Exercise 1. Answer the questions
| Questions | Answers |
| 1. What are lexical norms related to? | With the rules of usage |
| 2. Which synonyms are stylistic and which are contextual? | Differing in style and becoming synonymous in a certain context |
| 3. What can the use of a word in an unusual meaning lead to? | To misunderstanding |
| 4. What is meant by lexical compatibility? | The ability of words to make sense |
| 5. What are paronyms? | Words with the same root and similar in sound, but different in meaning |
| 6. What underlies such a phenomenon as pleonasm? | Too much or too little of words |
| 7. How is pleonasm different from tautology? | Tautology - repetition of words with the same root |
Task 2. Which of these words are polysemantic, and which have homonyms? Write down the meanings of the words in the explanatory dictionary.
Task 3. Determine the reason for the ambiguity of these sentences.
v young man no will._________________________________
v I need to buy a carnation. ___________________________________
v I have viewed the new exposure. ambiguity ________________________________
v I don't like this forehead. ___________________________
v The braid was very long. ___________________________________
v A crane was seen by the road. ___________________________________
v This is a linden! __________________________________
v Why do I need such an action? ___________________________
v I do not need such an act. ___________________________
The rest are homonyms
Task 4. What lexical norm is violated in these phrases?
Think and answer: What will happen if the adjective is put in quotation marks?
Task 5. Cross out the words that these adjectives do not match. How can this be explained?
1. Bosom - friend, buddy girlfriend, neighbor, friendship, meeting
2. Ticklish - a question , problem, thought, situation, position, dilemma
3. Inevitable - truth, life , death, success, death , victory, parting, meeting
4. Sudden - departure, success, death, meeting, victory, death.
Task 6. Analyze these proposals. Explain the reason for the occurrence of lexical errors.
| Offer | Cause of the lexical error |
| 1. The boy put on glasses, and his expression immediately became stern. | paronyms |
| 2. Vladimir persuaded Marya Gavrilovna to secretly sign. | ambiguity |
| 3. This procedure will improve the patient's condition for the better. | tautology |
| 4. Teachers dismissed the children before the New Year. | ambiguity |
| 5. Metallurgical shop launched. | ambiguity |
| 6. The sudden departure of the parents to the village did not allow us to meet. | incompatibility |
| 7. People doomed to power should take care of those who gave them power. | Clothed (not the right word) |
| 8. Valuable treasures are stored in the storerooms of the museum. | pleonasm |
| 9. These measures contribute to the expansion creativity children. | tautology |
| 10. I am going to live in a democratic country and lead a respectable life. | Decent (not the right word) |
| 11. Indigenous Australians live the same way as they did 200 years ago. | pleonasm |
| 12. The convention of the new firm did not suit us. | Conditions (not the right word) |
| 13. Main essence of all innovations is a movement forward. | pleonasm |
| 14. In his autobiography, Yesenin called Pushkin his teacher. | pleonasm |
| 15. There is a monstrous improvement in living conditions. | incompatibility |
| 16. Descent down is strictly prohibited. | pleonasm |
| 17. Members of the government cannot be held criminally liable. | Attract (not the right word) |
| 18. Business fuss reigned in the assembly hall of the institute. | Incompatibility (there was a fuss) |
| 19. I would like to especially note the duet of two violins. | pleonasm |
| 20. Lecture for childless parents will be held on Saturday. | incompatibility |
Task 7. Determine the meaning of these phraseological units from the dictionary. Choose synonymous phraseological turns.
| Phraseological turnover | Meaning | Synonymous phraseological turn |
| take under fire | criticize | |
| like a sword of damocles | Constant threat | |
| free Bird | Free Bird | |
| stringless balalaika | Chatterbox | |
| goose | Machinist | |
| hit on the hands | Make a deal | |
| buridan donkey | indecisive person | |
| Valaam donkey | An unexpected person | |
| cross the Rubicon | decisive action | |
| a swan song | Outstanding Work | |
| byword | bad fame | |
| open secret | The secret that everyone knows | |
| Chinese charter | Something strange | |
| Aesopian language | hint language |
Task 8. Analyze these proposals. Explain the reason for the occurrence of errors in the use of phraseological units.
Task 9/. Explain how the comic effect is created in the following sentences.
ª The zoo is holding an open house today.
ª There were three tigers and a trainer in a cage.
ª An extraordinary sheep was born to a farmer in Canada.
Let's work with words! Match the word with its meaning.
Compare 2 offer options; indicate which bugs have been fixed. In case of disagreement, make changes to the texts.
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Original text and editing options |
Your options |
|
|
New livestock complexes of cattle will be born in different regions of the republic.- New livestock complexes for cattle will be built in many regions of the republic. Business bustle reigned in the school auditorium. - The pre-holiday revival reigned in the assembly hall of the school. The factory workers were faced with the task of mastering the production of new products, and the task was mastered.- The workers of the plant were faced with the task of mastering the production of new products in the shortest possible time, and their production was mastered. Spectators who gathered on this beautiful May day at the city stadium became accomplices of an unforgettable event. - Spectators who gathered on this beautiful May day at the city stadium became eyewitnesses of an extraordinary spectacle in its beauty. 5.The team of a mechanized column is working hard at the construction of a calf barn. - The team of the mechanized column is working hard on the construction of a calf barn on the collective farm. 6.He helped the defenders, although it was only the fourth minute. - The striker was forced to come to the aid of the defenders already in the fourth minute of the match - the game was so hard for the team. 7.To increase the efficiency of each worker through the introduction of advanced forms of labor organization.- To increase the efficiency of each worker's labor through the introduction of advanced forms of labor organization. 8.The lack of publicity of the progress of work led to the fact that our team did not believe in what was happening in the adjacent team. - The lack of publicity of the progress of work led to the fact that our team did not know how the work in the adjacent team was going. 9 .The workers of the plant are moving along the line of creating a solid technological discipline.- Factory workers improve technological discipline. 10.This time, the challenge prize received a temporary residence permit from land reclamators. - This time the challenge prize was awarded to meliorators. |
Lesson #9
Correlation of the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive coloring of the word
After mastering the material of this topic, you will learn:
how emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary;
how to recognize which words are positive and which are negative.
You will learn:
Distinguish words related to book vocabulary.
Distinguish words related to colloquial vocabulary.
Distinguish words used in common speech.
Distinguish words with high and low stylistic coloring and use them.
Lesson plan:
Words related to book vocabulary.
Words related to colloquial vocabulary.
Words used in colloquial speech.
Text editing.
THEORY
The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, laughter), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (small, zealous, giggle, brag).
In common speech, reduced words are used, which are most often outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words containing a positive assessment of the concept called (hard worker), but more often colloquial words express the speaker's negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (left, go crazy, flimsy, vulgar).
LITERATURE
Golub I.B. Stylistics of the modern Russian language / I.B. Golub. – 8th ed. - M .: Iris-press, 2007. - Stylistic coloring of words. The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech - P. 63-67
STYLING An exercise
Compare sentences, analyze stylistic changes. Give me your edit.
At first, they sincerely laughed at the proposal of the foreman to take the night hours for work. Now the whole team is convinced that working in a new way is worthwhile, that such work brings results twice as good as the old ones.- At first, the foreman's proposal to work at night was not taken seriously, but over time everyone became convinced that such an organization of labor allows for a doubling of output. - The foreman's proposal to work on the night shift did not find a response from us at first, but now everyone understands that the new labor organization gives twice as good results.
What are the lads of the brigadiers Petrov and Ivanov capable of?In the first half they were disgraced. - Will the members of the Petrov and Ivanov brigade be able to prove their skills now, if they showed poor results in the first half of the year?
The fact that the provincial coach has his own scale is already a brilliant fact. – It is remarkable that a coach working on the periphery managed to create his own school. - The fact that the coach has his own system of educating athletes on the periphery is a remarkable fact.
Behind recent times the pedestrian became somehow obsessed. He seems to be in wait for vehicles to rush right under the cars. Pedestrians have become especially undisciplined lately. - Due to the negligence of pedestrians, accidents have recently become more frequent.
There has been a gradual decline in interest in tap water, which is explained by its not particularly pleasant taste.. - The taste of tap water has noticeably decreased. – With less pleasure, people began to use tap water because of its bad taste. - It is unlikely that any of us can be convinced that tap water is tasty. - The tap water has become tasteless, and therefore they drink it reluctantly.
Golenkova K.
QUESTIONS AFTER THE CLASS
What words are related to book vocabulary?
What words are in colloquial vocabulary?
What words are used colloquially?
How to recognize which words are positive and which are negative?
How emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary;
What stylistic functions of words with high and low color do you know?
HOMEWORK
Find words with high and low stylistic coloring; determine their stylistic function in sentences. Replace them where possible with neutral words. How does the general tone of the phrase change in such cases?
1. [The woman] spread a tablecloth right on the ground, various snacks and mysterious bundles appeared ... Everyone, according to ancient custom, reclined (M.-S.). 2. - You are so pretty - and fell in love with such a nasty face? (Letters). 3. Natalya Kirillovna, suffering, looked either at her son or at the boyars, but they, as it was supposed, were silent (A.T.). 4. - Grigory Grigorievich, hello! I didn’t think to find you and your niece in tete-a-tete. Are you two all the way? (I. Novikov). 5. [Lubentsov] had practiced, or, roughly speaking, “had gotten the hang of it,” to the point where it was not difficult for him to deliver a speech without preparation (Cossack.). 6. When the banner brigade lined up ... Zakharov went out to the banner, and Igor understood what he should do. Oksana was standing next to him - next to him! It was a happy omen: under an elegant, mysteriously sacred red banner, they really begin their life journey nearby! (Poppy.). 7. - I'm sorry, - out of breath, said Mityashin, - a little late (German). 8. - And where is such an abyss of people going? (Guide.).
Ticket number 2.
1. Modern Russian literary language: concept, main features, stages of formation
a) Concept:
Correctness, observance of language norms
Communicative expediency
The accuracy of the statement
Logic of presentation
Clarity and accessibility of presentation
Purity of speech
expressiveness
Variety of means of expression
Aesthetics
Relevance
b) Signs:
Normalization - The presence of functional styles
The presence of oral and writing
Processedness - Sustainability - Mandatory for all native speakers
1. Arrange the stresses in the words: petition, apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, significance, iconography, rubber, funeral, strengthening, phenomenon, asymmetry.
2. Restore paronymic pairs, explain the meanings of each word, using the words in the context: chronic - chronicle, stony - stone, typos - prints, lucky - lucky, put on - put on.
3. Determine which properties of words are violated when making sentences. Edit. Business vanity reigned in the assembly hall of the school. It is necessary to raise the question to the proper height about the level of teaching of certain disciplines. Unfortunately, on high level is the number of traffic accidents. Echidna's specialty is ants and termites.
The school auditorium was bustling. The question of the level of teaching of some disciplines should be raised. Unfortunately, the number of traffic accidents is on the rise. Echidna's favorite food is ants and termites.
4. Write a receipt for receiving radio equipment from the office
I, full name, received radio equipment from the office. I guarantee to return it in good condition.
Date and signature.
Ticket number 3.
1. Language as a system: language units (meaning, specificity, functions), language levels, language relations.
Language units:
A) Lexeme - a unit of the content plan, the sound shell of the word, opposes the sememe - its content.
B) Phoneme - a unit of the sound structure of the language, represented by a number of positionally alternating sounds, which serves to identify and distinguish between significant units of the language (words, morphemes): mil - soap - pier - mule - mel - small.
B) phrase syntactic unit, formed by the combination of two or more significant words (words and word forms) on the basis of a subordinate grammatical connection - agreement, control or adjacency - and those relations that are generated by this connection.
D) Morpheme - the minimum sign, the lower unit of morphology. “A morpheme is one of the basic units of a language, often defined as a minimal sign, that is, such a unit in which a certain content (signified) is attached to a certain phonetic form (signifier) and which is not divided into simpler units of this kind.”
E) The word form is the upper unit of morphology. This word is in some grammatical form. Bilateral unit. It has some syntactic properties, i.e. the ability to combine with other word forms when building a phrase. The totality of syntactic characteristics is syntactic. Word form - special case a linguistic sign (a set consisting of signified, signifier, syntactics).
Language levels: syntactic, morphological, lexical, phonological, textual.
Language relations are those relationships that are found between tiers and categories, units and their parts.
2. Correct the mistakes made as a result of mixing paronyms. The scientist stood at the sources of rocket science. She came in a flowery dress. The traveler waited a long time for a place in the hotel. The artist won the appreciation of the audience. I was presented with a new apartment.
The scientist stood at the origins of rocket science. She came in a flowery dress. The businessman waited a long time for a place in a hotel. The artist won the recognition of the audience. They gave me a new apartment.
3. Form the forms of the Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Prepositional cases of cardinal numbers 14298.
R.p. Fourteen thousand two hundred ninety-eight, D.p. fourteen thousand two hundred ninety-eight
4. Insert the missing letters in the words: touch, create, worship, swimmer, illuminate, usurer, blotter, float, dawn, Rostislav, get wet (boots).
Ticket number 4.
1. Language and speech. Language functions. Functions of speech.
Language is a means and instrument of communication. Speech is a variable concept and depends on the state of the one who pronounces the words, on his level of upbringing, education, and so on. This is a process of communication and speech has the personality traits of the person who is its carrier.
Language functions are defined by their meaning for public life. Language performs the following functions: Communicative function Thought-forming function Cognitive (epistemological) function
Speech functions:
Communicative (referential) function Expressive (emotive) function Poetic (aesthetic) function Appellative (directive) function Phatic (contact-establishing) function Metalinguistic function
2.Practical lessons.
1. Arrange the stresses in the words. Dialogue, spark, pantry, ailment, parterre, overpass, foreshortening, carpenter, porcelain, Christian, exalted.
2. Explain the differences between the words, use them in sentences. Selected rice - qualifying round, logic calculator - a logical answer, a heroic deed - a heroic age, learn a lesson - master the area, a typical case - a standard contract.
3. Edit these proposals. The cleanliness of the streets as a whole did not progress from this. A very grandiose action is expected. All the children were terribly delighted with the new cartoon. Any person can be a little rude, although he must take care of himself.
The cleanliness of the streets has not improved. A grandiose action is expected. All the children were very happy with the new cartoon. Any person is sometimes rude, although he should take care of himself.
4. Using these words, write a short note in the newspaper: "I want to be such a teacher ..." The authority of the teacher, deep knowledge, morality, love, professionalism, culture of speech, improvement, theory and practice, impeccability in everyday life, intelligence, respect.
Ticket number 5
1. Literary language is a processed part of the national language, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form. A linguistic norm is a historically conditioned set of commonly used language means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. Types of language norms.
Orthoepic norms are a set of rules that establish a uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.
Lexical norms are rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.
Morphological norms These are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.
Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.
Stylistic norms are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the communication situation.
Spelling norms - rules for writing words
Punctuation rules - rules for punctuation marks.
2. Practical tasks.
1. Explain the meanings of words with different stresses, make phrases. Atlas of the world - a piece of atlas, one-day armor - steel armor, a new vision of an object - a girl vision, a woolen knitted (knitted sweater) - a bundle of firewood, sports clubs - puffs of smoke, sputum in the throat - sputum on the street.
2. Open the brackets by combining the words correctly. One, one (moment, moment), brown, brown (eyes, suit), heavy, heavy (backpack, punishment), true, real, genuine (friend, person, document, hunter, amethyst).
One moment, one moment; brown eye, brown suit; heavy backpack, heavy punishment; a true hunter, a true friend, a true document, a true amethyst, a true man.
3.Find mistakes, correct sentences. His nostalgia stuck and the call of business called. There were plenty of ordinary people and those passionately interested in the salon. Still, many spit on popularity. Parking of cars near the Printing House took place thanks to the decision of the administration. Only such a still life is suitable for such furniture.
His nostalgia overcame and the call of business called. In the salon, there were plenty of both ordinary people and those who were passionately interested in defiling. Many are still cold-blooded to popularity. Parking near the Press House was allowed, thanks to the consent of the administration. Only this style of decor is suitable for this furniture.
4.Compilation of business documentation: application (standardized form, details).
In the name of full name from full name STATEMENT. I ask you to provide me with an extraordinary paid leave from 04/15/2017. Date, signature.
Ticket number 6.
1. Oral and written speech, their specificity
-oral speech- speech sounding, pronounced. It is the primary form of the existence of language, a form opposed to writing. In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, oral speech not only outstrips written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual distribution, but also acquires such an important advantage as the instantaneous transmission of information;
- written language- this is speech depicted on paper (parchment, birch bark, stone, canvas, etc.) using graphic signs designed to indicate speech sounds. Written speech is a secondary, later in time form of the existence of a language, opposed to oral speech.
A number of psychological and situational differences stand out between oral and written speech:
in oral speech, the speaker and the listener see each other, which allows, depending on the reaction of the interlocutor, to change the content of the conversation. In written speech, this possibility is not available: the writer can only mentally imagine a potential reader;
oral speech is designed for auditory perception, written - for visual. The literal reproduction of oral speech, as a rule,
it is possible only with the help of special technical devices, while in written speech the reader has the opportunity to repeatedly re-read what is written, as well as the writer himself - to repeatedly improve what is written;
3) written speech makes communication precise, fixed. It connects the communication of people of the past, present and future, acts as the basis of business communication and scientific activity, oral speech is often distinguished by inaccuracy, incompleteness, the transfer of a general meaning.
Thus, there are both similarities and differences in oral and written speech. The similarities are based on the fact that the basis of both types of speech is the literary language, and the differences lie in the means of its expression.
2. Practical tasks.
1. Explain the meanings of words, make phrases: sharpness (joke) - sharpness (something very spicy from dishes), laurel (wreath, award) - bay (leaf, seasoning), Coal (stone to heat the stove) - coal (designation of corners geometric shapes), characteristic (strong-willed) - characteristic (typical), linguistic (barrier, for example, to speak different languages) - languages \u200b\u200bOi (verbal, verbal),
2. In what phrases the lexical compatibility of words is violated. A living corpse (a corpse cannot be alive), three only daughters (three daughters), an ordinary miracle (a miracle is already unusual in itself), the obvious is incredible, lean on your back (lean on your back), a terrible beauty (a very beautiful girl), terrible interesting book(a very interesting book), an excellent villain (notorious villain), break a glass vase (break a glass vase).
3. Edit the sentences. There is a tremendous improvement in living conditions. Records continue. Suddenly she noticed that a cat was walking along the corridor on tiptoe.
There is a significant improvement in life. Record breaking continues. Suddenly she noticed that a cat was walking quietly along the corridor.
4. Form the forms of the Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Prepositional cases of the cardinal number 765.
Genitive seven hundred sixty-five, Genitive seven hundred sixty-five, Prepositional about seven hundred sixty-five.
Ticket number 7
1. The main aspects of the culture of speech: normative, communicative, ethical; their brief description.
Regulatory aspect culture of speech is based on the definition of the concept of "norm" as the leading concept of speech and language culture.
The norm is a complex of the most convenient language means for the daily maintenance of a particular society. This complex has developed as a result of the selection of lexical, syntactic, morphological, and other elements.
Ethical aspect culture of speech implies the ability to choose the right words in a particular situation. This requires knowledge of etiquette, the norms of a culture of behavior, because they are the basis for the correct choice of words. The ethical aspect, unlike the normative one, is subject to situationality. For example, verbal formulas (farewell, greeting, invitation, etc.), appeal, some other components of speech depend on the participants in the communication, their age, nationality, relationships and other factors.
Communicative aspect K.R. implies mastery of all functional varieties of the language.
An educated person, depending on the situation, must possess expressive colloquial speech, communicate in a scientific or business style, be able to convey their thoughts in an official business language, know and be able to correctly use the expressive means of fiction in their own speech.
2. Practical tasks.
1. Explain the meanings of words, make up phrases: Inclined to science (inclination towards something) - maple bush is inclined (tilt), cowardly to accept the fight (to be afraid) - jogging in the park (jogging), vicious circle (closed) - vicious barn (locked), critical Feedback (opinion) - feedback from the employer (answer from someone), the sky will clear up (weather phenomenon) - the situation will clear up (it will become more understandable), transitional age (from one state of the body to another) - transitional element (auxiliary, connecting).
2. Explain the differences between the words, use them in sentences. Fearfully - fearfully, condemn - discuss, color - color, intolerant - intolerable, ignorant - ignorant.
Fearfully, timidly, not boldly. Scary - scary, scary. Living on the ocean is scary. Walking down a dark alley is timid. Condemn - issue a verdict, discuss - discuss. He was sentenced to 5 years in a strict regime prison. Today we discussed the topic of spring weather.
3.Correct the sentences. The viewer began to "change" the blue screen. A forest of hands went up in the vote. Work began with the first kochet. The wipe remained in the coat pocket. This film is badly staged. Kuprin is an amazing writer of his time. Good students always do their homework.
The viewer stopped watching TV. When voting, everyone voted unanimously. Work began in the early morning. The handkerchief remained in the coat pocket. This movie is stupidly staged. Kuprin Good students constantly do their homework.
4. Form the forms of the Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Prepositional cases of the cardinal number 543.
Genitive - five hundred and forty-three, Instrumental - five hundred and forty-three, Prepositional - about five hundred and forty-three.
Examination ticket number 8
1 Accentology. Accentological norm of the language, stress variants.
Accentology is a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress. Accentological norms are the norms of stress. Stress in Russian is free, which distinguishes it from some other languages in which stress is assigned to a particular syllable. Stress in Russian is mobile and fixed. If in various forms words stress falls on the same part, then such stress is motionless (shore, save, save, save, save, save - the stress is assigned to the ending). An accent that changes its place in different forms of the same word is called mobile (right, right, right, I can, you can, can).
2. Practical tasks.
1. Place the stresses in the words: unrestrained, kitchen, invaluable, confession, long-standing, sparkling, meager, foolish, contract.
2. Explain the differences between paronyms, use them in sentences. Fact (evidence) - factor (reason), well-fed (not hungry) - satisfying (nutritious), whole (not broken) - whole (single), business trip (ticket, everything related to a business trip) - seconded (person, employee ), subscriber (in telephony) - subscription (ticket, deal), problematic (involving a problem) - problematic (unlikely, doubtful).
3. Find speech errors correct the sentences. The kids are doing well in class. Yesterday I was on duty in the student canteen. Yesterday it rained, but today the day is warm and bright. Book delivery delayed school library.
In the classroom, the children have exemplary behavior. Yesterday I was on duty in the canteen. Yesterday it was raining, but today is a warm and bright day. The delivery of books to the school library was delayed.
4. Give examples of everyday emotionally colored vocabulary (at least 5 words).
Blond, shake out, crash, scatter, dodger.
Give examples of borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian (at least 5 words).
General, captain, algebra, optics, ray.