains of soldiers who fell on the battlefield during the Great Patriotic War. Many soldiers died in that war. Not all of the dead could be identified, not all of them had documents. The ashes of one of these soldiers are buried near the Kremlin wall in Moscow. Therefore, on the tombstone is written: Your name unknown." - Why do you think the grave is called the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier? - And what does the second part of the inscription mean: “Your feat is immortal”? - This inscription means that people will always remember: the soldiers buried here died defending their Motherland, their relatives and friends, their children and grandchildren.
Two other Eternal Flames in Moscow are installed on Poklonnaya Hill and the Transfiguration Cemetery. Eternal Flame (Fire of Memory and Glory) on Poklonnaya Hill Eternal Flame at the Transfiguration Cemetery
An eternal flame in memory of those who died in the Great Patriotic War burns in many cities of the former Soviet Union. The Eternal Flame on the Field of Mars is the first Eternal Flame in the Soviet Union. All other eternal fires on the territory of our country were lit precisely from this fire. Eternal flame on the Field of Mars (St. Petersburg). Year of creation of the Eternal Flame on the Field of Mars: 1956.
Interestingly, Post No. 1 in the city of Rostov-on-Don is one of the few, and perhaps the only place in Russia where high school students carry the guard of honor. The changing of the guards takes place every 15-20 minutes. The guards are dressed in full dress and armed with machine guns. Schoolchildren study the charter, are engaged in marching, drill exercises and take a solemn oath. The post has been active since 1975. Eternal Flame and Post No. 1 in Rostov-on-Don (they are part of the memorial complex "To the Fallen Soldiers")
In our city (Ryazan), the Eternal Flame is located on Victory Square.
At the Eternal Flame, Tulips drooped and looked at the ground. The ninth of May is the holiday of soldiers: To live with you, they fought... Tulips are blazing - flowers are like fires. The fire blazes at the mass graves, So that no one will forget the feat of the dead: Scarlet color is the color of blood shed by war... But the fire is eternal, which means that the hero is eternal! N. Samony Many poems, songs, and stories have been composed on the theme of the Eternal Flame.
Eternal Flame Eternal Flame. Alexander Garden. Eternal memory to the heroes. Who was he, an unknown soldier, Honored great country. Maybe he was still a young cadet, Or a simple militia. Maybe he was killed because he did not kneel before the enemy. Maybe he went on the attack full height, The bullet took out. Or he was an unknown sailor, The one who died at the helm. Maybe there was a pilot, or maybe a tanker; It doesn't matter today. We will never read this sheet, That paper triangle. Eternal flame. Alexander Garden. Monument to a thousand lives. The eternal flame is the memory of the soldiers who honestly served the motherland. Y. Schmidt
On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War in 2005, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a coin of 10 rubles, on the reverse of which the Eternal Flame is depicted and the inscription "No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten."
The eternal flame remains, despite all political changes, a symbol of heroism, national independence and true love to the Motherland. We will disappear, our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren will leave, and the Eternal Flame will burn. “Time is changing - but our attitude to our Victories does not change” (c)
Thank you for your attention!
Every year on the ninth of May, Muscovites go to the Eternal Flame to bow to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. However, few people already remember the people who created this memorial. The eternal flame has been burning for 46 years. It seems like he has always been there. However, the history of its ignition is extremely dramatic. It had its own tears and tragedy.
In December 1966, Moscow was preparing to solemnly celebrate the 25th anniversary of the defense of Moscow. At that time, the first secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee was Nikolai Grigoryevich Egorychev. A person who played a prominent role in politics, including in the dramatic situation of the removal of Khrushchev and the election of Brezhnev to the post of General Secretary, one of the communist reformers.
Especially solemnly, the anniversary of the victory over the Nazis began to be celebrated only in 1965, when Moscow was awarded the title of Hero City and May 9 officially became a non-working day. Actually, then the idea was born to create a monument to ordinary soldiers who died for Moscow. However, Yegorychev understood that the monument should not be Moscow, but nationwide. This could only be a monument to the Unknown Soldier.
Somehow, at the beginning of 1966, Alexey Nikolayevich Kosygin called Nikolai Yegorychev and said: "I was recently in Poland, I laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Why is there no such monument in Moscow?" “Yes,” Yegorychev answers, “we are just thinking about it right now.” And he talked about his plans. Kosygin liked the idea. When work on the project was over, Yegorychev brought the sketches to the premiere. However, it was necessary to acquaint Brezhnev with the project. And at that time he left somewhere, so Yegorychev went to the Central Committee to Mikhail Suslov, showed sketches.
He also approved the project. Soon Brezhnev returned to Moscow. He received the Moscow leader very coldly. Apparently, he became aware that Yegorychev had reported everything to Kosygin and Suslov earlier. Brezhnev began to ponder whether it was worth building such a memorial at all. At that time, the idea was already in the air to give exclusivity to the battles on Malaya Zemlya. In addition, as Nikolai Grigorievich told me: "Leonid Ilyich understood perfectly well that the opening of a monument close to the heart of every person would strengthen my personal authority. And Brezhnev did not like this even more." However, besides the question of the "struggle of authorities" other, purely practical problems arose. And the main one is a place for a monument.
Brezhnev rested: "I don't like the Alexander Garden. Look for another place."
Two or three times Egorychev returned to this question in conversations with the General. All to no avail.
Egorychev insisted on the Alexander Garden, near the ancient Kremlin wall. Then it was a unkempt place, with a stunted lawn,
the wall itself required restoration. But the biggest obstacle lay elsewhere. Almost on the very spot where the Eternal Flame is now burning, there was an obelisk built in 1913 for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. After the revolution, the names of the reigning house were scraped off the obelisk and the names of the titans of the revolution were knocked out.
The list was allegedly compiled personally by Lenin. To assess what happened next, let me remind you that at that time touching anything connected with Lenin was a monstrous sedition. Yegorychev suggested to the architects, without asking anyone highest resolution(because they won’t allow it), quietly move the obelisk a little to the right, to where the grotto is located. And no one will notice. The funny thing is that Yegorychev was right. If they had begun to coordinate the issue of moving the Lenin monument with the Politburo, the matter would have dragged on for years.
Yegorychev appealed to common sense Gennady Fomin, Head of the Architectural Directorate of Moscow. Persuaded to act without permission. By the way, if something went wrong, for such arbitrariness they could easily be deprived of all positions, if not worse ...
And yet, before starting global construction work, the approval of the Politburo was required. However, they did not intend to convene the Politburo. Yegorychev's note on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier has been lying in the Politburo since May 1966 without movement. Then Nikolai Grigorievich once again went for a little trick.
He asked Fomin to prepare materials for the design of the monument: models, tablets - by November 6, the anniversary of the revolution - and put them in the rest room of the presidium in the Palace of Congresses. When the ceremonial meeting ended and members of the Politburo began to enter the room, I asked them to come and see the models. Someone was even surprised: after all, they had nothing to do with the anniversary of the revolution. Told them about the monument. Then I ask: "What is your opinion?" All members of the Politburo unanimously say: "This is great!" I'm wondering if I can get started?
I see that Brezhnev has nowhere to go - the Politburo voted "for" ...
The last most important question is where to look for the remains of a soldier? At that time, a large construction was going on in Zelenograd, and there, during earthworks, a mass grave, lost since the war, was found. The secretary of the city committee for construction, Alexei Maksimovich Kalashnikov, was entrusted with conducting this case. Then even more delicate questions arose: whose remains will be buried in the grave? What if it turns out to be the body of a deserter? Or a German? By and large, from the height of today, no matter who is there, anyone is worthy of memory and prayer. But in 1965 they didn't think so. Therefore, everyone tried to carefully check. As a result, the choice fell on the remains of a warrior, on which military uniform well preserved, but which did not have any commander's insignia. As Yegorychev explained to me: “If it were a deserter who had been shot, the belt would have been removed from him. He could not have been wounded, taken prisoner, because the Germans had not reached that place. soviet soldier who died heroically defending Moscow. No documents were found with him in the grave - the ashes of this private were truly nameless."
The military developed a solemn burial ritual. From Zelenograd, the ashes were delivered to the capital on a gun carriage. On December 6, hundreds of thousands of Muscovites were standing all along Gorky Street from early morning. People wept as the funeral cortege passed by. Many old women secretly overshadowed the coffin with the sign of the cross. In mournful silence, the procession reached Manezhnaya Square. The last meters of the coffin were carried by Marshal Rokossovsky and prominent members of the party. The only one who was not allowed to carry the remains was Marshal Zhukov, who was then in disgrace ...
On May 7, 1967, a torch was lit from the Eternal Flame on the Field of Mars in Leningrad, which was delivered to Moscow by relay. They say that there was a living corridor all the way from Leningrad to Moscow - people wanted to see what was sacred to them. In the early morning of May 8, the cortege reached Moscow. The streets were also filled to overflowing with people. At Manezhnaya Square, the torch was received by the Hero of the Soviet Union, the legendary pilot Alexei Maresyev. Unique chronicle footage that captured this moment has been preserved. I saw men crying and women praying. People froze, trying not to miss the most important moment - the lighting of the Eternal Flame.
The memorial was opened by Nikolay Egorychev. And Brezhnev was supposed to light the Eternal Flame.
Leonid Ilyich was explained in advance what to do. That evening in the final information program they showed a television report of how the general secretary takes the torch, approaches the star with the torch, then a cliff followed - and in the next frame they already showed the lit Eternal Flame. The fact is that during the ignition an emergency occurred, which was witnessed only by people standing nearby. Nikolai Yegorychev: "Leonid Ilyich misunderstood something, and when the gas went off, he did not have time to immediately raise the torch. As a result, something like an explosion occurred. There was a bang.
Brezhnev was frightened, staggered back, almost fell. "The highest instruction immediately followed this non-instruction to cut this impartial moment from the television report.
As Nikolai Grigorievich recalled, because of this incident, television covered the great event rather sparingly.
Almost all the people involved in the creation of this monument had the feeling that this is the main business of their lives and it is FOREVER, FOREVER.
Since then, every year on May 9, people come to the Eternal Flame. Almost everyone knows that he will read the lines carved on a marble slab: "Your name is unknown, your feat is immortal." But no one comes to mind that these lines had an author. And it all happened like that. When the Central Committee approved the creation of the Eternal Flame, Yegorychev asked the then literary generals - Sergei Mikhalkov, Konstantin Simonov, Sergei Narovchatov and Sergei Smirnov - to come up with an inscription on the grave. We settled on the following text: "His name is unknown, his feat is immortal." Under these words, all the writers put their signatures ... and left.
Egorychev was left alone. Something in the final version did not suit him: “I thought,” he recalled, “how people would approach the grave. Maybe those who lost their loved ones and do not know where they found peace. What will they say?
Probably: "Thank you, soldier! Your feat is immortal!" Although it was late in the evening, Yegorychev called Mikhalkov: “The word“ his ”should be replaced with“ yours ”.
Mikhalkov thought: "Yes," he says, "this is better." So the words carved in stone appeared on the granite slab: "Your name is unknown, your feat is immortal"...
It would be great if we no longer had to compose new inscriptions over the new graves of unknown soldiers. Although this, of course, is a utopia. One of the greats said: "Time is changing - but our attitude to our Victories does not change." Indeed, we will disappear, our children and great-grandchildren will leave, and the Eternal Flame will burn.
To the point:
Eternal flame
Jarg. they say Shuttle. Lighter. Yuganov, 43.
Big Dictionary Russian proverbs. - M: Olma Media Group. V. M. Mokienko, T. G. Nikitina. 2007 .
See what the "Eternal Flame" is in other dictionaries:
Constantly maintained flame in special burners at monuments, memorial complexes, cemeteries, graves; a symbol of memory of fallen heroes, their exploits, victims of fascism, etc. For the first time, the Eternal Flame was lit in 1920 at the grave of the Unknown ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Moscow. Alexander Garden. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Eternal Flame A constantly burning fire. Continuous combustion is achieved by supplying gas to a certain place where a spark occurs. Usually included in the memorial complex. The oldest ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Eternal fire (meanings). The eternal flame in Paris is the first of its kind ... Wikipedia
Constantly maintained flame in special burners at monuments, memorial complexes, cemeteries, graves; a symbol of memory of fallen heroes, their exploits, victims of fascism, etc. For the first time, the Eternal Flame was lit in 1920 at the grave of the Unknown ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Eternal flame- 1. Lighter.2. A burner that is not turned off when there are no matches in the house, a lighter ... Dictionary of Russian Argo
Eternal flame- a symbol of memory of fallen heroes, exploits, victims of fascism, etc. In memory of the soldiers who fell during the Great Patriotic War, V. o. lit at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow near the Kremlin Steia and in many others settlements countries, and... Dictionary of military terms
Eternal flame- In eternal fire (at the monument, grave) ... Russian spelling dictionary
Eternal flame- (at the monument, grave) ... orthographic dictionary Russian language
Eternal flame- A constantly burning torch at the burial place of heroes, the grave of the Unknown Soldier, in memorial complexes, etc ... Dictionary of many expressions
Eternal flame in Russia and in the world: the history of tradition- The tradition of maintaining an eternal flame in special burners at monuments, memorial complexes, cemeteries, graves goes back to the ancient cult of Vesta. Every year on March 1, the great priest lit a sacred fire in her temple at the main Roman Forum, ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
Books
- Eternal flame, Vyacheslav Bondarenko. "Eternal Flame" is a book about people whose fates are determined by the words "Honor" and "Duty". The action of the novel begins in 1913 and continues to this day. The heroes of the work are representatives of the family ...
- Eternal flame, G. N. Kholostyakov. The first chapters of the memoirs of G. N. Kholostyakov date back to the time when the foundations of the sea power of our Motherland were laid. The author tells about the origin of submarine forces on pacific ocean, Where…
The eternal flame on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Alexander Garden has been burning for fifty years: it was lit on May 8, 1967. Why does it never turn off? The answer is known to the person who participated in the development of the inextinguishable burner.
“As for“ never ”, I can’t say, - smiles the inventor of the Eternal Flame burner, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honored Inventor of Russia Kirill Rider,- but the resource will last for a long time!
Half a century ago, a group of young employees of the research department of Mosgazproekt received a responsible task from the Moscow Council: in 2.5 months to come up with and design a device that would become one of the symbols of the Victory.
“We were “children of the war,” recalls Kirill Fedorovich, “so this work was of particular importance for us. We survived the war too young and, due to our age, did not have time to do anything for the Victory. Therefore, our contribution to it was to be the Eternal Flame, which, with our help, will perpetuate the memory of the heroes in the very center of Moscow. We had to come up with a burner that would work in all weather conditions, including rain, snow, strong wind loads. was prepared whole line samples, we compared, selected the best, calculated for a long time, experimented, argued. We were young, but well-trained and well-trained, and besides, hardworking: we arrived at work early in the morning, and left with the last tram. My mother called me “lodger” because I only came home to sleep. There was a lot to do, but I always liked this way of life. He has not changed over time. My wife is not offended: she has long been accustomed to the fact that I am constantly at work ... "
Kirill Rider and Mosgaz General Director Gasan Gasangadzhiev during the maintenance of the Eternal Flame burner in the Alexander Garden. Photo: RIA Novosti / Ilya Pitalev
How it works
Fifty years ago, the conditions were difficult, the order was not easy, but the young scientists coped, and now the fire can withstand winds up to 18 meters per second. The secret of the “eternity” of fire lies not only in the burner itself, but also in the careful care of the device. Once a month, late in the evening, when the flow of tourists and walkers dries up in the Alexander Garden, a team of employees of MOSGAZ JSC comes to the Eternal Flame. They bring with them a temporary burner (a device the size of a household gas stove), onto which they transfer the fire from its main place with a special torch, and then cut off the gas supply to the main burner. The eternal flame continues to burn, simply having moved to another place, this does not harm it at all. Meanwhile, the main burner is inspected, thoroughly cleaned and all necessary technical manipulations are carried out. The whole procedure takes no more than 40 minutes, after which the gas supply is resumed, and the flame is transferred to a permanent “eternal” place using the same torch.
“Such a responsible attitude allows you to operate the burner without any unpleasant consequences,” says Rieder. - We sometimes get calls from other cities: they say, help, what to do, the fire goes out at the memorial, but it hasn't even been 10 years! We, of course, help with advice, consult. But the main thing here is proper care. That is what is often lacking."
Rieder invented and developed another Eternal Flame known in Moscow: the one that burns today on Poklonnaya Hill. Wind loads there are much more serious, but the burner is ready to withstand gusts even up to 58 m / s (this is already a hurricane wind). So there is no doubt that the fire dedicated to the warriors of the holy war will never go out.
Guard of honor at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 1982. Photo: RIA Novosti / Runov
The future of thermal engineering
The invention of the burner of the Eternal Flame is, of course, a very serious milestone in the career path of Kirill Fedorovich, but not the only one. He begins to remember everything that he invented and developed in his life (boiler rooms located on the roofs of multi-storey buildings, burners for burning biogas at aeration stations, devices for burning combinations of natural gas and fuel oil), and considers each invention important and interesting. A person who has worked for many years at MosgazNIIproekt and is trying to make human life warmer in the literal sense, and is now doing the same thing: he tries to economically and safely heat as much as possible more people. Rider is the general director of the Ekoteplogaz enterprise. There are only two entries in his workbook.
An interesting fact: at his dacha, he installed a heating boiler of domestic production. “My neighbor comes to me and marvels: why does his foreign boiler worth 30 thousand dollars go out every now and then, and mine, which costs 9 thousand rubles, burns regularly! Kirill Fedorovich laughs. “But the fact is that imported units cannot withstand gas pressure drops in networks, while ours tolerate them well. Drops occur during a sharp cold snap, when gas analysis increases significantly. Nothing can be done about this fact, these are the features of our climate. Russian developers of heating equipment know this and provide for such a nuance in their products.
According to Rieder, the future of heat engineering is in hydrogen fuel. Scientists have been working on the problem of burning hydrogen for many years, and sooner or later they will solve it. Reeder is not going to retire yet. His work experience has already been 55 years, but there is no question of rest in the foreseeable future. “No, I won’t retire, it’s boring! he says. - I get up in the morning in a good mood, I always go to work, which I love very much, and make plans for the day along the way. I'm generally happy with a lot."
This is the "perpetual motion machine" of the inventor of the Eternal Flame.