: Republics of Komi, Tyva, Yakutia and Karelia, Nenets and Chukotka autonomous regions, Irkutsk, Murmansk, Magadan, Sakhalin and Arkhangelsk regions, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk and Kamchatka regions. The population of these territories is Russians, including Russians. However, according to the Unified List of Indigenous Minorities Russian Federation 2000, it is here that representatives of 40 ethnic groups live, who, despite integration into society modern Russia preserve their languages and original culture.
The Aleuts are natives of the Kamchatka Islands, the main place of residence is the village of Nikolskoye. The language is one of the Eskimo dialects, studied and used. The original beliefs - shamanism and - were supplanted by Orthodoxy in the 18th century.
Other peoples of Kamchatka: Itelmans, Koryaks, Evens, Ainu, Yukagirs, Eskimos, Chukchi.
The settlements of the Chukchi (Chukots) are located in various territories of the extreme North Asia of the Russian Federation, until now, many Chukchi lead a nomadic lifestyle. The center is the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (the city of Anadyr). They profess both and shamanism. Fishermen (whalers), hunters of wild animals and reindeer herders. The language is Chukchi, today it is studied and used in the means mass media. traditional dwelling- yaranga. The Chukchi, like some other peoples of the North, are not recommended to drink alcohol due to the instant formation of dependence due to genetic characteristics. In the USSR, it was forbidden to sell alcohol in areas inhabited by the Chukchi.
Khanty (Hanti, Khande) and Mansi are related peoples, descendants of the Finno-Ugric tribe, inhabiting mainly the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug of modern Russia. Both peoples have their own languages, which are alive and used in the media. There is an original system of myths, with the cult of the Great Bear and the tradition of deifying trees and plants. Traditional dwelling - chum. The Khanty had an interesting custom of "air burial": the body of the deceased was hung in the air, "light".
Saami (Saami, Laplanders) - live on the territory of different states (Finland, Norway), in Russia - mainly in the Murmansk region (the village of Lovozero). February 6 is the International Day of the Saami, the people have their own flag and anthem, a living language with many dialects. Religion is associated with belief in water spirits, which are subject to rivers and lakes, a man-deer, there are traditions of shamanism. However, the majority of Russian Saami adhere to Orthodox Christianity.
Nanais - in Russia they live mainly in the Khabarovsk Territory, where there is a Nanai district. A living language written in Cyrillic. A Nanai is a member of the Great Patriotic War, a popular singer in the USSR Cola Beldy, whose song about a reindeer ride in the early morning still sounds.
The Yakuts (Sakha) are a people who have made a great contribution to the development of science, culture, and sports in the USSR and Russia. Mine written language, own literature (most famous authors A.E. Kulakovsky, Sofronov A.I., Nikiforov V.V.). The ideas of the people about the surrounding world are reflected in the poetic epic - Olonkho, which is classified as a treasure of world folklore. Since ancient times, there has been a national sport - Yakut jumps: different kinds long jump on one or two legs.
Other ethnic groups of the Russian North: Alyutors, Veps, Dolgans, Kamchadals, Kets, Kumandins, Selkups, Soyots, Tazis, Telengits, Teleuts, To-Falars, Tubulars, Tuvans-Todzhans, Udeges, Ulchis, Chelkans, Chu-Vans, Chulyms, Shors , Evenks, Enets.
Russia is famous as a multinational state, more than 190 peoples live on the territory of the country. Most of them ended up in the Russian Federation peacefully, thanks to the annexation of new territories. Each nation is distinguished by its history, culture and heritage. Let us analyze in more detail the national composition of Russia, considering each ethnic group separately.
Large nationalities of Russia
Russians are the most numerous indigenous ethnic group living in Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equated to 133 million people, but some sources indicate a figure of up to 150 million. More than 110 (almost 79% of the total population of the country) millions of Russians live in the Russian Federation, most of the Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we consider the map of Russia, then the Russian people are distributed in large numbers throughout the entire territory of the state, living in every region of the country ...
Tatars, compared with Russians, make up only 3.7% of the total population of the country. The Tatar people have a population of 5.3 million people. This ethnic group lives throughout the country, the most densely populated city of Tatars is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most sparsely populated region is Ingushetia, where there are not even a thousand people from the Tatar people ...
The Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkirs is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of total number all residents of the Russian Federation. Of the one and a half million people, most (about 1 million) live on the territory of Bashkortostan. The rest of the Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries ...
Chuvash are indigenous people Chuvash Republic. Their number is 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition Russians. According to the census, about 880 thousand Chuvashs live on the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...
Chechens are a people who settled in the North Caucasus, Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia, the number of the Chechen people was 1.3 million people, but according to statistics, since 2015 the number of Chechens in the territory of the Russian Federation has increased to 1.4 million. This people makes up 1.01% of the total population of Russia ...
The Mordovian people have a population of about 800 thousand people (about 750 thousand), which is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, followed by the regions: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk. Least of all, this ethnic group lives in the Ivanovo and Omsk regions, and 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people will not gather there ...
The Udmurt people have a population of 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our vast Motherland. Most of the ethnic group lives in the Udmurt Republic, and the rest is dispersed in neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk region, Perm region, Kirov region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. A small part of the Udmurt people migrated to Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...
The Yakuts represent the indigenous population of Yakutia. Their number is equal to 480 thousand people - this is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up the majority of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. They also live in other regions of Russia, the most densely populated regions of the Yakuts are the Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky district ...
According to statistics available after the census, 460,000 Buryats live in Russia. This is 0.32% of the total number of Russians. Most of the Buryats (about 280 thousand people) live in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia live in other regions of Russia. The most densely populated territory by Buryats is the Irkutsk region (77 thousand) and Zabaykalsky Krai(73 thousand), and less populated - the Kamchatka Territory and the Kemerovo Region, you can’t find even 2,000 thousand Buryats there ...
The number of the Komi people living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For living, this people chose not only the Komi Republic, which is their immediate homeland, but also other regions of our vast country. The Komi people are found in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs ...
The people of Kalmykia are indigenous to the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared as a percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of these people, not counting Kalmykia, live in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions - about 7 thousand people. And least of all Kalmyks live in Chukotka autonomous region and the Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people ...
Altaians are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some of the population left historical territory habitat, now they live in Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The total number of the Altai people is 79 thousand people, in percentage - 0.06 of the total number of Russians ...
The Chukchi are a small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, the Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people make up 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. This people is scattered throughout Russia, but most of them settled in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region ...
These are the most common peoples that you can meet in the vastness of Mother Russia. However, the list is far from complete, because in our state there are peoples of other countries. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvans, Uzbeks, Spaniards, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups make up 0.01% of the total, but there are peoples with more than 0.5%.
You can continue endlessly, because the vast territory of the Russian Federation is capable of accommodating many peoples under one roof, both indigenous and those arriving from other countries and even continents.
The Russian North, Pomorie, or else - Dvinskoe Zavolochie, as it was called in the old days by the Novgorodians, the first Russian inhabitants of these places. Native, incomparable land of ancestors. The land of incredible open spaces, expanse and freedom (the north has never known either the Tatar-Mongol yoke or serfdom), the land of rare wealth and rare beauty of nature, which to this day has not lost the charm of primitive savagery. Northerners made and decorated their land, their land, won with great difficulty from the forest, from the swamps, from the sea. Marvelous in beauty throughout the world, stone and wooden churches, incomparable log houses - heroes, houses - fortresses with their indispensable wooden horse, a symbol of peasant happiness and prosperity. The Arkhangelsk North is a land of original, song, fabulous, epic. It is famous not only for its unique beauty of nature, but also for people - strong, courageous, filled with feelings of human dignity, nobility and kindness. The region is a treasury of folk culture and creativity.
Relevance of the excursion: a virtual tour promotes students' visual perception of cultural and historical objects of the Arkhangelsk region, acquaintance with their features, virtual visits to those places that they have not been to, but about the role that you need to know.
To begin with, we will consider who and at what time inhabited the Russian North, how the Pomeranian culture was formed, and then we will get acquainted with some centers of the cultural and historical heritage of the Russian North.
Since the XII century, the penetration of the Russian-speaking population began, first from the Novgorod region, then from the Upper Volga region to more northern regions. By the end of the 15th century, this penetration becomes migration in order to permanently populate new territories for the Russian people, covering a vast region up to the coast of the White Sea. As a result, the concept of "Russian North" begins to become an integral part of the national-geographical, and then the political concept of "Rus". In the process of mastering the vast regions of the North by the newcomer Russian population, a new symbiotic Pomeranian culture was formed based on the interaction of different cultural components that developed and came to the territory being developed at different times: Lappish (Saami) - no later than the Bronze Age, Finnish (at the turn of the new era), Karelian (at the turn of the I and II millennia AD), Russian - Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal (XIV - XVI centuries), Russian population of other regions of Russia (up to the XVIII century). 
The Pomeranian culture, different from the Russian culture of the central regions of Russia, fought to preserve its ethno-cultural self-identification - the preservation of basic spiritual values. This was one of the reasons for the archaization of the Pomeranian culture. The absence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and serfdom in the northern territories, as well as the harsh living conditions, led to the formation of a peculiar character of the local population: it was distinguished by self-esteem, independence, free-thinking, which also contributed to the consolidation of ancient Russian traditions in the culture of the region.
Pomors- the indigenous people of the Russian North, the descendants of the ancient Russian settlers who inhabited the southeastern coast of the White Sea (Winter and Summer coasts) from the 12th to the beginning of the 18th century. (3)
The well-known ethnographer, researcher of Pomorye T. A. Bershtam notes that: “The conditions of the circumpolar North are extremely difficult for life - a harsh climate, the need to adapt to new system economy and the natural environment, long-term separation of the male and female part of the population caused by seasonal fisheries, the change of periods of intensive activity and long forced inactivity in anticipation of a fish or an animal - all this led to a strict selection among the Pomeranian population. People of a certain type came here to settle, among whom far from all survived, adapted and left offspring. As a result, in late XVII I- early XIX centuries, that type of brave industrialist, navigator, discoverer, proud and free-spirited coast-dweller has developed, striking with his qualities everyone who came across him. ”(2)
What are the special features of the Pomor character identified by the researchers of the Russian North?
According to the ethnographer V. Nasonovsky, “ physical type The peasant of the Kholmogory district differs in many respects from the usual type of Great Russian in the rest of Russia. This is a tall, monumental, red-bearded blond with gray or blue eyes. A slight high cheekbones reveals the presence of Finnish blood. The gaze is clear and open, the movements are measured, confident and calm.”(4)
We find interesting observations about the special warehouse of the northerners in the geographical collection for reading in the family and school “Russia”, the author of which is S. Mech. “On the shores of the White Sea,” he wrote, “quite a few villages are scattered, inhabited by Pomors - real Russian people: broad-shouldered, iron health, fearless, accustomed to looking directly into the face of death. Pomeranian women are also distinguished by their courage, boldness, habit to the sea and its dangers.”
A. Mikhailov singled out precisely these qualities of the Pomors. “Despite the exclusive consumption of fish, and mostly salted, the population of the White Sea Territory is still a healthy, tall and extremely strong people. Sea trades, from which the majority feeds, doom the Pomor from childhood, to a difficult, full of dangers and hardships of various kinds of life, developing in him an extraordinary spirit of enterprise, combined with courage, amazing in the eyes of a person who grew up in a different life situation. )
Many researchers were struck by “a particularly sharp look from the depths and intelligent eyes that understand life and truth in their own way. The type is vital and, undoubtedly, speaks of the ancestors of the Novgorodians, who became stubborn and silent only in the North. : “This is not a man, but a prince. Neither the yoke of the Tatars, nor the yoke of serfdom, nor the yoke of specific bureaucracy distorted his soul. The main features of his character: independence, straightforwardness, consciousness of his own dignity, calm prudence, lack of talkativeness, which at first glance seems to be isolation; there are no signs of crafty cunning and servility in him, which are characteristic to a greater or lesser extent of the peasant of the rest of Russia in relation, for example, to bureaucratic people: with the latter, he is condescendingly delicate. The free, industrial and enterprising spirit of the Pomors, accustomed to relying on their knowledge, experience, skills more than on "God's will", supported in them a sense of dignity and the conviction that their land - Pomorie - was developed and arranged on its own. Pomor is attached to his homeland, loves her, “like an eternal nurse”, is pleased with his fate and is happy in his own way.
Thus, the enterprising, restless, rebellious spirit of the Russian settlers laid the foundation for a certain mental make-up, which as a result natural selection led to the consolidation of the necessary properties and personality traits: self-esteem, freedom of action, independence, a lively mind, restraint and the concept of one's own identity. The level of formation and development of special character traits of the Pomeranians directly influenced the process of education, the goals of education, which were indirectly formed through the same characteristic of the main character traits (positive qualities of a person, mental type of personality), that is, the education of industriousness and much more.
For the worldview, attitude and self-consciousness of a person representative of the region of the Russian North, it was traditional to perceive oneself as a bearer of primordially Russian culture, leading its origins from Novgorod Russia, a certain democracy in life relationships and love of freedom, associated with the awareness of one's strength and ability to exist in the harsh conditions of northern nature, far from the center of the state, a bright creative direction in folklore, art, religion, and practical life problems.
Pomors had their own “code” of human perfections, the so-called etiquette personality traits, which, ideally, a true Pomor should have. An analysis of the communicative behavior of the Pomors made it possible to identify the following etiquette qualities. These are: 1) honoring elders; 2) honoring a woman; 3) hospitality and generosity; 4) honesty and collectivism; 5) self-esteem; 6) goodwill and respect between family members and other people.
They have long been engaged in fishing, merchant shipping and shipbuilding. On sailing ships (kochs) they visited the polar lands and islands.
The way of life of the Pomors was in direct contact with their fishing activities. They were engaged in hunting, fishing, tar smoking, brewing, and salt extraction. The Pomors also mastered pottery, mastered arts and crafts (clay toys, bone carving, wood painting, and much more).
The cultural life of the Pomors was very rich. From time immemorial, many holidays have been observed in the North: Orthodox, agricultural, family. All of them were accompanied by various rituals, traditions, and beliefs. In the musical culture of the Pomors, an archaic manner of singing has been preserved, which has developed in church hymns with the introduction of Christianity in Russia: in one voice (regardless of the number of singers) and without musical accompaniment.
The Russian North is and with good reason is considered a unique treasury of peasant, seafaring, fishing, handicraft and cultural traditions. Attention to its history and culture increased significantly in the 19th century. Our region was an oasis where folk culture was preserved in a relatively uncomplicated, original form. Moreover, traditional forms of life (life style, rituals, crafts) were not only preserved here, the spirit of the archaic was preserved here - the bearers of culture could explain the meaning of these forms, their content, symbolism, while in other provinces such an understanding was largely lost. It was northern materials that repeatedly caused a sensation in the scientific world, changing many established ideas about folk culture. One of these sensations was the discovery by P. N. Rybnikov and A. F. Gilferding in the 70s of the XIX century in the Olonets province of a living epic epic. In the 1980s, materials brought by V. V. Suslov from an expedition to study the wooden architecture of the Arkhangelsk and Olonets provinces made a huge impact. At the beginning of the 20th century, N. E. Onchukov discovered the living existence of folk drama. The sensational discovery at the beginning of the 20th century by the public of Russia and Western Europe of the Russian icon was largely due to the clearing of northern icons, primarily those of Novgorod. Interest in the national tradition and folk culture attracted to the North not only the luminaries of Russian science, but also many artists and architects. Northern architecture was a creative impulse for the creation of a "neo-Russian style" in architecture. The unique crafts that existed in the North - Kholmogory bone carving, Veliky Ustyug blackening on silver, lace weaving, hand weaving, making birch bark utensils - spread throughout Russia.
So I would like to introduce you to the brightest places in our region.
One of these is called Pinega. 
This is one of the springs of the Russian North, which has retained the strength of Russian culture, the cultural roots of its ancestors. Pinezhye is the Russian North, where pilgrims still go with a restless soul to look at the origins of Russian culture, the heritage of their ancestors, and answer the question: who are we? where are we from?
Is it still possible to find such a place where the villages themselves are still open-air museums, where folk songs are sung from generation to generation, and grandmother's sundresses serve in their direct meaning, where the past and the present are intertwined so that it is eternally alive and united.
For centuries preserved and passed down from mouth to mouth - from grandmothers to grandchildren - epics and songs; a special Pinega dialect that has been preserved since the 12th century and has come down to us; moral principles - respect for the child and respect for the deceased; ancient traditions - from well-groomed graveyards to holidays by the whole village - whether it be patronal or folk - this is the spiritual force that unites and makes Pinezhans related.
Northern nature - with Epiphany frosts and summer heat - does not tolerate falsehood. Perhaps that is why there are worked-out simple men in past centuries huts; churches built by the will of the people without a single nail. And they stand on the highest beautiful banks of the Pinega as monuments of wooden architecture, reflected in its fast waters, they are like ships of the past, sailing in time. In the middle reaches of the Pinega River, on the right bank, upstream than the village of Kushkopala, there is the village of Verkola and stretched for almost 3 kilometers.
Another attraction of Verkola is the Archangel Monastery, in the past one of the most revered in the Russian North, the foundation of which was associated with the veneration of St. Artemy Verkolsky.
It is known that Artemy was the son of a junior cleric of the Verkolskaya church. The boy was born in 1520 and from childhood he was famous in his village for “meekness of temper and virtues, characteristic of years mature." One day, while working with his father in the field, he was caught in a severe thunderstorm and “lost his life from exhaustion and cold.” This happened on June 23, 1532, when Artemy was only 12 years old. The inhabitants of Verkola did not want to give him to the land, as they considered the death of the boy to be God's punishment for secret sins. For several years, his body lay unburied in the forest, fenced with logs and littered with branches. In 1577, the relics of the saint were found incorrupt and laid in the parish church of Verkolskaya, St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. In 1610, a service was compiled in honor of the righteous youth and his life.
After the Verkolsky St. Nicholas Church burned down in 1639, a chapel was built over the relics of Artemy. The locals venerated the relics, from which many received healing. Until the end of the 30s of the XVII century. the glory of the saint did not extend beyond Pinega. The situation changed in the middle of the 17th century. after the Resurrection-Kevrolsky monastery located in these places burned down. At that time, Verkola was already the center of a volost with a large population. The question of the possibility of establishing a monastery in it in honor of the locally revered saint was raised by the Kevrol governor Athanasius Pashkov. The reason for this was the miraculous healing of his son from the relics of Artemy, in gratitude for which, next to St. Nicholas Church, he built the Church of Artemy the Righteous, and near it - a fence and cells. At his request, two monks were sent here. In 1649 the monastery was officially established by the charter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Now the monastery is being restored.
I would like to tell you about one more monastery of Pinezhya - this is Krasnogorsk Bogoroditsky male cenobitic monastery, it was located on the right bank of the Pinega River, 195 versts from the city of Arkhangelsk, 16 versts from the village of Pinega, on the high Black Mountain (now Krasnaya Gorka).
The monastery was founded in 1606 by the Monk Macarius of Krasnogorsk and until the 1630s was called the Montenegrin Monastery. This monastery received the name Krasnogorsk from the beautiful view given to this place by the work of the monks. The good deed soon found support. Hegumen Varlaam and Hieromonk Macarius were joined by the wandering Moscow monk Jonah and his brethren. They began to clear the Black Mountain from the forest, and by the autumn of 1608 they erected the first wooden church, consecrating it in the name of the Most Holy Theotokos, her honest Praise. They bought four bells, which, for lack of a bell tower, were hung on two poles. Since 1629, a new period has begun in the history of the Krasnogorsk Monastery. The forest was replaced by meadows and arable land, several temples and cells, barns, mills and household yards were built.
Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, exiled to live in Pinega, especially liked to visit the Krasnogorsk Monastery. He was born in 1643. Under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, he held a number of government positions. July 7, 1682 the ruler of the Russian state as a result palace coup Sophia Alekseevna, the sister of Peter I, became the head of her government. The favorite of the princess was appointed Head of the Ambassadorial Department, Prince Golitsyn. But he did not hold a high position for long. On September 9, 1689, Prince Golitsyn was "resigned from all posts" by the young Peter I, deprived of all ranks and estates, and exiled to Kargopol with his wife and children, and then was transferred to Pinega. Prince Golitsyn died on April 21, 1714 and was buried in the Krasnogorsk Monastery. The grave is "on the south side, two arshins from the church, covered with a small slab."
In 1920, the Krasnogorsk Monastery was destroyed and closed. The same fate befell the books and church utensils that belonged to the monastery. The buildings of the monastery housed a commune, then a recreation camp for children. Until the 1990s, the psycho-neurological boarding school was located in the surviving monastery buildings. A couple of frescoes have been preserved in the church. Now the monastery is destroyed.
Sia. Anthony-Siya Monastery was founded in 1520 by St. Anthony on a small island in Lake Mikhailovsky, at the source of the Siya River (now the Kholmogory district of the Arkhangelsk region). According to its first and main temple, it bears the name - Holy Trinity Monastery.
In 1525 the monastery received a charter from Grand Duke Vasily, in 1543 Grand Duke Ivan Vasilievich granted the monks the surrounding lands with forest land and fishing, in 1545 - judicial and financial benefits. At that time the monastery had its courtyards in Kholmogory, Una and Nenoksa. In 1579, the monks owned a territory stretching "to Siya and Khorobritsa for 6 versts, to Yemtsa for 15 versts, and to Kargopol for 50 versts."
Already during the life of Anthony, the monastery began to turn into an influential church and administrative center of the Podvinya, well known in Moscow. In 1579, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich (son of Ivan IV) wrote one of the editions of the "Life of Anthony of Siy" ("Service to the miracle worker Anthony").
During the 37-year Abbess of Anthony, 3 wooden churches were built: the Life-Giving Trinity, the Annunciation and St. Sergius of Radonezh. By the end of the 17th century, a complex of stone buildings had developed.
In the 16-18 centuries. Anthony-Siya Monastery is the largest spiritual and cultural center of the Podvinya. Tradition in the monastery was the copying of books.
A huge archive was collected in the monastery, numbering over 20 thousand items of storage: hundreds, deposits, census, income and expenditure books, etc. Theodosius), a gift of 1628 from Patriarch Filaret - a precious chandelier. Many people made valuable contributions to the monastery, for example, the nobleman S. Rimarev made a contribution to the boyar I. M. Miloslavsky - a silver chalice (a bowl for communion, is now stored in the Arkhangelsk Regional Museum of Local Lore). Written documents preserved information about icon painters. The icon painter was the founder of the monastery, St. Anthony. Two abbots of the monastery - Abbot Theodosius and Archimandrite Nikodim, who lived in the 17th century, were icon painters. At the end of 16-17 centuries. there were icon-painting and engraving workshops in the monastery. Iconostases were designed by the royal icon painter Fyodor Zubov and the master from Solvychegodsk Vasily Kondakov. An outstanding monument of ancient Russian culture was created in the monastery - the Siysk icon-painting original with 500 images-drawings from icons of Western European engravings. In the 17th century, the monastery owned villages, arable land and mowing on the Dvina and Yemets, salmon tonyas in the White Sea region. Craftsmen lived in the monastery estates, crafts developed - salt, fishing, sea. The monastery had farmsteads in Moscow, Vologda, Arkhangelsk. At the turn of the 17-18 centuries. a two-story building of fraternal cells was erected.
From the middle of the 17th century the monastery had a small printing house. In the 18th century, with the beginning of the seizure of church lands (1764), the monastery fell into decay. In the 19th century, the abbots of the Anthony-Siya Monastery served as the rector of the Arkhangelsk Theological Seminary and were engaged in missionary activities. Archimandrite Veniamin enlightened the Samoyeds of the Arkhangelsk tundra. At the end of the 19th century, the Anthony-Siysky Monastery was a non-communal 2nd class, it received 1249 rubles from the treasury. 58 kop.
In 1920 the monks organized a labor commune; in the Church of the Annunciation, the Soviet authorities opened a children's colony. The monastery was closed by the decision of the Yemetsky Regional Executive Committee (06/12/1923) and the decision of the Presidium of the Arkhangelsk Regional Executive Committee (07/11/1923). AT last years monastic buildings were used for the needs of a rural labor commune, a collective farm; there was also a rest home for forest industry workers, a home for disabled children, and a nursing home for the elderly.
Many buildings in different years were dismantled or collapsed due to dilapidation. From the 1970s to 1992, there was a summer pioneer camp for the children of employees of a motor transport company, while part of the territory and the monastic building were occupied by the dacha of the Arkhangelsk Regional Executive Committee. The revival of the Anthony-Siya Monastery began with the transfer of it to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1992, but the fire that happened destroyed the roof over the Church of the Annunciation, the refectory and the sacristy. At present, there are 13 brethren in the monastery, about 60 workers live permanently.
Liturgical, spiritual and educational, social and charitable, missionary activities are being revived. The monks of the Antoniev-Siya Monastery participated in a church-archaeological expedition in the vicinity of the Kozhezersky and Krasnogorsky monasteries.
Temples are being restored now. By ancient tradition in the Antoniyevo-Siysky Monastery, a monastic library, an icon-painting workshop, and candle production were again created. The farm has hayfields, arable lands, small forest plots, a livestock farm, a stable, greenhouses have been built, a garage has been equipped, a bakery, a mechanical, carpentry, furrier, and work workshops are operating.
Kholmogory.
The ancient administrative and cultural center of the Dvina Land. First, as part of Novgorod, and from the middle of the XV century. Moscow principality.
From here, from Kholmogor, the great scientist Mikhailo Lomonosov came with a fish convoy to study in Moscow.
The Spaso-Resurrection Church has survived to this day. Golden domes and crosses sparkle in the sun, crosses glisten with gold. The temple resembles a huge miracle - a hero, resting 6 heads against the high sky.
Kholmogory is the birthplace of the great Russian sculptor Fyodor Ivanovich Shubin. The son of a peasant - Pomor, Shubin from childhood was engaged in bone carving, which was useful to him in the future. Kholmogory is the birthplace of domestic shipbuilding. This is where ships were built. In 1781 A nautical school was opened - the oldest school in our country. In Kholmogory, an ancient type of folk craft was born - bone carving.
The heyday of Kholmogor falls at the end of the 17th century, when all Russian trade with Western Europe went through Arkhangelsk. After the creation of the Kholmogory diocese (1682), its first head, Athanasius (Lubimov), arrived in the city, who launched a stormy 
building activity in stone. The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior with a bell tower, the ensemble of the Bishop's House were erected. The parish church in the nearby village of Matigory dates back to the same time.
At the end of the 17th century, Kholmogory became one of the centers of Russian icon painting. A kind of folk craft is being formed - Kholmogory bone carving.
In 1762 the bishop's chair was moved to Arkhangelsk, and Kholmogory began to decline. Now in Kholmogory there is a museum of M.V. Lomonosov, there is a school where they teach one of the crafts - bone carving.
So, Arhangelsk region, Russian North, is unique in its natural, cultural, historical, archaeological and architectural sites. This is an amazing region, captivating with northern hospitality and historical past. A feature of the cultural environment of the Russian North is democracy, marginal and extreme nature, creativity and, of course, adherence to traditions and customs. Culture of the Russian North - an organic part national culture Russian ethnic group, which has all the main components of a national culture. It is one of the most original, original variants of Russian culture; it preserved in its original form the main cultural achievements of our ancestors.
References:
2. Bershatam T. A. Pomory. Formation of groups and systems of economy. L., 1976.
3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. M., 1979; v. 22.
The Arkhangelsk region is a region located in the north of the Russian Federation and is the largest in the state. This administrative unit is the largest in Europe. And the region is one of the oldest in the country. That is why history locality is quite interesting and eventful.
Stone Age
As already mentioned, the population of the Arkhangelsk region began to organize a very long time ago. But today it is even difficult to imagine that the first inhabitants in these territories began to appear even when the glaciers had just left the coast.
Modern archaeologists have discovered places of supposed sites of ancient people. Scientists have suggested that the settlements belong to the Paleolithic period. The savages settled in the region of the Pechera River, where the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is now located. Also, rare items of that era were found in the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina. Now it is an area between the villages of Ichkovo and Stupino.
Average stone Age represented by a site called Yavronga-1. It received this name due to the river near which it was located.
Also, the oldest population of the Arkhangelsk region was located on Solovki. The parking lots and Muksalma-6 are more than six thousand years old.
The New Stone Age was a breakthrough compared to previous eras. The development also affected the then inhabitants of the modern Arkhangelsk region. It was found that in the southern part of the region there were pile settlements of the Modlon type. Among the cultures developing in this territory, one can note the Pechora-Dvina and Kargopol.
The era of the birth of civilization is characterized by the appearance of the Saami tribes. They lived on the southern and western coasts of the White Sea.
Archaeologists discovered an iron-smelting furnace dating from about the same time. It is the oldest in Europe.
Pomeranian lands
Since ancient times, the population of the Arkhangelsk region was called Pomors. These are the people who inhabited the northern lands. The location of their villages near the sea determined the type of activity. The majority of the population was engaged in fishing. In addition, the Pomors hunted, plowed the land and raised cattle. But still the main thing was the development of water space. Secrets have been passed down from generation to generation for centuries. Experienced sailors made trips to the Barents Sea. They fished in the harsh conditions of the northern climate. Also, the settlements were distinguished by skilled craftsmen who were engaged in bone carving.
In ancient times, the inhabitants of the Pomeranian lands were Finnish-Ugric tribes. Then, until the tenth century, the Slavs settled the territory from Onega to the White Lake.
Ancient Russia
In the period from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries, changes took place in the culture of the region. Nomadic reindeer herders came to the place of severe coast-dwellers with their fishing.
The population of the Arkhangelsk region has grown significantly after the start of mass spontaneous migration of people to the northern regions of the state. This process was due to numerous invasions of the Mongol-Tatars. The number of inhabitants of the Pomeranian and Podvinsk lands increased several times.
A wave of riots
In the sixteenth century, a decree on the construction of stone buildings was introduced in Arkhangelsk. This was due to constant fires that covered huge areas of wooden buildings.
At the same time, a wave of riots swept through the region. A large number of northerners joined the Old Believer movement. Many peasants committed the rite of self-immolation. In those years, about thirty-seven outbreaks were recorded, the victims of which were twenty thousand people. One of the most famous events was the so-called "Solovki seat". The participants in this action were the "Razintsy" and the Pomors themselves.
Port construction
Peter I had a great influence on the number of inhabitants and on the region as a whole. Arriving in Arkhangelsk, the future tsar lived in the city for two months. During this time, he studied it inside and out, got acquainted with shipbuilding. Peter I gave a big impetus to the development of shipbuilding in the north. In subsequent years, more than half a thousand ships were launched from the shipyard he founded. These were mainly ships of the navy.
The region was flooded with residents from other regions. This was due to the fact that in the Arkhangelsk region there was a stable economic growth due to the "royal auction". They represented a monopoly trade. More than two hundred ships began to call at the city port. The latter led to the fact that at the beginning of the eighteenth century Arkhangelsk received the status of the center of the province.
However, over time, the attention of Peter I was switched to the new capital. Now St. Petersburg and other Baltic ports have taken over the entire holiday trade.
In the eighteenth century, Arkhangelsk received the status of a military port. Gradually, trade relations are being revived in it. The decree of Catherine II on equal trade rights between St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk led to a revival among the urban population.
But the situation changed radically in the middle of the nineteenth century. Along with the shallowing of the Northern Dvina, a decline came to the region. A small revival came to the northern lands only after construction railway. But still in this area it was poorly developed Agriculture, so hunger was the eternal companion of the locals.
The twentieth century
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the entire Arkhangelsk region - cities, population - underwent significant changes. During civil war the northern territories of Russia were under the control of the Entente and the White Army. The Northern Region was formed. Arkhangelsk became its administrative center.
In 1919, forced labor camps were established in the region.
Komi emerged two years later. AT new region included the Arkhangelsk and North Dvina provinces.
Seven years later, such provinces of the USSR as Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and Severo-Dvinsk were united. Their totality made up the Northern Territory. But its territory was divided into five districts:
- Arkhangelsk;
- Vologda;
- Nenets, the administrative center is the village of Telvisochnoye;
- Nyandomsky;
- Severodvinsk, the administrative center - Veliky Ustyug.
In the same year, the Nenets National District was founded. It consisted of three districts - Kaninsko-Timansky, Bolshezemelsky and Pustozersky.
Education of the Northern Region
After ten years Autonomous Republic Komi received the status of the Komi ASSR, and the Northern Territory became the Northern Region, which a year later was divided into Arkhangelsk and Vologda. The Northern Territory consisted of twenty-seven districts:
- Bereznikovsky;
- Velsky;
- Verkhnetoemsky;
- Vilegodsky;
- Yemetsky;
- Kargopolsky;
- Karpogorsky;
- Konoshsky;
- Kotlassky;
- Krasnoborsky;
- Lalsky;
- Lensky;
- Leshukonsky;
- Mezensky;
- Nyandomsky;
- Onega;
- Oparinsky;
- Pinezhsky;
- Plesetsky;
- Podosinovsky;
- Primorsky;
- Lakeside;
- Rovdinsky;
- Ustyansky;
- Kholmogorsky;
- Cherevkovsky;
- Shenkursky.
During the Great Patriotic War, Arkhangelsk was one of the regions where the Nazis did not enter. But at the same time, many northerners participated in major battles. The Northern Fleet was especially active.
post-war period
AT post-war years the region began to develop gradually. Industrialization and the development of industry made production in the Arkhangelsk region more mechanized, machine labor finally replaced manual labor.
Starting from the sixties, an energy complex was created in the region, geological exploration began, agriculture began to have an industrial basis. The number of inhabitants grew, for example, the population of the Arkhangelsk region in 1964 amounted to more than 1.3 million people. In 1987, the population numbered already 1.5 million.
National composition
The population of the Arkhangelsk region for 2016 is distinguished by its multinationality. History has left its mark on the inhabitants of the northern lands. But although there are also representatives of completely different nationalities, most of the local residents are Russians. Percentage of Russians in general composition population is 96%.
All the remaining 108 nationalities, whose representatives live in the territory of the Arkhangelsk region, were included in four percent. Among them, the Ukrainians are the most numerous. The second position is shared by the Nenets and Belarusians. The Komi, Tatars and Azerbaijanis also become leaders.
The Arkhangelsk region also showed that representatives of rare, even unique peoples can be found in the region. These are Abazins, Vepsians, Mingrelians, Gagauzians, Izhors, Assyrians, Uighurs and Tabasarans.
In recent years, the number of people who identify themselves as Pomors has noticeably decreased. From 2000 to the present day, their number has halved. But this is connected only with self-determination. Most of the inhabitants simply decided to classify themselves as Russians.
Population density
The Arkhangelsk region, despite its vast territory, is very low. This is due to unfavorable climatic conditions and, as a result, the outflow of people. Residents are distributed extremely unevenly throughout the territory. The largest concentration of Arkhangelsk residents is observed in the southern railroad lane. Leshukonsky and Mezensky districts are the least populated, with 0.3 people per square kilometer. This indicates a low availability of medical care. The average population density of the Arkhangelsk region is 2.1 people per square kilometer.
Demographic situation
The main concentration of people are the cities of the Arkhangelsk region. In terms of population, the largest are Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk, Kotlas and Naryan-Mar.
However, the same picture is observed throughout the region, characterized by depopulation of the population. The number of deaths prevails over the number of newborns. Although recently the situation has leveled off a little due to the fact that the number of women of childbearing age has increased.
Migration processes involve mainly the able-bodied population. But the number of arrivals is lower than the number of those leaving.
The urban population makes up two thirds of the total number of inhabitants of the Arkhangelsk region.
The gender ratio is almost 50/50.
The unemployment rate in the Arkhangelsk region is the same as the average for Russia. This is due to the fact that the level of wages, as for such a harsh climatic region, is too low.
The total number of inhabitants of the Arkhangelsk region at the moment is 1,129,908 people.
Part of the territory of the region belongs to the regions of the Far North with permafrost(for example, the arctic deserts on the archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, Victoria Island), the other part - with the tundra and taiga zone - is equated to them. On the territory of the Arkhangelsk region is the northernmost island point of Russia, Europe and Eurasia - Cape Fligeli. The area is replete with rivers and thousands of lakes with a special wild northern beauty.
The region has a colossal amount of natural resources: oil, gas (Varandeyskoye settlement), timber, bauxites (Iksinskoye in the Plesetsk district), gold, titanium ores, copper-nickel ores, basalt, polymetals, manganese. Relatively recently, diamonds were discovered in the Arkhangelsk region (the largest deposit in Europe) - preparations are underway for their industrial development at the deposit named after. M. V. Lomonosov (in terms of approved reserves, the field ranks third in the world).
The Arkhangelsk region has always played an important trading role in the history of the country. It was from here that the young emperor Peter I first went to sea and visited Europe.
Due to the proximity to the Arctic seas, the winter in Arkhangelsk is harsh and long - a real test of will and character. So are the people who live here. It is interesting that the native people of the north - the Pomors - account for only 0.2% of the total population of the region, according to the 2010 census. The majority are Russians, Ukrainians and Nenets.
Many great minds came from the Arkhangelsk region. First of all, of course, the world-famous Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. No less famous are the Soviet writers Fyodor Abramov, Timur Gaidar and, of course, Stepan Pisakhov, in whose fairy tales (“Laughter and Woe at the Bela Sea”) sparkle with a special northern humor and you can hear a real Pomeranian dialect.
The area attracts with a huge number of mysterious and amazing places with their peculiar beauty. You can list such world-famous tourist destinations as the Solovetsky Islands or the Antoniev-Siya Monastery. The museum of wooden architecture "Small Korely" is also well known with the oldest surviving wooden Slavic churches and buildings.
From Arkhangelsk to Kotlas you can take a cruise along the wide Northern Dvina on the paddle steamer "N.V. Gogol".