The poem "The Bronze Horseman" was written by A. S. Pushkin in 1833. It reflects a contemporary event for Pushkin - the flood of 1824. There is no traditional division of heroes into main and secondary ones in the poem, and next to the heroic theme of Peter, another theme sounds - the theme of "little people", the urban poor, their joys and sufferings. Such a mixture of characters contains an important ideological meaning: the fate of an ordinary person is evaluated in a historical perspective.
Peter I is the hero of the poem. This is the sovereign-transformer, he symbolizes new Russia. In the poem, his image and the image of the Bronze Horseman coincide. The rearing horse is ready to carry its proud rider through the dark waters of the recalcitrant Neva. This image conveys the character of the reformer king and his reforms. Peter I does not rear a horse, but all of Russia. In his impulse, he forgets about everything, he only looks far ahead and does not notice what is here, next to him.
And next to the Great King are ordinary mortal people who, by his will and desire, became hostages of the elements. Another hero of the poem is Eugene - a petty official from an impoverished noble family His life is simple and uncomplicated. Only simple worldly joys brighten up the course of the days of his life, where every next day is similar to the previous one. And there is only one dream, one bright spot in the series of these days - his beloved Parasha, who lives on Vasilyevsky Island in a small house with her mother. But the flood of 1824 destroys not only houses and embankments, the raging elements destroy the world of Eugene's dreams. A terrible flood finds the hero on the banks of the Neva. In order to protect himself from the streams of water that wash away everything in its path, Yevgeny is looking for a high place and does not remember how he ends up on the square next to the monument to Peter I. Now they are side by side and together equally equal in front of the forces of raging water. Eugene watches with horror and delight what is happening, probably, the creator of the great city could also experience the same feelings. The water gradually subsides, and Evgeny's first thoughts are about Parasha, he strives to the other side, to the island to a nice house. But horror seizes the hero at the sight of a picture of destruction - there is no small house on the shore, the water did not spare him, he was washed away, the water took both Parasha and her mother.
Grief, despair are replaced by bitterness. Not remembering himself, Eugene returns to the place where he waited out the flood, that is, to the monument to Peter. But now completely different feelings overwhelm the soul of the hero. He was almost mad with grief. Only the pain of loss and the horror of the experience live in it. He is looking for the culprit. He looks up and sees the Great Peter above him, proud and strong. And Eugene suddenly realizes that it is the tsar who is to blame for everything that happened. Terrible words of accusation and threats escape from the lips of the hero, and he addresses these words to the king.
The clash of two unequal forces is represented by Pushkin in the poem: on the one hand, the forces of nature. And akin to these elemental forces is the strength of the Tsar, who managed to subjugate the whole of Russia, forcing other countries and states to reckon with Russia. On the other hand, the power of feelings little man", who has nothing in life, or even if there is something - a beloved, a hope for simple, ordinary human happiness - then all this can be destroyed in an instant by the forces of nature or the autocrat, because no one will ever think about a simple person.
Compared with the grandiose plans and ideas of Peter, Eugene's dreams are insignificant. But Pushkin is far from thinking that his hero is poor and spiritually poor. On the contrary, the desire for personal happiness is quite natural and logical. In the image of Pushkin, Eugene is honest, striving for independence, he dreams of "giving himself both independence and honor." Moreover, it should be noted that Eugene - thinking person. He understands that the culprit of the death of his happiness is "an idol on a bronze horse."
After the flood, Eugene's attitude towards Peter changes, and the very image of the Great Converter also changes:
He is terrible in the surrounding darkness!
What a thought!
What power is hidden in it! ..
Eugene sees before him a terrible, formidable, merciless king. The statue seems to come to life. Eugene rebels against the Bronze Horseman, who now personifies the stronghold of autocratic power:
Already to you!
The Bronze Horseman and Eugene embody the tragic contradictions of history, in which state and private interests coexist in opposition.
Ticket number 12 1 question "Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky's most decisive work
After the release of Ostrovsky’s drama “Thunderstorm”, the contemporaries saw in it a call for the renewal of life, for freedom, because it was written in 1860, when everyone was waiting for the abolition of serfdom in the country.
In the center of the play is a socio-political conflict: the conflict between the masters of life, representatives of the “dark kingdom”, and their victims.
Against the backdrop of a beautiful landscape is drawn unbearable life common people. But here the picture of nature begins to change gradually: clouds cover the sky, thunderclaps are heard. A thunderstorm is approaching, but is this phenomenon only in nature? No. So what did the author mean by a thunderstorm?
This name hides deep meaning. For the first time this word flashed in the scene of farewell to Tikhon. He says: "... There will be no thunderstorm over me for two weeks." Tikhon wants to at least briefly get rid of the feeling of fear and dependence. Thunderstorm in the work means fear and liberation from it. This is the fear driven by petty tyrants - the fear of retribution for sins. “Thunderstorm is sent to us as a punishment,” Dikoy Kuligina teaches. The power of this fear extends to many heroes of the drama and does not even pass by Katerina. Katerina is religious and considers it a sin that she fell in love with Boris. “I didn’t know that you were so afraid of thunderstorms,” Varvara tells her. “How, girl, do not be afraid! Katherine answers. - Everyone should be afraid. It’s not that scary that it will kill you, but that death will suddenly catch you as you are, with all your sins ... ”Only the self-taught mechanic Kuligin was not afraid of a thunderstorm, he saw in it a majestic and beautiful sight, but not at all dangerous for a person who can easily subdue its destructive power with the help of a simple lightning rod. Addressing the crowd, engulfed in superstitious horror, Kuligin says: “Well, what are you afraid of, tell me please. Now every grass, every flower rejoices, but we hide, we are afraid, as if some kind of misfortune! .. You are all in a thunderstorm! .. You made yourself a scarecrow out of everything. Eh, people. I'm not afraid."
If in nature a thunderstorm has already begun, then in life, further events show its approach. Undermines the “dark kingdom” of the mind, common sense Kuligin; Katerina expresses her protest: although her actions are unconscious, she does not want to come to terms with the painful conditions of life and decides her own fate: she rushes into the Volga. In all this lies the main meaning of the realistic symbol, the symbol of the storm. However, it is ambiguous. There is something spontaneous, natural in Katerina's love for Boris, just like in a thunderstorm. However, unlike a thunderstorm, love brings joy; however, this is not the case with Katerina, if only because she is a married woman. But Katerina is not afraid of this love, just as Kuligin is not afraid of a thunderstorm. She says to Boris: “... If I am not afraid of sin for you, will I be afraid of human judgment?” The storm is hidden in the very nature of the heroine, she herself says that even as a child, offended by someone, she ran away from home and sailed away alone in a boat along the Volga.
The play was perceived by contemporaries as a sharp denunciation of the existing order in the country. Dobrolyubov said this about Ostrovsky's drama: “... The Thunderstorm is, without a doubt, Ostrovsky's most decisive work... There is something refreshing and encouraging in The Thunderstorm. This “something” is, in our opinion, the background of the play, indicated by us and revealing the precariousness and the near end of tyranny ...”
Both the playwright himself and his contemporaries believed in this.
The key character of the work, along with the Bronze Horseman, is Eugene, represented by the poet in the form of a petty Petersburg official, who is not distinguished by any talents and does not have any special merits.
Eugene has noble roots, but since he is currently poor, he eschews meetings with noble people of the aristocratic circle, showing cowardice and melancholy.
The life meaning of the hero is the dream of good location work, family, financial well-being, children. Eugene associates his dream with an ordinary girl from a poor Parasha family, who lives with her mother on the banks of the Neva in a dilapidated house.
One day, a flood hits the city, accompanied by a strong storm, as a result of which Parasha dies, and her dilapidated house is destroyed, like many others in the city. Heartbroken and having lost hope for happiness in the future, Eugene loses his mind and becomes an insane person, wandering the streets, collecting alms, spending the night on damp ground and sometimes suffering beatings from evil passers-by who treat the man with contempt and ridicule.
At some point, Eugene begins to think that the culprit of all his life upheavals is the monument to the founder of the city, Peter the Great, created in the form of the Bronze Horseman. It seems to the young man that the monumental creation mocks his grief, haunts him even in his sleep, mocking the suffering of a desperate person.
Despite the inclement weather, Eugene approaches the majestic monument, wanting only to look into his impudent eyes, uttering swear words about the iron idol, not realizing that the monument cannot be to blame for the misfortunes that have occurred.
A petty and insignificant man dares to threaten the autocrat in the form of a monument, cursing him and promising God's retribution in the future. During Eugene's monologue, addressed to the founder of St. Petersburg, a new natural disaster occurs in the form of a destructive storm, as a result of which the hero finds rest, dying.
Narrating the life of the protagonist of the poem, the author in the image of Eugene reveals the transformation of an ordinary person who has experienced life's upheavals into a protesting rebel who dared to protest against the existing injustice, entering into an unequal fight and expressing unwillingness to silently accept the cruelty of evil fate and fate.
Composition about Eugene
The main character of Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman" is Eugene. The main character is a typical resident of St. Petersburg, he thinks only about material wealth and how to move up the career ladder as soon as possible.
Eugene is all in family troubles, does not think about the future, about his duty and the Motherland. If all these components are combined together, you get the image of a small person. Alexander Sergeevich does not like such people.
This character does not have a last name. In this element, in principle, the relationship of the author to the character is manifested. With this technique, Pushkin tries to prove to the reader that any resident of St. Petersburg is suitable for the role of the main character in this work.
During a flood in the city, Eugene does not try to help in any way in the situation, he just watches. This is the selfishness of the character, he does not think about anything but his own benefit and himself. All his thoughts are occupied with very banal things.
After the incident in the city, Eugene becomes uneasy, it seems to him that he is slowly losing his mind. He constantly wanders through his favorite streets of St. Petersburg. Thoughts of the past come into my head, how good it used to be. For Pushkin this positive quality living and real person.
Against the backdrop of all this stress comes nature. The surrounding noise harmonizes well with the noise in Eugene's soul. After the realization of everything that happened comes to him, a common mind returns to Eugene. He begins to feel a huge loss.
Finally, patriotism wakes up in the main characters. He wants to avenge everything, so he raises a rebellion. Reading the work, at this stage, you can notice a radical change in the characters.
The main task of Pushkino was to show how merciless a little person who started a rebellion can be. Although this case can be called a tragedy, despite the emotions, people can and want to fight for the truth.
We can say that Eugene is the prototype of the Russian people, who is sometimes blind, but the main thing is to open your eyes in time. The Russian people can and wants to change their lives for the better. Probably, this is the main thing that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wanted to convey to his reader. With his work, he urged everyone to go to the end and fight for the truth.
Option 3
Evgeny is the main character of A.S. Pushkin's immortal poem "The Bronze Horseman". He is "young and healthy". Eugene has an aristocratic origin: his pedigree originates from an old boyar family. Despite his honorable origin, Eugene did not gain fame among the people of high society, because his once respected family will be forgotten.
The hero works public service. Eugene is a petty official whose financial situation leaves much to be desired. The hero is hardworking: in order to earn a living, Eugene is ready to work day and night. He rents a small room in one of the sleeping areas of St. Petersburg. The hero is in love with a girl named Parasha, with whom he sincerely hopes to create a strong and friendly family, but his plans, unfortunately, did not materialize. The tragic death of Parasha crosses out all the plans of the lover for a happy family life.
Shocked by the death of his beloved, Eugene finds no place for himself. In his eyes there is no longer a twinkle, and his heart and soul are broken by grief. Like a wildling, he is practically in unconscious, wandering the streets of St. Petersburg. Once a neat and full of vitality man, drags out a meaningless and miserable existence.
During a natural disaster, the hero clings tightly to the bronze horseman. In this episode, the author emphasizes such a small detail as the look of the hero: Eugene looks in the same direction as the rider. However, Peter's gaze is directed deep into the centuries (the rider thinks about historical achievements, he does not care about human fate), and the official looks at the dilapidated dwelling of his beloved, which, like hundreds of houses, is in the center of the raging elements.
Comparing Eugene and the Bronze Horseman, the author makes the reader understand that the hero, unlike the founder of St. Petersburg, has a loving heart: Eugene worries about the fate of his beloved, while Peter I (and the state in his person) is not capable of this.
The author, in the work "The Bronze Horseman", emphasizes the conflict between the state and a single individual. The monument to Peter I personifies the state, and Eugene acts as a simple poor official, a victim of circumstances. The hero blames Russia for all his troubles, in particular the bronze horseman who built the city in such a disadvantaged place.
The fate of the hero is tragic. The story of Eugene is the personification of feudal Russia, a state where "historical necessity" prevails over hundreds of human lives.
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Historical thought in the poem "The Bronze Horseman"
The Bronze Horseman raises the problems of the relationship between the state, power and personality, sometimes incompatibility of their interests. But The Bronze Horseman is not only a socio-philosophical poem, but also a historical one. After all, a special place in it is occupied by the poet's reflections on the fate of Russia, on its historical development. In this regard, the figure of Peter the Great becomes central here. I would like to dwell on his image in more detail.
On the shore of desert waves
He stood, full of great thoughts.
Peter appears before us. This is a colossal figure, whose “otherness” the poet conveys in italics: he. He is “full of great thoughts”, he thinks about taming the elements, about how he will build a city from the “swamp of blat” from where “we will threaten the Swede”, in which “all the flags will visit us”. Reflecting on these great deeds, the great sovereign does not notice either the "poor boat" or the "shelter of the wretched Chukhon". This person does not care about the lives of unremarkable people, because before his eyes a picture of future greatness opens up. northern capital. But is it possible to create great things, forgetting about people, those for whom everything is done? Is it possible to still be human?
In the prologue to the poem, Peter is still alive, but he already seems to have become that bronze horseman, whose image will haunt "poor Eugene." He bronzed, ceased to belong to the world of people. But Pushkin throughout the poem does not even call him by name! He is at the beginning and the bronze horseman - then. Is it really Peter?
the emperor acts in "Arap of Peter the Great" and "Feast ...": this is a man who full of life capable of mercy, of mistakes; humorous to himself. The Bronze Horseman is incapable of mercy.
The city was founded "in spite of the arrogant neighbor", destroying what was dear to the "Finnish fisherman, the sad stepson of nature", and in spite of something good cannot be done. By the way, historical Peter founded St. Petersburg as a trading capital, that is, for quite positive purposes.
"Out of spite" the Bronze Horseman dominates Petersburg. "The miraculous builder" does not include the lives of ordinary people in its great plans. Petersburg was built on bones. The violence that the bronze horseman committed, now, in the time of Eugene, returns in the form of a riot of elements, taking revenge not on his offender, but on his descendants - the innocent inhabitants of the city.
So villain
With his ferocious gang
"The Bronze Horseman" the elements of nature merge with the revolt of the people, but so far this is the protest of only one of its representatives - the little man Eugene. This rebellion is suppressed, but its image, like the image of the elements that runs through the entire poem, remains a warning to the powerful of this world, to the rulers of all times and peoples. The destruction in the city is enormous, the number of victims is high.
In the same way, passing through huge number human lives, Peter I changed the natural course historical development Russia: from a backward semi-Asian country, he made a European great power, he:
At a height, an iron bridle
"a senseless and merciless rebellion" had already shaken Russia in 1917. great country over the abyss even now: rulers, including modern ones, have not learned a lesson from history. What will happen? Will Russia fall into the abyss? Will he jump over the abyss? Or will it remain on its edge? I would like to hope for the best. In my opinion, it depends not only on the rulers, but also on the people themselves. After all, God's punishment in the form of an angry element, both natural and national, was sent to both the powerful of this world and the people because some turned into idols, and others into slaves. Pushkin equally hates both “wild nobility” and “skinny slavery”, which he speaks of not only in the poem “The Bronze Horseman”, but in all his civil lyrics.
Pushkin A. S. The Bronze Horseman, 1833 The method is realistic.
Genre - poem.
History of creation . The poem "The Bronze Horseman" was written in Boldin in the autumn of 1833. In this work, Pushkin describes one of the most terrible floods that occurred in 1824 and brought terrible destruction to the city.
In the work "The Bronze Horseman" there are two main characters: Peter I, who is present in the poem in the form of a reviving statue of the Bronze Horseman, and the petty official Eugene. The development of the conflict between them determines the main idea of the work.
Plot. The work opens with an "Introduction", in which Peter the Great and his "creation" - Petersburg are famous. In the first part, the reader gets acquainted with the main character - an official named Eugene. He lies down, but cannot fall asleep, entertained by thoughts of his situation, that bridges have been removed from the rising river and that this will separate him from his beloved Parasha, who lives on the other side, for two or three days. The thought of Parasha gives rise to dreams of marriage and a future happy and modest life in the family circle, together with a loving and beloved wife and children. Finally, lulled by sweet thoughts, Eugene falls asleep.
However, very soon the weather deteriorates and the whole of St. Petersburg is under water. At this time, on Petrovskaya Square, astride a marble statue of a lion, the motionless Eugene sits. He looks at the opposite bank of the Neva, where his beloved and her mother live in their poor house very close to the water. With his back to him, towering above the elements, "the idol on a bronze horse stands with outstretched hand."
When the water subsides, Evgeny discovers that Parasha and her mother have died and their house is destroyed, and loses his mind. Almost a year later, Eugene vividly recalls the flood. By chance, he ends up at the monument to Peter the Great. Yevgeny threatens the monument in anger, but suddenly it seems to him that the face of the formidable king is turning to him, and anger sparkles in his eyes, and Yevgeny rushes away, hearing the heavy clatter of copper hooves behind him. All night the unfortunate man rushes about the city, and it seems to him that the rider with a heavy stomp is galloping after him everywhere.
P problematics. A brutal clash of historical necessity with the doom of private personal life.
The problem of autocratic power and the disadvantaged people
“Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you lower your hooves?” - the question of the future of the Russian state.
Several thematic and emotional lines: the apotheosis of Peter and Petersburg, the dramatic narration of Eugene, the author's lyricism.
Intention: a symbolic clash of two polar opposite forces - an ordinary little man and the unlimited powerful force of an autocratic state
Evgeny The image of a shining, lively, magnificent city is replaced in the first part of the poem by a picture of a terrible, destructive flood, expressive images of a raging element over which a person has no power. The element sweeps away everything in its path, carrying away fragments of buildings and destroyed bridges, "pale poverty's belongings" and even coffins "from a washed-out cemetery" in streams of water. Among those whose lives were destroyed by the flood is Eugene, whose peaceful cares the author speaks at the beginning of the first part of the poem. Eugene is an “ordinary man” (“small” man): he has neither money nor ranks, he “serves somewhere” and dreams of making himself a “humble and simple shelter” in order to marry his beloved girl and go through life with her.
The poem does not indicate either the hero's surname or his age, nothing is said about Yevgeny's past, his appearance, character traits. By depriving Yevgeny of individual features, the author turns him into an ordinary, faceless person from the crowd. However, in an extreme, critical situation, Eugene seems to wake up from a dream, and throws off the guise of "insignificance" and opposes the "copper idol".
Peter I Since the second half of the 1820s, Pushkin has been looking for an answer to the question: can autocratic power be reformist and merciful? In this regard, he artistically explores the personality and state activities of the “reformer tsar” Peter I.
The theme of Peter was painful and painful for Pushkin. Throughout his life, he repeatedly changed his attitude towards this epoch-making image for Russian history. For example, in the poem "Poltava" he glorifies the victorious king. At the same time, in Pushkin's notes for the work "The History of Peter I", Peter appears not only as a great statesman and the king-worker, but also as an autocratic despot, tyrant.
The artistic study of the image of Pyotr Pushkin continues in The Bronze Horseman. The poem "The Bronze Horseman" completes the theme of Peter I in the work of A. S. Pushkin. The majestic appearance of the Tsar-Transformer is drawn in the very first, odically solemn, lines of the poem:
On the shore of desert waves
He stood, full of great thoughts,
And looked into the distance.
The author contrasts the monumental figure of the king with the image of a severe and wildlife. The picture, against which the figure of the king appears before us, is bleak. In front of Peter's eyes is a wide-spread, rushing into the distance river; around the forest, "unknown to the rays in the fog of the hidden sun." But the gaze of the ruler is fixed on the future. Russia must establish itself on the shores of the Baltic - this is necessary for the country's prosperity. Confirmation of his historical correctness is the execution of "great thoughts". A hundred years later, at the time when the plot events begin, the "city of Petrov" became the "midnight" (northern) "diva". “Victory banners” are curled at the parades, “huge masses are crowded along the banks”, ships “crowd from all over the earth” come to the “rich marinas”.
The picture of St. Petersburg not only contains an answer to Peter's plan, it glorifies the mighty power of Russia. This is a solemn hymn to her glory, beauty, royal power. The impression is created with the help of elevating epithets (“city” - young, magnificent, proud, slender, rich, strict, radiant, unshakable), reinforced by the antithesis with “desert” nature hostile to man and with “poor”, miserable” her “stepson” - little man. If the huts of the Chukhons "blackened ... here and there", the forest was "unknown", sunbeams, and the sun itself is hidden "in the fog", then main characteristic Petersburg becomes light. (shine, flame, radiance, golden skies, dawn).
Nature itself strives to drive away the night, "spring days" have come for Russia; The odic meaning of the depicted picture is also confirmed by the fivefold repetition in the author's speech of the admiring "I love."
The author's attitude to Peter the Great is ambiguous . On the one hand, at the beginning of the work, Pushkin utters an enthusiastic hymn to the creation of Peter, confesses his love for the “young city”, before the splendor of which “old Moscow faded”. Peter in the poem appears as "Idol on a bronze horse", as "a powerful master of fate".
On the other hand, Peter the Autocrat is presented in the poem not in any specific deeds, but in the symbolic image of the Bronze Horseman as the personification of inhuman statehood. Even in those lines where he admires Peter and Petersburg, an intonation of anxiety is already audible:
O mighty lord of fate!
Are you not so above the abyss,
At a height, an iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?
The tsar also appears before Eugene as a “proud idol”. And this idol is opposed by a living person, whose “brow” is burning from wild excitement, “embarrassment”, “flame” is felt in the heart, the soul “boils”.
Conflict . The conflict of the "Bronze Horseman" consists in the collision of the individual with the inevitable course of history, in the opposition of the collective, public will (in the person of Peter the Great) and the personal will (in the person of Eugene). How does Pushkin resolve this conflict?
Opinions of critics about which side Pushkin is on differed. Some believed that the poet justified the right of the state to dispose of a person's life and takes the side of Peter, as he understands the need and benefit of his transformations. Others consider Yevgeny's sacrifice unjustified and believe that the author's sympathies are entirely on the side of "poor" Yevgeny.
The third version seems to be the most convincing: Pushkin, for the first time in Russian literature, showed all the tragedy and insolubility of the conflict between the state and state interests and the interests of the private individual.
Pushkin depicts the tragic conflict of two forces (personality and power, man and state), each of which has its own truth, but both of these truths are limited, incomplete. Peter is right as a sovereign, history is behind him and on his side. Eugene is right as an ordinary person, humanity and Christian compassion are behind him and on his side
The plot of the poem is completed, the hero died, but the central conflict remained and was transferred to the readers, not resolved, and in reality itself, the antagonism of the "tops" and "bottoms", the autocratic power and the destitute people remained.
The symbolic victory of the Bronze Horseman over Eugene is a victory of strength, but not of justice. The question remains” “Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you lower your hooves?” This is a metaphorically expressed main question for the author, the question of the future of the Russian state.
(Search for an answer) The problem of the people and power, the theme of mercy - in « Captain's daughter» . Even in troubled times, honor and mercy must be preserved.
“... The best and most lasting changes are those that come from the improvement of morals, without any violent upheavals”
Human relationships should be built on respect and mercy
Good is life-giving
The image of the natural element in the poem by A. S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman"
The Bronze Horseman is the first urban poem in Russian literature. The theme of the poem is complex and multifaceted. The poem is a kind of reflection of the poet about the fate of Russia, about its path: European, associated with the reforms of Peter, and original Russian. The attitude towards the deeds of Peter and the city that he founded has always been ambiguous. The history of the city was presented in various myths, legends and prophecies. In some myths, Peter was presented as the “father of the Fatherland”, a deity who founded a certain intelligent cosmos, a “glorious city”, a “beloved country”, a stronghold of state and military power. These myths originated in poetry and were officially encouraged. In other myths, Peter was the offspring of Satan, the living Antichrist, and St. Petersburg, founded by him, was a “non-Russian” city, satanic chaos, doomed to inevitable disappearance.
Pushkin created synthetic images of Peter and Petersburg. Both concepts complement each other. The poetic myth about the founding of the city is developed in the introduction, focused on literary tradition, and the myth of its destruction, flooding - in the first and second parts of the poem.
Two parts of the story depict two rebellions against autocracy: the rebellion of the elements and the rebellion of man. In the finale, both of these rebellions will be defeated: poor Eugene, who until recently desperately threatened the Bronze Horseman, will reconcile, the enraged Neva will return to its course.
It is interesting in the poem that the riot of the elements itself is depicted. The Neva, once enslaved, "taken prisoner" by Peter, has not forgotten its "old enmity" and with "vain malice" rises up against the enslaver. The "defeated element" is trying to crush its granite fetters and is attacking the "slender masses of palaces and towers" that arose at the behest of the autocratic Peter. The city turns into a fortress besieged by the Neva.
The Neva River, on which the city lies, outraged and violent:
In the morning over her shores
Crowded crowds of people
Admiring the splashes, the mountains
And foam of furious waters.
But by the force of the wind from the bay
Blocked Neva
Went back , angry, vehement,
And flooded the islands.
… From the disturbed depth
the waves rose and got angry,
There the storm howled
There were debris...
The story of the flood acquires a folklore-mythological coloring. The enraged Neva is compared now with a frenzied "beast", then with "thieves" climbing through the windows, then with a "villain" who burst into the village "with his ferocious gang." In the poem there is also a mention of a river deity, the violence of the elements is compared with it:
… water suddenly
Flowed into underground cellars,
Channels poured to the gratings,
And Petropolis surfaced like a triton,
Immersed in water up to my waist.
For a moment it seems that the "defeated element" triumphs, that Fate itself is for it: “The people \ Sees God's wrath and awaits execution. \ Alas! everything is dying…”
The rebellion of the elements depicted by Pushkin helps to reveal the ideological and artistic originality of the work. On the one hand, the Neva, the water element is part of the urban landscape. On the other hand, the anger of the elements, its mythological coloring, reminds the reader of the idea of St. Petersburg as a satanic city, non-Russian, doomed to destruction. Another function of the landscape is associated with the image of Eugene, the "little man". The flood destroys Eugene's humble dreams. It turned out to be disastrous not for the city center and its inhabitants, but for the poor who settled on the outskirts. For Eugene, Peter is not "ruler of the half world" but only the culprit of the disasters that befell him, the one “…whose fateful will \ Under the sea the city was founded…”, who did not take into account the fate of small people not protected from disaster.
The surrounding reality turned out to be hostile to the hero, he is defenseless, but Eugene turns out to be worthy not only of sympathy and condolences, but at a certain moment is admired. When Eugene threatens the "proud idol", his image acquires the features of a genuine heroism. At these moments, the miserable, humble inhabitant of Kolomna, who has lost his home, a beggar vagabond, dressed in decayed rags, is completely reborn, strong passions, hatred, desperate determination, the will for revenge flare up in him for the first time.
However, the Bronze Horseman achieves his goal: Eugene resigns himself. The second rebellion is defeated, like the first. As after the riot of the Neva, "everything went back to the old order." Eugene again became the most insignificant of the insignificant, and in the spring his corpse, like a corpse
vagabonds, fishermen buried on a deserted island, "for God's sake."
USE Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman"
Read the given fragment of the text and do tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.
Complete tasks B1-B7. Write down your answer in the form of a word, a combination of words, or a sequence of numbers.
Then, on Petrova Square,
Where a new house has risen in the corner,
Where above the elevated porch
With a raised paw, as if alive,
There are two guard lions
On a marble beast,
Without a hat, hands clenched in a cross,
Sitting motionless, terribly pale
Evgeny. He was afraid, poor
Not for myself. He didn't hear
As the greedy wave rose,
Washing his soles,
How the rain hit his face
Like the wind, howling violently,
He suddenly took off his hat.
His desperate eyes
Pointed at the edge of one
They were motionless. Like mountains
From the disturbed depth
The waves got up there and got angry,
There the storm howled, there they rushed
The wreckage… God, God! there -
Alas! close to the waves
Near the bay
The fence is unpainted, yes willow
And a dilapidated house: there they are,
Widow and daughter, his Parasha,
His dream... Or in a dream
Does he see it? or all of our
And life is nothing, like an empty dream,
Heaven's mockery of the earth?
And he, as if bewitched,
As if chained to marble
Can't get off! around him
Water and nothing else!
And turned his back on him
In the unshakable height
Over the perturbed Neva
Standing with outstretched hand
Idol on a bronze horse.
IN 1. Specify the genre of the work
IN 2. In which city do the events described in this story take place?
Answer: __________________________________
VZ. In The Bronze Horseman, Pushkin created a generalized artistic image Eugene as a "little man". What term is used to call such images?
Answer: __________________________________
AT 4. In the above fragment, A.S. Pushkin uses a technique based on the repetition of homogeneous consonant sounds. Name it.
… Like mountains
From the disturbed depth
The waves got up there and got angry,
There the storm was angry, there they rushed
Wreckage…
Answer: __________________________________
AT 5. A.S. Pushkin calls Peter I "an idol on a bronze horse." Indicate the trope, which is the replacement of a proper name with a descriptive phrase "
Answer: __________________________________
AT 6. Name the figurative and expressive means of the language, based on the comparison of objects or phenomena.
… or all of our
And life is nothing like an empty dream,
Heaven's mockery of the earth?
Answer: __________________________________
AT 7. The poet in The Bronze Horseman perceives the flood not only as a natural phenomenon, but also as an analogue of life's storms and hardships. What is the name of such a symbolic image, the meaning of which goes beyond the limits of the objective meaning?
Answer: __________________________________
To complete tasks C1 and C2, give a coherent answer to the question in the amount of 5-10 sentences. Rely on the author's position, if necessary, state your point of view. Justify your answer based on the text. Performing task C2, select for comparison two works of different authors (in one of the examples, it is permissible to refer to the work of the author who owns original text); indicate the titles of the works and the names of the authors; justify your choice and compare the works with the proposed text in the given direction of analysis.
Write down your answers clearly and legibly, following the rules of speech.
C1. What role does the description of various natural phenomena play in this fragment?
(C1. How did the fate of Yevgeny change under the influence of the devastating flood?)
C2. In what works of Russian literature are natural forces involved in the fate of the characters, as in The Bronze Horseman, and in what ways are their roles similar?
As in the poem by A.S. Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman" is the power of the state opposed to the tragedy of the "little man" Yevgeny?
Use quotes and terms!!!
1. In the introduction, it is necessary to say about the time of writing the work, about the subject or problems of the poem, name the conflict of the work, which is indicated in the topic.
2. In the main part of the essay, we reveal the main conflict of the work.
- The majestic image of Peter in the introduction to the poem. Glorification of the sovereign power of Russia. The historical necessity of the founding of the city.
- The tragedy of the "little man" Eugene.
- A symbolic clash of two polar opposite forces - an ordinary little man and the unlimited powerful force of an autocratic state in the images of the Bronze Horseman and Eugene.
Conflict resolution. The victory of force, but not of justice.
3. In conclusion:
- a specific answer to the question stated in the topic. (How ...? - Symbolically in the images of the flood as an analogue of life's storms and hardships. Symbolically in the images of the Bronze Horseman and the driven, resigned Eugene.
In the poem "The Bronze Horseman" the theme of the relationship between the common man and the authorities is revealed. The technique of symbolic opposition of Peter I (the great reformer of Russia, the founder of St. Petersburg) and the Bronze Horseman - a monument to Peter I (the personification of autocracy, senseless and cruel power) is used. Thus, the poet emphasizes the idea that the undivided power of one, even outstanding person cannot be fair. The great deeds of Peter were committed for the good of the state, but were often cruel to the people, to the individual: On the shore of the desert waves He stood, thoughts of great zeros, And looked into the distance.
Before him the River rushed wide; the poor boat was striving for it alone. Along the mossy, marshy shores of Cherneli huts here and there. Shelter of a wretched Chukhonian; And the forest, unknown to the rays In the mist of the hidden sun. Noisy all around.
Pushkin, recognizing the greatness of Peter, defends the right of every person to personal happiness.
The clash of the "little man" - the poor official Yevgeny - with the unlimited power of the state ends with the defeat of Yevgeny: And suddenly he started to run headlong. It seemed to Him that a formidable king. Instantly on fire with anger. His face turned softly... And he runs across the empty square and hears behind him - As if thunder rumbles - Heavy-voiced galloping On the shocked pavement, And, illuminated by the pale moon. Stretch out your hand above. Behind him rushes the Bronze Horseman On a galloping horse; And all night the poor madman.
Wherever he turned his feet, Behind him everywhere the Bronze Horseman With a heavy stomp galloped. The author sympathizes with the hero, but understands that the rebellion of a loner against the "powerful ruler of fate" is insane and hopeless.
- Artistic features of the poem.
The Bronze Horseman is one of Pushkin's most perfect poetic works. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the author overcame the genre canons of a historical poem.
Peter does not appear in the poem as a historical character (he is an "idol" - a statue), nothing is said about the time of his reign. The poet does not refer to the origins of this era, but to its results - to the present: On the porch With a raised paw, as if alive. Guard lions stood, And right in the dark height Above the fenced rock Idol with outstretched hand Sat on a bronze horse. The conflict reflected in the poem is supported stylistically.
The introduction, the episodes associated with the "idol on a bronze horse", are sustained in the tradition of an ode - the most state genre: And he thought; From here we will threaten the Swede. Here the city will be founded To spite the arrogant neighbor. Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe. Stand with a firm foot by the sea. Here on their new waves All the flags will visit us, And we will drink in the open. Where we are talking about Eugene, prosaicness prevails: “Marry?
To me? why not? It is hard, of course; But well, I'm young and healthy. Ready to work day and night; Somehow I will arrange for myself a humble and simple shelter And in it I will calm Parasha. Maybe a year or two will pass - I’ll get a place, I’ll entrust our family to Parasha And the upbringing of the children ... And we’ll live, and so we will both reach the coffin Hand in hand, And our grandchildren will bury us ... ”
- The main conflict of the poem.
The main conflict of the poem is the conflict between the state and the individual. It is embodied, first of all, in the figurative system: the opposition of Peter and Eugene. The image of Peter is central in the poem. Pushkin gives in The Bronze Horseman his own interpretation of the personality and state activity of Peter.
The author depicts two faces of the emperor: in the introduction, Peter is a man and a statesman: On the shore of desert waves He stood, full of great thoughts, And looked into the distance. He is guided by the idea of the good of the Fatherland, and not by arbitrariness. He understands the historical pattern and appears as a decisive, active, wise ruler. In the main part of the poem, Peter is a monument to the first Russian emperor, symbolizing autocratic power, ready to suppress any protest: Terrible is he in the surrounding darkness! What a thought!
What power is hidden in it! The conflict of history and personality is revealed through the depiction of the fate of an ordinary person. Although researchers do not include Evgeny in the gallery of "little people", nevertheless, we find some typical features of such heroes in this image. The confrontation between man and power, personality and state is an eternal problem, the unambiguous solution of which Pushkin considers impossible. In the poem, the empire is represented not only by Peter, its creator, the embodiment of its titanic will, but also by St. Petersburg.
Unforgettable stanzas about Petersburg best of all make it possible to understand what Pushkin loves in Peter's Creation. All the magic of this northern Petersburg beauty lies in the reconciliation of two opposite principles: I love your cruel winters, Still air and frost. Sledge running along the Neva wide. Girls' faces are brighter than roses, And the brilliance, and the noise, and the talk of the balls, And at the hour of the idle feast The hiss of foamy glasses And the blue flame of punch. I love the warlike liveliness of the Amusing Fields of Mars. Infantry troops and horses Monotonous beauty, In their harmoniously unsteady formation Patchwork of these victorious banners. The radiance of these copper caps.
Shot through and through in battle. I love you, military capital. Your stronghold smoke and thunder. When the full-night queen Grants a son to the royal house. Either Russia triumphs over the enemy again, Or, having broken its blue ice, the Neva carries it to the seas And, smelling spring days, rejoices. Almost all epithets are paired, balancing each other. Cast iron gratings are cut through with a light pattern, the masses of deserted streets are "clear", the needle of the fortress is "bright".
- Heroes of the poem.
In The Bronze Horseman, there are not two heroes (Peter and Eugene - the state and the individual), but three - this is the element of the raging Neva, their common enemy, the image of which is devoted to most of the poem. Russian life and Russian statehood is a continuous and painful overcoming of chaos by the beginning of reason and will. This is the meaning of empire for Pushkin. And Eugene, the unfortunate victim of the struggle between the two principles of Russian life, is not a person, but just a layman, dying under the hoof of the horse of the empire or in the waves of revolution. Eugene is devoid of individuality: At that time, young Eugene came home from the guests ...
We will call our hero by this name. It sounds nice; with him for a long time My pen is also friendly. We don't need his name. Although in past times It may have shone And under the pen of Karamzin It sounded in native legends; But now it is forgotten by light and rumor. Our hero lives in Kolomna; serves somewhere, Is shy of the nobles and does not grieve Nor about the deceased relatives. Not about the forgotten antiquity. Peter I becomes for him that "significant person" who appears in the life of any "little man" to destroy his happiness.
The grandeur, the national scale of the image of Peter and the insignificance, the limitation of the circle of Eugene's personal concerns are emphasized compositionally. Peter's monologue in the introduction (And he thought: “From now on we will threaten the Swede ...”) is opposed to Eugene’s “thoughts” (“What was he thinking about / That he was poor ...”).
Literary critic M. V. Alpatov claims that all critics who wrote about The Bronze Horseman see in it an image of two opposing principles, to which each of them gave his own interpretation. However, M. V. Alpatov believes that the Bronze Horseman is based on a much more complex multi-stage system of images. It consists of the following characters: Peter with his "companions" Alexander, the Bronze Horseman and St. Petersburg. An element that some critics tried in vain to identify with the image of the people.
People. Evgeny. The poet who, without speaking openly, is invariably present as one of the actors. Poem in the assessment of critics and literary critics. “The will of the hero and the uprising of the primitive elements in nature is a flood raging at the foot of the Bronze Horseman; the will of the hero and the same uprising of the primitive elements in the human heart - a challenge thrown in the face of the hero by one of the countless doomed to death by this will - this is the meaning of the poem ”(Dn. Merezhkovsky).
“Pushkin managed to see in the St. Petersburg flood and in the unfortunate fate of the poor official a significant event and reveal in it a range of ideas that go far beyond the described incidents. In this regard, it is natural that Pushkin's poem reflected the poet's experiences associated with the events of the December uprising, as well as with a number of broader problems of Russian and world history and, in particular, the romantic theme of the individual in his relation to society, nature and fate "( M. V. Alpatov). “Pushkin does not reveal in more detail the threat of Yevgeny.
We still don’t know what exactly the madman wants to say with his “You already!”. Does this mean that the "small", "insignificant" will be able to "*already" avenge their enslavement, humiliation by the "hero"? Or that a voiceless, weak-willed Russia will “already” raise its hand against its rulers, who are hard forcing them to test their fatal will? There is no answer ... The important thing is that small and insignificant, the one who recently humbly confessed that “God could give him more mind”, whose dreams did not go beyond a modest wish: “I will ask for a place”, suddenly felt himself equal to the Bronze Horseman, found in oneself the strength and courage to threaten the “power of the semi-world” ”(V.Ya. Bryusov). “We understand with a confused soul that it is not arbitrariness, but a reasonable will, personified in this Bronze Horseman, who, in an unshakable height, with outstretched hand, as if admiring the city ...
And it seems to us that, in the midst of the chaos and darkness of this destruction, a creative “let it be!” comes from his brass lips, and an outstretched hand proudly commands the enraged elements to subside ... And with a humble heart we recognize the triumph of the general over the particular, without abandoning our sympathy for the suffering of this private...
When looking at a giant, proudly and unwaveringly ascending in the midst of universal death and destruction and, as it were, symbolically realizing the indestructibility of his creation, we, although not without a shudder of the heart, admit that this bronze giant could not save the fate of individuals, ensuring the fate of the people and the state ; what a historical necessity for him and that his view of us is already his justification ... Yes, this poem is the apotheosis of Peter the Great, the most daring, the most grandiose, which could only come to the mind of a poet who is quite worthy to be the singer of the great reformer of Russia ”(V. G. Belinsky).
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