Admiral Butakov patrol ship. Grigory Ivanovich Butakov: biography. Post-war period of life

From the nobles Butakovs; was born in the family of Captain 1st Rank Ivan Nikolaevich Butakov, commander of the battleship Tsar Konstantin, who became famous for his exploits near Fr. Crete and during the blockade of the Dardanelles during the war with the Turks. The Butakov family has been known since the 17th century. Uncle Grigory Ivanovich Alexander Nikolaevich graduated from Marine Corps, trained in the English Navy, rose to the rank of major general. Five brothers of Grigory Ivanovich became sailors, of which Alexei reached the rank of rear admiral, Ivan - vice admiral, and Grigory - full admiral.

Butakov had powerful enemies, and at the end of his life this "restless admiral" was out of work. He settled in a dacha in Finland and started translating scientific articles with in English.

In 1881, he was remembered and appointed commander of the St. Petersburg port, and the next year - a member of the State Council. G. I. Butakov reacted extremely painfully to his appointment as a member of the State Council, which meant resignation from fleet management and abandonment of his principles of fleet training.

Soon he became seriously ill and on May 31, 1882 he died of apoplexy while crossing the Neva on a skiff.

A monument was erected on his grave, the funds for which were donated by the sailors of the Baltic Fleet. The bust from the monument was transferred to the Museum of Urban Sculpture; its author was the famous sculptor M.A. Chizhov.

Family

Wife: Amalia (Maria) Arsenievna, nee Rozhdestvenskaya (1835-1917). Killed by the Bolsheviks in Kronstadt.
Children:
- Alexander . Rear Admiral (1861-1917). Shot by the Bolsheviks along with his mother on the shores of the Gulf of Finland.
- Alexei (1862-?)
- Maria (1866-1942)

Achievement list

May 6, 1831 - entered the Naval cadet corps.
January 9, 1836 - graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps.
1836-1838 - two years of practice on the ships of the Baltic Fleet.
1838 - midshipman with appointment to the battleship "Silistria" to the position of flag officer under the chief commander Black Sea Fleet Admiral M.P. Lazarev.
May 1838 - participated in the landing off the coast of Abkhazia (awarded two orders with the inscription "For Courage").
1838 - participated in the battle during the occupation of the town near the river. Tuapse.
1838 - at the tender "Ray" participated in the battle against the highlanders.
September 1838 - August 1840 - on the schooner "Swallow" sailed in the Aegean Sea.
April 1843 - lieutenant (for excellent service).
1844 - on the schooner "Vestnik" sailed in the Mediterranean Sea.
Autumn 1846-1851 - Commander of the Hasty tender
Summer 1847-1850 - conducted extensive hydrographic work in the Black Sea (awarded the Order of St. Anna III degree and a diamond ring).
1850 - captain-lieutenant.
March 27, 1851 - sent to England to receive the Danube ship under construction and brought it to Sevastopol.
December 3, 1852-1854 - commander of the 11-gun steam frigate "Vladimir".
November 5 (17), 1853 - captured the 10-gun Turkish steamer "Pervaz-Bakhri" (the first battle of steam ships in history; G. I. Butakov was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank and awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree) .
On October 24, 1854, he commanded the artillery fire of the ship during the landing at Inkerman, and on November 24 he participated with the Vladimir and the Khersones steamer in a sortie against the Anglo-French-Turkish ships in the Pesochaya and Streletskaya bays. 12 December awarded the order St. Anne 2nd degree with swords.
1854-1855 - participated in the defense of Sevastopol, commanded a detachment of steam frigates, supported fire from ships ground troops, distinguished himself in the battles for Malakhov Kurgan.
October 9, 1854 - for the first time in the history of Russian naval artillery, he organized shooting at an invisible target.
August 31, 1855 - commanded the sinking of steam frigates.
March 1855 - captain of the 1st rank.
September 1855 - adjutant wing, chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet.
August 1856 - rear admiral with admission to the imperial retinue, chief commander of the Nikolaev port and military governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol.
1860 - transferred to the Baltic as the head of a detachment of screw ships.
September 5, 1860 - Order of St. Stanislav I degree with swords.
1861-1862 - commander of a detachment of screw boats.

Grigory Ivanovich Butakov

Butakov Grigory Ivanovich, naval figure, admiral (1878), founder of the tactics of the steam armored fleet. In 1836 he graduated from the naval cadet corps. He served in the Baltic Fleet, from December 1837 - in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1847-1850 he commanded the Hasty tender, carried out extensive hydrographic work; Together with I. A. Shestakov, he compiled the first systematized sailing of the Black Sea. In the Crimean War of 1853-1856 he commanded the steam frigate "Vladimir". In the battle of November 5 (17), 1853 (the first battle of steam ships in history), he captured the Turkish steamship Pervaz-Bakhri. During the defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855) he commanded several steam frigates, supported the ground forces with naval artillery. Since 1856 he was the head of the naval unit in Nikolaev, the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet, the military governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol. From 1860 he served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1863-1867 military attache in England, France and Italy. Conducted research on the basics of steam armored fleet tactics, author of the works "New Foundations of Steamship Tactics" and "Rules for Maneuvering a Steam Ship". In 1867-1877 he commanded a squadron of armored ships on the Baltic Sea, in 1878-1881 he was the head of the coastal and naval defense of the Sveaborg fortress, and since 1881 he was the chief commander of the St. Petersburg port. Since 1882 member of the State Council. The combat training methods introduced by Butakov were based on the principles of preparing the fleet for combat, conducting workshops and exercises in conditions (102) as close as possible to combat. He was awarded the orders of St. Alexander Nevsky, the White Eagle, St. Anna 1, 2, 3 and 4 degrees, St. Vladimir 3 and 4 degrees, St. George 4 degrees, St. Stanislav 3 degrees, with golden weapons.

Used materials of the book: Military Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1986.

BUTAKOV Grigory Ivanovich, Russian admiral (1878), founder of steam armored fleet tactics. Genus. in the family of officer. Mor graduated in 1836. cadet, corps. Served in the Baltic. and Chernomor, fleets. In 1847-50 - commander of the ship "Hasty", conducted extensive hydrographic surveys. work; together with I. A. Shestakov compiled the first systematic. Pilot station of the Black Metro. Participated in the Crimean War of 1853-56. Being a commander of the steam frigate ".Vladimir", he held the first battle of steam ships in history and on November 5 (17). 1853 triumphed over the tour. steam frigate "Pervaz-Bakhri". During the heroic defense of Sevastopol (1854-55) carried out the overall command of several. steam frigates, ship fire. art and skillfully supported the land. troops. From 1856 - rear admiral, Ch. commander Chernomor, fleet, military. Governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol. Conducted research on the basics of steam armored fleet tactics. In 1863 he published the work New Foundations of Steamship Tactics, which was a major contribution to the theory of the naval. art and received recognition in all fleets of the world. In 1867-77 he commanded a squadron of armored ships on the Baltic Sea, and from 1881 - Ch. Commander Petersburg. port. B. adhered to advanced views on the development of the Navy, improved the organization and laid the foundations for Russian tactics. steam fleet, organized a new combat training of officers and sailors.

The progressive methods of combat training introduced by B. were based on the following principles:

1) to prepare the fleet not for reviews and parades, but for war, for battle, the outcome of which depends on the skill of officers and sailors;

2) swim more, spend practical. classes and exercises in conditions as close as possible. to combat;

3) the main thing in training and education is the development of a person. composition of courage, initiative, resourcefulness and creative ingenuity;

4) prepare the fleet for joint operations with the land. troops.

Materials of the Soviet military encyclopedia are used.

Butakov Grigory Ivanovich (September 27, 1820 - May 31, 1882) - Russian naval figure, admiral (1878). Born in Riga in the family of a naval officer. In 1836 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, served in the Baltic, from December 1837 - in the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral MP Lazarev. In 1847-1850 he compiled the first systematic pilotage of the Black Sea. In the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Butakov commanded the steamer-frigate "Vladimir", which captured the Turkish steamer "Pervaz-Bakhri" in the first ever sea duel of steam ships, and the heroic steamer-frigate "Khersones" in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. Since 1856, Butakov was rear admiral, chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and military governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol. From 1860 he served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1863-1867 he was sent to study the state of the Navy in England and France. In 1867-1877 he commanded an armored squadron of the Baltic Fleet. Since 1881 - the chief commander of the St. Petersburg port. Butakov was the first of the Russian admirals to reorganize the organization and tactics of the naval forces in accordance with the development of the steam fleet. Butakov's work "New Foundations of Steamship Tactics" (1863), awarded the full Demidov Prize and translated into English, French, Italian and Spanish, created a revolution in naval art. The "Rules for Maneuvering a Steam Ship" developed by Butakov were recognized and applied in all fleets of the world.

V. N. Bagrov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 2. BAAL - WASHINGTON. 1962.

Works: Pilot of the Black Moscow, part 1-2, 2nd ed., Nikolaev, 1867; New foundations for steamship tactics, St. Petersburg, 1863; Systematic project. sea collections. evolution, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1881.

Literature: Lurie A. and Marinin A., Admiral G. I. Butakov, M., 1954; Berezin E., Admiral G. I. Butakov, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1884; General marine list, part 9, St. Petersburg, 1897, p. 335-42.

Butakov Grigory Ivanovich (1820-1882) Admiral. Grigory Butakov went down in Russian history as a hero of the Sevastopol defense and the organizer of the Russian steam armored fleet. He was born on September 27, 1820 in Riga, in the family of a naval officer. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Naval Cadet Corps, after graduating from it he was promoted to midshipman and sailed for two years on the Baltic Sea. Since his father commanded at that time one of the naval divisions on the Black Sea, Butakov Jr. moved south, sailed on various sailing ships. A capable officer soon attracted the attention of the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral M. Lazareva and was assigned to him as a personal flag officer. Butakov received his baptism of fire in 1838 on an expedition to the Caucasian shores, where he took part in battles with mountaineers at the mouth of the Tuapse River.

In 1843, Grigory Ivanovich was promoted to lieutenant for excellent service and was appointed commander of the Hasty tender. In this position, he remained until 1850, doing almost exclusively hydrographic work - the study of the shores of the Black Sea. Together with I. Shestakov, his comrade in the cadet corps, Butakov compiled the "Black Sea Pilot with 36 lithographed port plans." Both of them were awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd class, and diamond rings. In 1850, Grigory Butakov was sent to England to receive the Danube ship under construction and brought it safely to Sevastopol. From 1852, he commanded the 11-gun "Vladimir" - one of the first and best steam frigates of the Black Sea Fleet, which, thanks to its excellent commander, received great fame in the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856.

At the end of October 1853, "Vladimir" as part of a detachment of ships under the general command of Vice Admiral V. Kornilova went on reconnaissance of the enemy and reconnaissance of the shores of Turkish Bulgaria. On the morning of November 5, the "Vladimir" noticed a 10-gun Turkish ship "Pervaz-Bakhri" ("Sea Loach") behind and to the left of the course. Resolutely moving closer, Butakov gave the order to attack. It was the first battle of steam ships in history. Taking advantage of some advantage in the course and noticing the enemy's lack of aft artillery, Butakov maneuvered in such a way that the "Vladimir" constantly kept in the enemy's aft course corners. When the Turks tried to lie down at the intersection of the course, Butakov transferred his ship to a parallel course and continued to hit the enemy from the side. With well-aimed shots, the Russian gunners disabled the steering of the enemy steamer, destroyed the navigation bridge, and damaged several guns. Finally, approaching almost 90 meters, "Vladimir" began to shower the enemy with buckshot. After a three-hour battle, "Pervaz-Bakhri" was forced to lower the flag. The Turks lost 58 people, including the captain, butakov's crew lost two killed and three wounded. The captured ship was towed to Sevastopol.

Kornilov, who was on the "Vladimir", in a report to the commander in chief A.S. Menshikov wrote: " The captain, officers and crew of the steamer "Vladimir" behaved in the most dignified manner. Lieutenant-Commander Butakov ordered both on maneuvers"For this victory, Grigory Ivanovich was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank and awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree.

After returning to Sevastopol, Butakov carried out cruising service on other ships, since the "Vladimir" needed repairs, then sailed again on his ship. With the beginning of the siege of Sevastopol, Grigory Ivanovich joined the ranks of the active defenders of the city. At the beginning of October 1854, a detachment of steam frigates under the command of Butakov took an active part in suppressing enemy land and sea batteries, which were preparing artillery support for the assault on Sevastopol. Thanks to the timely shelling of enemy positions, the enemy's plan to capture Sevastopol by means of an accelerated attack was thwarted.

After the death of Kornilov, Butakov was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, from which, after the flooding of most of the ships, only a few steam frigates remained. In March 1855 he became a captain of the 1st rank. Under his leadership, the steam frigates made bold attacks on enemy ships, which kept close to the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay. Steamship frigates also provided great assistance in transporting troops for the purpose of maneuvering forces. Constant concern for Butakov was shown by Vice Admiral, who led the defense of the city. P. Nakhimov , who, saving Grigory Ivanovich for the future, did not let him go to Malakhov Kurgan and other bastions, where fierce battles were going on.

In August 1855, the Anglo-French-Turkish troops stormed Sevastopol for the sixth time, finally bringing them success. On the night of August 30-31, "Vladimir", along with other surviving ships, was flooded so as not to become prey to the enemy. With a deep sense of pain, Butakov said goodbye to his beloved ship.

In September 1855, Grigory Ivanovich was granted a position in the adjutant wing and appointed chief of staff in Nikolaev, which after the fall of Sevastopol became the main naval support of Russia in the south. The following year, he was promoted to rear admiral with enrollment in the retinue of his imperial majesty and was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet, military governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol (the latter, after the Paris Peace Treaty , was returned to Russia).

Since Russia, after the defeat in the war, was forbidden to have a navy on the Black Sea, Grigory Ivanovich was annoyed: " ... I should have gotten to my position at such a time. "He led the fight against corruption among the quartermasters, and when he found out that her traces led to the Naval Ministry, he entered into conflict with the latter. In early 1860," the restless admiral "was transferred to the Baltic, which he regarded as follows:" They hit me on the forehead precisely because I acquired the dislike of the bastard ..."

However, having taken command of a detachment of screw ships in the Baltic, the 40-year-old Butakov switched with interest to a new business - driving screw ships. Sailing with his squadron, he taught the crews combat maneuvering, at the same time he conducted a study of the laws of motion of screw ships, which later ended with the writing of the work "Steamboat Evolutions". In 1863 - 1866. Butakov, as a naval representative, was abroad - in England, France and Italy.

In 1866, Grigory Ivanovich was promoted to vice admiral with the appointment of the head of the squadron of armored ships of the Baltic Sea, in 1868 he became the senior flagship of the Baltic Fleet. Since that time, he has been fully engaged in the combat training of the steam navy. The time has come for "iron flotillas", but even after the Crimean War, many in the Russian maritime department did not understand this, relying on the traditions of the famous sailors Lazareva and Nakhimov . The screw iron ship, rifled castle weapons, steel armor and other technical innovations raised many questions in combat training. Possessing rich knowledge and combat experience, Grigory Ivanovich, with his inherent energy, took up the preparation of his armored squadron, putting its combat readiness at the forefront. " We must always prepare for battle, constantly, without delay, immediately,” he said, “prepare for that half hour for which we, one might say, exist and in which we will have to show that Russia maintains a fleet not without benefit.".

Butakov developed the basics of the tactics of the steam armored fleet, which he outlined in the work "New Foundations of Steamship Tactics", awarded the Demidov Prize from the Academy of Sciences. He also developed and published the Rules for Maneuvering a Steamship, the Book of Evolutionary Signals, and the Code of Marine Military Signals, which have received recognition in many navies of the world. No less remarkable are Butakov's instructions and orders for the squadron, exceptional in content, depth and breadth of thoughts and instructions expressed in them and rightly called by contemporaries "the sailor's bible." The progressive methods of combat training introduced by Butakov were based on the principles: to prepare the fleet not for reviews and parades, but for battle, the outcome of which depends on the training of the crews; swim more, conduct practical classes; the main thing in training and education is the development of courage, initiative and resourcefulness among sailors.

Butakov ridiculed the "Chinese ceremonies" in the navy, associated with the rituals of honoring rank, meeting and seeing off senior commanders: " Put the command upside down, if you can, to show how terribly you revere your boss, but your flag will not gain respect from this.". Demanding high professionalism from his subordinates, he said: " Remember that our service is based on a little bit: a little bit in one direction - so they say "well done", and a little bit in the other - "blind"".

Creating an atmosphere close to combat in the naval training of crews, Butakov introduced ramming battles on special ships, organized firing, in which the ships carried out real battles among themselves, hitting shields tied on a short tugboat behind the stern with artillery fire, forcing officers and sailors to swim under the cannonballs on boats, accustoming to whistling and exploding shells. The founder of the tactics of the steam fleet was also the initiator of special "naval games" and drew up rules for them. In a short time, Grigory Ivanovich raised the combat training of his squadron to such a height that foreign powers sent their naval officers to study with him. In the squadron of Butakov was brought up S.O. Makarov , then an officer of the "Mermaid", who later became pride Russian fleet.

Butakov came to the conclusion that "types of warships sometimes become obsolete before they are finally completed," and was dissatisfied with Russian shipbuilding and sharply criticized it. Although Grigory Ivanovich was given the rank of admiral in 1878, almost simultaneously he was actually demoted - he was appointed head of the coastal and naval defense of the Sveaborg fortress. Soon chief boss fleet and maritime department Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich completely removed the "restless admiral" from business, and he lived for two years at his Finnish dacha, raising children. "Soon there will not be a single person left in this fleet," one of his former colleagues wrote about Butakov's resignation.

In 1881, the admiral nevertheless received an appointment to the post of chief commander of the St. Petersburg port, but the following year he received a new resignation. The reason for this was his uncompromising fight against bribery in shipbuilding. The head of the Naval Ministry, I. Shestakov, his old friend, did not help him this time.

Appointed as a member of the State Council, where elderly dignitaries were usually assigned, Butakov was very upset by injustice. This affected his health. On May 31, 1882, the admiral died of apoplexy while crossing the Neva on a skiff.

Used materials of the book: Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997

Butakov Grigory Ivanovich. It was G.I. Butakov, who served in the Navy during the transition from sailing to steam armored fleet, not only in practice led the first combat operations of steam ships, but also created a tactic recognized in the world for their use.

Grigory Butakov was born on September 27, 1820 in Riga and came from the family of a naval officer Ivan Nikolaevich Butakov, who ended his life as a vice admiral. On May 6, 1831, Gregory entered the Naval Cadet Corps and on January 9, 1836 successfully completed the course. After 2 years of practice in the Baltic, the midshipman was sent to the Black Sea as a flag officer to Admiral M.P. Lazarev, chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. He ended up in the famous “Lazarevskaya naval school”: he went to sea a lot, participated in hostilities off the coast of the Caucasus, and repeatedly received awards for courage, resourcefulness and skill. In 1847-1850, Lieutenant Butakov, commander of the tender "Hasty", conducted with Lieutenant I.A. Shestakov, an inventory of the domestic and Turkish shores of the Black Sea and the Bosporus. For the excellent performance of the task, both were promoted to lieutenant commander and awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 3rd degree, for compiling the sailing directions, which went out of print in 1851, they were awarded diamond rings.

On March 27, 1851, Butakov was sent to England, where he oversaw the construction of the Danube steamer, brought the ship to Nikolaev and commanded it for 3 years. At the same time, the sailor received a favorable response to the compass he proposed with an inclined arrow. On December 3, 1852, he became the commander of the best steam frigate of the Black Sea Fleet "Vladimir". On it, the captain-lieutenant in the first battle of steam ships on November 5, 1853 took possession of the Turkish steamer Pervaz-Bakhri. He, laying the foundations of steamship tactics, maneuvered in such a way as to shoot the Pervaz-Bakhri from the stern, where it had no guns.

Due to damage to the cars, “Vladimir” did not participate in the famous battle of Sinop. But Butakov switched to "Odessa" and temporarily replaced the commander of this steam frigate, towing the damaged ship "Grand Duke Konstantin" under the flag of P.S. to Sevastopol. Nakhimov.

Butakov fought skillfully. He used an artificial roll of the steam frigate, which increased the range of his guns to 4-5 kilometers and made it possible to suppress the battery at the Kilenbalochny heights. October 9, 1854 guns "Vladimir" for the first time in the history of Russian naval artillery fired at an invisible target. The next summer, when Butakov introduced improvements in gun mounts, he was able to fire along the coast during the move. The sailors of the "Vladimir" made many improvements, including the blinding of the most important parts of the ship.

The role of the fleet was not limited to defense. November 24, 1854 P.S. Nakhimov ordered Butakov to drive away the French steamer Megara, from which they observed the raid from Pesochnaya Bay. The captain of the 1st rank, in order to divert the attention of the enemy, sent the steam frigate "Khersones" to shell the enemy at Streletskaya Bay. Butakov himself went out first and attacked the Megara, which had fled to its fleet, and then supported the Khersones. When, on the way out, the Russian ships entered into battle with two English and French ships, the commander of the "Vladimir" dragged one of the enemies under the fire of coastal batteries. After this daring sortie, the Allies constantly kept several large steamers at the entrance to the bay.

"Vladimir", together with other ships, opened fire more than once, covering the flank of the Russian fortifications and repelling attacks. When retreating to the North side of Sevastopol, the ship transported 2490 people in two voyages. On the night of August 31, it was set on fire and sunk along with other ships of the Black Sea Fleet that still survived.

On August 26, 1856, Rear Admiral G.I. Butakov was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. However, the Paris Peace Treaty forbade Russia and Turkey to have large naval forces on the Black Sea. Instead of restoring the fleet, it was necessary to reduce institutions and the number of sailors. And at the beginning of 1860, Butakov was transferred to the Baltic Fleet as the head of a practical squadron of screw ships, which was created to train sailors of the steam fleet. The rear admiral forced everyone to seriously study maritime affairs. The ships were equipped with rangefinder officers, range measuring devices, for transmitting data on sights from the bridge to the battery, and signals were established for reporting speed to other ships. Experimenting, the rear admiral ensured that different types of ships learned to move in concert. On September 5, 1860, he was awarded the Order of Stanislav 1st degree with swords for excellent service.

In the autumn of 1860, the sailor was sent to England and France to study the development of shipbuilding and maritime affairs. He notified the admiral general that he had learned something new, as well as about his developments in the theory of steamship evolutions, which were not yet known abroad.

Appointed in the spring of 1861 as the head of the squadron of screw gunboats, Butakov used them to test his ideas. In the same year, he published the book “Some extracts from the experience of the initial foundations of steamship tactics”, which the officers of the squadron managed to get acquainted with before the campaign. He began his training by checking the mechanics, whose training left much to be desired. As soon as the boats were ready, they were transferred in tow to Helsingfors. In an order dated July 11, 1861, Butakov formulated the main tasks of training: to turn the squadron into a harmonious force and master the skerries in which the squadron was to operate. Avoiding external gloss, Butakov sought fearless control of the ships from the commanders. By the end of the campaign, the boats floated, kept well in the ranks and performed complex maneuvers. The following summer, Butakov complicated training by taking up maneuvering during ramming. During the campaign of 1862, the sailors learned to walk and act decisively in the skerries, confidently carried out all the transformations.

At the end of the campaign, Butakov participated in successful tests of a pole mine, and then was sent to study the experience of other fleets in England. Rear Admiral got acquainted with modern towers, artillery pieces. In early 1863 he returned and was appointed naval attache to England and France. The sailor contributed to the dispatch of the Firstborn armored battery from England, sent information about the French collapsible gunboat, about the submarine, and suggested networks as a means of combating it. He came up with the idea of using electric lights as combat searchlights and eventually put this idea into practice.

In 1863, the capital work “New Foundations of Steamship Tactics” came out of print, in which the sailor summarized his thoughts and calculations, verified in the campaigns of previous years. For this work, the Academy of Sciences awarded G.I. Butakov the full Demidov Prize. Soon the work was translated into French, English and Spanish.

October 28, 1866 G.I. Butakov was promoted to vice admiral. At the opening of the World Exhibition in Paris in 1867, he was elected chairman of the expert maritime commission.

On February 6, 1867, the vice admiral was appointed head of the squadron of armored ships built in 1865-1866. In order to make the squadron combat-ready for the campaign, he used new system combat training. Unlike the sailing fleet, for technically complex ships it was necessary to prepare the crews on the shore before the start of the campaign, then in the parking lot, after which the single preparation of the ship on the roadstead and at sea followed. Only then could squadron exercises begin. In June, having completed the preparation of single ships, the squadron gathered on the Tranzund raid. By the end of the campaign, heterogeneous armored ships had learned to stay in line. The sailors treated their work with love, sought to improve their knowledge, competing with each other. In the summer of 1868, the flagship made preparations more difficult. Two gunboats were converted into ships for ramming exercises. Butakov considered it necessary to train gunners so that they could act on the basis of the requirements of the battle. The sailors successfully fired on the move at fixed triangular shields, learned to hit moving shields. When rifled guns came into service in 1870, Butakov introduced firing exercises while rolling. Sailors were taught to swim. The flagship at the transitions between ports carried out the evolution of the squadron, acting as in military cruising.

In the first month of the 1869 campaign, Butakov practiced cruising, in which the ships, moving at full speed, took turns rounding the ships that were in the roadstead, writing out complex eights. The flagship achieved coherence in the maneuvers of detachments of the same type of ships.

Butakov supported the implementation of the proposals of the officers, he himself often suggested improvements. On his initiative, the training of miners and experiments with mine weapons began. In the autumn of 1869, the vice admiral founded a mine school for officers, primarily volunteers. From the 1870 campaign, exercises with mine boat attacks on ironclads became systematic. Since 1873, electric searchlights introduced by Butakov on some ships began to be used to repel mine attacks. In 1874, the position of head of the mine section was established in the Navy, and on October 1, mine officer classes and a mine school for sailors were opened. In many ways, this was the merit of G.I. Butakov.

According to Butakov's project, in 1874, for the first time, the armored frigate Petropavlovsk was equipped with anti-mine artillery.

Exercises were also conducted on the use of a ram; drawings of evolutions after the campaign were distributed to officers for guidance.

In 1877, Butakov prepared and submitted a note in which he claimed that Russia had neither an armored nor a cruiser fleet, having a mass of excellent, but isolated ships. He proposed to build cruisers and battleships in series, designing them in accordance with the intended tasks of the fleets, and to train personnel for them.

Since the beginning Russian-Turkish war In 1877-1878, the armored squadron of the Baltic Fleet was taken over by Admiral General. Butakov was entrusted with the command of the squadron detachment. At the beginning of the war, this detachment laid minefields at Vyborg, Dinamunde and Sveaborg. When the danger of the appearance of the British fleet arose in the spring of 1878, the vice-admiral proposed to keep detachments of mine boats in Kronstadt, Sveaborg, Rochensalm, Bjork, Narva, send a detachment of battleships to Sveaborg, create an optical telegraph line on the coast, connecting them with observation posts with the capital, establish mine banks in different places of the Gulf of Finland. He showed the weakness of the defense of Kronstadt and St. Petersburg. On the recommendation of the naval commander, the meeting decided to strengthen the minefields, covering them with artillery from coastal batteries and ships additionally equipped with mortars.

On April 16, Butakov was promoted to admiral and was soon appointed head of the coastal and naval defense of Sveaborg. The sailor brought a detachment of old battleships to the base. He was engaged in numerous works to strengthen the fortress, prepare minefields, etc. I had to correct many shortcomings of peacetime, including the consequences of abuses.

Dealing with the preparation of ships stationed in Sveaborg, in the summer of 1878, Butakov ordered the introduction of the world's first boat trawl to detect and destroy anchor mines. In 1879-1880 he developed and organized a sea game.

At the beginning of 1881, G.I. Butakov was appointed chief commander of the Petersburg port. However, protecting the interests of the fleet, he found himself in conflict with the higher leadership, was removed from his post and appointed to the State Council. The admiral was very upset by his dismissal and on the night of May 31, 1882 he died of apoplexy.

Butakov was the link between the sailors of the Lazarev school, mainly sailboats, accustomed to achieving victories with the physical strength of the sailors and their own courage, and the new generation of officers, for whom technical education was of paramount importance. His book "New Foundations of Steamship Tactics" became a manual for sailors from different countries.

Used materials from the site http://100top.ru/encyclopedia/

Compositions:

New foundations of steamship tactics. SPb., 1863;

Project for a systematic collection of marine evolution... Ed. 2nd. SPb., 1881.

Pilot of the Black Moscow, part 1-2, 2nd ed., Nikolaev, 1867;

Literature:

Berezin E., Admiral G. I. Butakov, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1884;

Berezin E.V., De-Livron A.K. Admiral Grigory Ivanovich Butakov. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: type. Mor. min-va, 1884. - 93 p.

Butakov G.I. New foundations of steamship tactics. - St. Petersburg: type. Mor. min-va, 1863. - 239 p.: ill.

Butakov G.I. Project for a systematic collection of marine evolutions ... - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: type. Mor. min-va, 1881.-181 p.

Butakov Grigory Ivanovich // Berezovsky N.Yu. Dotsenko V.D., Tyurin B.P. Russian Imperial Fleet 1696 - 1917: Voyen.-ist. directory. - M.: Publishing house "Rus. Mir", 1993. -S. 59-61.

Grigory Ivanovich Butakov (1820 - 1882): [Gallery grew up. naval commanders] // Mor. collection. - 1994. -№ 9.-S. 32+col. portrait

Dotsenko V.D. Marine Biographical Dictionary / Ed. I.V. Kasatonov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Logos", 1995. -S. 82-83.

Lurie A., Marinin A. Admiral G.I. Butakov (1820 - 1882). - M.: Military Publishing House, 1954.-179 p.

Maksimov P-V. The founder of the tactics of the armored fleet / / Mor. collection. - 1970. -№9.-S. 64-66.

General marine list, part 9, St. Petersburg, 1897, p. 335-42.

Practical navigation of the armored squadron G.I. Butakov in 1867 - 1877. // Marine Atlas. T. 3: Military-historical. Part 1.- [M.]: Ed. Ch. Headquarters of the Navy, 1959. - S. 595-602.

Fedorov M.R. The contribution of Admiral G.I. Butakov in shipbuilding and steam fleet tactics // Shipbuilding. - 1979. -№ 4.-S. 62-64.

Russian Admiral G.I. Butakov was born on September 27 (October 9), 1820 in Riga in the family of a naval officer. His father, Ivan Nikolaevich Butakov, commander of the warship "Tsar Constantine", became famous in the war with the Turks for his exploits near Crete and during the blockade of the Dardanelles, ended his life as a vice admiral. On May 6, 1831, at the age of 11, Grigory Butakov entered the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, and on January 9, 1836 he successfully completed the course. For two years he sailed on the Baltic Sea on the frigate "Alexander Nevsky", in 1838 he was promoted to midshipman. Since his father commanded the 5th Naval Division on the Black Sea at that time, Butakov Jr. transferred to the south, with the rank of midshipman he was appointed to the Silistria as a flag officer to the famous Admiral M.P. Lazarev, the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He received his baptism of fire in 1838, on expeditions to the Caucasian shores, where he took part in battles with mountaineers at the mouth of the Tuapse River, being on the Luch sailing tender. For these combat operations Butakov was awarded two orders with the inscription "For Courage".

From September 1838 to August 1840, he sailed on the schooner "Swallow" in the Aegean Sea, and in 1844 on the schooner "Vestnik" - in the Mediterranean Sea. In April 1843, Butakov was promoted to lieutenant for excellent service and was appointed commander of the Hasty tender. In this position, he remained until 1850, doing hydrographic work - the study of the domestic and Turkish shores of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus. Together with his comrade in the cadet corps, Lieutenant I.A. Shestakov (commander of the tender "Skory"), Butakov compiled the "Black Sea Pilot with 36 lithographed port plans". For the excellent performance of the task, both were promoted to lieutenant commander and awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 3rd degree, and for compiling the sailing directions, which went out of print in 1851, they were awarded diamond rings. On March 27, 1851, Butakov was sent to England, where he oversaw the construction of the Danube steamer, brought the ship to Nikolaev and commanded it for almost 3 years. Since then, his service has been on steam rather than sailing ships, with the exception of a short period in command of the Argonaut brig in 1851. He becomes an expert in the use of the steam navy. December 3, 1852 Lieutenant Commander G.I. Butakov was appointed commander of the best steam frigate "Vladimir" in the Black Sea Fleet, which, thanks to its commander, received great fame in the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

In October 1853, the Crimean War began. Going out on reconnaissance and reconnaissance of the shores of Turkish Bulgaria - the raids of Balchik, Varna and Burgas, "Vladimir", as part of a detachment of ships under the general command of Vice Admiral V. Kornilov, on November 5 (17), 1853, met the Turkish 10-gun steamer "Pervaz" in the Penderaklia area - Bahri. By order of Kornilov "Vladimir" resolutely entered into battle with the enemy ship. Noticing that the Turkish ship did not have bow and stern artillery, Butakov, avoiding the enemy's side fire, began to keep his steam frigate in the wake of the enemy ship. Whenever the latter tried to bring his airborne artillery into action, Butakov invariably took a favorable position for himself behind the enemy's stern and fired at him from bomb cannons. As a result of a three-hour battle, the enemy, having heavy losses in personnel and significant damage, was forced to cease fire and lower the flag. The Turks lost 58 people, including the captain, butakov had two killed and three wounded. November 7, 1853 "Pervaz-Bakhri" was brought to Sevastopol, repaired and put into operation under the name "Kornilov". V.A., who was on the Vladimir Kornilov wrote with admiration about Butakov in a report to the commander-in-chief A.S. Menshikov: "The captain, officers and crew of the ship" Vladimir "behaved in the most dignified manner. Lieutenant Commander Butakov ordered as if on maneuvers." It was the first battle of two steam ships in the history of the fleets of the world and it ended with the victory of the Russians. For this fight, G.I. Butakov was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank and awarded the Order of George of the 4th degree.

Due to damage to the machines, "Vladimir" did not participate in the famous battle of Sinop on November 18 (30), 1853. But Butakov switched to "Odessa" and temporarily replaced the commander of this steam frigate, towing the damaged ship "Grand Duke Konstantin" under the flag of P.S. to Sevastopol. Nakhimov.

At the beginning of 1854, the Anglo-French fleet, under the pretext of protecting Turkey, entered the Black Sea. By spring, more and more enemy ships began to appear off the coast of Crimea. "Vladimir" more than once met with English and French ships, but left them. The only steam frigate of a special construction could not fight the enemy alone. When in the fall of 1854 the allies landed troops in the Crimea, the Russian sailboats could not prevent this. After the beginning of the siege of Sevastopol, steamships, primarily the Vladimir, remained an active part of the fleet. In early October 1854, a detachment of steam frigates under the command of Butakov took an active part in suppressing enemy land and sea batteries, which were preparing artillery support for the assault on Sevastopol. Thanks to the timely shelling of enemy positions, the enemy's plan to capture Sevastopol by an accelerated attack was thwarted. Butakov fought skillfully. He used an artificial roll of the steam frigate, which increased the range of his guns to 4-5 kilometers and made it possible to suppress the battery at the Kilenbalochny heights. October 9, 1854 guns "Vladimir" for the first time in the history of Russian naval artillery fired at an invisible target. The next summer, when Butakov introduced improvements in gun mounts, he was able to fire along the coast during the move. The sailors of the "Vladimir" made many improvements, including the blinding of the most important parts of the ship.

The role of the fleet was not limited to defense. November 24, 1854 P.S. Nakhimov ordered Butakov to drive off the French three-masted steamer "Megara", from which they observed the raid from Pesochnaya Bay. The captain of the 1st rank, in order to divert the attention of the enemy, sent the steam frigate "Khersones" to shell the enemy at Streletskaya Bay. Butakov himself came out first and attacked Megara, and then supported Khersones. When, on the way out, the Russian ships entered into battle with two English and French ships, the commander of the "Vladimir" dragged one of the enemies under the fire of coastal batteries. After this daring sortie, the Allies constantly kept several large steamers at the entrance to the bay. "Vladimir", together with other ships, opened fire more than once, covering the flank of the Russian fortifications and repelling attacks. From December 1854 until the surrender of Sevastopol, Butakov participated in its defense as commander of the Vladimir. During the siege of Sevastopol, steam frigates under the general leadership of G.I. Butakov provided significant support to the Russian batteries. At the most dangerous moments of the enemy shelling, Butakov begged Vice-Admiral P. Nakhimov, who led the defense of the city, to transfer him to some kind of battery. But Nakhimov flatly refused: "It's impossible," he told Butakov. "You must be saved for the future fleet."

After the death of Vice Admiral V.A. Kornilov, Butakov in February 1855 was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, from which, after the flooding of most of the ships, only a few steam frigates remained. In March 1855, Butakov became a captain of the 1st rank. Under his leadership, steam frigates boldly attacked the enemy ships, which kept close to the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay. Skillful and bold maneuvering "Vladimir" aroused the general surprise not only of their own, but also of their enemies. In August 1855, the Anglo-French-Turkish troops stormed Sevastopol for the sixth time, finally bringing them success. Until the last day of the defense of Sevastopol, Butakov remained on the Vladimir. On the night of August 30-31, 1855, Butakov, on the orders of Admiral Novonilsky, removed the crew from his steam frigates, set them on fire and then sank them. "Vladimir", along with other surviving ships, was flooded so as not to become prey to the enemy.

Shortly after the end of the war, on August 26, 1856, G.I. Butakov, who was promoted to rear admiral with admission to the retinue of His Imperial Majesty, was appointed chief of staff in the city of Nikolaev, which after the fall of Sevastopol became the main naval base Russia in the south. Then he was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and military governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol, which, according to the Paris Peace Treaty, was returned to Russia. Since Russia, after the defeat in the war, was forbidden to have a navy on the Black Sea, Grigory Ivanovich was annoyed: "I should have got into my position at such a time." In addition, he had to face bribery, embezzlement and other manifestations of the bureaucratic apparatus, which took Butakov a long time to fight. Overloaded with administrative and economic concerns, Butakov did not leave classes on naval issues. He found time to go to sea in order to develop the basics of steamship tactics, which he had begun back in 1854 at the suggestion of Kornilov. Then, Butakov compiled on behalf of Kornilov for his ships short description"evolutions", i.e. such turns and passages of ships as are necessary to occupy the most advantageous position during the battle and at the passage. After the Crimean War, the government began the systematic construction of iron steam warships. The new fleet required new tactics of warfare, and it was precisely such tactics that were developed in Russia earlier than in other countries. Having studied the combat properties of steam ships, Grigory Ivanovich acted as a theorist of steam navy, raising the question of new tactics, which was reflected in his book New Foundations of Steamship Tactics (1863). For this work, translated into various languages and becoming a manual for sailors different countries, Academy of Sciences awarded G.I. Butakov the full Demidov Prize.

He also developed and published the Rules for Maneuvering a Steamship, the Book of Evolutionary Signals, and the Code of Marine Military Signals, which have received recognition in many navies of the world. The progressive methods of combat training introduced by Butakov were based on the principles: to prepare the fleet not for reviews and parades, but for battle, the outcome of which depends on the training of the crews; swim more, conduct practical classes; the main thing in training and education is the development of courage, initiative and resourcefulness among sailors. Butakov taught not blind, reckless courage, but courage, combined with self-control, a clear eye, scientific thinking and orientation. He also invented a new way of signaling in fog, the slanted compass. Many of his works are still used today.

For 22 years (1838-1860) Butakov served in the Black Sea Fleet, and at the beginning of 1860 he was transferred to the Baltic Fleet as head of the Practical squadron of screw ships, which was created to train sailors of the steam fleet. This appointment gave him the opportunity to comprehensively test his study of the laws of rotation of screw ships. The rear admiral forced everyone to seriously study maritime affairs. The ships were equipped with rangefinder officers, range measuring devices, for transmitting data on sights from the bridge to the battery, and signals were established for reporting speed to other ships. Experimenting, the rear admiral ensured that different types of ships learned to move in concert. On September 5, 1860, he was awarded the Order of Stanislav 3rd degree with swords for excellent service. Appointed in the spring of 1861 as head of the Practical squadron of screw gunboats, Butakov used them to test his ideas. In an order dated July 11, 1861, he formulated the main tasks of training: to turn the squadron into a harmonious force and study all the Finnish skerries in which the squadron was to operate. By the end of the campaign, the boats kept well in the ranks and performed complex maneuvers. The following summer, Butakov complicated training by taking up maneuvering during ramming. During the campaign of 1862, the sailors learned to act decisively in the skerries, confidently carried out all the transformations. It can be said without exaggeration that the voyage of 40 gunboats in 1861-1862 was a kind of event for the Baltic Fleet.

At the beginning of 1863, G.I. Butakov was appointed naval attache to England and France. He held this position until 1867. October 28, 1866 Grigory Ivanovich was promoted to vice admiral with the appointment of the head of the squadron of armored ships of the Baltic Sea. At the opening of the World Exhibition in Paris in 1867, he was elected chairman of the international expert maritime commission.

On February 6, 1867, the vice admiral was appointed head of the Baltic squadron of armored ships. In order to make the squadron combat-ready for the campaign, he applied a new system of combat training. Unlike the sailing fleet, for technically complex ships it was necessary to prepare the crews on the shore before the start of the campaign, then in the parking lot, after which the single preparation of the ship on the roadstead and at sea followed. Only then could squadron exercises begin. In June, having completed the preparation of single ships, the squadron gathered on the Tranzund raid. By the end of the campaign, heterogeneous armored ships had learned to stay in line. In the summer of 1868, the flagship made preparations more difficult. Two gunboats were converted into ships for ramming exercises. Butakov considered it necessary to train gunners so that they could act on the basis of the requirements of the battle. The sailors successfully fired on the move at fixed triangular shields, learned to hit moving shields. In the first month of the 1869 campaign, Butakov practiced cruising, in which the ships, moving at full speed, took turns rounding the ships that were in the roadstead, writing out complex eights. The flagship achieved coherence in the maneuvers of detachments of the same type of ships. When rifled guns came into service in 1870, Butakov introduced firing exercises while rolling.

Creating an atmosphere close to combat in the naval training of crews, Butakov forced officers and sailors under the cannon balls to swim on boats, accustoming them to whistling and exploding shells. He was also the initiator of special "naval games" and drew up rules for them. To encourage the contestants, Butakov secured an annual allocation of 1,500 rubles for the purchase of prizes. Especially interesting were the races of sailing boats he introduced without using the rudder. At the end of each race, Butakov sorted out the mistakes in management and encouraged those who especially distinguished themselves. Once he even ordered six midshipman Fedotov to salute with six cannon volleys for the fact that she was excellently controlled during the "race without rudders." In a short time, Grigory Ivanovich raised the combat training of his squadron to such a height that foreign powers sent their naval officers to study with him. S.O. was brought up in the Butakov squadron. Makarov, then an officer of the "Mermaid", who later became the pride of the Russian fleet. Emperor Alexander II appreciated Butakov, and at the review of 1869 the tsar approached Grigory Ivanovich and said: "And I thank you first of all and congratulate you as my adjutant general. I am sure that you will remain the way I always knew you." At the same time, the Sovereign removed the aiguillette from His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich and put it on Grigory Ivanovich's shoulder with his own hand.

Butakov paid much attention to the development of the mine business. Russia has always been the leader in the development and use of mine weapons. On Butakov's squadron in 1867, the first laboratory of mine experiments was set up under the leadership of Lieutenant Terentyev. Experiments were made with summing up galvanic mines under unusable ships, mines were tested for barriers. Since 1873, electric searchlights introduced by Butakov on some ships began to be used to repel mine attacks. Theoretical classes were conducted, and, finally, on October 1, 1874, the Mine Officer Class and the Mine School were opened in Kronstadt for lower ranks. According to Butakov's project, in 1874, for the first time, the armored frigate Petropavlovsk was equipped with anti-mine artillery. Ten years, from 1867 to 1877 G.I. Butakov commanded a squadron of armored ships. Butakov came to the conclusion that "types of warships sometimes become obsolete before they are finally completed," and was dissatisfied with Russian shipbuilding and sharply criticized it.

Although Grigory Ivanovich was given the rank of admiral on April 16, 1878, almost simultaneously he was actually demoted - he was appointed head of the coastal and naval defense of the Sveaborg fortress. Soon, the chief head of the fleet and the maritime department, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, completely removed the admiral from business, and he lived for two years at his Finnish dacha, raising children. "Soon there will not be a single person left in this fleet," one of his former colleagues wrote about Butakov's resignation. At the beginning of 1881, the admiral was nevertheless appointed to the post of chief commander of the St. Petersburg port, but the following year he received a new resignation. The reason for this was his uncompromising fight against bribery in shipbuilding. The head of the Naval Ministry, I. Shestakov, his old friend, did not help him this time. In March 1882, Butakov was removed from his post and appointed to the State Council, where elderly dignitaries were usually assigned. The admiral was very upset by his dismissal, which marked for him not only the departure from naval work, but also the non-recognition of his principles for the preparation of the fleet. Having given his whole life to Russia, he remained out of work, settled in a dacha in Finland, translated from English science articles, wrote poetry. On May 31 (June 12), 1882, he died of apoplexy on the way home after a meeting of the State Council. The admiral was buried at the Nikolsky cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. A bust by the sculptor M.A. was installed on the grave. Chizhov, which in the 1920s was removed from the pedestal and transferred to the Museum of City Sculpture of Leningrad.

This man had many virtues: courage, military merit, scientific work, impeccable honesty, was the ideal of a moral leader, but the descendants forgot the admiral. Tombstone G.I. Butakov on a massive sculptural pedestal, decorated with sea anchors in a fence of chains, is in complete disrepair: the inscriptions have been erased, and the bust, made by M.A. Chizhov, has not been restored. Funds for this monument were collected by the whole family of Russian sailors of the Baltic Fleet. The admiral belonged "to people who know how to serve and live, no matter what uniform they wear, without flattering, without prevaricating, without sacrificing the interests of the cause to other interests," the obituary noted. Therefore, the death of Grigory Ivanovich was a great grief for all Russian sailors, who considered him their favorite. A small tablet also reminds us that the Butakov family ended in martyrdom: his wife Amalia Arsenyevna, nee Rozhdestvenskaya, was brutally murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1917, along with their son Rear Admiral Alexander Grigoryevich Butakov (1861-1917), commander of the Aurora cruiser ( 07.1914-02.1916), who was shot on the dam of the Gulf of Finland in Kronstadt. There is evidence that his corpse rolled down a cliff and assumed a sitting position. The inhabitants could not bury the shot, because for a long time they did not dare to approach the place where the figure of the admiral with a developing gray beard, as it were, guarded the dead. And brother G.I. is also buried nearby. Butakov - Vice Admiral Ivan Ivanovich Butakov (1822-1882). Many of the Butakov family were connected with the sea, they served the Fatherland all their lives. With the disappearance of such dynasties, glorious maritime Russia also left.

The talented Russian naval commander G.I. Butakov entered Russian history as a hero of the Sevastopol defense and the founder of the tactics of the Russian steam armored fleet. Serving in the navy during the transition from a sailing to a steam armored fleet, he was the first to lay theoretical basis tactics of steam ships, and foreign military theorists, despite all their arrogance and self-confidence, were forced to recognize the priority of the Russian admiral. The style of his original orders, the humane attitude towards the sailors, the independent position in relation to the higher authorities - all this is reminiscent of Suvorov, Nakhimov. Butakov combined the heroic courage of a naval officer, high education and organizational gift of the flagship-chief with tireless scientific inquisitiveness and the ability for broad scientific generalizations. The significance of the activities of Admiral G.I. Butakov for the Russian Navy is hard to overestimate. An ardent patriot of his Motherland, imbued with deep faith in the Russian people, he devoted all his organizational talent and knowledge to the Russian Navy.

"... In wartime," wrote Butakov, "risk is a necessity; I will add that in Peaceful time one must learn to take risks in order to gain confidence and strength of nerves in wartime"...

Russian admiral, naval commander, participant in the first defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, military governor of Sevastopol.

Born on September 27, 1820 in Riga. At the eleventh year of his life in May 1831, Grigory Ivanovich entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1837 and, with the rank of midshipman, was appointed to the Silistria as a flag officer to the famous Admiral M.P. Lazarev.

In May 1838, Butakov participated in the landing off the coast of Abkhazia, for which he was awarded two orders with the inscription "For Courage". From September 1838 to August 1840, he sailed on the schooner "Swallow" in the Aegean Sea, and in 1844 on the schooner "Vestnik" - in the Mediterranean Sea.

In April 1843, Butakov was promoted to lieutenant. Even then, his penchant for technical improvements in the field of maritime affairs was revealed: he came up with a special method of “fog signals”, invented an original kind of windlass. Admiral Lazarev became interested in these inventions, ordered to make a model of the Butakov windlass and even put it in the model room of the Admiralty.

In the autumn of 1846 G.I. Butakov received the tender "Hasty" in independent command. In the summer of 1847, Butakov began to carry out the large and responsible task of Admiral Lazarev - an inventory of the shores of the Black Sea and the compilation of its detailed sailing directions. This work continued until 1850, and the result of it was the Black Sea Pilot published in 1851. In 1850 G.I. Butakov was promoted to lieutenant commander.

Butakov served in the Navy at a time when steam shipbuilding was still in its infancy. In 1851, Butakov was appointed commander of the Danube steamer, which was under construction. Since then, his service has been on steam ships, with the exception of a short period of command of the Argonaut brig, and he gradually grows into the largest specialist in the use of the steam navy. December 3, 1852 Lieutenant Commander G.I. Butakov was appointed commander of the best 11-gun steam frigate "Vladimir" in the Black Sea Fleet.

In October 1853, the Crimean War began. On November 5, during the next exit to the sea, the steam frigate "Vladimir" met the Turkish 10-gun steamer "Pervaz-Bahri" in the Penderaklia area. By order of Kornilov, "Vladimir" entered into battle with an enemy ship. Noticing that the Turkish ship did not have bow and stern artillery, Butakov, avoiding the enemy's side fire, began to keep his steam frigate in the wake of the enemy ship. Whenever the latter tried to bring his airborne artillery into action, Butakov invariably took a favorable position for himself behind the enemy's stern and fired at him from bomb cannons.

Kornilov, seeing that the battle was dragging on, ordered to speed up the capture or sinking of the Turkish steamer. Butakov gave the order to increase the speed and, approaching the Pervaz-Bakhri at a distance of about 100m, opened fire with grapeshot from all the guns. As a result of a three-hour battle, the enemy, having heavy losses in personnel and significant damage, was forced to cease fire and lower the flag. November 7, 1853 "Pervaz-Bakhri" was brought to Sevastopol, repaired and put into operation under the name "Kornilov".

During the siege of Sevastopol by enemy troops, Russian batteries were significantly supported by steam frigates operating under the general supervision of the Vladimir commander G.I. Butakov. With his skillful actions, Butakov actively helped the defenders of Sevastopol. Skillfully using convenient positions near the coast, Butakov from his "Vladimir" smashed the enemy's fortifications.

Until the last day of the defense of Sevastopol, Butakov remained on the Vladimir and actively participated in repelling enemy assaults. On the night of August 31, 1855, Butakov, on the orders of Admiral Novonilsky, removed the crew from his steam frigates and then sank them.

Soon after the end of the Crimean War, G.I. Butakov, promoted to rear admiral, was appointed head of the naval unit in Nikolaev and military governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol. Overloaded with various administrative and economic concerns, Butakov, however, did not leave classes on naval issues of interest to him. He found time to go to sea in order to develop the basics of steamship tactics, which he had begun back in 1854. The independence of steam ships from the wind and the freedom of their maneuvering, the gradual introduction of more modern guns on them - all this required the development of completely new tactics. sea battle, new rules for the construction and joint maneuvering of military ships. However, only after being transferred to the Baltic Fleet could he come to grips with the development of issues of steamship tactics.

From 1860, Butakov almost until the end of his service was in the Baltic Fleet, where he first commanded a squadron of screw ships, then in 1861-1862 a squadron of screw boats, and from 1867 to 1877 - a squadron of armored ships. Since 1863 to 1867 Butakov was in England and France as a naval attache.

In 1863, the capital work of G.I. Butakov, New foundations of steamship tactics. For this work, the Academy of Sciences awarded Butakov the Demidov Prize. Butakov's work was also interested abroad, and it was translated into French, English, Italian and Spanish.

October 28, 1866 G.I. Butakov was promoted to vice admiral. By this time, he already enjoyed world fame as a recognized scientist, an experienced naval commander, a sailor with an impeccable reputation. On February 6, 1867, he was appointed head of the Baltic squadron of armored ships. He directed all his tireless energy to improving combat training, paying the most serious attention to questions of artillery preparation of the squadron.

The artillery preparation system on Butakov's squadron was built according to a strictly developed plan, starting with firing a single ship at a fixed shield, then at a towed one, and, finally, firing on the move at a moving target. Much attention was paid to the rangefinder case. Butakov demanded that, in addition to using the available rangefinders, in all cases of going out to sea, distances should be continuously determined by specially assigned officers, signalmen, and sailors. To transmit distances to the target, dials with movable arrows were installed on the ships of the Butakov squadron. Among other innovations, the use of the so-called "training trunks" widely introduced into the practice of artillery preparation should be dismissed: for primary education artillery crew firing, a rifle barrel was inserted into the gun channel. Thanks to this, shells were saved.

Butakov paid extraordinarily great attention to the development of the mine business. Russia has always been the leader in the development and use of mine weapons. On Butakov's squadron in 1867, the first laboratory of mine experiments was set up under the leadership of Lieutenant Terentyev. Experiments were made with summing up galvanic mines under unusable ships, mines were tested for barriers. Theoretical classes were conducted, and, finally, on October 1, 1874, the Mine Officer Class and the Mine School for the lower ranks were opened.

Thus, in the course of time, Butakov's armored squadron became the center where the studies of his most capable students in the field of naval art were concentrated. By this time, the priority of Russian naval science was indisputable. Foreign naval officers and admirals traveled to Russia to learn the art of war and tactics from an exemplary Russian armored squadron.

On April 16, 1878, Butakov was promoted to admiral and appointed head of the coastal and naval defense of Sveaborg. At the beginning of 1881, he was appointed chief commander of the St. Petersburg port.

As commander of the St. Petersburg port, Admiral Butakov remained true to his principles: he fought abuses and sought to raise the initiative of his subordinates, no matter how modest their position was. In one of the orders, Butakov wrote: “I consider it not superfluous to announce, according to the management entrusted to me, that I would like technicians of all kinds, when discussing technical issues together with me, to remember that in these cases I am only a technician, to a greater or lesser extent degree, and not the boss, and they are technicians, not subordinates. Therefore, I ask them not to be embarrassed by the views that I express, and to defend their views, as an equal with an equal, until my final decision. After him, we, of course, become the boss and subordinates again.

Such speeches by Admiral Butakov could not but arouse the wrath of the higher authorities. In March 1882 G.I. Butakov was appointed a member of the State Council. But this "honorary translation" was perceived by Butakov as a kind of surrender to the archive. He reacted extremely painfully to this appointment, which marked for him not only a departure from active naval leadership work, but also a rejection of his principles for preparing the fleet. He soon fell seriously ill and on May 31, 1882, died of an apocalyptic blow.

The appearance of steam iron ships and new military equipment required the development of new tactics of warfare and a thorough study of the tactical properties of the ship. Calculations and rebuildings, determination of the maneuvering elements of the ship, development were put on a scientific, mathematical basis. A number of works by foreign naval theorists were devoted to questions of tactical maneuvering, but all these works were imperfect and superficial. The most profound and exhaustive were the works of the talented Russian admiral G. I. Butakov, the founder of the tactics of the steam armored fleet.

Since the advent of the first steam ships Butakov closely followed how the tactics changed in connection with this. Back in 1854, on behalf of the Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet V. A. Kornilova Butakov compiled a manual on the production of evolutions for the steamship detachment of the Black Sea Fleet, and since 1860, in the position of commander of the practical Baltic, he began to test the evolutions he had developed in practice.

In April 1861 Butakov published work "Several excerpts from the experience of the initial foundations of the ABC of steamship tactics" containing steamships and evolutionary signals. At the same time, he began to study the laws of combat, by which he proved that in order to ram an enemy ship, it is necessary to penetrate inside it. Developing and supplementing their research, Butakov published in 1863 "New Foundations of Steamship Tactics" ; this fundamental work on the maneuvering of steam ships has retained its value to this day.

“The main idea of my tactics,” wrote Butakov in the preface to this work, “is that the steam must make the same revolution in naval tactics that occurred in land tactics at the end of the last century. It is possible and should demand instantaneous and sudden changes of formations, turns and crossings from steam ships. Satisfying these requirements is possible only with a firm knowledge of the fundamental laws of these actions.

The basis of the study of maneuvering issues Butakov put open them the nature of the movement of a screw ship on the circulation . He found that in circulation a screw ship moves along a curve close to a circle, or tangent to it. From this he deduced geometrically substantiated circulation laws and, relying on them, he developed and brought into a coherent system the rules for rebuilding formations of steam ships, providing them with numerous explanatory drawings, developed in detail the tactical features of each formation, determined the rules for rebuilding from one formation to another, proposed for the first time a simple and convenient way of these restructuring.

Work Butakova, unparalleled in thoroughness of analysis, conciseness and clarity of presentation, was a huge success. Translated immediately into a number of European languages, it became a desktop manual for maneuvering in all fleets. Based on it, it was compiled in 1869 under the guidance of Butakova book of evolutionary signals .

Butakov was not only an outstanding theoretician in matters of naval tactics. His practical activities also deserve great attention: he supervised the combat training of a squadron of armored ships of the Baltic Fleet, which he commanded in 1867-1877.

“In our time,” Butakov wrote in one of his orders, “wars will be sudden, vigorous ... and battles will be unusually short. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare for them always, constantly, without delay, immediately; prepare for that half hour for which we, one might say, exist and in which we will have to show that Russia maintains a fleet not without benefit.

By widely encouraging personal initiative and the development of the individual abilities of each of his subordinates, Butakov constantly sought to create an environment for everyday combat training that was as close as possible to combat.

He conducted ramming battles on his squadron, for which he singled out, on which he personally taught his commanders in turn the art of ramming. Great importance Butakov he also attached to the artillery preparation of the squadron, considering the use of ram and artillery in their harmonious combination.

The difficulty of preparation was complicated by the wide variety of artillery systems that were in service with the fleet at that time. Therefore, every idea, every creative thought, aimed at resolving various issues related to the use of artillery, found ardent support and energetic help from the admiral. Butakov the first to introduce squadrons on ships, Davydov's "system of automatic firing devices" , "training trunks" for elementary training proposed in 1870. Akimov, special dials with moving arrows to indicate distances to the target, replacing voice transmission from rangefinders to guns.

A large number of firings carried out by ships successively at stationary and then at moving targets, and, finally, firing on the move at a moving shield ensured a high artillery preparation of the squadron.

The period after is characterized by intensive development in the Russian fleet. Such talented Russian inventors as Vice Admiral A. A. Popov , lieutenant S. O. Makarov other. An important role in the development of methods for using mine weapons and in the training of the first miners was played by G. I. Butakov . To this end, in 1867 on an armored squadron led by Terentiev experiments were begun on the use of mines to undermine the hulls of unsuitable ships, on setting minefields and conducting. Especially widespread was the practice of training night mine attacks by steam and rowboats.

Training mine attacks not only contributed to the acquisition of practical experience by the personnel of the boats in the use of mine weapons and the study of their actual properties. They caused the appearance mine artillery as a means of combating mine attacks. Anti-mine caliber guns were installed in such a way as to have the maximum possible horizontal and vertical angles of fire. These weapons included G. I. Butakov in 1874 for ten four-pound guns loaded from the breech. These guns were mounted on specially made platforms protruding overboard, as a result of which the horizontal angles of fire reached 137 °.

As a result of lengthy experiments carried out on the squadron Butakova, was created, which turned out to be a more reliable means of fighting against than all trawls known at that time. It consisted of an inch length of 40 m, to the ends and middle of which, with the help of floats, weights were attached. The length of the lines was determined by the depth at which the trawl was supposed to work. Practical trawling with the help of this trawl showed that it reliably captured any obstacle at a given depth.

Thus, on the squadron Butakova developed and improved not only the tactics of mine weapons, but also: trawl and mine artillery.

The admiral was especially pleased with the manifestation of dashing, courage, initiative and resourcefulness, in which he saw the key to military success.

In order to accustom personnel to the whistle and bursting of shells Butakov during each of the practical shootings he sent officers and sailors to cross the line of fire.

Instructions and orders Butakova on the squadron are characterized by their content, depth and scope of thought. They were an invaluable tactical aid for commanders subordinate to him.

Butakov paid exceptionally great attention to the issues of tactical training of command personnel, called on commanders to comprehensively study the qualities of their ships and consciously manage them.

Attaching great importance to the mastery of technology, Butakov pointed out that “every naval officer must be the best sailor and the best of his ship in order to have the moral right to demand from his subordinates by his example everything that they have to do” . Butakov ordered that on some ships of the squadron the staff of the engine and stoker teams be equipped with conductors and cadets to control the machines without the help of sailors, he demanded that senior officers be able to completely replace ship commanders. Butakov was the initiator of the development naval games , made rules for them and personally led them.

A work of great importance, closely connected with the entire system of combat training of the fleet, was done by Admiral Butakov for learning Finnish. The appearance of small screw ships, designed primarily for coastal defense, created ample opportunities for their use in skerry areas. The interaction of detachments of such ships with coastal fortified points was the most important component in the defense of the coast, including the defense of Kronstadt and St. Petersburg. But to create such a defense, it was necessary first of all to study the skerry area, which he drew attention to Butakov. During the voyages of the squadron on orders Butakova personnel was engaged in the description of skerries, sounding of depths on and other hydrographic works.

Summarizing the experience of sailing in skerries, Butakov resolutely rejected the wrong view that skerries are accessible only to small ships and that navigation in them on deep-draft

ships is associated with unjustified risk. In order to prove in practice the incorrectness of such a view, Butakov undertook a bold campaign of the detachment into the skerries.

Skerry fairways thanks to the efforts Butakova became the usual routes for the movement of not only screw gunboats, but also all other armored ships. The discovery and study of new skerry fairways facilitated the creation of a stable defense of the Gulf of Finland, especially during the First World War of 1914-1918.

Admiral G. I. Butakov used a variety of techniques and methods of combat training to instill high military discipline in the personnel, a sense of duty and responsibility for their actions and deeds, physical endurance and moral stability, initiative and courage, knowledge of naval service and love for the sea. Combat training was also built taking into account the fact that Baltic Fleet was supposed to train sailors for the resurgent Black Sea Fleet .

In the shortest possible time, the level of combat training of the ships of the Baltic Fleet was brought to a high degree of perfection.

Squadron Butakov was "mental laboratory of the fleet" , his combat training system gave the Russian fleet a number of educated commanders, including a well-known Russian naval commander - Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov.

Forms and methods of combat training developed Admiral Butakov , which was based on the idea of transitioning from performing less complex tasks to more complex ones and from single training to group training, covering the entire range of tasks related to preparing the fleet for war, have not lost their significance at the present time. The combat successes of sailors in the war of 1877-1878. the Russian fleet owed much to its outstanding teacher G. I. Butakov .