On November 26, 1937, the USSR pilot-cosmonaut, Hero Soviet Union Boris Egorov.
The number 13 is considered unlucky in many countries. It comes to the fact that hotels sometimes do not have 13 rooms, and in some theaters - 13 rows.
In astronautics, there are also signs and superstitions, and the number "13" is also not favored there. Nevertheless, someone still had to become the 13th astronaut of the planet Earth. The choice of fate fell on the third member of the crew of the Soviet spaceship Voskhod-1 Boris Yegorov.
The first doctor in orbit, a handsome man, a favorite of women - Yegorov was envied, considered a darling of fate, whispered behind his back that success does not come due to talent, but through connections.
He passed away a relatively young man, at a time when the glory of the heroes of the cosmos faded, and they were rarely remembered. One of the first Soviet space explorers did not give frank interviews, either because he did not consider it necessary to share this with someone, or because he considered that science is more important than everyday experiences.
Father and son
He was born on November 26, 1937 in Moscow, in the family of a neurosurgeon Boris Grigorievich Egorov. The father of the future cosmonaut was a real luminary of medicine, an academician, director of the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery.
The high position of the father became main reason why Yegorov Jr. was called "thieves" behind his back. But in fact, the relationship between the two Boriss was not warm. Boris Borisovich's mother, also a doctor, died when he was 14. His father brought a new woman into the house, and the son considered this act a betrayal. Becoming a student, Egorov Jr. practically stopped communicating with his father.
Like his parents, he chose medicine, but even at the institute he became interested in the newest direction at that time - the study of the influence of space conditions on a person.
Space medicine took the very first steps, and Boris Egorov was among the pioneers. After graduating from the medical faculty of the 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov, he plunged into work.
Boris Egorov, 1964 Photo: RIA Novosti
Stubborn Candidate
At the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine, employees had to undergo special training. Assistance to an astronaut may be required in the most inaccessible areas, which means that the doctor must be ready to land from an aircraft. By the time of Gagarin's flight, Yegorov was in a group of paratrooper doctors. On April 12, 1961, he was on duty in Siberia, in case the landing took place in an unplanned area. But then his help was not needed.
In the spring of 1962, recruitment was announced for the first group of cosmonaut doctors, and Yegorov filed a report for enrollment. But he was refused - they found myopia in him. Boris was not stubborn - in the fall he writes a new report addressed to the head of the laboratory, and asks to petition the higher leadership to include him in the group of "space doctors".
Perseverance helped, Yegorov was really added to the previously selected candidates.
Flight for three
In 1963, it was decided to turn the single-seat Vostok into a multi-seat Voskhod. The task was to send a crew of three people into space at once. There were not enough resources to solve such a problem, it was not possible to place three where it was crowded alone, so we had to get rid of part of the equipment. They also abandoned spacesuits, as the engineers convinced that the ship was safe and there was no need for them.
The crew of "Voskhod-1" was planned to be formed according to the "pilot, scientist, doctor" scheme. There were no difficulties with the first, since the cosmonaut detachment recruited in 1960 included 20 people. The selection of scientists and doctors was much more problematic, since they did not differ in such ideal health as pilots.
In May 1964, the Credentials Commission admitted four doctors and one scientist to training. Egorov also got into this small list. The group was then expanded to nine people.
Boris Yegorov had an advantage over other candidates in the group of doctors - being younger than the rest, he already had 10 scientific works on space medicine and an almost completed Ph.D. thesis.
Boris Egorov and Yuri Gagarin. Photo: RIA Novosti
24 hours 17 minutes in space
In July 1964, two crews were formed. Included in the main Boris Volynov, Georgy Katys and Boris Egorov, and in duplicate - Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov, Alexei Sorokin and Vasily Lazarev. They decided to secure the doctor's position with an additional candidate.
In the process of preparation, the commission came to the conclusion that the understudies were better prepared, and the crews were changed places. But Yegorov remained in the first team - his level of readiness was considered high.
On October 12, 1964 Voskhod-1 took off with a crew of Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov. The flight lasted 1 day 00 hours 17 minutes 03 seconds. It was the first space trip where full-fledged medical experiments were carried out.
However, on Earth, the astronauts discovered that they did not set up the main “experiment”. "Voskhod-1" started at Nikita Khrushchev, and, according to tradition, they were supposed to report on the successful completion of the task to him. However, just in these days Khrushchev was removed, and the report was already being accepted new head countries Leonid Brezhnev.
Solemn meeting in Moscow of the crew of the Voskhod-I spacecraft: Konstantin Feoktistov, Vladimir Komarov and Boris Yegorov (from left to right). Photo: RIA Novosti
All members of the Voskhod-1 crew became Heroes of the Soviet Union.
The dream of the weaker sex
As already mentioned, there were only 13 conquerors of space on the entire planet Earth, and only nine in the USSR, of which one was a woman.
The weaker sex, at the sight of eight men who had been in orbit, was thrilled, not paying attention to whether they were married or not. And Yegorov, whom nature endowed with the appearance of a movie star, slew the ladies on the spot.
The first wife of Boris Yegorov Eleanor and son Boris. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Mokletsov
Even at the institute, Egorov married a fellow student Eleonora Mordvinkina. The couple had a child, but the ardent youthful love quickly faded away. And when fame and fame came to Boris, and he was surrounded by admirers, it turned out that his masculine temperament was no weaker than that of his father, whom Yegorov could not understand in his youth.
The second wife of the cosmonaut was the star of Soviet cinema Natalya Fateeva. In modern times, such a bright couple would inevitably be the focus of gossip columns. However, even then, Soviet citizens enthusiastically passed from mouth to mouth the details of the life of the astronaut and the actress, which reached them in a distorted form.
20 years of happiness
For what reason this marriage cracked, there are many versions. It is known for sure that another actress, Fateeva's partner in the comedy Three Plus Two, became Boris Yegorov's new love. Natalya Kustinskaya.
Kustinskaya was married, but Yegorov did not give up - he went for the object of adoration throughout the country, he could spend whole days on her stairwell. And in the end, the woman gave up.
They spent two decades together, which, given the love and temperament of both, is incredibly long. They did not have common children, but Boris gave his last name to Natalya's son from a previous marriage, Dmitry.
The marriage broke up in 1991 - as Natalya Kustinskaya said, she could not forgive her husband for treason. In the same year, Egorov married again, to a dentist Tatyana Vuraki.
Experiments and motorcycle racing
Women did not distract him from his favorite work. He no longer prepared for new flights, but worked hard at the Institute of Biomedical Problems. From 1984 to 1992, Egorov headed the new Research Institute of Biomedical Technology, of which he was one of the founders.
Cosmonaut Boris Yegorov. 1988 Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Savelyev
In addition to the weaker sex and science, Boris Yegorov adored speed. He was one of the first to have a personal foreign car in the USSR - Buick Electra. Friends recall that he was a cool driver, drove fast, but did not get into an accident. And at the age of 40, he surprised others by becoming interested in motocross, and began to personally assemble motorcycles for racing.
Business turned out to be harder than space flight
The collapse of the Union also hit Yegorov - the amount of money allocated for science was negligible, and a specialist in biotechnology and space medicine decided to go into business.
The newly-minted entrepreneurs willingly cooperated with him, hoping that a famous person with connections will help to "resolve" problems. Egorov and "resolved", although friends noted that it was very difficult for him. In business, he felt out of place, and constant stress affected his health. He was increasingly worried about the heart, and the doctors advised him to take treatment as soon as possible. Yegorov promised that he would take it as soon as he settled the most pressing matters. But on September 12, 1994, the astronaut's heart stopped.
Boris Yegorov was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery, next to his father.
The audience was taught: the film "by the date" - you can not watch it, patriotism by order always fails. The film "The Time of the First", coming out on the Day of Cosmonautics, is a happy surprise: this movie is sincere, exciting and honest.
"The Time of the First" by Dmitry Kiselev is a story about the first human spacewalk in history. This happened on March 18, 1965, when Alexei Leonov spent 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, which was triumphantly reported by the Soviet media; television broadcast to the whole world footage of a man hovering over the abyss. "The Time of the First" is about what it cost and how it could end. There is something to think about.
The film has many story layers. The first is "a story about a real person." About a man who can do the impossible. Such a character: forever trying to break, take risks, explore human limits. Unbending stubbornness is played by Yevgeny Mironov - as always, organically, truthfully and psychologically justified, but slightly monotonous, repeating his signature colors. The second hero of the film is Pavel Belyaev, Leonov's comrade on the space flight. Less impulsive, more rational, he perfectly balances the ardor of his hot friend. In the role - Konstantin Khabensky, this is one of the most powerful and, with external dispassion, heated works of an excellent actor. Finally, chief designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, third the protagonist paintings. Approximately about what Vladimir Ilyin does in this role, Pasternak wrote: until complete death in earnest. Ilyin has always been a grandiose master, in Hollywood he would have become on a par with Nicholson or would have surpassed him; we film him little and sluggishly, but his every appearance on the screen is a shock.
Another layer is the plot associated with an unprecedented shooting technique for us. The maximum reliability of the spectacle - separate topic, we only note that there have never been such perfect films about space in our cinema. This is important: the feeling that we have been there - in the cramped Voskhod, in the narrow airlock for access to space, in the descent vehicle enveloped in flames. In the most literal sense of the word, we have been in the shoes of an astronaut and grown together with it.
Another layer is behind the scenes of a feat, our cosmic triumph, our fantastic leap into the future. It is behind the scenes, few people know. Retell the collisions that arose every second in space, and then on native land, putting the heroes on the brink of death, means stealing from the audience the opportunity to squeeze the arms of their chairs themselves, to suffocate themselves in a sagging spacesuit, to freeze in the taiga themselves, supporting in themselves the smoldering wick of hope. The team of playwrights (Oleg Pogodin's handwriting is most recognizable) had the risky task of avoiding, on the one hand, official stiltedness, and on the other hand, making a plausible film about implausible circumstances.
This is the thriller where everything is on the edge, and every time salvation comes at the last moment. This usually happens in bad thrillers - ironists for badly invented plots introduced the term "God from the machine", which, God knows how, will help out the heroes. But here the plot was constructed by life itself, and its ending is known from history, where both cosmonauts, alive and happy, cheerfully walked along the red carpet to report to the Secretary General. Everything will end well - what's there to worry about? But - do not just worry, take it higher. The tension in the hall reaches a point, which is rare in cinema and is called the effect of our complete immersion in what is happening and identification with the characters.
Camera operator Vladimir Bashta is subjective and mobile, like a glance, it perfectly conveys the state of the characters: either delight in front of the opened universe, then a nerve clenched into a fist, then a cold, frosty despair ... "There are moments in the film when even I am scared," the astronaut admits Alexey Leonov. And he adds: "In my life, I've done a task without thinking too much about the danger." In this addition, the key to much that is considered ascetic: a person who is completely devoted to the cause does not feel the threat so acutely, it fades into the background. Otherwise, we would not have professions that are always associated with a risk to life, from test pilots to fire services and front-line operators. The feeling and excitement of duty is the driving force behind both real events and a film about them. Such work. Such a calling. Before that, all reports and red carpets are tinsel.
In the most literal sense, we have been in the shoes of an astronaut and grown together with it.
And here is the main thing that you take away from viewing. It's a strange sense of the improbability of everything that happened in 1965. Boundless admiration for human courage. But also the realization of the complete absence of a humanitarian principle in this story. In other words, an understanding of the inhumanity of the motives that demanded such heroism is a thought voluntarily or involuntarily embedded in the film. Even the solemn name "Time of the First" becomes ambiguous: on the one hand, glory to the first, on the other - in the name of what is the race?
And details come into play that the jubilant people did not know about before the film. We see how the test ship shatters into fragments. And how dear Leonid Ilyich, contrary to the exhortations of scientists, demands the impossible - at all costs to reduce three years of preparation to one, otherwise the Americans will overtake. And how many inevitable, and therefore programmed, accidents arose from the haste, when the flight turned into an extreme and almost hopeless struggle for survival. And when all the equipment on board fails, and the situation becomes critical, the motherland is ready to sacrifice its heroes so that they do not land "to the enemy, somewhere in Europe" - a prospect that terrifies the army general overseeing the mission control center.
The constant contrast between the victorious reports in the TV box and reality is one of the dramatic cores of the picture. Everything, including human lives, is thrown at someone to wipe their nose and show ours: as they sang in one song, "we will not stand up for the price." But there, in the song, there is a holy war, and here there is only ambition, window dressing, the desire to make a jubilant mine at a bad game. Although, according to reason, space is the business of all mankind, and any breakthrough is our common victory. Not a hippodrome, not football - space! An idea that erases boundaries and unites the planet.
But the ambitions are stronger, and the miraculously not dead crew reports victory. The film sings a song to the madness of the brave, but invites to think. This is a rarity in our cinema today.
Lisovets Roman
creative newspaper
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
USOG SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL
creative newspaper,
dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the birth
the first cosmonaut of the Earth Yu. A. Gagarin
on the topic: "The great feat of the astronaut"
Usozha, 2014
“Time is the most severe and merciless judge. It sometimes changes the assessment of a person, the idea of him. But even after many years, people remember Yuri Gagarin and his friends kindly. So they have stood the test of time."
April 12, 1961 all Earth with the speed of lightning spread the amazing news: “Attention! Moscow speaking. All radio stations of the Soviet Union and Central Television are working!...”
"I remember this day
And this hour is at midnight
The march broke off.
And read the TASS message,
What's in space - Gagarin!
Yura! Our!
Ours is in space!
Comrades! Friends!
Ours is in space!
Now we have the word!"
A. Kalykin
From a TASS report: On April 12, 1961, the world's first spacecraft-satellite "Vostok" with a man on board was launched into orbit around the Earth in the Soviet Union. The pilot-cosmonaut of the Vostok satellite is a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Pilot Major Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich. The launch of the space multi-stage rocket was successful, and after gaining the first space velocity and separation from the last stage of the launch vehicle, the satellite began free flight in orbit around the Earth. According to preliminary data, the period of revolution of the satellite around the Earth is 89.1 minutes, the minimum distance from the Earth's surface (in perigee) is 175 kilometers, and the maximum distance (in apogee) is 302 kilometers, the angle of inclination of the orbital plane to the equator is 65 degrees 4 minutes. The weight of the spacecraft-satellite with the pilot-cosmonaut is 4725 kilograms, excluding the weight of the final stage of the launch vehicle. Two-way radio communication has been established and maintained with cosmonaut comrade Yuri Gagarin. The frequencies of the onboard shortwave transmitters are 9.019 megahertz and 20.006 megahertz, and in the ultrashort wave band 143.625 megahertz. With the help of radio telemetry and television systems, the astronaut's condition in flight is monitored. Cosmonaut Comrade Yuri Gagarin endured the period of launching the Vostok satellite into orbit satisfactorily and is now feeling well. The systems that provide the necessary living conditions in the cabin of the satellite are functioning normally...
First person
Below, the editors give a speech by Yuri Alekseevich about the first space flight. It was compiled in strict accordance with the then ideological guidelines, which may seem at least strange to the current reader. At the same time, reading this text, you involuntarily catch yourself thinking that it might be better to have such beliefs, strange by today's standards, than not to have any ...
Yuri Gagarin:
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Yuri Gagarin |
The first manned flight into space was a triumph of Soviet science and technology, a brilliant demonstration of the advantages of our socialist system. Our Soviet socialist system is a remarkable and reliable launching pad from which spaceships leave for the heavenly distances.
Many hundreds of specialists of various professions prepared us for flights into space. The extensive program that an astronaut must complete includes many different questions, both theoretical and practical. After all, space can only be considered mastered when a person lives and works in it.
Preparing for the launch, we studied the basics of rocket and space technology, ship design, geophysics, astronomy, and medicine. Special attention our teachers give physical training astronauts.
The arrival of each new day was celebrated with morning exercises. They were engaged in the open air, in any weather, under the supervision of doctors. Gymnastics was replaced by ball games, jumping into the water from a springboard gave way to a bicycle. And soon the time came for training in a centrifuge, tests in an isolation chamber, a heat chamber, in a rotor, weightless flights in an airplane, parachute jumps.
Difficult and stubborn was the preparation of man for flight into space. She was not easy for us. It was not easy for our mentors - scientists and physicians, biologists and engineers. It was they who developed the scientifically substantiated system of training cosmonauts, it was they who carefully monitored our hearts, lungs, muscles and nerves, it was their hands that created unique equipment that allows you to monitor the condition of the astronaut in flight. Finally, it was they who instilled in us the confidence of success.
...Wednesday 12 April. The Baikonur Cosmodrome, located in a steppe as wide as the ocean. This day and this steppe will forever remain in my memory. And - the biggest, most important thing: the consciousness that I, an ordinary citizen Soviet country, a young communist, is entrusted with the great honor of being the first in space.
Minutes of farewell to the Earth. Concentrated, inspired faces of the Chief Designer and Theorist of Cosmonautics, scientists, engineers, doctors. And the encouraging look of my understudy - German Titov. Short words of farewell, and now the elevator lifts me into the cabin of the Vostok. Time flies. Finally, the long-awaited command: "Rise!"...
How does a person behave in space flight? How does he endure overloads from accelerations, how does the state of weightlessness affect his body, how will the various systems of the spacecraft work? These and many other questions I had to give clear answers.
What can be said about a flight that lasted less than two hours? The flight took place in an orbit with a perigee of 175 kilometers and an apogee of 302 kilometers. It lasted one hundred and eight minutes.
Immediately upon entry into orbit, weightlessness set in - a state unusual for the inhabitants of the Earth. At first everything seemed very unusual to me, but soon I got used to this state, got used to it and continued the execution of the given program. Weightlessness is a somewhat strange phenomenon for all of us, the inhabitants of the Earth. But the body quickly adapts to it, experiencing exceptional lightness in all members.
Twenty-eight thousand kilometers per hour is the speed with which the "Vostok" swept over the oceans and continents of our planet. A connection was established between the ship and the Earth, which worked flawlessly.
I transmitted messages, heard the voices of my comrades. Radio transmissions from my homeland were heard in the cockpit. I always felt the attention and support of the whole country.
During the entire flight, I carried out fruitful work on the program. He maintained radio contact with the Earth through several channels, both in telephone and telegraph modes, monitored the operation of the ship's equipment, took food and water.
The earth was seen well from a cosmic height. Mountain ranges were clearly visible, coastline, islands.
The moment of descent has come. Exactly on schedule, the brake engine worked, overloads increased again.
The curtains on the windows were closed, and the ship rapidly entered the dense layers of the atmosphere. Finally, Earth. Excited faces of comrades, again blue sky overhead and an unforgettable sincere conversation with Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev.
The task of the Motherland, the party has been completed ...
Weeks, months passed. New routes in space were laid by the Vostok-2, Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, in which German Stepanovich Titov, Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolaev, Pavel Romanovich Popovich made their flights. 130 orbits around the Earth were made by Soviet cosmonauts. The Americans are only 12 so far. The score is 130: 12. The score is impressive in favor of a country building communism.
"On colored parachute wings,
Yuri in the field on an April day,
All in the sun and in cosmic dust,
He sat next to his ship.
A fresh wind blew over the arable land,
And in a spacesuit washed by the dawn,
There was already a familiar to the whole planet,
From real legend hero.
The firmament was like a high feat,
Streams sang in the nearby ravine,
Behind the hot cabin of the Vostok,
The rooks wandered without emotion.
The day was the most ordinary
It smelled of the Volga and generous spring,
And held the first plowman of the planet,
Hermohelmet, like a globe of the earth.
A. Miroshnikov.
RIA-Novosti has prepared high-quality infographics
Global event
The news of the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin literally captured the whole world. All funds mass media celebrated this outstanding event of the twentieth century. The era of human spaceflight has begun. Every year April 12 is celebrated as Cosmonautics Day. The flight of the Vostok spacecraft with a man on board was the result of the hard work of Soviet scientists, engineers, doctors and specialists in various branches of technology.
Gagarin's smile
I remember the sun was sparkling that day:
What an amazing April!
And in the heart joy shone with pride:
Gagarin flew from space!
Everyone recognized him by his smile
There was no other smile like that!
The whole world applauded! Everyone rejoiced:
Gagarin circled our globe!
Since then, unknown distances have approached,
Exploring space ships ...
And he started - Russian, nice guy,
GAGARIN - THE FIRST COSMONAUT OF THE EARTH!
I. Levchenko
Yu.A.Gagarin - the first cosmonaut of the planet Earth
The most interesting material with 10 little-known facts about the first flight was published in the AiF:
"one. Yuri Gagarin was escorted to the spacecraft by not one, but two understudies. In addition to the well-known German Titov, Grigory Nelyubov was an understudy. Unlike Gagarin and Titov, he did not put on a spacesuit, but was ready to fly in case of special circumstances.
Nelyubov's life was tragic: some time after Gagarin's flight, he was expelled from the cosmonaut corps for violating discipline, and a few years later he died in an accident.
2. Two days before the flight into space, Yuri Gagarin wrote a farewell letter to his wifein case disaster strikes. In 1961, this letter was not required. This letter will be given to Gagarin's wife, Valentina Ivanovna, after the plane crash on March 27, 1968, in which the first cosmonaut of the Earth died.
3. The Vostok-1 flight took place in a fully automatic mode.. This was due to the fact that no one could give a guarantee that the cosmonaut would remain functional under weightless conditions. In the most extreme case, Yuri Gagarin was given a special code that made it possible to activate the manual control of the ship.
4. Initially, three pre-launch appeals of the "first cosmonaut to the Soviet people" were recorded. The first was recorded by Yuri Gagarin, and two more by his doubles German Titov and Grigory Nelyubov. Exactly three texts of the TASS message about the first manned space flight were also prepared: in case of a successful flight, in case of a search for an astronaut, and also in case of a catastrophe.
5. An emergency occurred before the flight of Vostok-1: when checking the tightness, the sensor on the sunroof did not give the desired signal. Since there was extremely little time left before the launch, such a malfunction could lead to the postponement of the launch.
Then the leading designer of Vostok-1, Oleg Ivanovsky, and the workers demonstrated fantastic skills, to the envy of the current Formula 1 mechanics, unscrewing 30 nuts in a matter of minutes, checking and correcting the sensor, and again closing the hatch in the proper way. This time the tightness test was successful, and the launch was carried out at the scheduled time.
6. During the final stage of the flight, Yuri Gagarin threw a phrase about which they preferred not to write anything for a long time.: "I'm burning, goodbye, comrades!"
The fact is that before Gagarin, no one had a clear idea of how the passage of the dense layers of the atmosphere by a spacecraft during descent would look like. Therefore, Gagarin, like any pilot, seeing a raging flame in the window, suggested that the spacecraft was engulfed in fire and would die in a few seconds. In fact, the friction of the heat-resistant skin of the spacecraft against the atmosphere is a working moment that occurs during each flight. Now the cosmonauts are ready for this bright and impressive spectacle, which was first seen by Gagarin.
7. The well-known footage of the shooting of the negotiations between Yuri Gagarin in the cockpit of the ship and the chief designer Sergei Korolev at the command post is an imitationmade in a later period. However, blame the participants for this historical event hardly worth it - at the time of the real start, they simply had no time for it. Later, they decided to recreate the missing chronicle by asking Gagarin and Korolev to repeat the same words that they had said on April 12, 1961.
8. On the spacecraft "Vostok" was not provided for the landing of astronauts inside the descent vehicle: at an altitude of 1500 meters, the pilot ejected. This was due to the fact that the Vostoks did not have soft landing engines that ensure a safe landing. In addition, experts were afraid of "welding" the hatch under the influence of high temperature in dense layers of the atmosphere.
However, due to landing outside the ship, the International Aeronautical Federation refused to register Gagarin's record flight. And then the Soviet representatives were cunning, announcing that the first cosmonaut had landed in the cockpit. The actual circumstances of the landing were officially recognized by the USSR only in 1964.
9. One of the most heatedly discussed topics related to Gagarin's flight is the inscription "USSR" on the cosmonaut's helmet.. It arose due to the fact that in recent years the inscription on Gagarin's images very often disappears somewhere. In this regard, the question arose - how did it even appear on the helmet of the first astronaut? Oddly enough, but there is no final clarity on this issue either. Hero of the Soviet Union, test pilot Mark Gallay, who trained the first cosmonauts and was present at the Gagarin launch, in the book "With a Man on Board" said that the inscription appeared at the very last moment. Allegedly, 20 minutes before Gagarin left for the launch, they remembered the spy flight of the American Powers that had happened before, and decided to put the letters “USSR” on the helmet so that the astronaut would not be confused with a saboteur. The letters were drawn in a hurry, without removing the helmet from Gagarin's head.
At the same time, veterans of the Zvezda enterprise, which manufactures spacesuits for cosmonauts, claim that the inscription was applied even during the preparation of the spacesuit for the flight, in advance, and even indicate the name of the worker who completed this task - Davidyants.
10. One of the most memorable details about the first human flight into space was ... shoelaces. During the passage of Yuri Gagarin along the red carpet before the report to Nikita Khrushchev on the successful implementation of the flight, the laces on the boot of the first cosmonaut got untied in the frame. This everyday detail only added to the people's love for Gagarin. Meanwhile, Sergei Khrushchev, the son of Nikita Khrushchev, who was present at that ceremony, assures that Gagarin's shoelaces were in order. Summed up the hero of the cosmos suspender for socks. Previously, socks were made without elastic bands and braces were worn on the calves so that the socks did not slip. Gagarin's rubber band came loose on one leg, and the iron buckle hit him on the leg.
Literary page
The event that took place on April 12, 1961, the flight of Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin into space, left an indelible mark on the memory of the people, a sense of pride in their country, for being our contemporary.
Meeting Yuri Gagarin
Our comrade
Let Gagarin breathe easily
Let it rush through sunsets and sunrises...
Nobody and never so far
He did not leave his home planet.
He is endowed with the courage of the Fatherland,
He challenged the unknown.
No one has ever been like him
Suddenly the whole Earth did not get close.
Our comrade has returned full of strength!
He is the highest rise of the storming century -
He united the hearts of the nations
Great pride in man!
Boris Dubrovin
MBOU Usozhskaya secondary school of the Komarichsky district.
Leader: Volchkova Svetlana Alexandrovna, teacher of physics.
People in the hall stopped eating popcorn, their head was spinning, and tears welled up in their eyes... the audience felt a sense of pride in Soviet cosmonauts!
In 1985, the Salyut-7 orbital station stopped communicating with the MCC. The unmanaged station was supposed to fall to Earth over time. The United States prepared its spacecraft for flight. The possibility of docking with a Soviet station is being considered, then all the advanced technologies will fall into the hands of the enemy that the United States was during the Cold War. As soon as possible, the USSR is preparing the launch of the Soyuz T-13 spacecraft.
The crew is the commander of the ship, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov and flight engineer, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut Viktor Savinykh. No one has done this before or since. Not much was known about this feat of the Soviet cosmonauts. Based on these events, a new Russian film "Salyut-7" was created ...
But first things first:
The premiere at the Colosseum is, as usual, a fun show!
Old and young took part in quizzes held by Avtoradio, all participants received prizes and gifts.
Via young viewers the crazy Professor not only simulated the bombardment of the Moon with meteorites, but also made a real cosmic comet, and then a cosmic fog appeared in the lobby, through which the audience passed into the hall ...
The hall was filled to capacity. Spectators stocked buckets of popcorn and glasses of cola, talked loudly and sat in smartphones, confused seats and entered the hall late. Today's "culture" irritates and infuriates, but... soon complete silence reigned in the hall, only the "dead" Salyut-7 orbital station was spinning helplessly on the screen. The incredible footage made my head spin. The neighbor on the left put away her phone and, sobbing, took out a handkerchief. I confess, and tears welled up in my eyes ... Even when the lights were turned on, many still remained in their places and watched the credits of the film, such a rarity!
A separate pavilion was built for the filming of this film. The MCC, the Salyut-7 orbital station, and the Soyuz T-13 spacecraft were created in full size. Roskosmos donated real objects that have been in space for filming. The best masters of incredible filming and stunts, cameramen and directors worked on the set. Actors Vladimir Vdovichenkov and Pavel Derevyanko did not just hang out on the ropes, on a real IL-76 they rose into the sky to the maximum height, after which the plane abruptly went down, complete weightlessness appeared for 26 seconds. It cannot be played, it must be felt. if Stanislavsky had been in the hall, he would have said: "I believe!"
The film is based on real events, this is not Armageddon. People really did a great job. The film is absolutely devoid of pathos and puffing out, there is no off-scale patriotism, there is no distortion and caricatures of the Soviet government. Yes, there are moments in the film that are downplayed or exaggerated. So this is not a documentary!
Cosmonauts Vladimir Fedorov and Viktor Alekhin do not know what difficulties they will have to face on the orbital station. Passions boil in the MCC. Will it be possible to return the astronauts to Earth, alive? The story of love and heroism, the story of great people, real heroes. You will find out everything if you come to a screening of this wonderful, powerful, worthy film intended for the whole family. It will be interesting for both the older generation and very young viewers.
With even greater respect, I began to treat our countryman Viktor Petrovich Savinykh. Even more a sense of pride in their country. I recommend the film for viewing, I know that many people will be happy to watch the new Russian blockbuster.
I don't know if American astronauts have been to the moon. It is said that they have lost all their drawings, documents and designs and now they cannot build Apollo again. They generally tend to talk a lot, especially things that cannot be verified...
But the fact that today I was on Salyut-7 and got a lot of pleasure, experienced inexpressible sensations - this is pure truth!
Happy holiday everyone!This day will forever remain in the memory of mankind as the very day when it finally came out of the cradle (I hope you remember who said about the cradle?).
As it usually happens, the exit from the cradle is accompanied not only by successes, but also by falls. What was not customary to talk about in the Soviet Union, so few people know that exactly 40 years ago this story happened:
"Union" without a number. In 1975, Soviet cosmonauts survived a fall from space.
One of the most dramatic flights in the history of Soviet cosmonautics was secret for a long time.
The commander of the Soyuz-12 spacecraft, Lieutenant Colonel Vasily Lazarev (left), and flight engineer Oleg Makarov. / Alexander Mokletsov / RIA Novosti
18, fraction 1...
The official history of manned space flights says that the Soyuz-18 spacecraft launched on May 24, 1975 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome with a crew of Pyotr Klimuk and Vitaly Sevastyanov. The ship successfully docked with the Salyut-4 station, where the crew worked for two months. On July 26 of the same year, the astronauts returned to Earth.
There is not a word of lies in these words, but not the whole truth. The fact is that the ship of Klimuk and Sevastyanov had a slightly different name for the initiates - Soyuz-18 V. About what happened to Soyuz-18 A, or, in other words, Soyuz-18-1, space industry specialists were not recommended to spread.
Meanwhile, the flight of this ship is one of the most dramatic pages of Russian cosmonautics, and its crew had to go through something that no one else had.
The commander of the Soyuz-18-1 was Vasily Lazarev, and the flight engineer Oleg Makarov.
flying doctor
Lazarev, native Altai Territory, after serving in the army, he entered the medical institute, became a surgeon, worked as a military physician. Lazarev served in the airfield technical support battalion of the air regiment of the 30th Air Army. But since childhood, he himself dreamed of flying, and in 1952, the 24-year-old physician makes a sharp turn - Lazarev enters the Kharkov Higher Military aviation school in Chuguev and finishes it according to an accelerated program, having received the specialty "fighter pilot".
Naturally, such a versatile specialist turned out to be extremely in demand - Lazarev tested aircraft of various types and modifications, was involved in testing various high-altitude equipment for pilots (spacesuit, anti-g suits, oxygen equipment).
Lazarev participated in the experimental flights of the Volga stratospheric balloon - the very one from which parachutist Evgeny Andreev made a unique "jump from space" as part of the Zvezda experiment. Vasily Lazarev flew the Volga for 28 hours.
When it came to testing "new technology", as a man's flight into space was neatly called, Lazarev was among the first volunteers. He passed the medical examination together with Gagarin, Titov and other members of the "first detachment", but ... received a challenge from the doctors.
However, Lazarev was not to be persevered - in 1964 he was selected to prepare for a flight on a three-seat Voskhod spacecraft. Lazarev turned out to be the second understudy of the doctor Boris Yegorov. And although he did not take part in the flight itself, this time they paid attention to him, and as a result, Vasily Lazarev became a member of the Soviet cosmonaut corps.
The engineer who broke into space
Lazarev was trained under several programs, including within the framework of the manned Soviet "lunar project". It was then that Oleg Makarov became his crewmate.
Oleg Makarov, a native of the Tver region, before being in the ranks of the cosmonauts, created equipment for them. In 1957, he graduated from the Bauman Moscow State Technical University and came to work at Design Bureau No. 1 - the famous design department Sergei Korolev. Makarov was engaged in the development of the first Soviet manned spacecraft.
Like many other young engineers of the Korolev Design Bureau, he wanted to fly into space himself. In 1966, Makarov was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps and trained for several years under the "lunar program". The engineer was among those who were to go on a lunar expedition one of the first.
However, the defeat in the "moon race" forced the Soviet Union to reconsider its priorities.
Lazarev and Makarov, who made up an excellent crew, were transferred to prepare for the flight to the Salyut-2 station.
"Test" crew
This preparation took place in a difficult environment. The manned program of the USSR was interrupted after the death of the crew of the Soyuz-11 due to depressurization during the return to Earth.
The Salyut-2 station, where Lazarev and Makarov were supposed to fly, failed, and the flight program was again revised.
A series of failures undermined the confidence of Soviet specialists. The new Soyuz-12 was tested many times, new spacesuits were developed for the crew, designed to prevent a repetition of the Soyuz-11 tragedy.
And yet, no matter how you check, no matter how hard you try to exclude surprises, everything on Earth cannot be taken into account. The crew of the Soyuz-12, in a certain sense, had to do again what Gagarin had done - to open the way to space for others.
This mission was entrusted to Vasily Lazarev and Oleg Makarov.
On September 27, 1973, Soyuz-12 with Lazarev and Makarov successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The flight lasted 1 day 23 hours 15 minutes 32 seconds and ended successfully. The designers exhaled - the manned program was saved! Lazarev and Makarov became Heroes of the Soviet Union, after which they began to prepare for a new space flight - this time to the Salyut-4 orbital station.
Emergency situation
In January 1975, Lazarev and Makarov were stand-ins for the Soyuz-17 crew, Alexei Gubarev and Georgy Grechko. According to the established tradition, the doubles go into space next.
The launch of Soyuz-18 was scheduled for April 5, 1975. Unlike the flight on the Soyuz-12, this launch did not seem extraordinary to specialists - after all, the same Gubarev and Grechko safely reached the station, fully worked out the flight program and successfully returned.
On April 5, everything started well. Traditional pre-flight procedures, boarding the ship, launch... The rocket, as expected, at 11:04 takes the Soyuz-18 into the sky.
Everything went fine, the first stage separated in due time, then the head fairing was reset in the design mode. At the 261st second of the flight, the separation of the second stage was supposed to occur, but instead, the rocket began to sway noticeably, and the amplitude increased. It quickly became clear that the carrier, without carrying the astronauts to the calculated orbit, refused. The emergency system worked, firing off the return vehicle.
It happened at an altitude of just under 200 kilometers, that is, de facto already in space. In this case, the emergency descent took place in an uncontrolled mode. Simply put, the Soyuz-18 descent vehicle fell from space.
In conditions of uncontrolled descent, overloads increase significantly. In the situation in which the Soviet cosmonauts found themselves, these overloads posed a direct threat to life.
Vasily Lazarev, describing his feelings at that moment, compared them with a car that ran straight into his chest. Lazarev recalled: “Once, having transferred a load of 10 g on a centrifuge, I drew the attention of the doctor accompanying me to the many red dots covering the back of the tester, who was twisted before me. The doctor calmly replied: “These are small vessels that burst. You have the same thing on your back.” But when the Soyuz-18 flew to Earth, overloads of 20g piled up on its crew. It is not known exactly what magnitude the gravity that pressed on the astronauts reached at its peak. Vasily Lazarev said that experts, analyzing telemetry, noted that for a few seconds it had grown to insane 26g. At that moment, the astronauts lost their sight and cardiac arrest was recorded.
On Earth, experts did not have a complete picture of what was happening, but even without this, many had gray hair.
The astronauts came to their senses when the parachute system worked. Trained organisms withstood unthinkable overloads, although they lasted a little longer, and the Soyuz-18 crew would not have been destined to survive.
Anger of the designer Glushko
The commander of the ship, Vasily Lazarev, said that, having come to his senses, he saw that the flight engineer was saying something to him. But he could not understand what his partner was saying - his hearing was also temporarily turned off.
The crew tried to contact MCC to clarify where the descent vehicle would land. But there was no connection. Or rather, the astronauts did not hear the MCC, but at the MCC they perfectly heard what they were saying on board.
— Oleg, where are we sitting down? Lazarev asked.
“To China or the Pacific Ocean,” the flight engineer quipped, after which he described what had happened in select Russian terms, speaking extremely unflatteringly about the operation of the second stage engines.
Makarov did not know that General Designer Valentin Glushko heard his words. Hearing the "criticism" of the flight engineer, Glushko went in spots, ordered the broadcast to be turned off and loudly promised that Makarov would never fly into space again.
The “jump into space” itself took a little over 4 minutes, and together with the landing, the entire flight lasted less than 22 minutes. But the adventures of the crew continued.
Makarov did not speak in vain about China and pacific ocean. The fact is that an emergency landing in the event of a second stage failure was tentatively supposed to occur in Altai, or, if you were not lucky, in China, with which the USSR had very difficult relations at that time. In the event of a failure of the third stage, the astronauts were expected to swim in the ocean.
On the edge of "Teremok"
As a result, the "lesser of evils" happened - "Soyuz-18" in a remote, inaccessible area south-west of Gorno-Altaisk, but on Soviet territory.
But at the time of landing, Lazarev and Makarov again faced the threat of death. According to the instructions, the crew after landing had to shoot off the parachute. However, the rescuers had their own view of the situation. During various experiments, they drew attention to the fact that when landing in a mountainous area, the descent vehicle after firing off the parachute can easily roll down the slope with the most sad consequences. Therefore, the rescuers gave the Soyuz-18 crew an unofficial recommendation: in which case, first look around, and only then shoot the parachute.
This advice saved the astronauts. When they got out, they found that the descent vehicle was standing on a mountainside, 150 meters from the abyss, and did not roll down only because the parachute was tightly tangled in the tops of the trees.
The only thing that was funny in all this was the name of the mountain on which the conquerors of space ended up - Teremok-3.
There was thick snow at the landing site, the temperature was minus 7, and the astronauts had to survive in the truest sense of the word.
The rescuers were unable to approach Lazarev and Makarov. The first to reach them was a geologist who landed from a helicopter of the geological party. However, the helicopter pilot could not lift the astronauts up. The regular rescue party, storming Teremok-3, fell under an avalanche, and they had to be rescued already - fortunately, there were no casualties.
The next day, one of the Air Force helicopters, which were not part of the official rescue group, managed at their own risk to lift the astronauts and the geologist and evacuate them to a safe area.
"Stripped" Flight - "Stripped" Rewards
There could be no complaints about the actions of the astronauts - their behavior cannot be called anything other than heroic. But in the USSR it was not customary to report space failures, the media got information only about those cases that absolutely cannot be hidden.
Veterans of the Soviet press recall that on April 5, 1975, journalists were expelled from Baikonur immediately after it became clear that something had gone wrong.
The only message about the incident in the Soviet media appeared only on May 8 and was hidden in the inner pages of newspapers: “On April 5, 1975, a launch vehicle was launched with the Soyuz manned spacecraft to continue experiments together with the Salyut-4 station. On board the ship was a crew of Heroes of the Soviet Union pilot-cosmonauts of the USSR Lazarev Vasily Grigorievich, Makarov Oleg Grigorievich. At the site of the third stage, there was a deviation of the launch vehicle motion parameters from the calculated values, and an automatic device issued a command to stop further flight according to the program and separate the spacecraft for return to Earth. The descent vehicle made a soft landing southwest of the city of Gorno-Altaisk. The search and rescue service ensured the delivery of astronauts to the cosmodrome. The well-being of comrades V. G. Lazarev and O. G. Makarov is good.”
After that, the silence lasted another eight years, until some details of what had happened were allowed to be written to Krasnaya Zvezda.
The cosmonauts were noted for the flight, but according to the “truncated” version - according to the order established in the USSR, the second “Gold Star” of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin were relied on for the second flight, however, Lazarev and Makarov were noted only with the Orders of Lenin for heroism.
And the number was taken away from the emergency Soyuz-18, transferring it to the next ship. And so it remained in history under the strange name "Soyuz-18-1".
Overloads have not been in vain
The astronauts themselves believed that they had not accomplished anything so heroic, and only regretted that the flight had failed.
It was officially stated that the terrible overload had no effect on the health of the astronauts. Indeed, at first it seemed that this was the case - both Lazarev and Makarov remained in the detachment.
But then it turned out that this test was not in vain - the astronauts began to show diseases, one by one.
Makarov, who was five years younger, stayed in service longer - despite the threats of the designer Glushko, he flew into space twice more, on Soyuz-27 and Soyuz T-3. By the way, during the launch of Soyuz T-3, the backup crew commander was Vasily Lazarev, who escorted his longtime partner into space.
Lazarev himself was no longer destined to fly to the stars. In 1985 he was fired from Armed Forces to the reserve and expelled from the cosmonaut corps due to health reasons. He died on December 31, 1990 at the age of 62.
Oleg Makarov, after leaving the cosmonaut corps, experienced heart problems, so serious that he underwent surgery in 1998. However, he could not fully recover - on May 28, 2003, he died of a heart attack at the age of 70.
And the dramatic story of their flight in 1975, which easily overshadows the plot of the Hollywood "Gravity", remains unknown to most to this day...