International status of the modern Russian language. Literary language is a written form of the existence of a language, which is characterized by processing and the presence of strict norms. Language situation in the post-Soviet space

Russian language is the language of the Russian nation. Nation ( lat. tribe, people) - a historically established community of people based on a common territory, economic ties, literary language, cultural characteristics and character.

According to the 1993 Constitution, the Russian language is official language RF, i.e. it is a means of interethnic communication of many peoples of our country. The bulk of people who speak Russian live in Russia - 143.7 million. About 90 million speak Russian in the territory of the CIS countries. This means that now about 250 million people speak Russian to some extent, and many of them consider it their native language (163 million). (Data from the 1989 census.)

Russian is an international language, one of the six UN languages. ranked by prevalence fifth place in the world(the first is Chinese (1 billion), the second is English, the third is Hindi and Urdu, the fourth is Spanish).

Among the huge number of languages known in the world, Russian stands out for the presence of its own specific linguistic features - phonetic, grammatical, lexico-semantic. They determine the national specifics of the Russian language and make it one of the most difficult in terms of learning, and for native speakers they create certain difficulties in learning foreign languages.

Phonetic features Russian language: Russian language consonant, because consonants predominate. It is predominantly anterior lingual, characterized by active articulation, mobile stress and rich intonation, conveying all the nuances of meaning, emotions and the state of a person.

Vocabulary our language is characterized richness, expressiveness (transmission of the subtlest shades of state, emotions) and openness, which are expressed in a constantly renewing, developing character, unlike grammar, which is more conservative and much less subject to change.

Speaking of syntax(studies the structure of coherent speech), we note: the Russian language is distinguished by a well-known freedom to choose word order. But according to general rules the arrangement of words, parts of a sentence has not formal but meaningful character.

2. Comparative characteristics of the concepts of "language" and "speech".

3. Comparative characteristics of oral and writing.

4. Definition of the concepts of "speech communication" and "speech situation".

5. Characteristics of the concept of "speech culture".

4. Systemic language. Language levels. Language units. Relations between linguistic units.

1. It is known that the main means of communication in human society is an language. Traditionally, the characteristic of any natural language is given through its opposition speeches. This means that the concepts of "language" and "speech", although they represent a single phenomenon, are far from identical: each of them has its own specific features that allow them to be clearly distinguished.

What are these features and what is the relationship between these concepts in terms of their place in the communication process?

First, let's try to define the essence language. Primarily language is special sign system, the code by which a person determines his place in the world. People, receiving and processing information about objects and phenomena of reality, operate with linguistic signs, the totality of which denotes certain concepts.

The main sign used to encode information about the world is the word. It cannot be replaced by anything. Let us recall the fantastic Gulliver's Travels, in which the famous English writer D. Swift satirically depicts his contemporary society. In one of the episodes, Gulliver finds himself at the Lagado Academy among the scientists of the flying island. A “scientific” project is being developed in the school of linguistics, which requires the complete abolition of all words in the name of “health and saving time”: each spoken word, according to the author of the project, is associated with wear and tear on the lungs and, therefore, leads to a reduction in people's lives. Since words are the names of things, the author of the project considers it more convenient and expedient to carry with us things that are necessary to express our thoughts and desires. The only disadvantage of the new way of expressing thoughts, Swift ironically notes, is that for a lengthy conversation you will have to carry large bundles of things on your shoulders. Gulliver was surprised to observe the local "wise men" who were exhausted under the weight of the burden. Meeting on the street, they took off the bags from their shoulders, untied them and got out the things necessary for the conversation, then put their utensils, helped each other to put the load on their shoulders, said goodbye and dispersed.

Another striking example. Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez in the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude told about how people, having lost their memory as a result of an illness, could not name an object and did not understand what it was and why it was needed. When one of the characters noticed that he had difficulty remembering the names of familiar things, he attached stickers to them, for example, “clock”, “table”, “door”, “wall”, “bed”. On the neck of the cow he hung a plaque with the inscription: "This is a cow, it must be milked every morning to have milk, and milk must be boiled with coffee to make coffee with milk."

Thus, the word as a language code is connected with our knowledge of the world, thoughts and feelings, with our life experience and is therefore able to “replace” those things that we are talking about. The word and language as a whole is the most subtle tool for expressing thoughts and the most perfect means of communication.

Moreover, language is system(from Greek. systema - something made up of parts). And if this is so, then all its constituent parts should not be a random set of elements, but some sort of ordered set of them.

What is the systemic nature of the language? First of all, the fact that the language has a hierarchical organization, in other words, it distinguishes various levels(from lowest to highest), each of which corresponds to a certain linguistic unit.

Usually there are the following levels of the language system: phonemic, morphemic, lexical and syntactic. Let us name and characterize the language units corresponding to them.

Phoneme- the simplest unit, indivisible and insignificant, serving to distinguish between minimal meaningful units (morphemes and words). For example: P ort - b ort, st about l - st at l.

Morpheme- the minimum significant unit that is not used independently (prefix, root, suffix, ending).

Word (lexeme)- a unit that serves to name objects, processes, phenomena, signs or points to them. This is the minimum nominative(named) unit language, consisting of morphemes.

The syntactic level corresponds to two language units: a phrase and a sentence.

phrase is a combination of two or more words between which there is a semantic and / or grammatical connection. A phrase, like a word, is a nominative unit.

Offer– main syntactic unit, which contains a message about something, a question, or a prompt. This unit is characterized by semantic formality and completeness. In contrast to the word - the nominative unit - it is communicative unit, as it serves to convey information in the process of communication.

Between the units of the language system, certain relations. Let's talk about them in more detail. The "mechanism" of the language is based on the fact that each language unit is included in two intersecting rows. One row, linear, horizontal, we directly observe in the text: this syntagmatic line, where units of the same level are combined (from the Greek. syntagma - something connected). At the same time, lower-level units serve as building material for higher-level units.

An example of syntagmatic relations is the compatibility of sounds: [high Moscow]; grammatical compatibility of words and morphemes: play football, play the violin; blue ball, blue notebook, under+windows+nickname; lexical compatibility: desk, work at the table, mahogany table -"piece of furniture" plentiful table, dietary table - food, food, passport office, information desk"department in the institution" and other types of relations of language units.

The second row is non-linear, vertical, not given in direct observation. This is paradigmatic series, i.e. a given unit and other units of the same level associated with it by one or another association - formal, meaningful similarity, opposition and other relationships (from the Greek. paradeigma - example, sample).

The simplest example paradigmatic relations is a paradigm (sample) of the declension or conjugation of the word: house, ~ a, ~ at ...; I'm coming, ~eat, ~et... Paradigms form interrelated meanings of the same polysemantic word ( table– 1. piece of furniture; 2. food, nutrition; 3. department in the institution); synonymous rows (cold-blooded, restrained, imperturbable, balanced, calm); antonymic pairs (wide - narrow, open - close); units of the same class (verbs of movement, kinship designations, tree names, etc.), etc.

It follows from the foregoing that linguistic units are stored in our linguistic consciousness not in isolation, but as interconnected elements of a kind of "blocks" - paradigms. The use of these units in speech is determined by their internal properties, by the place this or that unit occupies among other units of this class. Such storage of "linguistic material" is convenient and economical. AT Everyday life we usually don't notice any paradigms. Nevertheless, they are one of the foundations of knowledge of the language. After all, it is no coincidence that when a student makes a mistake, the teacher asks him to decline or conjugate this or that word, form the necessary form, clarify the meaning, choose the most appropriate word from the synonymic series, in other words, turn to the paradigm.

So, the consistency of the language is manifested in its level organization, the existence of various language units that are in certain relationships with each other.

What is speech and how does this concept relate to the concept of language? Note that speech is the use of linguistic means and rules in the process of communication. Therefore, speech can be defined as the implementation (functioning) of a language.

Now, based on a general idea, we will try to analyze the main distinctive features these two concepts.

1) If language as any system is formal and abstract, then speech material and concrete, since it is perceived acoustically (oral speech) or visually (written speech).

2) Language has a level (hierarchical) organization (from lowest to highest), while speech is inherently linear, it is a "horizontal" sequence of words.

3) B language how the system maintains the separation of words (which is reflected in various types of dictionaries), speech tends to combine words in the text.

4) Language is the property of the whole society, which means that by its nature it is objective, while speech always personal and therefore subjective.

5) Language relatively stable, static and in this sense invariant. Speech- active and dynamic, it is peculiar to her high degree variability.

6) If language in general does not depend on the situation of communication, then speech always situational and contextually conditioned.

The conclusion is quite obvious: the concepts of "language" and "speech" are related as general and particular. The general (language) is expressed in the particular (speech), while the particular (speech) is a form of embodiment of the general (language).

In the end, it should be noted that language is impossible without speech, and vice versa, speech is necessary condition the existence of a language. Let us confirm this with a simple argument. Imagine that we have learned the name of a certain language that no one currently speaks and there is not a single written monument in this language. Can we claim that given language exist? Of course no. On the other hand, hearing an unordered, meaningless set of sounds, an incoherent set of words, one cannot say with certainty that this is an oral implementation of any language.

3. We have established that speech is material: it is perceived visually or acoustically. This means that speech exists in two forms: in sign, or written, and sound, or oral.

written and oral forms of speech have their own specifics, their structural and stylistic features.

main function writing- fixation of oral speech in order to preserve it in space and time. A letter serves as a means of communication when direct communication, i.e. oral speech is not possible. Main property writing- the ability to store information for a long time.

In terms of authorship, oral speech predominantly dialogic, written, on the contrary, is monologue. Unlike oral speech written speech unfolds not in time, but in static space. The complexity of written speech is that it is impossible to ask again, there is no direct feedback, the addressee is only supposed to be the writer, hence the expression of expression, the author's attitude - only through the selection of language means, only through their certain organization. However, a certain delay in time and the absence of a direct interlocutor make it possible for the writer to think over his work, return to it again, rebuild or refine it, and find a form more suitable for it. In turn, the reader (or addressee) can also turn to what is written more than once in order to comprehend it, being able to look through the eyes of one or another passage of a written work. It is no coincidence that written speech is characterized by a detailed character. It is always a strictly assigned speech. It is usually distinguished by the use of complex syntactic constructions, involved and participle turns, complex prepositions, introductory words and qualifying expressions.

Oral speech- this is a living speech that is created at the moment of speaking, perhaps spontaneously, in front of everyone. This is the spoken word. In the 1920s, there was even the Institute of the Living Word. The complexity of oral speech lies in its openness: even prepared oral speech does not exclude improvisation (quick reaction from the interlocutor). Oral speech is characterized by a relative predetermined presentation. Expression can be expressed using non-verbal means: voice timbre, intonation, facial expressions, gestures. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by a curtailed character in terms of the use of grammatical means, which is almost unacceptable in written speech.

Written speech- mostly book talk. Like a book speech, it serves the socio-political, official business, scientific sphere communication, and is also implemented in all its diversity in fiction. Oral speech is predominantly colloquial, i.e. more connected with the social sphere of communication.

However, it should be noted that in general written speech, and oral is built according to the norms of the literary language and their violation is unacceptable. And written speech, and oral characterized by regulation and a certain stereotype. For example, there is no need to reinvent greeting formulas every time, all that constitutes speech etiquette. But each form of speech has its own characteristics. Yes, normalization oral speech implies adherence to strict orthoepic norms, which is explained by its sound nature. And the iconic nature writing requires adherence to spelling and punctuation standards.

Let's do conclusion. Comparison of oral and written speech allows us to identify the peculiarity of their nature, the difference in functioning, character traits. We made sure that oral and written speech differ not only in the mode of existence (sounds-signs), in purpose, but also in authorship (one or two direct participants), in terms of preparedness, time limitations, verbal-non-verbalness, deployment, the degree of assignment, regulation and the nature of normalization.

The current position of the Russian language in the world community is, in general, average. On the one hand, Russian is an international language; it is studied in a considerable number of far-abroad countries. It would seem that everything is fine, because the language of international communication is always prestigious, and therefore its status is high. However, there is a second side - the status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space. The authorities are trying to deprive the Russian language (and hence the Russian people!) of all rights. Schools teaching in Russian are being closed, the amount of Russian literature being studied is being reduced. Russian population they are obliged to take an exam in the language of the country in which they live, in some countries applications and documents in Russian are not even accepted! This cannot but be alarming, because at all times the inhabitants of the neighboring states used the Russian language in all respects. This situation is alarming both for representatives and for the public at large. We also put forward a hypothesis about the level of awareness of the population in the field of the problems of the Russian language. That is why we decided to conduct a study on this issue.

Purpose: to investigate the status of the Russian language in modern world: in countries near and far abroad.

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1) Expand the concept of "state language" and characterize the Russian language as such;

2) To identify the features of the status of the Russian language in the former Soviet republics;

3) Through a sociological survey to find out the attitude of the city's residents to this problem;

4) Study the relevant literature and Internet data on this issue.

An object research work: the legal status of the Russian language.

Subject of research work: issues of the status of the Russian language and problems of its functioning.

We also put forward a hypothesis that must be confirmed or refuted as a result of the study:

1) The status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space is rather low;

2) The population of both the city of Nyagan, Russia as a whole, and the countries of the post-Soviet space, for the most part, is in favor of raising the status of the Russian language;

3) The population of the city of Nyagan is poorly informed about the problems of the Russian language and methods for their solution.

The value of research work is determined by its relevance. The results obtained can be used in the study of the Russian language course, directly in the practice of language communication, as well as to raise public awareness about the problems of the Russian language and methods for their solution, in particular about the federal program "Russian Language" (2006-2010). With the work done, I would like to raise the issue of the significance of the Russian language in the countries of the post-Soviet space.

Chapter 1. “Russian language as a state language Russian Federation and its legal status.

1. 1. The concept and features of the state language.

UNESCO experts in 1953 proposed to distinguish between the concepts of "state language" and "official language":

State language - a language that performs an integration function within the framework of a given state in the political, social and cultural spheres, acting as a symbol of this state.

Official language - language government controlled, legislation, judiciary.

1. 2. Legal status of the state language in the Russian Federation.

ABOUT THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS THE STATE LANGUAGE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

This Federal Law is aimed at ensuring the functioning of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as ensuring the right of citizens of the Russian Federation to use Russian as the state language of the Russian Federation.

Article 1. Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation. 1. The Russian language has the status of the state language throughout the Russian Federation.

2. The status of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation provides for the obligatory use of the Russian language in the areas defined by this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, its protection and support, as well as ensuring the rights of citizens to use Russian as the state language language of the Russian Federation.

Article 1. Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation

The legislation of the Russian Federation on the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the principles and norms of international law and consists of this Federal Law, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" (as amended on July 24, 1998) and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Article 2. The official status of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation

The Russian language, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory.

The establishment of the official status of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation does not infringe on the right of the peoples of the Russian Federation to use and develop other languages.

Propaganda of hostility and disrespect for the state language of the Russian Federation is unacceptable in the Russian Federation.

Thus, we see that the Russian language has the status of both the state and the official language, with the right of the population to use it. At the same time, the Russian language is not regulated as the only one, as stated in Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

1) The official language throughout the territory of the Russian Federation is the Russian language.

2) Republics have the right to establish their own state languages. In the organs state power, local self-government bodies, state institutions of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation.

3) The Russian Federation guarantees to all its peoples the right to preserve the conditions mother tongue, creating conditions for its study.

Chapter 2. “International language and its features. Trends in the spread of the Russian language.

2. 1 The concept of an international language.

International language (language of global importance) is a language that can be used for communication by a significant number of people around the world. The boundary between international languages and languages of interethnic communication is blurred. After World War II, English became the most widely spoken international language. International language can also mean artificial language, created for international communication, such as Esperanto.

Signs of an international language:

A large number of people consider this language to be their mother tongue;

Among those for whom this language is not native, there are a large number of people who speak it as a foreign or second language;

The language is spoken in many countries on several continents and in different cultural circles;

In many countries this language is studied at school as a foreign language;

This language is used as the official language international organizations, at international conferences and in large international firms.

Modern international languages are considered (in descending order of the total number of those who speak the language): Chinese, English, Russian

2. 2. The status of the Russian language in non-CIS countries.

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. According to estimates, the Russian language ranks third in the world in terms of the number of people who speak it, after Chinese and English. It is the official or working language in most authoritative international organizations (the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the World Health Organization).

AT general education schools Russian is studied in Germany (168 thousand), France (10 thousand), England (10 thousand), Austria (4 thousand). In Belgium, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, the Russian language is studied mainly in the system higher education.

In recent years, significant groups of former Soviet and Russian citizens have appeared in Germany, Spain, Greece, Portugal and Cyprus. In this regard, Russian language courses are being organized for workers in the service sector and the hotel business.

Russian is spoken by tens of thousands of Asian citizens who have received higher education in our country. The Russian language continues to be taught in the national education system in China, Mongolia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Vietnam, and more recently in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Israel also has a large Russian community, for which Russian is their native language. There is Russian-Hebrew bilingualism.

In most countries of the Asian continent, the Russian language is taught in separate cultural centers and in courses at Russian centers of science and culture.

In African countries, tens of thousands of graduates of Russian and Soviet universities and those who were trained by Russian specialists at cooperation sites speak Russian. In Egypt, Mali, and Senegal, the Russian language is taught in separate schools, lyceums, and universities.

In the countries of the Americas, there are two rather large groups of the population that speak Russian: immigrants from Russian Empire, USSR, Russia and the CIS and specialists trained in Soviet or Russian universities. AT North America more than 1.5 million people live. people who consider Russian as their native language. In Latin American countries, Russian is primarily spoken by graduates of Soviet and Russian universities, as well as by the Russian-speaking diaspora. A significant number of Cubans speak Russian.

At present, almost 2 million people are covered by various forms of studying the Russian language in far abroad countries. Human.

Chapter 3. “Language of interethnic communication, national minorities. Status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space.

3. 1. Language of interethnic communication, national minorities.

The language of interethnic communication is an intermediary language used by the peoples of a multinational state for mutual communication, for example, the Russian language as a means of communication in Russia. Unlike international, it is used within one state.

National minority, or ethnic minority - representatives of an ethnic group living on the territory of a state, who are its citizens, but do not belong to the indigenous nationality and are aware of themselves as a national community.

3. 2. The status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space.

The Russian language found itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication. The Russian language is used in various spheres of life, the majority of the population of the countries is still quite fluent in it. On the other hand, there is a process of destruction of the Russian-speaking space, the consequences of which are felt at the present time. Opportunities to receive education in Russian are shrinking; in general education and vocational schools where education is conducted in the language of the titular nations, less and less attention is being paid to it.

Azerbaijan. The status of the Russian language is not defined, however, in fact, the Russian language performs the function of a language of interethnic communication.

Armenia. The status of the Russian language is not defined. The 1993 Language Law guarantees the "free use of national minority languages". In 1998, Armenia approved the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.

In Armenia, 95% of the population recognizes Armenian as their mother tongue. But the Constitution and legislation ensure the right of national minorities to have schools with their native language of instruction. The ratification by Armenia of the Council of Europe Charter on National Minority and Regional Languages will further expand the scope of their linguistic rights.

Belarus. The status of the Russian language is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994, where it is recognized as a state language along with Belarusian.

Article 11 union treaty Russia and Belarus provides that the official languages of the union state are the state languages of the participating states without prejudice to the constitutional status of their state languages.

Georgia. The status of the Russian language is not defined, while Georgia approved the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. In Abkhazia (which is considered part of Georgia by the Georgian authorities and the international community), Russian is the "language of 'state' and other institutions", and in South Ossetia (also considered by the Georgian authorities and the international community as part of Georgia), Russian is the official language.

The Russian Drama Theater named after A. S. Griboyedov, founded in 1932, operates in Tbilisi.

Kazakhstan. In 1997, the law "On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted, which emphasized that the Russian language could "officially be used on a par with Kazakh in government organizations and self-government bodies.

However, an active reduction of secondary education institutions with the Russian language of instruction continues in the republic.

Latvia. According to Article 5 of the 1999 Law on the State Language, all languages other than Latvian are considered foreign. Therefore, since the entry into force of the law in 2000 government agencies do not accept documents and applications in Russian, and do not provide information in it, except in special cases. The law regulates the use of the state language even in the sphere of private entrepreneurship, which gives rise to discrimination against national minorities in the sphere of business.

In the private sphere, the Russian language is common, often required of persons applying for a job.

The number and proportion of students in Russian schools in Latvia is declining, although, according to Latvian researcher Nil Muižnieks, only five percent of Russian parents are ready to send their children to Latvian schools. In many regions of Latvia, all Russian schools are closed.

As of 2008, four nationwide daily newspapers are published in Russian in Latvia (“Vesti Segodnya” (former “SM-today”), “Telegraph”, “Business & Baltiya” and “Chas”), as well as the local edition of “Sport- Express” and the free Riga daily newspaper “5 min”.

Article 62 of the 1995 Law on Radio and Television restricts broadcasting in minority languages on state radio and television: it prohibits it on the first channels, and sets a maximum of 20% on the second. Before the decision of the Constitutional Court in 2003, according to the statement of the deputies of the party “For Human Rights in a United Latvia”, private radio and TV did not have the right to broadcast in minority languages more than 25% of the time. In 2007, according to the National Radio and Television Council, 31% of radio broadcasts and 25.9% of television broadcasts were in Russian.

Lithuania. Law of January 31, 1995 "On the State Language" established the rules for the use of the Lithuanian language, as the only state language, in the public sphere and public life. The Russian language is not used in state structures, as well as in relations between commercial and other structures operating on the territory of the republic. Administrative penalties apply for non-compliance with the law.

Moldova. The Constitution defines the right to the functioning and development of the Russian language and is regulated by the Law on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Republic of Moldova, adopted in 1994. The law guarantees "the right of citizens to pre-school, general secondary, secondary technical and higher education in Russian and to use it in relations with the authorities." There is a discussion in the country about giving the Russian language the status of a state language in the state order.

The official languages on the territory of Gagauzia (an autonomy within Moldova) are Moldovan, Gagauz and Russian, and in the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (PMR) they are Russian, Moldovan and Ukrainian.

Tajikistan. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan of 1994, the Russian language has the status of a language of interethnic communication.

Turkmenistan. The status of the Russian language is not defined, until 1996, in accordance with the 1990 law “on language”, the Russian language had the status of a language of interethnic communication.

In terms of Russian language proficiency, Turkmenistan occupied one of the leading places in the former Soviet Union.

Since February 2001, teaching in all universities of the country has been conducted exclusively in the Turkmen language. Almost all departments of the Russian language and literature have been liquidated, and teachers have been fired. The system of advanced training courses for school teachers of the Russian language has been cancelled. Outside of schools and universities, the Russian language is not studied. There are no Russian language courses for adults. All Russian-speakers who have not passed certification in the state language are fired from the civil service, primarily from the education, healthcare, law enforcement agencies, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the media, banking structures, etc. All Russian-Turkmen schools have been converted into Turkmen, the faculties of Russian philology have been closed in Turkmen state university and pedagogical schools.

To date, there is only one daily print organ published in Russian - the newspaper "Neutral Turkmenistan" with a circulation of about 16,000 copies. In Turkmenistan, newspapers and magazines from Russia and the CIS countries are not available for retail sale. Subscription to them for most residents of the country is not available due to the high price. The publication of literature in Russian has been discontinued. Stores of Russian books are closed en masse.

Almost all Russian-language theaters are closed, except for the oldest in Central Asia Russian Drama Theatre. A. S. Pushkin in Ashgabat and several amateur theaters in regional centers. On the Turkmen television channel in Russian there is only a 15-minute information program news.

Despite the significant number of ethnic Russians living in Turkmenistan, as well as the fact that about 70% of the Turkmen intelligentsia received education in Russian universities, it is forbidden by law to create organizations of the Russian community, associations of graduates of Soviet and Russian universities and other associations in the country.

Uzbekistan. The status of the Russian language is not defined. In the wording of the law "on the state language" until 1995, the Russian language had the status of a language of interethnic communication. In fact, it performs the function of the language of interethnic communication.

In legal terms, the Russian language in Uzbekistan is equated to other national languages, which is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Law "On the state language of the Republic of Uzbekistan" in the following wording: "Giving the Uzbek language the status of a state language does not infringe on the constitutional rights of nations and nationalities living in the territory of the republic in the use of one's native language". The new Law "On the State Language of the Republic of Uzbekistan", adopted on December 21, 1995, does not say anything about the Russian language, and its functioning, like other national languages, is determined by the conditions of compact residence of speakers of these languages. The Law "On the state language of the Republic of Uzbekistan" does not specify the language of interethnic communication, but only provides the right to choose: "Citizens have the right to choose the language of interethnic communication at their discretion." The Russian language in Uzbekistan, in terms of its social activity, is in second place in the language hierarchy after the Uzbek language. "The Russian language has no rights, but is in demand" - Y. Podporenko.

In schools with a non-Russian language of instruction, the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian as a second (foreign) language was reduced, the level of its assimilation decreased significantly, especially in schools in rural areas where there is no Russian language environment, methodological training of teachers is not up to the mark, insufficient provision with textbooks and teaching aids. If in textbooks and educational anthologies in the Russian language published before 1995, students got acquainted with brief biographical sketches about Russian writers, with some of their works, then in publications recent years the names of Russian writers, and even more so their works, have been abbreviated, giving way to the works of Uzbek writers translated into Russian. In universities, the number of specialties in Russian has significantly decreased. In addition to everything, the transition of the Uzbek language from Cyrillic to Latin should be considered a new inhibitory condition, which has become an additional difficulty for schoolchildren in learning the Russian language.

There is a decline in scientific and scientific-methodical work in the field of Russian linguistics and methods of teaching the Russian language. Weakened interest in the Russian language as an independent object of study. At the scientific conferences held, the Russian language was considered when discussing other foreign languages.

The Russian language began to be used less often in the design of texts for signboards, announcements, price tags and other visual and oral information. Names of streets, squares, names of cities, settlements and various geographical objects are issued only on Uzbek, and when duplicating text, preference is given to English language, and not Russian, as was the case in the past.

Ukraine. The Russian language in Ukraine has a complex or several statuses at once (that is, one does not exclude the other): national minority - according to the Constitution of Ukraine, which guarantees "the free development, use and protection of Russian, other languages of national minorities of Ukraine" (Article 10); interethnic communication - according to the law "on languages in the Ukrainian SSR", according to which the Russian language is the language of "interethnic communication of the peoples of the Union of the SSR."

In the Southeast, Russian is practically the main language of communication, while stable bilingualism prevails in the Center. Western regions are Ukrainian-speaking.

Pursuing a policy of Ukrainization contradicts the provision guaranteed by the Constitution on the “free development, use and protection” of the Russian language.

Despite the fact that half of the population of Ukraine considers Russian as their native language, Russian is not a subject in a significant part of schools. This contradicts Article 27 of the Law of Ukraine "On Languages", which states that "the study of Ukrainian and Russian languages in all general education schools is mandatory." The works of such writers as Gogol, etc. are studied in Ukraine as foreign literature.

At home Ukrainian language overloaded with Russisms, and the Russian language is saturated with Ukrainianisms, as a result of which one can observe such a phenomenon as the “Ukrainian Russian language”.

Estonia. The status of the Russian language is not defined by the 1992 Estonian Constitution. According to the 1995 Law on Language, Russian has the status of a foreign language. Due to the fact that Estonia is a member of the European Union and recognizes all its fundamental legislative acts, including in the field of protecting the rights of national minorities, the Russian language is declared the language of a national minority.

However, after 1991, the Russian language in Estonia was deprived of official status, although in fact it continues to be widely used in everyday life, in the private, business and partly in the public sectors of the country. This situation is criticized at the national and international level. Thus, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Racism, Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia, Dudu Dien, advised Estonia to make Russian the second state language.

Local governments in which the majority language is Russian can ask the government to introduce Russian as a second language of office work, but the government did not agree to known requests for this.

Russian kindergartens are also undergoing Estonianization, in May 2008 a government program was adopted, according to which teaching of the Estonian language in them will begin at the age of three.

In schools with Russian as the language of instruction, Estonian is taught as a compulsory language. subject starting from 1st grade. The Estonian language exam at a school with instruction in Russian is mandatory for all graduates. Every new academic year one subject is added to the list of compulsory subjects in Estonian. The ultimate goal of the reform is to stop teaching in Russian in the classes of the gymnasium level - teaching in Russian will remain only in the basic school. The accelerated Estonianization of schools is stimulated financially.

The Russian language is widely represented in the information field of the country, although the current Estonian authorities interpret this situation as undesirable, and attempts are being made to replace the Russian language with English as the main means of international communication.

The narrowing of the scope of the Russian language not only deeply affects the interests of our compatriots who ended up abroad as a result of the collapse of the USSR, but also does not meet the national interests of the newly independent states. Also, many legal acts contradict the Hague (1996) and Oslo (1998), the recommendations of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National minorities and other international instruments. Such a language policy can cause serious difficulties in the development of Russia's mutual cooperation with countries former USSR.

Conclusion.

Summing up the results of the research work, it can be noted that the Russian language is the only one of the 12 leading world languages that has been steadily losing its position in all major regions of the world over the past 15 years, and this negative trend will continue in the next 20 years if appropriate measures are not taken. for the effective support of the Russian language and culture within the country, in the near and far abroad.

To increase the international prestige of the Russian language and spread the sphere of informational and cultural influence of the Russian Federation abroad, the efforts of both the state and public organizations are needed, that is, the use of the potential of the public in conjunction with managerial resources.

The narrowing of the scope of the use of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication can lead to disunity between the population of Russia and the states of the world community, in particular in the post-Soviet space. At the same time, a decrease in the level of knowledge of the Russian language entails a loss of interest in Russian culture in the world, as well as in the problems of the Russian language in the state.

At the same time, it must be stated that the attitude towards the Russian language and its status are necessary conditions for the political, social and spiritual development of Russia.

Undoubtedly, it is necessary to continue comprehensive research on legal status of the Russian language and draw attention to its problems, which will become a stable support in the implementation of the Federal Target Program "Russian Language" (2006-2010).

The results of our sociological survey showed (in the course of the study 100 people were interviewed) that the attitude of the population of the city of Nyagan to the downgrading of the status of the Russian language in the world community is negative, that is, the respondents are interested in raising the status of the Russian language - giving it the status of a state or language of interethnic communication.

At the same time, the population is poorly informed about the problems of the Russian language in Russia and the measures taken to solve them, which makes us think about their effectiveness.

At the end of last year, the UN announced that they were going to deprive the artificial Russian surzhik of the status of the official and working language of the organization, and thus it would no longer be considered an international language.

As Jim Noland, of the Harvard Linguistic Research Group, which advised the UN on the subject, explains, Russian became the working language of the UN only under pressure from the Stalinist USSR during the formation of the organization. In fact, he never deserved such a status.

The situation was more or less understandable as long as there was an axis of evil - the so-called "Eastern bloc", in whose countries, under the compulsion of Nazi Moscow, they studied the Russian language. Now the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, once occupied by the USSR, no longer pay attention to the study of the Russian language. Even in Bulgaria and Serbia - traditionally the most pro-Russian countries in Europe - today there are no government programs learning this sham and poor language.

Young people even in the countries of the former USSR know less and less Russian and more and more - English. Somehow Russian still survives in Ukraine, but not for long, because Russian-Ukrainian war dealt a crushing blow to the fascist "Russian world".

Thus, in 5 years, only former project"RF", which will soon disintegrate, Belarus and partly Kazakhstan. And that doesn't sound like a reason to keep Russian as the working language of the UN, says Jim Noland. Therefore, already now the organization plans to cancel part of the provisions of the charter that establish the status of languages.

The place of Russian in the system of official and working languages of the UN bodies can be taken by Portuguese and Bengali or Esperanto.

The Russian language is dying out - it can be excluded from the list of world languages

Among the dying languages of the world, there are thousands of languages of the planet.

Ivanova Kristina

Target: to explore the status of the Russian language in the modern world - in the countries of near and far abroad.

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1) to reveal the concept of "state language" and characterize the Russian language as such;

2) to identify the features of the status of the Russian language in the former Soviet republics;

3) through a sociological survey to find out the attitude of the inhabitants of the village to this problem;

4) study the relevant literature and Internet data on the issue.

An object research work: the legal status of the Russian language.

Thing research work: issues of the status of the Russian language and problems of its functioning.

We also put forward hypothesis: the status of the Russian language in the countries of the near abroad in general is extremely low, the population is practically not informed about the activities of the Russian Federation aimed at raising the status of the Russian language.

The value of research work is determined by its relevance. The results obtained can be used in the study of the Russian language course, directly in the practice of language communication, as well as to raise public awareness about the problems of the Russian language and methods for their solution.

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..8-9
Main part………………………………………………………………….10-20

Chapter 1. "Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation" ... 10-11

The concept and features of the state language.
Legal status of the state language in the Russian Federation.

Chapter 2

The concept of an international language
The status of the Russian language in non-CIS countries

Chapter 3. “Status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space”…………14-20

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………21
List of used literature………………………………………..22
Appendix I…………………………………………………………………23

Annex II………………………………………………………………..24

Appendix III………………………………………………………………25-26 Introduction.

The current position of the Russian language in the world community is average. On the one hand, Russian is an international language; it is studied in a considerable number of far-abroad countries. It would seem that everything is fine, because the language of international communication is always prestigious, and therefore its status is high. However, there is a second side - the status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space.An example of this is the Stavropol region, wherethe authorities are trying to deprive the Russian language (and hence the Russian people!) of all rights. Schools teaching in Russian are being closed, the amount of Russian literature being studied is being reduced. The Russian population is obliged to take an exam in the language of the country in which they live, in some countries applications and documents in Russian are not even accepted! This cannot but be alarming, because at all times the inhabitants of the neighboring states used the Russian language in all respects.Now the Slavic population is even forced to leave the post-Soviet space. Only in the Stavropol Territory since 2011, 1,600 people have left the territory.This situation is worrisome for linguists and the public in general.I also thought about whatthe level of awareness of the population in the field of problems of the Russian languageand what is being done to enhance its prestige.That is why I decided to conduct research on this topic.

Target : to explore the status of the Russian language in the modern world - in the countries of near and far abroad.

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks :

reveal the concept of "state language" and characterize the Russian language as such;
identify the features of the status of the Russian language in the former Soviet republics;
through a sociological survey to find out the attitude of the inhabitants of the village to this problem;
study the relevant literature and Internet data on the issueincreasing the prestige of the Russian language and spreading the sphere of informational and cultural influence of the Russian Federation .

An object research work: the legal status of the Russian language.

Thing research work: issues of the status of the Russian language and problems of its functioning.

We also put forward hypothesis : the status of the Russian language in the countries of the near abroad in general is extremely low, the population is practically not informed about the activities of the Russian Federation aimed at raising the status of the Russian language.

Chapter 1 . "Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation and its legal status".

1.1. The concept and features of the state language.

UNESCO experts in 1953 proposed to distinguish between the concepts"official language" and "official language":

Official language- a language that performs an integration function within the framework of a given state in the political, social and cultural spheres, acting as a symbol of this state.

Official language- the language of public administration, legislation, legal proceedings.

1.2. Legal status of the state language in the Russian Federation.

Article 1. Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation.

1. The Russian language has the status of the state language throughout the Russian Federation.

Article 2. The official status of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation

The Russian language, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory.

The establishment of the official status of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation does not infringe on the right of the peoples of the Russian Federation to use and develop other languages.
Propaganda of hostility and disrespect for the state language of the Russian Federation is unacceptable in the Russian Federation.

The official language throughout the territory of the Russian Federation is Russian.
Republics have the right to establish their own state languages. In public authorities, local governments, state institutions of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation.
The Russian Federation guarantees to all its peoples the right to preserve the conditions of their native language and create conditions for its study.

Chapter 2 . “International language and its features. Trends in the spread of the Russian language.

2.1 The concept of an international language.

International language (language of world significance)- a language that can be used for communication by a significant number of people around the world. The boundary between international languages and languages of interethnic communication is blurred. After World War II, English became the most widely spoken international language. An international language can also mean an artificial language created for international communication, such as Esperanto.

Signs of an international language:

A large number of people consider this language to be their mother tongue;
Among those for whom this language is not native, there are a large number of people who speak it as a foreign or second language;
The language is spoken in many countries on several continents and in different cultural circles;
In many countries this language is studied at school as a foreign language;
This language is used as an official language by international organizations, at international conferences and in large international firms.

Modern international languages are considered (in descending order of common

number of speakers): Chinese, English, Russian

2.2.Status of the Russian language in non-CIS countries.

In general education schools, the Russian language is studied in Germany (168 thousand), France (10 thousand), England (10 thousand), Austria (4 thousand). In Belgium, Ireland, Iceland, Spain Russian is studied mainly in the system of higher education.

In recent years in Germany, Spain, Greece, Portugal and Cyprus there were significant groups of former Soviet and Russian citizens. In this regard, Russian language courses are being organized for workers in the service sector and the hotel business.

Tens of thousands of citizens speak Russian Asia who have received higher education in our country. The Russian language continues to be taught in the national education system in China, Mongolia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Vietnam , more recently in Indonesia and the Philippines.

In Israel also formed a large Russian community, for which the Russian language is native. There is Russian-Hebrew bilingualism.

In most countriesAsian continentRussian is taught in separate cultural centers and in courses at Russian centers of science and culture.

In African countries Russian is spoken by tens of thousands of graduates of Russian and Soviet universities and those who were trained by Russian specialists at cooperation sites. AT Egypt, Mali, Senegal Russian is taught in separate schools, lyceums and universities.

In America There are two fairly large groups of the population who speak Russian: immigrants from the Russian Empire, the USSR, Russia and the CIS and specialists trained in Soviet or Russian universities. ATNorth Americamore than 1.5 million people live. people who consider Russian as their native language. In countriesLatin AmericaRussian is primarily spoken by graduates of Soviet and Russian universities, as well as by the Russian-speaking diaspora. A significant number of residents Cuba speaks Russian.

At present, almost 2 million people are covered by various forms of studying the Russian language in far abroad countries. Human.

Chapter 3 . “Language of interethnic communication, national minorities. Status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space.

3.1. Language of interethnic communication, national minorities.

An intermediary language used by the peoples of a multinational state for mutual communication, for example, Russian as a means of communication in Russia. Unlike international, it is used within one state.

National minority or ethnic minority- representatives of an ethnic group living on the territory of a state, who are its citizens, but do not belong to the indigenous nationality and are aware of themselves as a national community.

3.2. The status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space.

Azerbaijan. Despite the fact that 70% of the population still speaks Russian to some extent, it has been transferred to the category of foreign languages. All signs on state institutions are now written in Azerbaijani and English, and in educational plans Russian is included only as an optional subject, optional in national schools, even as foreign language(although until recently it was studied in almost every school).

Armenia. The status of the Russian language - foreign . Only children of ethnic Russians (of which there are less than 9 thousand people left in the country) have the right to study in Russian. 95% of the population recognize Armenian as their mother tongue.

Belarus. The status of the Russian language is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994, where it is recognized as a state language along with Belarusian.It still dominates the Belarusian media, 75% of children study in Russian-language schools, and in universities the share of subjects taught in Russian is at least 90%.

Georgia. The status of the Russian language - foreign , while Georgia approved the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. In Abkhazia (which is considered part of Georgia by the Georgian authorities and the international community), Russian is the "language of 'state' and other institutions", and in South Ossetia (also considered by the Georgian authorities and the international community as part of Georgia), Russian is the official language.

During the armed conflict in South Ossetia and Abkhazia in 2008, television broadcasting in Russian was stopped in Georgia (but later partially restored); at the same time, the screening of films in Russian in cinemas was stopped.From September 1, 2005, teaching in secondary schools should be carried out only in Georgian, so the existence of Russian-language schools and classes will, to a certain extent, contradict national legislation (in the republic itself, the number of remaining Russian children school age no more than 7,000 people, while four out of every five students in the 55 still existing Russian-language schools are from Georgian families).Nevertheless, the Russian Drama Theater named after A. S. Griboyedov, founded in 1932, operates in Tbilisi.

However, an active reduction of secondary education institutions with the Russian language of instruction continues in the republic.And office work in a number of regions of the country has already been fully translated into Kazakh.

Kyrgyzstan. The Russian language has the status of an official language in accordance with Article 5 of the 2007 Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic and the 2000 Law on the Official (Russian) Language of the Kyrgyz Republic. The language is declared official in state authorities and local self-government(despite this, during the years of independence, the number of the Russian-speaking population in the republic has halved and continues to decrease).

Latvia. According to Article 5 of the 1999 Law on the State Language, all languages other than Latvian are considered foreign. Therefore, since the entry into force of the law in 2000, state institutions do not accept documents and applications in Russian, and do not provide information in it, except in specially specified cases. The law regulates the use of the state language even in the sphere of private entrepreneurship, which gives rise to discrimination against national minorities in the sphere of business.

Lithuania. Law of January 31, 1995 "On the State Language" established the rules for the use of the Lithuanian language, as the only state language, in the state sphere and public life. The Russian language is not used in state structures, as well as in relations between commercial and other structures operating on the territory of the republic. Administrative penalties apply for non-compliance with the law.

Tajikistan. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan of 1994, the Russian language has the status of a language of interethnic communication.But according to the census in 1989, 36.4% of the population of the republic called Russian their native or second language, and in 2000 - only 20.1%, while the number of ethnic Russians in Tajikistan has decreased over the past 15 years by 10 times.

Turkmenistan.

Since February 2001, teaching in all universities of the country has been conducted exclusively in the Turkmen language. Almost all departments of the Russian language and literature have been liquidated, and teachers have been fired. The system of advanced training courses for school teachers of the Russian language has been cancelled. Outside of schools and universities, the Russian language is not studied. There are no Russian language courses for adults. All Russian-speakers who have not passed certification in the state language are fired from the civil service, primarily from education, healthcare, law enforcement agencies, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the media, banking structures, etc. All Russian-Turkmen schools have been converted into Turkmen ones, the faculties of Russian philology at the Turkmen State University and pedagogical schools have been closed.

Uzbekistan. In the wording of the law "on the state language" until 1995, the Russian language had the status of a language of interethnic communication.

However in schools with a non-Russian language of instruction, the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian as a second (foreign) language was reduced, the level of its assimilation has significantly decreased, especially in schools in rural areas where there is no Russian language environment, methodological training of teaching staff is not up to the mark, insufficient provision with textbooks and teaching aids. If in textbooks and educational anthologies on the Russian language published before 1995, students got acquainted with brief biographical sketches about Russian writers, with some of their works, then in the publications of recent years, the names of Russian writers, and even more so their works, have been abbreviated, giving way to the works of Uzbek writers translated into Russian. In universities, the number of specialties in Russian has significantly decreased. In addition to everything, the transition of the Uzbek language from Cyrillic to Latin should be considered a new inhibitory condition, which has become an additional difficulty for schoolchildren in learning the Russian language.

The Russian language began to be used less often in the design of texts for signboards, announcements, price tags and other visual and oral information. The names of streets, squares, names of cities, settlements and various geographical objects are drawn up only in Uzbek, and when duplicating the text, preference is given to English rather than Russian, as was the case in the past.

Pursuing a policy of Ukrainization contradicts the provision guaranteed by the Constitution on the “free development, use and protection” of the Russian language.

Despite the fact that half of the population of Ukraine considers Russian as their native language, Russian is not a subject in a significant part of schools. This contradicts Article 27 of the Law of Ukraine "On Languages", which states that "the study of Ukrainian and Russian languages in all general education schools is mandatory." Artworks Russians writers in Ukraine are studied as foreign literature.

In everyday life, the Ukrainian language is overloaded with Russianisms, and the Russian language is saturated with Ukrainianisms, as a result of which one can observe such a phenomenon as the “Ukrainian Russian language”.

Estonia. According to the 1995 Law on Language, Russian has the status of a foreign language.

Russian kindergartens are undergoing Estonianization; in May 2008, a government program was adopted, according to which teaching of the Estonian language in them will begin at the age of three.

In schools with Russian as the language of instruction, Estonian is taught as a compulsory subject starting from the 1st grade.The Estonian language exam at a school with instruction in Russian is mandatory for all graduates. Each new academic year, one subject is added to the list of compulsory subjects in Estonian. The ultimate goal of the reform is to stop teaching in Russian in the classes of the gymnasium level - teaching in Russian will remain only in the basic school. The accelerated Estonianization of schools is stimulated financially.

Conclusion.

Summing up the results of the research work, it can be noted that the Russian language is the only one of the 12 leading world languages that has been steadily losing its position in all major regions of the world over the past 15 years, and this negative trend will continue in the next 20 years if appropriate measures are not taken. measures to effectively support the Russian language and culture within the country, in the near and far abroad.

At the same time, it must be stated that the attitude towards the Russian language and its status are necessary conditions for the political, social and spiritual development of Russia.

Undoubtedly, it is required to continue comprehensive research on the legal status of the Russian language and draw attention to its problems.

The results of our sociological survey showed (during the study, 100 people were interviewed) that the attitude of the population of the village of Selenginsk to the lowering of the status of the Russian language in the world community is negative, that is, the respondents are interested in raising the status of the Russian language - giving it the status of a state or language of interethnic communication . (See Appendix II, III)

At the same time, the population is poorly informed about the problems of the Russian language in Russia and the measures taken to solve them, which makes us think about their effectiveness.

So, for example, the population of the village is poorly informed about the Day of the Russian Language in the country (June 6). I would like to draw attention to this mass event as one of the ways to increase the prestige of the Russian language. Such an organization of this holiday is possible ...

List of used literature

Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. Resolution of the UN General Assembly No. 47/35 of December 18, 1992 // Current international law: 3 volumes. - M., 1996. - V.2 - S. 90-94.
Constitution of the Russian Federation // Moscow, 2001
Assessment of Soviet education: a view from abroad // public education. – 2003. - №1330.
Law and national language: regulation of language relations in the Russian Federation. - M., 1996.
Tadevosyan, E. V. What is the state language? / RAN. Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradov. - M., 1989.
Linguistic problems of the Russian Federation and laws on laws / otv. Ed. T. B. Kryuchkova. - M., 1994.
www.demoscope.ru
www.en.wikipedia.org
www.rg.ru
www.gramota.ru

Annex I

The country	Official language	Status of the Russian language	Law on the status of the Russian language
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani	foreign
Armenia	Armenian	foreign	Not legally regulated
Belarus	Belarusian, Russian	official language	1995 referendum
Georgia	Georgian	foreign	Not legally regulated
Kazakhstan	Kazakh	official language
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyz		Constitution, February 2003
Latvia	Latvian	foreign	Not legally regulated
Lithuania	Lithuanian	foreign	Not legally regulated
Moldova	Moldavian	official language, lingua franca	Not legally regulated
Tajikistan	Tajik	lingua franca	Constitution
Turkmenistan	Turkmen	lingua franca	Constitution and Language Act 1990
Uzbekistan	Uzbek		Not legally regulated
Ukraine	Ukrainian	minority language	Law on the Ratification of the European Charter, June 2003
Estonia	Estonian	foreign	Not legally regulated
Russia	Russian	official language	Constitution of the Russian Federation

Buryats

Azerbaijanis

Armenian

2. Mother tongue

Russian

National language

3. Attitude towards the infringement of the rights of the Russian language in some countries of the post-Soviet space

negative - the status of the language should be raised (accept Russian as the official language)

Loyal - the status of the Russian language should be left unchanged (not given official status, used as a language of national minorities or as a language of interethnic communication)

indifferent

4. Awareness about the Day of the Russian Language

high (informed about the Day of the Russian Language)

Low ("heard something")

Complete lack of information(didn't know anything about this event)

Characteristics of the concept of modern Russian literary language.

Language– sign system used in society in obtaining information and exchanging it. Language is not a phenomenon of nature, it arises precisely in society. Arises spontaneously, gradually turns into a self-organizing system, which is designed to fulfill certain functions:

1. Cognitive, or cognitive, thus, language is the most important means of obtaining new knowledge about reality.

2. Communicative, as language is the most important means of human communication, 3. Emotional and motivating called not only express the attitude of the author of the speech to its content, but also have an impact on the listener, reader, interlocutor. It is realized in the means of evaluation, intonation, exclamation, interjections.

4. M thought-forming.

5. A cumulative – the function of storing and transmitting knowledge about reality. In written records, oral folk art the life of a people, nation, the history of native speakers is recorded.

6. F atic (contact-setting) function - the function of creating and maintaining contact between interlocutors (greeting formulas at a meeting and parting, exchange of remarks about the weather, etc.). The content and form of phatic communication depend on gender, age, social status, interlocutor relationships, but in general they are standard and minimally informative. Phatic communication helps to overcome lack of communication skills, disunity;

7. K onative function - the function of assimilation of information by the addressee, associated with empathy .

8. A pellative function - the function of calling, inducing to certain actions.

9.E static function - aesthetic impact function(speech can be perceived as something beautiful or ugly, i.e. as an aesthetic object).

10.M e-linguistic function (speech commentary) - the function of interpreting linguistic facts. This function is implemented in all oral and written statements about the language - in lessons and lectures, in dictionaries, educational and scientific literature about the language.

Modern language interpreted in the narrow sense as the language of the late XX - early XXI century and in a broad sense- as a language from the time of Pushkin to the present day.

Literary language- this is a written form of the existence of a language, which is characterized by processing and the presence of strict norms.

Literary language perceived by us as exemplary. It's language works of art, schools, universities, this is the language of official television broadcasting, this is the language of state and business communication. Literary language is different from non-literary: vernacular, dialects, jargons, which are varieties of the national language, used primarily in oral form.

Under vernacular is understood as a variety of a language that does not obey general rules and is not territorially limited (go, want, trifles, lay down).Dialect- a type of language characteristic of a certain territory. It retains its phonetic, grammatical and lexical features. For example, in the southern regions they say little blue, and according to the literary norm, this word sounds like eggplant . Jargon- a type of speech characteristic of a certain social group people who are united by occupation, profession, common interests.

Unlike non-literary language literary- this is a nationwide form of the existence of a language that does not have territorial or social restrictions, used both in oral and written speech.

Speech etiquette. Speech culture. Patterns of development of the modern Russian literary language.

Speech etiquette- a set of language rules, formulas used in different situations communication with specific intentions: to express greetings, farewells, requests, apologies, thanks, congratulations, etc., which are also a feature of each language. For example, the degree of politeness or attitude towards beauty, which in different cultures have different means of expression. Until recently, contact-establishing questions: How are you?, How are you? could turn into a significant part of the conversation for a Russian person, although in other languages they are of an etiquette, formal nature.

speech culture- an integral component of the overall national culture . W patterns of development of the modern Russian language as a cultural phenomenon are manifested in some trends that we observe in the process of communication: 1) the desire to reduce, save, simplify the language means used; 2) general liberalization of the language. That is, there is an interaction of different styles, and there is a convergence of different forms of existence of the language. According to Academician V.G. Kostomarov, liberalization modern Russian literary language is manifested in the following:

1) in the expansion of the semantic volume of words: network, arrow … ;

2) in the revival of obsolete words: governor, gentlemen, tutor… ;

3) in the appearance of neoplasms, in the creation of new words: perestroika, shadow...;

4) in broad borrowing associated with new objects or phenomena of reality: , privatization, scanner ... ;

5) in the revival of confessional vocabulary: patriarch, temple, hajj, mass… .

Language development is influenced by factors as:

1) socio-political changes, democratization of society;

2) development of science and culture;

3) territorial changes and changes in the circle of native speakers;

4) educational activities and media activities.

The status of the modern Russian literary language. Features of the Russian language.

According to the 1993 Constitution, Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation, i.e. it is a means of interethnic communication of many peoples of our country. The bulk of people who speak Russian live in Russia - 143.7 million. About 90 million speak Russian in the territory of the CIS countries. This means that now about 250 million people speak Russian to some extent, and many of them consider it their native language (163 million). (Data from the 1989 census.)

2. Comparative characteristics of the concepts of "language" and "speech".

3. Comparative characteristics of oral and written speech.

4. Definition of the concepts of "speech communication" and "speech situation".

5. Characteristics of the concept of "speech culture".

4. Systemic language. Language levels. Language units. Relations between linguistic units.

1. It is known that the main means of communication in human society is language. Traditionally, the characteristic of any natural language is given through its opposition speeches. This means that the concepts of "language" and "speech", although they represent a single phenomenon, are far from identical: each of them has its own specific features that allow them to be clearly distinguished.

What are these features and what is the relationship between these concepts in terms of their place in the communication process?

First, let's try to define the essence language. Primarily language is a special sign system, a code by which a person determines his place in the world. People, receiving and processing information about objects and phenomena of reality, operate with linguistic signs, the totality of which denotes certain concepts.

Usually there are the following levels of the language system: phonemic, morphemic, lexical and syntactic. Let us name and characterize the language units corresponding to them.

Phoneme- the simplest unit, indivisible and insignificant, serving to distinguish between minimal meaningful units (morphemes and words). For example: P ort - b ort, st about l - st at l.

Morpheme- the minimum significant unit that is not used independently (prefix, root, suffix, ending).

Word (lexeme)- a unit that serves to name objects, processes, phenomena, signs or points to them. This is the minimum nominative(named) unit language, consisting of morphemes.

The syntactic level corresponds to two language units: a phrase and a sentence.

phrase is a combination of two or more words between which there is a semantic and / or grammatical connection. A phrase, like a word, is a nominative unit.

Offer- the main syntactic unit that contains a message about something, a question or a prompt. This unit is characterized by semantic formality and completeness. In contrast to the word - the nominative unit - it is communicative unit, as it serves to convey information in the process of communication.

The simplest example of paradigmatic relations is the paradigm (sample) of the declension or conjugation of a word: house, ~ a, ~ at ...; I'm coming, ~eat, ~et... Paradigms form interrelated meanings of the same polysemantic word ( table– 1. piece of furniture; 2. food, nutrition; 3. department in the institution); synonymous rows (cold-blooded, restrained, imperturbable, balanced, calm); antonymic pairs (wide - narrow, open - close); units of the same class (verbs of movement, kinship designations, tree names, etc.), etc.

It follows from the foregoing that linguistic units are stored in our linguistic consciousness not in isolation, but as interconnected elements of a kind of "blocks" - paradigms. The use of these units in speech is determined by their internal properties, by the place this or that unit occupies among other units of this class. Such storage of "linguistic material" is convenient and economical. In everyday life, we usually do not notice any paradigms. Nevertheless, they are one of the foundations of knowledge of the language. After all, it is no coincidence that when a student makes a mistake, the teacher asks him to decline or conjugate this or that word, form the necessary form, clarify the meaning, choose the most appropriate word from the synonymic series, in other words, turn to the paradigm.

So, the consistency of the language is manifested in its level organization, the existence of various language units that are in certain relationships with each other.

2. What is speech How does this concept relate to the concept language? Note that speech is the use of language means and rules in the process of communication. So speech can be defined as implementation (functioning) of the language.

Now, based on a general idea, we will try to analyze the main distinguishing features of these two concepts.

1) If language as any system is formal and abstract, then speech material and concrete, since it is perceived acoustically (oral speech) or visually (written speech).

2) Language has a level (hierarchical) organization (from lowest to highest), while speech is inherently linear, it is a "horizontal" sequence of words.

3) B language how the system maintains the separation of words (which is reflected in various types of dictionaries), speech tends to combine words in the text.

4) Language is the property of the whole society, which means that by its nature it is objective, while speech always personal and therefore subjective.

5) Language relatively stable, static and in this sense invariant. Speech- active and dynamic, it is characterized by a high degree of variability.

6) If language in general does not depend on the situation of communication, then speech always situational and contextually conditioned.

In the end, it should be noted that language is impossible without speech, and vice versa, speech is a necessary condition for the existence of language. Let us confirm this with a simple argument. Imagine that we have learned the name of a certain language that no one currently speaks and there is not a single written monument in this language. Can we say that this language exists? Of course no. On the other hand, hearing an unordered, meaningless set of sounds, an incoherent set of words, one cannot say with certainty that this is an oral implementation of any language.

3. We have established that speech is material: it is perceived visually or acoustically. This means that speech exists in two forms: in sign, or written, and sound, or oral.

written and oral forms of speech have their own specifics, their structural and stylistic features.

In terms of authorship, oral speech predominantly dialogic, written, on the contrary, is monologue. Unlike oral speech written speech unfolds not in time, but in static space. The complexity of written speech is that it is impossible to ask again, there is no direct feedback, the addressee is only supposed to be the writer, hence the expression of expression, the author's attitude - only through the selection of language means, only through their certain organization. However, a certain delay in time and the absence of a direct interlocutor make it possible for the writer to think over his work, return to it again, rebuild or refine it, and find a form more suitable for it. In turn, the reader (or addressee) can also turn to what is written more than once in order to comprehend it, being able to look through the eyes of one or another passage of a written work. It is no coincidence that written speech is characterized by a detailed character. It is always a strictly assigned speech. It, as a rule, is distinguished by the use of complex syntactic constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, complex prepositions, introductory words and clarifying expressions.

Written speech- mostly book talk. As a book speech, it serves the socio-political, official business, scientific spheres of communication, and is also implemented in all its diversity in fiction. Oral speech is predominantly colloquial, i.e. more connected with the social sphere of communication.

Let's do conclusion. Comparison of oral and written speech makes it possible to reveal the peculiarity of their nature, the difference in functioning, and characteristic features. We made sure that oral and written speech differ not only in the mode of existence (sounds-signs), in purpose, but also in authorship (one or two direct participants), in terms of preparedness, time limitations, verbal-non-verbalness, deployment, the degree of assignment, regulation and the nature of normalization.

4. So, in a general comparison of language and speech, we found out that speech is active in nature. It is generated and perceived in the process verbal communication, communication.

According to the accepted definition, verbal communication, i.e. communication(lat. I make common) is a specific form of interaction between people in the process of their cognitive and labor activity with the help of linguistic means.

the main objective speech communication- obtaining information, its awareness and understanding, as well as its exchange. In addition, in the process of contact, empathy arises, mutual influence is manifested. Communication is usually aimed at performing socially significant tasks. It plays a huge role in the life of a modern business person. There are statistics that 63% of English, 73% of American, 85% of Japanese managers highlight communication as the main condition for the success of their firms, and managers themselves spend 50 to 90% of their time on it.

The main functions of communication consider the following: informative, interactive (incentive), perceptual (establishment of mutual understanding), expressive (excitement of emotional experiences).

Communication through language is called verbal. But, as you know, communication can be non-verbal, i.e. carried out with the help of signs and symbols: gestures, facial expressions, posture, gaze, facial expressions, through special signals at a distance.

In this regard, the following facts are interesting: according to psychologists, in the process of communication, 55-65% of the information about what a person is, we receive through non-verbal means. Almost a million non-verbal means have been studied. Only with the help of hands a person can transmit 700,000 signals. A.P. Chekhov has a story built on the change of non-verbal signals (“Thick and Thin”);
L.N. Tolstoy described 97 shades of a smile, 85 eye expressions.

However, the subject of our analysis is everything related to the concepts language and speeches, so we are primarily interested in verbal communication, i.e. communication through the use of language. After all, it is through speech that language performs its main function - communicative.

Without verbal communication, personality formation is impossible, any kind of activity is impossible. Properly organized speech communication in modern conditions is the basis for the success of every person.

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry rightly believed that "the only true luxury is the luxury of human communication." We will try not to forget about this and will strive to ensure that our communication is meaningful and enjoyable.

As already said, speech always situational, out of the situation there is no speech. What is speech situation?

Speech situation understood as a set of speech and non-speech conditions in which the implementation of the language takes place.

At the same time, the speech situation always requires a strict selection of language means. In other words, a speech situation is one that suggests, causes a speech reaction (for example, a description of something or a message-narrative about an event).

Thus, it is the speech situation that determines the formation and development of speech activity, i.e. communication process.

5. It is known that in the course of any activity, including speech, certain behavior rules.

The set of rules of speech behavior is the basis human speech culture. Here it would be appropriate to recall the words of A.P. Chekhov: “For an intelligent person, it is as indecent to speak badly as not to be able to read and write.” Cicero on the same occasion noted the following: “The ability to speak correctly is not yet a merit, but inability is already a shame.”

By definition, E.N. Shiryaev, “the culture of speech is such a choice and organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks” . From this definition follow the main qualitative indicators of speech culture:

2) correctness and purity- knowledge and use of language means in accordance with established norms (rules);

3) accuracy and clarity- taking into account the meanings of words, the inadmissibility of ambiguity, as well as the need to know the addressee;

4) logic and conciseness- the sequence of presentation, the exclusion of redundant information;

5) expressiveness- the use of the most effective linguistic means of the language to achieve the goal in a particular situation of communication;

6) relevance- such an organization of language means that makes speech consistent with the goals and conditions of communication.

From here you can do conclusion that the culture of speech communication is determined by a clear understanding of the goals and objectives that arise in a particular speech situation, and the choice of the most effective language means for their implementation.

Questions for self-control:

1. What is the systemic nature of the language?

2. Why are language and speech concepts interconnected and interdependent? What are their similarities and differences?

3. What are the main features of oral and written speech?

4. What is the essence of verbal communication? What is a speech situation?

5. What signs may indicate the presence or absence of a speech culture?

FUNCTIONAL STYLES,

LISTENED SPEECH, GENRE

Plan

1. General characteristics of the concept of "functional style of speech" (definition, style-forming factors, sub-style and genre originality).

2. Features of the conversational style of speech.

3. Features of the literary and artistic style of speech.

4. Features of the public-journalistic style of speech.

5. Features of the scientific style of speech.

6. Features of the official business style of speech.

1. It is known that depending on the purpose of communication, the form of communication, the addressee, speech situations are grouped and correlated with a particular area. human activity, for example, educational, business, public, etc. In this sense, speech is also typified: some means of the language become preferable in situations of the business sphere of communication, others - in the scientific, etc.

This is how they are formed functional styles- varieties of literary language. The term "functional style" itself emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) that the language performs in each specific case. For example, for scientific article First of all, accuracy in the designation of concepts is important, and in fiction and journalism - emotionality, figurativeness of expression. At the same time, in each specific case, special language means are selected, and in some cases the method of presenting these means also matters.

Word style(gr. style) in ancient Greek meant a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. In the future, this word acquired the meaning of "handwriting", and later began to denote the manner, method, features of speech.

So under style in linguistics, it is customary to understand a variety of literary language that serves any side of social life, has a special sphere, a certain range of topics, is characterized by special conditions of communication. It is called functional, since it performs a certain function in society in each case.

The doctrine of styles goes back to M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: "... Russian language through the use of church books, according to decency, it has different degrees: high, mediocre and low. This comes from three kinds of sayings of the Russian language.

Functional style is created by a combination of neutral language means and special means used only in this style. Depending on the basis of classification, there are different kinds functional styles. The communicative and everyday function serves as the basis for the opposition colloquial styles to bookish styles. In turn, according to specific stylistic manifestations, in accordance with the spheres of social activity, specific book functional styles are distinguished. The traditional classification of styles can be represented as the following scheme:

Literary and artistic

Each functional style is a complex system, the features of which are manifested both in oral and written forms of its implementation (although to a different extent). At the same time, stylistic differences cover all language levels: pronunciation of words and stress, morphological means, lexical and phraseological composition, characteristic syntactic constructions.

In functional styles, as a rule, stand out substyles that meet the requirements of a particular type of activity. So, in the scientific style, the actual scientific substyle (academic sphere), scientific and technical (engineering sphere), educational and scientific (higher education) and other substyles are distinguished.

Note that the peculiarity of each style is not only the scope and purpose of communication, General requirements, communication conditions, but also genres in which it is implemented.

What is a genre? Let's define this concept. A genre is a specific type of text that retains the common features of a particular style (its dominant), but at the same time is characterized by special compositional speech structures and linguistic means.

For example, in the literary and artistic style, such genres as novel, short story, story, poem are distinguished; in a journalistic style - essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton; in official business - a statement, order, certificate, letter of guarantee; in scientific style - monograph, report, abstract, abstract, etc.

It is clear from the definition that each genre (speech work) requires its own linguistic means of expression and a special way of organizing them. At the same time, one must always remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, that the language means used belong to the style to which this or that genre belongs. Otherwise, this will lead to misinterpretation, ambiguity and will indicate a low level of speech culture.

Therefore, we can talk about the existence of the so-called style-forming factors, which are designed to set parameters for each functional style. In particular, this can be observed in the selection of linguistic means (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical) that form a certain system. This system is manifested in the interaction of neutral (common) units and special (stylistically colored). Note that style-forming factors have a strict hierarchy. Among them we single out three main ones: scope, purpose and mode of communication. It is they who determine the choice of the type of speech, its form, the way of presentation and the requirements of certain qualitative characteristics.

Thus, it is customary to distinguish between the following areas of communication: socio-political, scientific, legal, domestic, etc.

The purpose of communication can be not only the transfer of information, but also persuasion, prescription, aesthetic impact, establishing contact, etc.

Concerning way of communication, then, on the one hand, mass and personal methods are distinguished, and on the other, contact, non-contact and indirectly contact.

If the speaker or writer is well aware of the features of these factors, it will not be difficult for him to determine or choose a style.

Of course, in practice we often observe a mixture of styles. In a live speech stream, styles can interact. Especially often this takes place in the colloquial everyday style of speech. But in order to understand the degree of admissibility of using different manifestations of the language, you need to know well the norms and qualitative characteristics inherent in a particular style. It is for this purpose that we turn to a brief analysis of them.