The practical component of the goal of teaching reading as an indirect form of communication in foreign language involves the development of students' ability to read texts with different levels of understanding of the information contained in them:
with an understanding of the main content (introductory reading);
with a complete understanding of the content (learning reading);
with the extraction of the necessary, significant information (search-browsing reading).
Attestation requirements provide for the achievement of a sub-threshold level in teaching this type of speech activity, that is, advanced communicative competence. The content of learning to read includes:
linguistic component (linguistic and speech material: a system of graphic signs, words, phrases, texts of different genres);
psychological component (formed skills and abilities of reading on the basis of mastering the actions and operations of reading);
methodological component (reading strategies).
The main basic skills underlying reading are the skills:
predict the content of information in terms of structure and meaning;
determine the topic, the main idea;
divide the text into semantic pieces;
to separate the main from the secondary;
interpret text.
The specification of these basic skills depends on the purpose of reading. N.D. Galskova identifies the following groups of skills:
understanding the main content: identify and highlight the main information of the text, establish a connection between events, draw a conclusion from what has been read;
extracting complete information from the text: fully and accurately understand the facts, highlight information that confirms something, compare information;
understanding of the necessary information: to determine in general terms the topic of the text, to determine the genre of the text, to determine the importance of information.
As I.L. Bim, reading, like any activity, is structured from separate actions that have their own intermediate goal, which make up the ability to carry out this complex type of speech activity as a whole. Referring to the study by A.N. Evsikova, Bim I.L. gives three groups of actions and operations aimed at mastering reading.
BUT. Teaching the technique of reading aloud words (phrases of sentences).
Firstly, these are actions to recognize and correctly pronounce words.
Purpose: correlation of the sound image of words with the graphic image for their identification and recognition of the meaning.
Condition: carried out on familiar language material.
Operations: sound-letter analysis, identification of a sound image and its meaning, correct voicing, awareness of word connections, correct pause, correct intonation.
Secondly, these are actions to expand the reading field.
Purpose: to recognize and retain in memory segments of speech.
Condition: increasing the length of segments of speech.
Operations: their reproduction.
Thirdly, these are actions to develop the pace of reading.
Purpose: to bring the rate of reading in a foreign language closer to the rate of reading in mother tongue.
Condition: time-limited reading.
Operations: repetition, repeated reading with an increase in its tempo.
B. Actions and operations that ensure the mastery of reading techniques based on a coherent text.
AT. Actions and operations aimed at text recognition, at extracting meaningful information, regardless of the form of reading.
The main operations are anticipation of the content of the text by the title, a guess about the meaning of unfamiliar words by similarity with the native language, etc.
Of great importance in teaching reading are general educational skills and reading strategies that are correlated with a particular type of reading:
dog strategy (for introductory reading);
detective strategy (for learning reading).
The choice of a reading strategy directs the reader to use appropriate actions with the text.
When teaching reading, it is important not only to develop in students the necessary skills and abilities that provide the opportunity to read as an indirect means of communication, but also to instill an interest in reading. As rightly noted by A.A. Leontiev, the ability to read, not reinforced by more or less constant training, decays very quickly, and all efforts to teach reading turn out to be in vain.
The need for reading in a foreign language will be provided when the content of the texts offered to students corresponds to their cognitive and emotional needs, their level of intellectual development.
The selection and organization of texts for reading can be attributed basically the same requirements as for texts for listening. They should be informative, diverse in genre and subject matter, and as authentic as possible.
A significant problem is the methodological selection of texts for the initial stage of training. Due to the limited language abilities of students at this level, reading texts have to be processed and adapted. Processing and adaptation techniques include reduction, replacement of complex grammatical structures with easier ones. At the same time, complex words that were previously unfamiliar to students, but accessible to understanding, can be saved. An important role is also played by the ghost of the text in accordance with the conditions of perception with the help of footnotes, a side dictionary, and illustrations. It is the use of supports, according to L.A. Chernyavskaya, is the most productive method of methodical text processing and brings the process of foreign language reading closer to natural. At the same time, students' vocabulary is built up, their language experience is enriched, which makes it possible to gradually complicate the semantic content of texts and develop the reading skills of schoolchildren.
Conclusion: reading in a foreign language as a type of speech activity and as an indirect form of communication is, according to many researchers, the most necessary for most people. The reading process is based on the technical side, that is, on skills that are automated visual-speech-auditory connections of linguistic phenomena with their meaning, on the basis of which there is recognition and understanding of written characters and written text as a whole and, consequently, the implementation of the communicative ability to read .
The practical component of the goal of teaching reading as an indirect form of communication in a foreign language involves the development of students' ability to read texts with different levels of understanding of the information contained in them.
However, when teaching reading, it is important not only to develop in students the necessary skills and abilities that provide the opportunity to read as an indirect means of communication, but also to instill interest in this process.
Reading in a foreign language
Copyright 1996, Christopher G. Dugdale. All rights reserved.
I have used this approach myself in three languages, and students have used it with great success in four more. I first read about this learning technique almost 20 years ago. And I am constantly surprised by its speed and efficiency, as well as ease of use. There are two steps to learning any written language. Learn the alphabet and letters first, then read regularly at a good pace.
Translation and memorization of word lists
First, let me explain that it's up to you whether or not to include additional steps. If you want to memorize lists of words before you start reading, do it! In my experience memorizing lists of words is slow and inadequate, perhaps because words so often don't have equivalents in another language, perhaps because it's boring, or perhaps people learn better by immersing themselves in a subject. Whatever it is, if you're happy with your studies now, it's worth considering alternative teaching methods if you want to improve your understanding quickly.
If you want to translate something using a dictionary for every word, do it! One of my students started learning English by translating classical Japanese plays. At first he used a dictionary for every word (literally!) and spent many hours translating every page. At first, his work required a lot of corrections, but within a year he could already translate 2, 3, 5 pages a week, reducing the amount of time spent. By the end of the year, his work required few revisions, and he was able to "publish" them for family and friends. He was almost 50 years old when he started and hadn't studied English since school. If you want to learn this way and it's interesting and enjoyable for you, do it! However, this is not the fastest way to learn, but keep in mind that it may be suitable for you in this moment. Do whatever motivates you to do regular, daytime activities if possible.
Two steps
Of course, you start by learning the alphabet or typing the letters of a new language. In alphabetic languages, you need to become familiar with diphthongs, triphthongs, and modifiers. Then you start reading. It is so simple! Let's start by looking at the two main types of writing, alphabetic (where letters or groups of letters represent sounds) and symbolic (where each character has a meaning and a sound). But first, a warning.
If you want to learn how to speak, listen, and communicate, don't think reading will help you much. Maybe, but it's better for you to do other things - read the articles in the Spoken Language section. The techniques outlined in these pages almost completely separate reading/writing and listening/communication as two different fields of study. And you share too. It's faster, easier and more interesting. What's more, these two groups of activities fit different times and places, so this division easily fits into your daily work.
Learning the alphabet
The alphabet or phonetic script uses letters to represent sounds. Pronunciation can be simply phonetic, as in newly written languages such as Tok Pisin, used in Papua New Guinea, where one letter always sounds the same, or it can be complex, as in English, where sounds have many letters (shwa is the most famous of them), or one letter can have 2-3 readings (letter "c" for example).
If this fits your situation, focus on socializing for a while before you start reading. In phonetic languages you will be able to read and write in a week or two if your conversational skills are good. When you really want to learn to read and write, make it a separate activity. First memorize the sounds using a cassette or a teacher. In English it starts with a, b, k, d, i, f, g (but not ei, bii, si, dii, ii, ef, jii, which is the name of the letters). Explore options too; "c" can be read to or from, for example, and treat modified letters (in accents) as separate sounds.
Once you're done with the sounds, switch to writing letters and use flashcards to match the basic letters to their sounds. For English it is 52 cards, lower case abc and upper case ABC. Native speakers, teachers or friends, can help by giving sound tests while you write the letters - "ee" represents the letters e, i or y, for example. Because in almost every language there are less than a hundred, learning the sounds of letters and vice versa will take only a few hours. Then it's time to move on to letter groups, diphthongs like ch, ph, ee, triphthongs like sch and chr, and large groups like ight.
I have found that most beginners in English, whether a child or an adult, can master this stage in a few hours. Moving on to pronouncing the words on the cards. If you have learned the basics of phonetics (sounds) well, even words like telephone, elephant, school can be read quite well. If you are studying alphabetic language, skip the next paragraph.
Character set
Chinese, Japanese, and Ancient Egyptian are examples of languages that use character sets, where each character has a meaning and a sound or sounds. Since this type of letter has many characters, more than 2 thousand, you can't wait, start now! Don't even wait until you start talking, it won't help. Treat written language as a completely separate task, and it will become much easier.
Fortunately, the main character set in use today is kanji, used in various Chinese languages and Japanese. This is fortunate because kanji is relatively standard, so you can understand a lot of Chinese if you're learning Japanese, for example. What's more, kanji can be learned in any language because the character is always the same in meaning wherever the bi occurs. This means you can learn quickly by learning how to read kanji in your own language.
You need to start by learning the directions, left to right, top to bottom for kanji, and writing the first hundred characters a hundred times of each is a good start. Don't skip this step! As you go along, memorize the main meaning or meaning of each symbol.
You can then move on to flashcards with the symbol on one side and the main meaning(s) on the other. Look at the meaning and try to write the symbol before you look at it - write it on paper or with your finger in the palm of your other hand or in the air. Always work from value to symbol - you must be able to write. I determined that 2 hours a day of exercise allowed me to memorize 15 hundred kanji in 6 months. It's not hard. Others learned 2 or 3 thousand kanji in a month, devoting more time to it every day.
Because now you understand at least the basic meaning, reading becomes more interesting once you start. If you're learning kanji, you'll probably be able to start "reading" after you've written the first thousand characters by looking at the basic meaning, although memorizing the second thousand is much, much faster than the first, so you might want to continue memorizing before moving on to reading.
Start Reading
Once you can roughly pronounce words or recognize enough characters, start reading! See the article "Choosing Reading Material" on what to read.
Read Silently
Read silently. Yes it is, don't make sounds, don't move your tongue or lips and breathe normally. Reading aloud slows you down and (notoriously!) doesn't help your pronunciation. You get pronunciation, speed, stress, etc. through Mimicking. Reading is reading. It is important. Reading aloud also doesn't help you remember the meaning of words, grammar, or anything else. Remember in primary school learning to read aloud is only a stepping stone to learning to read silently. We are considering the concept of a written language. Adults and children who can read do not need this help with cognitive understanding of the meaning of writing. Skip this step - no need to read aloud. (If you need to present at a conference, take a look at Hikaru Surprises the World, which explains how to prepare for a public presentation.) Try to sound the words in your "head" or identify the meaning of a character as you read. After all, your mind must be active. Continue as fast as you can.
Read faster
Try to read for more than ten minutes at least twice a day. More is better. Vary the speed to keep things interesting, but increase the speed consistently. Your initial goal is to work on your rote reading speed until it is at least twice as fast as normal speech in your target language. In English it is 500 words per minute or more. There are about 15 hundred words from the beginning of this article to this point, so at 500 words per minute you should be able to read this far in 3 minutes.
Concentrating on your rote reading speed is your goal. Comprehension of topics, paragraphs, words or sentences is not. Learning to read and understand a foreign language is not a simple or mechanical process. If the approach I'm suggesting seems simple and mechanical, do me a favor and try to work it out for a month or two before complaining. You will see that it is almost impossible to concentrate only on the mechanical aspect of reading.
Using dictionaries
It's boring. Not! You will see at an early stage when you start working. Writing patterns, common words and phrases, etc. start to occupy your mind. You start with lists of words when learning the alphabet, so your vocabulary is at least above zero, and the human mind naturally loves to solve puzzles. Try to read in blocks of 20 or 30 minutes, using a dictionary to look up curious words, but after you've finished reading. If it seems too long, just set yourself such a goal, but don't be hard on yourself. With no concept of content at all, you won't be able to understand a completely unfamiliar language, but use the dictionary discretely. New words that appear frequently should come to your mind when you get to the dictionary. After your first sessions, you will look for words like the, and, a, too, and other very common words, but that's okay. Reading in blocks of half an hour or more will give you a chance to learn from context, and restraint in using vocabulary suggests that learning.
Why it works
Why do these two steps - three if you count the way the dictionaries are used - work? I don't know, although I shared some of my assumptions in the previous paragraph. What I do know is that I and many of my students are delighted with how interesting and exciting this journey of learning to read is. It is easy to list the many authors who have learned the written language with relative ease in a remarkably short period. As a teacher, I constantly keep an eye on those special people who have achieved something quickly and well, in comparison with what they did, and then I offer these methods to my students. Luckily, what works for one works for others, and I have a persistent suspicion that people are essentially the same in talent and ability when it comes to learning languages. I also constantly get confirmation in favor of the assumption that some teaching methods used give a significantly better result in terms of the speed of learning and the quality of the language you learn.
Reading faster
This is not shorthand
Copyright 1996, Christopher G. Dugdale. All rights reserved.
Tips on how to read faster.
Learning English as a foreign language while living in a non-English speaking country takes courage, perseverance and ambition. Consistent reading is a great help to make it more enjoyable. A significant increase in speed without loss of understanding is possible and feasible in a short period of time.
At low speeds of up to 200 words per minute (s/min), reading speed is mostly a physical skill. Skill that can be upgraded to practical exercises that are on what you do with your eyes. Learners of English as a second language, by concentrating on this skill, find that they can increase their reading speed, and therefore language learning, by focusing on the experience of one individual, whom I will call Hikaru-san (Not his real name). Excerpts from his letters about reading appeared in a previous article, Growing in reading).
Hikaru-san first needed an understanding of the difficulties he faced. The benefits were obvious:
Read more in the same amount of time
It becomes easier to learn from context.
· More memorable.
While learning kanji from context, Hikaru-san knew this technique, but didn't realize that he could also learn English from context. By pointing out that only the basic kanji are memorized, and the rest are learned by repeated occurrences while reading, I was able to convince Hikaru-san:
1. Read non-stop (without stopping). At the end of your reading, use a dictionary to look up common words if you like.
It was easy and allowed to control the reading speed, which turned out to be 80 s / min. Trying to move forward a little, Hikaru-san tended to reread 3-4 times to analyze the sentence. He believed that finding the subject, predicate, and object was an important part of reading in English. So the next sentence was obvious:
2. Read non-stop without repeating or analyzing.
As with many students, the following point raises a lot of discussion because it's a new idea:
3. Choose INTERESTING reading material - it motivates you to continue.
Although it seems self-evident, most of my students didn't read the things they were interested in. In fact, they often pored over nonsense they found boring, with the mistaken belief that it was good for them because it was 'on their level'. It may or may not be true - but poorly chosen material leads to start-stop reading and lack of commitment. Consistency is what gets results, and definitely the fact that I'm reading something interesting to me means that I find it worth continuing...
By strengthening these three points, Hikaru-san was able to integrate reading into his daily study. Consistency started to pay off and reading English became interesting in its own right. After a few months, Hikaru-san decided to greatly improve his reading speed. The sudden 500 rpm jump was frustrating, so more tips are on the way:
4. Increase your reading speed in discrete steps.
5. Slow down if necessary to avoid disappointment when you don't understand.
6. Try faster.
Of course, I have said, for example: “Your understanding will improve rapidly in months. Stay at this speed (500 s/min) for 6 months, then increase by 100 s/min every 6 months to 800 s/min. Stay at 800 rpm for a year, then jump up to 1200.” The time period may seem excessive, but I tried to encourage Hikaru-san to build English into his life. To accomplish this, I provided short-term help and long-term strategy and information so that he would understand the technique he was using and be able to improve, even without my advice.
I also try to make sure he knows enough to apply his knowledge to other areas of language learning. Hikaru-san started reading at 500s/min, but found that he "couldn't catch the meaning at all, so he started reading at the usual speed of 200-250s/min." In response, I gave him more information.
Strong suggestion: stick to 500 rpm and don't overread. My Japanese friend who studied English in America suggested this to me. She said that she used to re-read, but soon found that it did not improve the language.
She also said that she often varied her reading speed (for example, 500 s/min - 15 min, then 250 s/min - 5 min, then 350 s/min - 10 min, then 500 s/min - 5 min, etc. .), so she didn't get tired, understood enough to keep her interested, and increased her reading speed.
As a result of this suggestion, Hikaru-san changed his strategy and began to read the first 1-2 pages of each chapter at 200 s/min, then speed up to 500 s/min and finish reading. It's pretty good, he says. Understanding the situation is a big help in following the plot when reading 500 rpm.
Hikaru-san is surprised how much he has achieved in the last 6 months and has started reading Chinese and German! You can read excerpts from his diary in Growing in reading.
Learning to read in a foreign language. Types of reading.
Reading is a motivated, receptive, mediated type of speech activity that occurs during internal plan, aimed at extracting information from a fixed text in writing, proceeding on the basis of processes visual perception arbitrary short term memory and recoding information.
When teaching a foreign language, reading is considered as an independent type of speech activity and occupies a leading position in terms of its importance and accessibility.
It performs the following functions:
instills skills independent work.
Text is often the basis for writing, speaking and listening.
Educational goals (morality, worldview, values).
Expanding horizons.
Instills a love for the book.
To achieve the goals set, it is necessary to attach to reading fiction, journalistic, scientific and special literature in a foreign language.
The subject of reading is someone else's thought, encoded in the text and subject to recognition in the visual perception of the text.
The product is a conclusion, an understanding of the semantic content.
The result is an impact on the reader and his own verbal or non-verbal behavior.
The unit of this type of speech activity is a semantic decision made on the basis of processing the extracted information and its assignment.
The following principles outlined by S.K. Folomkina are the basis for teaching reading:
learning to read is the learning of speech activity, i.e. communication, and not just a way of voicing the text;
Reading instruction should be structured cognitive process;
teaching reading should include, along with receptive, and reproductive activities of students;
learning to read involves reliance on mastering the structure of the language.
Like every human activity, reading has a three-phase structure.
Namely:
1. The motivational-incentive phase of this activity, i.e. the emergence of a need, desire, interest in its implementation. It is set in motion by a special communicative task that creates an attitude to reading. Focuses on extracting all or basic, specific information. This determines the intent and strategy of reading.
2. The analytical-synthetic part of reading proceeds either only on the internal plane (understanding when reading to oneself), or on the internal and external plane (understanding when reading aloud) and includes mental processes: from visual perception of graphic signs, known and partially unknown language material and its recognition to its awareness and adoption of a semantic decision, i.e., to understanding the meaning.
Consequently, when reading, the analytic-synthetic part includes the executive part.
3. Control and self-control constitute the third phase of reading as a type of speech activity, which ensures the transfer of understanding to the external plane. This can be done with the help of other types of speech activity - speaking and writing. And also non-verbally, for example, with the help of signaling or behavioral reactions.
All of the above allows us to clarify the characteristics of reading as a complex type of speech activity. Having an internal and external plan, flowing in two forms (out loud and to oneself), carried out in close cooperation with other types of speech activity.
The main educational and methodological unit of teaching reading is the text. First of all, the text is a communicative unit that reflects a certain pragmatic attitude of its creator.
As a unit, the text, in addition to being reproducible in different conditions, is characterized by integrity, social conditionality, semantic completeness, manifested in the structural and semantic organization of a speech work, the integration of parts of which is provided by semantic-thematic connections, as well as formal grammatical and lexical means.
In the methodology of teaching reading, there are different kinds reading. At present, the most widely used classification of types of reading according to the degree of penetration into the text, proposed by S. Kh. Folomkina, which divides educational reading into studying, introductory, viewing and search.
Study reading is the careful reading of the test to fully understand the content accurately and memorize the information contained for later use. When reading with full understanding, the content of an authentic text must be understood both main and secondary information, using all possible means of revealing the meaning of unfamiliar linguistic phenomena.
Introductory reading involves the extraction of basic information, while relying on the recreating imagination of the reader, due to which the meaning of the text is partially replenished. When reading with an understanding of the main content, the student should be able to determine the topic and highlight the main idea of the written message, separate the main facts from the secondary ones, omitting the details.
Search reading involves mastering the ability to find in the text those elements of information that are significant for the implementation of a particular task. learning task.
According to the function of reading, the following types are distinguished:
Cognitive - reading only in order to extract information, comprehend and store it, briefly react to it, verbally or non-verbally.
Value-oriented - reading in order to later discuss, evaluate, retell the content of what was read, i.e. use the results of reading in other types of speech activity.
Regulatory - reading with subsequent substantive actions that correlate or do not correlate with those described in the text.
In the last two cases, reading acts simultaneously as a means of learning.
The purpose of teaching reading at school is the formation and development of reading skills as a type of speech activity, and not teaching the types of reading, which are only a means to achieve a common goal.
The sequence of highlighting the types of reading is essential to achieve the basic type of learning in foreign languages, acting as state standard, the achievement of which is mandatory for all students, regardless of the type of school and the specifics of the course of study, and the measurement of which should give an objective assessment of the minimum level of foreign language proficiency of students.
The initial stage of education in secondary school plays the role of a foundation in the formation of a communicative core and is at the same time preparatory stage during which students acquire a set of fundamental reading skills and abilities. Starting from known sounds, students master the lettering, the technique of reading aloud and to themselves with a full understanding of the text containing 2-4% of unfamiliar words. By the end of this stage, reading acquires a relatively independent meaning as a way of foreign language communication.
The middle stage of learning is characterized by reading with a complete understanding of the main content, which involves the use of a combination of all reading skills: the ability to achieve understanding, overcoming obstacles in all available ways, as well as the ability to ignore obstacles, extracting only essential information from the text, the ability to read silently for the first time presented texts in order to fully understand the information, in order to extract basic information and partial information.
At the senior stage, the improvement of skills, abilities,
previously purchased. Reading at this stage is aimed at learning to read with complete and accurate understanding. Teaching this reading skill is debated by practical necessity: a graduate high school must understand original and slightly adapted texts from socio-political and popular science literature that he may encounter in his professional activity, in the further occupation of the language or for self-educational purposes.
Particularly significant at this stage of training is the development of the following skills:
- define character readable text(popular science, socio-political, artistic);
- extract the necessary information from the text;
- compose and write down abstracts, annotations of the read text;
AT school curriculum for the study of foreign languages, the requirements for practical knowledge of a foreign language in the field of reading are indicated. According to the program, students by the end of the senior stage should be able to:
a ) in order to extract complete information to read to oneself for the first time uncomplicated original ones from socio-political and popular science literature, as well as adapted texts from fiction containing up to 6-10% of unfamiliar vocabulary;
in ) in order to extract basic information to read to oneself (without using a dictionary) for the first time presented texts from socio-political and popular science literature, containing up to 5-8% of unfamiliar words, the meaning of which can be guessed or ignorance of which does not affect the understanding of the main content of what is being read.
with) in order to extract partial information read silently in viewing mode (without using a dictionary) for the first time presented partially adapted or non-adapted texts from socio-political and popular science literature.
Principles of teaching reading:
teaching reading should be teaching speech reality. Compliance with this principle is important for the correct orientation of student motivation. Often texts are needed only for familiarization. Reading should also be the goal. This is achieved if the text is considered as material for practical activities. Reading a text always involves comprehension and verbal and non-verbal communication.
Reading should be built as a cognitive process. The content of the text is important. The content predetermines whether students will relate to reading in a foreign language as a way of obtaining information. All texts should be interesting and meaningful.
Principles of reliance on students' experience of reading in their native language.
When teaching text comprehension, one should rely on students' mastery of the structure of the language. Relationship of text with vocabulary and grammar.
The inclusion of not only receptive, but also reproductive activity.
The principle of automation of reading techniques. Reading skills need to be developed.
Today, there are many methods for teaching reading.
Method I.L. Beam is based on the phased organization of teaching reading: from orientation in individual actions at different levels of material organization (word, phrase, separate sentence, related text) to the execution of these actions and the implementation of reading as a whole, and first in the form of loud reading and, then through specially organized transition - learning to read silently and further formation of text recognition actions in its line.
I.L. Beam identifies four types of exercises:
1. orientation exercises
2. executive exercises of the first level
3. executive exercises of the second level
4. control exercises.
I type of exercises:
A - exercises orienting in the implementation of this activity, directing students' attention to certain aspects of the technique of reading aloud and to the development of individual reading mechanisms: at the word level, at the phrase level, at the sentence level, at the level of a related text.
B - exercises orienting in the technique of reading to oneself. They are usually carried out at the level of the sentence and the associated text.
Type II exercises - performing at the level of training in reading as mediated communication. They are carried out on a related text, involve repeated return to it and fix the attention of schoolchildren both on the content side of the texts and on the methods of removing interference, i.e. on how to read to gain understanding, whether by guessing or by using a dictionary. They can contain various supports: pictorial (drawings, font), verbal (footnotes with comments, translation, synonyms).
III type exercises - controlling, are specially used to determine the formation of the ability to read. These can practically be the same exercises, but aimed specifically at control, as well as special tests: for multiple choice, for recovering missing words, and others. Controlling exercises can, as it were, be included in the program of actions with the text, or they can also act as an end in itself, for example, during the final control of reading at the end of work on a paragraph.
Methodology E.A. Maslyko and P.K. Babinskaya is based on the phased work with the text. They distinguish three stages of work on the text:
Pre-text - awakening and stimulating motivation to work with the text; actualization personal experience learners by drawing on knowledge from others educational areas school subjects; predicting the content of the text based on the knowledge of students, their life experience, headings and pictures, etc. (formation of predictive skills). One important rule must be observed here: all preliminary work on the text should not concern its content, otherwise the students will not be interested in reading it, since they will not find anything new for themselves in this text.
Test - reading the text of its individual parts) in order to solve a specific communicative task formulated in the assignment to the text and set by the student before reading the text itself. The object of reading control should be its understanding (the result of the activity). At the same time, the control of understanding of the read text should be associated both with the communicative tasks that are set for students and with the type of reading.
Post-text - the use of the content of the text to develop the skills of schoolchildren to express their thoughts in oral and written speech. The exercises proposed at this stage are aimed at developing the skills of the reproductive plan, reproductive-productive and productive.
To form reading skills and organize work with texts at different stages, E.A. Maslyko and P.K. Babinskaya offer a developed system of exercises.
The first group of exercises is related to the reproduction of the text material based on its keywords, supporting sentences, its abbreviated or simplified version. Students are offered tasks in creative text processing.
The second group of exercises is related to the development of skills of a reproductive-productive nature, that is, the ability to reproduce and interpret the content of the text in the context of the topics covered in it.
The purpose of the third group of exercises is to develop productive skills that allow students to use the information received in situations that simulate authentic communication, and in situations of natural communication, when the student acts “on his own behalf”.
To teach reading more complex texts with full understanding, carried out in high school, it is necessary to form students' ability to independently overcome difficulties in extracting information using analytical actions, which makes it necessary to analyze incomprehensible places.
Difficulties in understanding German texts are often associated with an inflectional-analytical feature German language. This is connected with the phenomenon of grammatical homonymy, which is especially dangerous in a purely formal approach to analysis.
S.F. Shatilov in his approach two types of analytical exercises for the recognition of similar elements:
- Partial semantic-formal analytical action, the purpose of which is to clarify inaccurately understood grammatical phenomena while understanding the context as a whole. The student goes from the meaning of the context to the analysis of the grammatical form.
- Formal-semantic analytical action - aims to find out the meaning of incomprehensible grammatical phenomena in case of misunderstanding of the microtext. In this case, the student is forced to proceed from formal signs grammatical phenomenon and identify its function (meaning) in a given context.
When working on the lexical side of reading S.F. Shatilov pays Special attention exercises that develop students' contextual guess based on the structure of words.
Vocabulary exercises also deserve close attention:
- on the orientation of students in the alphabet based on knowledge of the sequence of letters of the alphabet;
- on the development of generally accepted symbols and their decoding;
- exercises for the formation of the ability to transform any grammatical form of the word found in the text;
- exercises in finding in the dictionary the meaning of a polysemantic word necessary for a given context, stable phraseological phrases;
- exercises to determine the meaning of a compound word by its elements.
G.V. Rogova believes that it is necessary to teach reading in two stages:
- Learning to read aloud
- Learn to read to yourself.
When learning to read aloud, the following modes are used:
I mode. Reading aloud based on the standard.
The standard can come from the teacher, it can be given in the record. In both cases, reading aloud is preceded by a certain analytical stage, which consists in sound-letter analysis difficult phenomena and in the markup of the text. The standard sounds twice: expressively, in a continuous text, then with pauses, during which students read, trying to imitate the standard (“paused reading”). In conclusion, students read the text continuously, first in a whisper, then aloud. The indicator of correctness is intonation and the solution of elementary semantic tasks.
However, one should not abuse reading aloud based on the standard, since a large proportion of imitation can lead to passive perception, which will slow down learning to read. Therefore, this mode must be combined with independent reading without a standard.
II mode. Reading aloud without a standard, but with preparation in time.
This mode maximizes the perception of graphic matter by students, increases their responsibility. The sequence of work is as follows:
"Reception" in the form of reading to oneself, followed by text markup. Here, reading acts as a means of finding intonation, that is, as a stage of reading aloud
Mutual Reading. In the course of pair work, students first check the markup of the text from each other, then take turns reading the text to each other. Mutual reading enhances the appeal and overall expressiveness of reading.
III mode. Reading without standard and preliminary preparation.
Two successive stages are distinguished here: reading without standards and preliminary preparation of previously worked out texts and new ones.
Reading aloud previously worked texts is primarily aimed at developing fluency and expressiveness of reading. It should be carried out periodically at the end of work on the topic, when 3-4 texts are accumulated. Such reading should be arranged as a kind of "review of forces", it can be organized in the form of a "competition for the best reader."
Reading new texts is also done without preparation in time. Such reading is as close as possible to the natural conditions of reading in a foreign language, in which students highlight unfamiliar language material, recognize a potential dictionary, and generally become attached to the perception and understanding of unfamiliar parts of the text. This mode of reading aloud involves the activation of thought processes.
All of the named modes of learning to read aloud should be used in combination.
Learning to read silently also has great importance. Introduction to reading to oneself begins already at the initial stage, being a subordinate form of reading aloud. Sometimes it is used as a certain stage of learning to read aloud, when the processes of perception and understanding have not yet become simultaneous; students skim through the text. Grasping its general content, looking for an adequate intonation. Then reading to oneself begins to “break through” as an independent activity, first in a small volume, and then expanding from class to class.
In accordance with existing practice within the framework of trade and industry, about 90% of the cases of the use of foreign words fall on reading and only 10% on oral communication with foreigners. Therefore, when learning a language, it is necessary to develop not only conversational skills, but it is important to focus on reading newspapers, magazines and books. In this case, passive mastery of words and grammar will be quite enough.
At the same time, you need to know much more words to read than to maintain a conversation, but learning them will take much less time, since when reading, it is enough just to recognize the words. According to experts, 50% less time is spent on the ability to read than on mastering oral speech.
Word memorization
1. Find out the meanings of unfamiliar words.
2. Write down these values immediately in the margins of a book, newspaper, magazine, and preferably on a separate piece of paper.
3. Repeat and memorize them.
It doesn't take long to figure out the meaning of words. There are 3 main ways here:
1. Try to understand the meaning of the word from the context.
2. Find a word in a bilingual dictionary.
3. If the vocabulary is sufficient, then an incomprehensible word can be looked up in a monolingual dictionary.
When reading a book in a foreign language, you need to read the first 40-50 pages very carefully, while finding out the meanings of all incomprehensible words. And after that, you can already open the dictionary only on keywords, without which it is generally not clear what is at stake.
It is useful to write down the meaning of words in the margins of a book or newspaper with a pencil. In this case, by repeating the recorded words, you can regularly refresh the memory of the context in which they met. But some overly careful people hate to write something in the margins of books. They start a notebook for these purposes. It should be noted that such notebooks are the most reliable way to bury the knowledge of words. It is better to make notes on separate sheets of paper and leave them as bookmarks on the appropriate pages.
How to read literature
It is necessary to look at the language being studied not as an end, but as a means. And therefore it is best to read what is really interesting. It is better not to pick up boring and low-content literature. At the same time, the Bible is very well suited as a text for teaching. The construction of phrases in Holy Scripture is extremely simple, and the vocabulary is limited to 10 thousand words. As for newspapers, you should first focus on international news. When reading such information, sometimes it is enough to find only 2-3 unfamiliar words.
Fiction is harder to read. Here you need to know about 8 thousand words in order not to refer to the dictionary. And at first it is better to take on children's literature, and then move on to detective stories and mysticism, since this genre is interesting in itself.
What makes success
Knowing 1000 words, you can deal with simple texts using a dictionary.
Knowing 2000 words, you can understand most of the text in the specialty and quite a lot of what is written in magazines and newspapers.
With knowledge of 4000 words, literature in the specialty is easily read and most of what the press writes about is understood.
The maximum level is 8000 words. At the same time, you can read and understand everything, including fiction.
Word knowledge percentage
In order to be able to read in a foreign language, it is necessary to navigate the vocabulary. If you choose and memorize the 80 most common words correctly, they will cover 50% of the most common text. And to understand 60% of what you read, you need to know 200 words. 800 words already give 80% of the understanding of the text, and, knowing 2000 words, you can understand 90% of the text. And how to reach 99% understanding? Here you need to know 8 thousand words. In this case, you can read literature of any complexity without looking into the dictionary.
This calculation is a general guideline. In principle, knowledge of 3-4 thousand words is quite sufficient, since such a vocabulary covers 95% of the text. What is not clear, you can guess or guess from the context. But each person chooses how many words he should know and how to read. All of the above is only a recommendation, which, of course, should be of benefit to all those who want to read and understand literature in a foreign language.
Yuri Syromyatnikov
"Reading in a foreign language is much more difficult than reading in the native; it is determined by the degree of foreign language proficiency and learning goals."
(From article"Reading" in Russian Wikipedia )
Too commonplace. For those who are seriously engaged in the study of foreign languages, and even more so have chosen languages as their profession, reading in a foreign language is not much more difficult than reading in one's own.
Indeed, in order to enjoy and benefit from reading, absolutely you don't have to understand every word and all the smallest details. Even when reading in their native language, a person does not always understand 100% of the information that the author put into his work.
Reading books and texts in the target language is still one of the effective ways improving their knowledge and skills in a foreign language.
You ask: "What is more useful to read for better mastery of a foreign language?" It is advisable to choose for reading what is interesting to you and close to the topic. At the same time, the choice of literature for reading also depends on the purpose for which you study a foreign language and how you are going to use it in the future.
If your future profession is not directly related to the language, that is, you are not going to become professional translator, or a teacher of a foreign language, then it makes sense to read not only fiction and entertainment books in a foreign language, but also texts related to your future specialty.
For a future translator, it is both easier and more difficult at the same time. Again, if you are going to translate in a particular area (for example, banking or medicine), then in addition to books and texts on general topics, it will be useful already at the middle stage of learning a foreign language read foreign books and texts on the future specialty.
If you are going to be general translator, actively engage in both written and oral translations, then read in language necessary from all relevant areas of knowledge, and read constantly and as much as possible.