When you fly over Europe, you see a scattering of lights, cities, ribbons of roads. The flight over the expanses of Siberia creates an amazing illusion: the planet seems uninhabited.
Anadyr
The first thing you notice at the airport is a small, dirty pile of snow that hasn't melted yet. And it's summer!
The airport is located only 10 km from the city, but the path from the gangway to the hotel is unusual. It is impossible to get to Anadyr by land: planes land and take off on the other side of the huge Anadyr estuary. When this water surface is ice-bound, minibuses run along winter roads, turning their wheels over a multi-meter water column. You can also pay extra for a seat in a helicopter that picks up wealthy polar explorers from the airfield. As for our flight, all its passengers were transported upon arrival by small river boats.
At one of them we met Stepan Selezny from the Chernihiv region. It turned out that he was on his way to work, and has been working in Chukotka for many years together with a team of builders, in which almost all of them are from Ukraine. Working hands are needed in the North, they pay well here, so even Turks and Canadians work. But Ukrainian workers are not entirely legally employed - at least some of them.
In Anadyr itself, the accentuated diversity of house coloring is surprising: modern five-story buildings here stand on piles, as if on needles - these are special foundations for permafrost, and local buildings are made up of multi-colored blocks - blue and burgundy, brown and green, yellow and blue ... Tones muffled, dim, and this is understandable: the general background of the leaden sky is no longer so pressing on the eyes. Sometimes a huge photograph flaunts on the entire wall - a portrait of an Evenk beauty, flying birds or sailboats in the sea.
Weather in Chukotka
Chukotka was not lucky at all with the climate: neighboring Alaska is much warmer and sunnier. The fact is that the northern winds blow exactly on the local shores, which makes the winter even more severe. Summer is hot, but always very short.
There is often a strong, simply incredible wind on the coast, so everything here is fixed, tied in knots. The most common detail of the outfit, both male and female, is the hood. Be sure to take care of this whim of the local fashion for yourself. The wind can rise suddenly, its record gusts reach 80 m / s. You need to fasten tightly, up to the throat, to the top button.
The wind can end just as suddenly. Only a slight tinnitus remains. And if you go deep into the continent, on one of the proposed tours - on all-terrain vehicles in summer, on reindeer in winter - you will be pleasantly surprised: there, behind the wall of hills, the wind is like wind, quite familiar to a European.
Governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
A doctor from Moscow, with whom we flew to Anadyr, told a curiosity similar to a joke about the Chukchi realities. According to him, local residents who are not very educated consider the oligarch Roman Abramovich ... a living god! This was allegedly even recorded in one of the sociological surveys conducted in Chukotka.
During Putin's rule, Abramovich was twice appointed governor of this region. Subsequently, President Medvedev terminated his powers ahead of schedule with the wording "of his own free will", but after a few days the businessman was elected to the local legislature, where he won with a truly record number of votes (96.99%) and then he was unanimously elected to the post of chairman of the Chukotsky Duma autonomous region.
The trick is that the things and phenomena brought here personally by Roman Abramovich, in some way really resemble the gifts of higher powers. It was with his arrival that the local people learned what mobile communications are, plastic cards for salaries, charter flights and much more.
Oligarch Abramovich remains the speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Chukotka to this day... Although he lives in London himself.
Polar Star
People in Anadyr are still well settled: the city is located 200 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle. This circle is just the latitude on the globe. A certain feature in the area like the Great Chinese wall there is not, although there are signs, monuments and arches on the tracks - mainly for tourists.
The ancient Greeks first reached the border of the Arctic, and they were not at all surprised that the summer sun in the Norwegian Sea was not going to hide behind the horizon. Since 100 years before their significant trip, one of Plato's students proved the existence of this phenomenon on his fingers.
At the latitude of the circle, the polar day lasts only once a day, on June 21-22, that is, the sun does not set once a year. And in the northern regions of Chukotka, daylight reigns for about a month, in June-July. And in winter, the daylight does not rise at all.
"How do you live in the middle of the polar night?" We were surprised many times. “Just like on a polar day,” the locals shrugged their shoulders. - I woke up - it means morning. The working day ends - evening.
It was not possible to admire the aurora borealis, since it is extremely rare during short summer nights and is more typical for autumn and spring. But the maid in the hotel, the Evenka girl Tinil (she allowed to call her Tatyana), spoke about another related phenomenon that happens to people in these northern regions. It is spoken "call of the North Star", or simply "meryachka". It happens that a whole team of builders will suddenly wake up at night, get out of the wagons into the street and also go into the tundra without opening their eyes. Or the Chukchi will all move out of the camp and go towards the ghostly fire.
This strange disease, which was studied by Bekhterev, affects people with an unstable psyche and poor health. It manifests itself in the fact that during flashes in the sky a person temporarily turns off, ceases to perceive the environment, but hears strange voices, sounds, magical singing, sees angels. So he goes towards them - always to the north, towards the radiance.
Problems of Chukotka
However, the Far North attracts many not only with a ghostly light. Having enlisted here for a year, then returning home, people sometimes do not find a place for themselves, they are drawn again and again to these parts. It's not just about the beauty of landscapes: for example, building houses, you can get a lot of money here.
In Chukotka they drink a lot - visitors and natives, and not only "to keep warm." The natives of the North have a special organism: it does not have an enzyme that breaks down alcohol. Therefore, they are very easy to drink, which the colonialists have used for many centuries. Poisoning with "scorched" vodka is one of the main causes of death in Chukotka. In settlements far from Anadyr, a “drunken Friday” has even been introduced, something like a soft dry law. This means that liquor is only sold on the last three days of the week. Another phenomenon - whether this is related to the problem of alcoholism or not, is unknown - but the rates of increase in the number of sexually transmitted diseases for last years in Chukotka they are horrified. They are several times larger than the national ones.
Eternal Frost
It was there that we went from the center of the Autonomous Okrug to a pre-paid tour. It included an internal flight Anadyr-Egvekinot and back. The travel programs were called in a very Soviet way: “Visiting reindeer breeders” with an overnight stay in a camp, “Visiting sea hunters” with accommodation in the Chukchi village of Uelkal. The cost of tours is $ 3-7 thousand per person, depending on the conditions of additional comfort.
A traveler in Chukotka needs a lot of patience and special endurance, where one should always be ready for extreme weather events. Of all the places I know, including the Siberian taiga, the peninsula holds the palm (or dwarf birch?) championship in terms of the number of midges. In addition to mosquitoes, it is teeming with: small midges, black flies, gadflies and God knows what flying ghouls. A smart tourist is one who is properly dressed, and this is all kinds of anti-mosquito equipment: windbreakers, encephalitis, mosquito hats, etc. and all this is in the local distribution network. But still it is worth stocking up in advance both clothes and chemicals. It is more reliable and in many cases cheaper.
How to go to Chukotka
Chukchi autonomous region belongs to the border zone of Russia, the corresponding regime operates on its territory. That is, foreigners must issue a pass there, and this is more difficult than obtaining a visa to some countries. Entry permits are issued by the Federal border service FSB of Russia on the basis of personal statements of citizens or petitions of enterprises, for example, travel agencies. It is important to know exactly your future route, since movement through the territory of Chukotka takes place with mandatory registration at all (!) Points of stay.
What to see in Chukotka
Anadyr- a port city in the extreme north-east of Russia, the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Located on the shores of the Bering Sea Bay in the permafrost zone.
Polar Lights- an optical phenomenon in the upper atmosphere, the glow of individual sections of the night sky, which is changing rapidly. Duration - from several minutes to the whole day.
golden ridge- a snow-covered mountain range on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, extends along the coast of the Gulf of Anadyr. The highest peak is John Peak (1012 m). In these mountains in 1905 they found industrial gold reserves, hence the name.
arctic tundra- treeless natural zone, extends to the north of the taiga zone.
Chukchi etiquette
Do not be surprised if at the entrance, wherever you go (shop, entrance of the house ...) you will not immediately be able to miss each other. We are accustomed to let those who leave the premises first, and then enter ourselves. Here, on the contrary, they first give a person the opportunity to get into the heat. This Chukchi trait is from long frosty winters.
polar cuisine
Traditionally, venison is served at parking lots in local settlements. Note: here you can taste it not only in its “pure” form, but also buy sausages or eat venison soup.
Interestingly, the cost of 1 kg of this meat in the capitals of the world reaches € 60-70. Chukchi reindeer herders “rent” it for 27 rubles per kilo (about 10 UAH). On the market in Anadyr, it costs 120-130 rubles.
In Chukotka, they like to eat young shoots of the polar willow, wild onion and sorrel. And, of course, berries: cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, rose hips.
Among the spices, we liked pupukit root - it tastes like coriander. In general, vegetable seasonings in the Chukchi cuisine, perhaps, are no less than in Indian. Pelkumret, Lemkut, Iechavtin, Ipien - these are some of the names of local roots and herbs.
If you have long wanted to go away from civilization and forget about the existence of the Internet, then you have come to the right place. In this post, the author will tell you in detail about traveling around Chukotka, give a couple of tips and suggest some interesting routes.
Time
There is no time in Chukotka. In a sense, it's not like it doesn't exist at all. It is, but it is measured here not in hours and minutes, but in days of travel, intervals between meals, accomplished deeds, and God knows what else. The more interesting the trip, the more you want to see the sights and wildlife, the more "classic mechanical time" you will need. A simple and at the same time extremely complex axiom for a person "from the mainland". For example, it may take more than a week to get to the district center, and it is not known how long it will take to then get from the district center to some national village. This year in Provideniya I waited for a plane for a week, did not wait and left on a boat. And the plane flew to Anadyr only on the 11th day. It is not possible to fight against time, one must learn to be able to wait.
Another hypostasis of time while traveling in Chukotka is its extensibility. In two days (if you are not in settlements) you will no longer perceive the days of the week, you will simply no longer need them, and after a few more days you will completely lose count of the calendar numbers. Due to the fact that in the summer in Chukotka there is a polar day, and the surrounding space is so different from everything that you lived before, your biological clock will say that you have 28, 35 or even 48 hours in a day.
A remark from the life of Chukchi tourists: "What? Was it the day before yesterday? And I thought a week ago."
Weather.
The main character in Chukotka is the weather. It is she who decides whether you will go, or you will curse the service and idleness at the airport or hotel. Chukchi weather, a very capricious girl. May change several times a day. It is especially capricious in eastern Chukotka (Providensky, Chukotsky, Iultinsky regions) and in the former Beringovsky region. Bad weather in the east of Chukotka is mostly associated with fogs and clouds, in which aircraft do not fly. In this case, traveling by boat is the only way out in time to get there or from there. In Beringovsky, wind is added to the cloudiness. It is there (Cape Navarin) that the most windy place is located not only in Chukotka, but throughout Russia. In continental Chukotka (Bilibino, Markovo) there is almost always flying weather, but it is very cold there in winter (beyond -50) and very (by local standards) warm in summer (beyond +20). In Pevek, the weather is much better than in Anadyr, but the "southerner" (wind blowing at a speed of 30-40 m / s) can make you sit at home for a couple of days. Anadyr is not the coldest or windiest place in Chukotka, but when these figures are combined even in their averages, it becomes very nasty. In winter, the wind is almost always 5-10 m/s and the temperature is 25-35 degrees. In summer (July-August), the average temperature is 15 degrees, but the wind is still the same 5-10 m/s.
A replica from the life of Chukchi tourists:
Why aren't we flying?
- The weather at the point of arrival is bad.
- How long before him?
- 230 km.
- This can not be. After all, the sun is shining here, it's hot (+27 in the sun), you probably don't finish something.
It was difficult for me to explain (and failed) that 200 km. in Chukotka it's a different world. In Anadyr, the weather can be excellent, almost calm, and at the airport (20 km away) a blizzard can blow. In winter, I drove a Ural along the road from Amguema to Egvekinot (90 km.). At point "A" the weather is fine, at point "E" the weather is good, and in the middle of the way we got into a snowstorm and returned back. The weather factor should always be kept in mind when planning a trip to Chukotka. If time matters for the traveler, then the number of days of your route should be divided by 2. One part is an active journey, the second part is "on the road".
In general, modern travelers, tourists and just people visiting Chukotka are very lucky with the weather. 25-30 years ago, Chukotka was much "severe". Blizzards are stronger, winters are snowier, frosts are stronger, summers are colder. There are benefits from global warming.
It is best to travel around Chukotka from July to the first half of September, let's call it the summer season. And from April to the first half of May - the winter season. For lovers of photography, one should go to Chukotka from the end of August to the first half of September. The madness of colors has no limits. You need to understand very clearly that lovers of good weather should go anywhere, but not to Chukotka. And even in the most favorable months for travel, it can be rainy.
From personal experience: One year in the middle of June, after the snow had melted, it began to rain in Providence. In September it stopped and it began to snow.
border zone
If you think that you are a citizen of Russia and can move freely around your country, I will upset you. You can in the country, but not in Chukotka. A special border regime has been introduced on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The word "introduced" should not mislead anyone. It was not introduced yesterday, it just hasn't been canceled since the Soviet era. Here, and partially here, I have already spoken about the special regime for entering the territory of Chukotka. I'll tell you from a practical point of view how to enter.
We, residents of Chukotka, present a passport at the entrance, in which the cherished letters “PZ” (border zone) are on the registration page, which make our stay in the territory legitimate. Also freely, you can come to citizens who are on a business trip upon presentation of a travel certificate. What is most interesting, when entering it is checked, when leaving it is not. All other citizens can come to Chukotka on a tourist voucher or at the invitation of a private person, issued by the Border Department. Tour operators registered in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug have the right to issue tour packages. Today there are 3 tour operator companies in Chukotka, including the one in which I work (of course, the best one).
Transport
You can get to Chukotka only by plane. You can, of course, in the summer on a dry cargo ship from Vladivostok, but this is not a regular transportation, but a separate adventure.
You can fly to Chukotka "from outside" at 3 airports:
1) To Anadyr. Four times a week from Moscow. This is the most common direction for arriving in Chukotka. There are almost never any problems with air tickets from Moscow. Especially if you order them in advance. The problem is the price. Ticket prices from 12 to 50 thousand in economy class. On average, in the summer, tickets cost 25 thousand rubles.
Planes of local airlines "ChukotAvia" fly from Anadyr to all regions of Chukotka. This is Anadyr's strategic transport advantage over other "air gates" of Chukotka.
2) To Pevek. Once a week from Moscow. On this route, there may already be problems with tickets. The price is 25-50 thousand rubles. From Pevek, there are already fewer options to get to the rest of Chukotka by air. Helicopters fly from here to the national villages of the Chaunsky district, to Cape Schmidt, as well as planes to Anadyr and Bilibino (once every two weeks).
3) In Bilibino. 3 times a week from Magadan. They fly on small planes AN-24 and if I'm not mistaken AN-12. The ticket price is around 25-30 thousand. From Bilibino, by air you can only get to the villages of the Bilibinsky district, and by plane to Anadyr and Pevek (once every 2 weeks).
ChukotAvia should be discussed separately. This is the only regular air carrier in Chukotka. Airfare prices are subsidized from the regional budget, but despite this, the cost of the ticket is simply fantastic. Five hundred kilometers separating Providence from Anadyr will cost 18,000 rubles one way! For this money, you will be offered to carry your things from the airport to the plane as a load. But here the catch is not even the cost of the ticket, but its availability. In the summer, and often in the winter season, you simply won’t get them. They've already been taken apart! The regularity of messages also does not contribute to the development of tourism (people would be taken on vacation, not to tourism). The frequency of flights to most destinations is 1 time per week. In some directions (Pevek, Bilibino) - 1 time in two weeks.
Now a few words about the alternative. She, alternatively, is not rich. In the summer season, the motor ship "Kapitan Sotnikov" runs from Anadyr along the coast. The schedule of its flights appears a month in advance. Therefore, there can be no talk of any medium and long-term planning here. Add to this the fares for transportation, although they are cheaper by 30% of the aircraft, but there can be no question of any comfort. Seating chairs, one latrine (toilet) and a buffet with constant queues for "Doshirak" and beer. And all right, if the traveler goes by boat to the village of Egvekinot or the village of Beringovsky - 12 running hours. But if you go by sea to the village of Provideniya - 24 hours, or even worse in the village of Lavrentia (36 hours) - get ready! Yes, and about pitching and seasickness, too, should not be forgotten.
Speaking of non-regular transportation, for which, for obvious reasons, you need to negotiate privately, you can name dry coal carriers that serve the villages of Chukotka (Provideniya, Egvekinot, Lavrentiya) in the summer. The charter of a motorboat and a boat is appropriate in continental Chukotka (the Anadyr River, Mal. Anyui, Omolon, Kanchalan, Amguema) and on the east coast (Providensky and Chukotsky regions). This type of transport is small and, as a rule, does not carry more than 3-4 passengers. You can also charter a helicopter. Here, a wealthy freighter is already offered a choice of 2 companies: Chukotavia (200,000 rubles per hour) and Bilibinoavia (170,000 hours). True, the second company, located in Bilibino, has a smaller air coverage radius (it is not economical for Bilibino residents to work in eastern Chukotka). The automobile mode of transport is relevant in Bilibinsky, Chaunsky and Iultinsky districts, where there are dirt roads. But their network is very limited. The most reliable and passable form of transport is all-terrain vehicles. But! Finding a good all-terrain vehicle, and in addition with a good all-terrain vehicle, is a whole problem. Because most of them are operated by organizations that are reluctant to release their transport units for other than their core purpose.
Money.
Now I will say heresy. Money in Chukotka does not matter. Values in the sense that they have, say, in Moscow or Vladivostok. My Moscow tourists were very surprised when they could not find a taxi to get from one village to another.
A remark from the life of Chukotka tourists: "We offered him a double tariff (10 thousand)! But he was too lazy to get up and go in the morning!"
Even if you conclude an agreement for the provision of, for example, transport services, you may be refused, or you may arrive (arrive, sail) on another day / days. There are a hundred reasons why they didn't do it, even for good money. No, Chukotka is not the territory of altruists, it’s just that, besides money, there should be something else here: personal acquaintance, mutual interest (for example, the driver is also a fisherman and wants to go fishing in the place where you are going), patronage from the administration, you are a celebrity and etc. At the same time, in Chukotka they can take you, accommodate, feed, provide assistance and not charge a penny for it at all. Even offended when you offer money. This attitude towards money, of course, is not the norm, but it is the place to be.
Chukotka is a very expensive region. Maybe the most expensive in Russia. Rosstat, for example, reports that the highest living wage is in Bilibino. Prices in stores are the first culture shock that occurs in people who first come to Chukotka. 9 out of 10 visitors will definitely take pictures of local price tags in stores. Bananas 400 each, apples 200 each, an egg (120 in Anadyr, 220-250 in Bilibino).
A remark from the life of Chukchi tourists: "And how do you live here?"
Even if you have money, but it is on a plastic card, there may be problems with cashing it out. There are very few ATMs, sometimes one per village. It may run out of money. The connection may be disconnected. And yes, it may or may not work. The same problem applies to payment for goods in stores. Therefore, it is best to have money in cash.
In terms of price, tours to Chukotka by world tour operators operating in this region are equated to Antarctica. Therefore, if you are considering Chukotka as a tourist destination, be prepared for obviously high prices for tourist products. The cost of tours is different, depending on the area, complexity, number of days and other factors. Due to the fact that tourism in Chukotka is not yet a branch of the economy, there is no infrastructure and a massive flow of tourists, each tour is exclusive. The cost of the tour can be from 100,000 to 400,000 rubles per person, excluding the cost of tickets to Anadyr.
A tourist "not organized" will spend a smaller amount, but will face transport and logistical problems. Solving these problems in the first place takes time, which is so "expensive" for people from the mainland, whose annual vacation is at best 30 calendar days.
Services
There is no service in Chukotka. You need to be ready for this right away. Those rare manifestations of comfort and quality of domestic services that can be offered to you are best perceived as a gift, as "manna from heaven", and not as a norm. And this is at prices, as in good hotels or restaurants in Moscow.
Cafes and restaurants.
In the best case, you will have a choice where to go to the "first" cafe, or to the "second". Often in district centers there is only one catering establishment. And the menu is very limited. Although if we talk about quality, then in most cafes the food is delicious. The price for lunch is on average 500-600 rubles. If you stay in a city or village for several days, you can make yourself an individual order of dishes for the next day. Most often, visitors want to taste dishes of national cuisine. Not a single institution prepares them. At best, the menu has venison or local fish, which, however, will be prepared for you according to a classic culinary recipe. Chukchi or Eskimo cuisine is very specific and you can taste dishes only in national villages, visiting local residents. In the national villages there are no catering points at all.
Hotels.
Here the situation is better than with food. There are hotels in every district center. The best hotel complex in the village of Egvekinot is cottage houses. There are apartment-type hotels, there are ordinary ones. Price: 3000-4000 rubles per person per day. In the summer, during professional work in hotels, there may not be hot water. There are no hotels in the villages. Accommodation in rented apartments for vacationers or together with the owners.
Communication and Internet.
Mobile communication is available in almost all settlements of Chukotka: Megafon, Beeline, MTS. The most popular operator "MegaFon", is in all regional centers. In national villages, Beeline is sometimes the only mobile operator. The call quality is very mediocre, but you can talk. The Internet is also available in almost all settlements, with one "but". It is in schools. Some regional centers have Internet salons or clubs. But it is best to access the Internet through a mobile USB modem. Internet speed is extremely slow. Communication may be interrupted. Therefore, running a LiveJournal in Chukotka is a very troublesome, nervous and even ignoble task (except for Anadyr).
cultural institutions
There are local history museums in all regional centers of Chukotka. They employ real professionals and connoisseurs of the history and culture of Chukotka. Museum visits are a must. It is from them that one can and should begin acquaintance with one or another region of Chukotka. In addition to museums, you can visit the House of Culture or the Club, in which, having agreed with the head of the institution, you can watch a rehearsal of folklore groups or folk amateur groups. Actually, this is the end of the list of "cultural" institutions.
Other.
Other services include baths, which are available everywhere (200-250 rubles per session), visiting the pool requires a medical certificate (Provideniya, Bilibino), gyms and sports grounds, open and closed ice rinks (Egvekinot, Provideniya, Pevek, Bilibino, Coal Mines). There are cinemas in Pevek, Egvekinot and Provideniya. In the last two villages, these are mini-halls (projection cinemas). The repertoire, of course, is 2-3 months old. Ticket price (250-300 rubles). They are visited poorly, because the "novelties" have long been revised on disks or, even more cynically, they have already been played on local television. In Providence and Egvekinot in winter period(from late December to early May) you can go skiing. The steepest and most difficult slope in Provideniya.
Anadyr.
Everything that was described above has almost nothing to do with Anadyr. Anadyr is Chukchi Moscow, everything is here, and this is all the very best. Anadyr is not like the rest of Chukotka. Anadyr has a choice. There are 5 hotels in the city, one of which is 3*. Lots of restaurants and cafes. Most of them work in the evenings as nightclubs and "taverns". Anadyr has the most "democratic prices" for all goods and products in Chukotka. And as a result, here is the largest assortment. There are ATMs and you can pay with plastic cards in some stores. There are several monuments here (including the world's largest monument to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker) and the Holy Trinity Cathedral, a masterpiece of wooden architecture. In the modern, by all standards, cinema "Polyarny" only novelties are shown, including premiere Russian screenings (ticket price 200-350 rubles). Indoor ice rink, proudly called the "Ice Palace" (250 rubles). The fastest taxi order in terms of execution time (100 rubles per person). Those wishing to buy souvenirs can be recommended art gallery and the Souvenirs shop, which presents the widest assortment of souvenirs in Chukotka. There are snowmobile and bicycle rentals. And finally, here is the "fastest" Internet (compared to the rest of Chukotka). The only minus of Anadyr, for the traveler, is its location. It is located on the opposite side of the estuary from the airport. In summer, you can get from the Airport to the city by car and ferry (minimum price 500 rubles), in winter by car (1000 rubles) along the winter road. Worst of all is in the off-season (from October to the end of December and from mid-May to the end of June), when you can get over either by helicopter or on an air cushion (3500 rubles).
Souvenirs.
Everyone who comes to Chukotka, like any traveling person, wants to take away some souvenir from here as a keepsake. Preferably thematic, somehow connected with Chukotka. I want to upset right away - the main Chukchi souvenirs - bone products, are very expensive. Expensive in any sense of the word and well-being. A small craft made of bone - 5-7 thousand. Walrus tusk with a pattern or engraving from 25-30 thousand to .... That is, if they are considered as works of art (and most of them can be safely attributed to such), it is not very expensive, but as a souvenir ... A recent hit , a walrus penis can be considered a kind of brand of Chukchi souvenirs. He, attention (!) - bone (60-100 cm). The minimum price of such a souvenir (8-10 thousand). You can export only artistically processed bone products (by presenting a sales receipt from the store). Although, if desired, you can take out in single copies and raw. Magnets, mugs, T-shirts and other traditional souvenirs in a large assortment can be purchased only in Anadyr. In areas with this tight.
Among the original souvenirs that are sold in Chukotka, I can only include two - "Eskimo ball" - which was traditionally played by the Eskimos and coastal Chukchi, handmade, made in the traditional way: deer skin sewn with deer veins.
Where to go?
After the decision has already been made that Chukotka is exactly the region where "I simply have to get to", the main question arises where to go? Chukotka is France and Great Britain combined. Territory that is easy to visualize on a map, but hard to imagine actual dimensions. Therefore, it is necessary, first of all, to formulate the purpose of the trip: what do I want to see? It is impossible to see all of Chukotka in two weeks. Not for any money. Yes, this is not worth doing, even for the sake of sports interest.
The most interesting thing in Chukotka, for the sake of which you can and should travel across the whole country, sit in airports, shake in all-terrain vehicles, and then freeze from the cold, shiver in the rain and pay a lot of money for all this - these are not wild animals (which can be seen in zoo) or the traditional culture of indigenous peoples (whose life can be watched at home on video on "NG" or "BBC") - this is a feeling of another world. Pure "experience". Everything is different here (than in the Central strip of Russia). First, when you travel around Chukotka, the feeling of "mechanical time" disappears, then a person gets off the "information needle" and gradually there is inner silence, calmness and a clear understanding of the homespun truth of life. All this is seasoned with a sauce of harsh landscapes, the absence of people, the threat of meeting with a bear and a low sky, which, having climbed a hill, you can reach with your hand.
In this regard, the feelings experienced by a Russian tourist who first came to Chukotka are much stronger than those of foreigners. For them, Chukotka is "Siberia", a part of Russia, in which "everything is not like in people."
The classic tourist is always focused on the list of attractions offered to him on the tour. "On Monday you will see the one built then, and on Tuesday we will go to the place where Makar did not drive calves, and so on." In Chukotka, with very rare exceptions, there are no classic sights. And geographical names, in almost 100% of cases they will not say anything. Actions can be described: fishing, hunting, rafting, bathing in hot springs. This is not the information that a person traveling in Chukotka needs. She is empty. How, for example, to describe the sunrise in the lakes and swamps of the Anadyr lowland, when thousands of birds begin mating dances and fly north in endless flocks? And the hills? How to describe them? Even if you manage to describe, then still no one will understand anything. Traveling around Chukotka is first and foremost based on sensory perception. Here, it is important to understand that we are not on a classic tour, where everything is clearly planned and fixed, we are on a journey. And on a journey, you never know how it will end. If you are not a fisherman, hunter or collector of ethnographic material, I would advise you to kindle a fire with the tour program and trust your guide, who will show you the best and most interesting, because for him (although he has been to these places a hundred times) this is the same trip, as well as for you.
If you have less than a week left and you just want to visit Chukotka, the best travel option is Anadyr and its environs. The neighborhood is a radius of 100 km. Here you can see a bear, which tourists really want to see, and which guides really don’t want to see, and elk, and wolverine, and bighorn sheep. And also go fishing, visit abandoned settlements, make bicycle and hiking routes to the mountains, ride a boat along the rivers and "to the sea". And, in fact, walk around Anadyr itself.
The optimal travel time in Chukotka is 2-3 weeks. Three weeks is even better. More travel options.
The most interesting, from my point of view, for tourism is the Providensky district. These are the famous fjords of Providence Bay, seeing which from the top of the hill in good weather will already be enough to understand that it was not in vain that you came to the ends of the earth. There is fishing (char, crab, shrimp, cod, navaga, flounder), and swimming in hot springs, and watching walruses, whales, and seals. If desired, and watching the hunting of marine hunters for a whale. Acquaintance with the Eskimo culture, way of life, beliefs. Abandoned military camps "Invasion Army". Hiking and cycling tours. In winter, ski tours and skiing. Bird markets and rookeries of walruses and seals. All this is located very compactly and within daytime availability.
Providence Bay
The hallmark of the Iultinsky district is the intersection of the Arctic Circle and the 180th meridian, where a monument is erected. This is the place where GPSs "go crazy", and according to some tourists, "the energy of the earth" is felt there. Fishing is also good here (char, crabs, grayling). You can perfectly raft along the Amguema river to the North Arctic Ocean. Visit Iultin - the largest closed village in Chukotka, the largest tin mine in the USSR at one time. Visit a reindeer herding brigade, live in a yaranga. The Iultinsky region has the highest mountains in Chukotka (1854 m). On the coast of the Arctic Ocean, one can observe walrus rookeries and polar bear migrations.
In the vicinity of the village of Egvekinot. 10 km. from the Arctic Circle
The capital of the Chaunsky district is the northernmost city of Russia - Pevek. Not far from Pevek, the northernmost cape of Chukotka is Shelagsky. In the Chaunsky district, you can visit the Tumannaya weather station, where the film "How I Spent This Summer" was filmed. In the Chaunsky district, it is easiest to get on a visit to the Chukchi reindeer herders, to live the life of a nomad. The deepest and most mysterious lake of Chukotka, and of the entire North-East of Russia, is also located in this area - Lake Elgygytgyn, in which two species of endemic char are found. You can also see the northernmost petroglyphs in the world only here. A special story is the former settlements of Chukotlag, the most terrible place of the Gulag. Here, during the war years, uranium ore was mined for experiments on creating an atomic bomb. This is the area of labor and literary glory of Oleg Kuvaev. The novel "Territory", just about the Chaunsky district and the search for "big" Chukchi gold.
Lake Elgygytgyn
Bilibinsky district. It is special for Chukotka: trees grow there. Sharply continental climate. The world's northernmost nuclear power plant (which you won't be allowed into). Here you can perfectly organize rafting along the Small and Big Anyui, Omolon - these are all tributaries of the Kolyma. The largest and largest population of moose in Russia is found here. Here is the only active volcano in Chukotka (the last time it erupted in the 16th century), the lava river from which stretches for 40 km. The Bilibinsky district has the richest vegetation in Chukotka.
S. Keperveem, Maly Anyui river
Chukotsky region is the easternmost region of our country. It is here that Cape Dezhnev and the village of Uelen are located, in which all foreigners and extreme tourists cross the Bering Strait. In the same place in Uelen, the world-famous bone carving workshop is located. The best mushers and seal hunters in Chukotka live in this region. Lora hot springs are by far the largest and most equipped in Chukotka. Here, as in the Providensky district, you can taste the national Chukchi-Eskimo cuisine. Visit a reindeer breeding team and the only fox farm in Chukotka. And also in the Chukotka region there is an abandoned one of the oldest settlements of Chukotka - the Eskimo village of Naukan (near Cape Dezhnev).
Lorin hot springs
Anadyrsky district is the largest district of Chukotka. Today it includes the former Markovsky, Beringovsky and Anadyrsky districts itself. The village of Markovo is the oldest Russian settlement in Chukotka. Not far from the village of Semyon Dezhnev, he founded the Anadyr prison. The largest river in Chukotka, the Anadyr, flows exclusively through the Anadyr region. Great place for rafting. The most picturesque village, in my opinion, is Vaegi, located not far from the village of Markovo. Almost all animals of Chukotka are found in the region (with the exception of musk oxen and polar bears). Fishing and hunting, reindeer herding brigades, abandoned villages and weather stations - all this is the Anadyr region.
In the valley of the Mukarylyan river
If you want to really feel Chukotka try to minimize mechanical movement. Maximum physical travel. Transfer by car or boat, and then travel on foot, rafting or bike tour - in the summer, skiing or dog sledding - in the winter. This is the only way to truly appreciate the distances and feel the beauty of nature. Traveling by transport, in my opinion - money down the drain. The eye is "blurred" from the landscapes, there is no unity with nature, as if you are traveling by train: cozy and comfortable, and nothing remains of the journey. I strongly recommend that you include mountain hiking tours in your travel routes, with overnight stays in tents and beams (fisherman's and hunting lodges).
If after reading all this you have not lost the desire to come to Chukotka, my advice is: "It's not important where, it's important with whom." The most valuable thing here is the people. And if you are lucky, you will definitely meet real people who will tell you and show you the real Chukotka. Which you will definitely fall in love with, and will strive to come here again.
Chukchi-Eskimo ensemble "Atasikun" at the folk festival "Ergav" in the village. Lawrence
The extreme north-east of Russia is the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug with the administrative center in the city of Anadyr. The most distant territory from central Russia. Further, through the Bering Strait is already Alaska - America.
The only possible way to get to Chukotka is by plane. The existing maritime communication during the summer navigation season is used only for the delivery of goods. There is no passenger traffic due to the large length of sea routes. In principle, there is no railway and road communication with the "mainland".
The distance from Moscow to Anadyr is about 6400 km. The flight takes place in an arc above the Arctic Circle. If you fly during the day, then from the window along the entire road you can see the tundra stretching for many kilometers.
Currently, only one airline, Transaero, operates regular flights from Moscow to Chukotka. From Khabarovsk to Anadyr can be reached by planes of the company "Vladivostok Avia". All. No more message!
Despite the significant cost of tickets (20 tr.), all planes are almost 100% loaded.
It should be noted that even by plane it is not always possible to get to Anadyr. Unstable weather prone to rain, snowfall and strong winds can cause flights to be delayed or canceled altogether. In spring and autumn, at certain intervals, planes do not fly at all.
The entire territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a border zone with appropriate entry rules. Border guards meet arriving already on the plane. If you do not have a local propiska, you must have a reason to enter. For example, an invitation from someone or a travel certificate. Passengers who did not take care of the documents are sent back by the same plane, without setting foot on the land of Chukotka.
Anadyr Airport in the village of "Coal mines" is located on the opposite side of the Anadyr estuary. In the summer season, you can get from the city to the airport by boat. The fare is 400 rubles. There is also such an exotic form of transport we have - a hovercraft. If you want to travel in comfort, then by paying taxi drivers a certain amount of money, you will be taken to the place directly by car. Cars are loaded onto a barge that transports them to the other side. The disadvantage of this method is that on the road you will not be able to admire the seascapes. The sides of the barge are very high, and getting out of the car is problematic. They are placed very close to each other.
In winter and off-season, the only way to communicate is by helicopter. The ticket price is about 1500 rubles. When the ice freezes sufficiently, vehicles are allowed to cross it. But because of the danger of this route, the ice crossing does not always work.
Anadyr meets you with clean, almost perfect roads and sidewalks. The houses are painted in cheerful colors. Lawns are broken all around, benches, trash cans, etc. are placed.
The ends of the houses are decorated with stylized posters depicting elements of Chukchi life - deer, shaman tambourines, red caviar. All this is called "Chukotka Artika". You can feel the hand of a professional designer. On each poster, along with the Russian name, there is an inscription in the Chukchi language.
What do you think is the name of the bear in Chukchi? "Umk's". Remember the famous cartoon about Umka? The deer is called - "K, orany" and so on. Apparently, all this is intended to preserve the traditional Chukchi culture and language.
The city makes a much better impression than most Russian cities. All this is the merit of Roman Abramovich. Anadyr before Abramovich and after are two different cities. Gray, dirty, gloomy before and bright, modern, well-groomed after.
Permafrost is a layer of earth from several tens to several hundred meters thick, the temperature of which has not risen above zero degrees for thousands of years. The foundation of a conventional building will heat the ground, causing it to melt and spread. Such a building will be unstable or even split and fall.
For buildings standing on piles, a significant distance remains between the level of the ground floor and the ground. It serves to remove heat from the building. Thus, the soil is always in a frozen state. Piles in such soil feel even better than in ordinary soil.
All communications are also carried out on the surface.
The central square of Anadyr - Lenin Square is located on the elevated bank of the Anadyr estuary. The museum center "Heritage of Chukotka" is located on the square. The building itself has a very unusual architecture. Everything inside is done last word technology. On three floors there is an exposition telling about the stages of the development of Chukotka and about the life of its indigenous people. On the ground floor there is a multimedia room. There is a concert hall in the same building.
Next to the square is the Cathedral of the Life-Giving Trinity. The cathedral is the largest wooden temple in Russia, built on permafrost, and the only cathedral in Chukotka. Like all buildings in Anadyr, the temple stands on stilts. The ground soil beneath him in summer time cool refrigeration units.
Not far from the cargo port is the memorial "The First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka", opened in 1981.
The environs of Anadyr are huge expanses of tundra with hills towering among them. The closest to the city are the hill of St. Michael with an abandoned tropospheric communication station located on it, about 5-7 kilometers away, as well as Mount St. Dionysius, 50 km away. From almost anywhere in the city there is a magnificent view of these hills or the mountains located on the other side of the estuary. The city itself, also located on a hill, stretches from its top to the waters of the Anadyr estuary.
The motor transport system in Chukotka is underdeveloped. And if there is no network of roads on the side of the village of Coal mines, then on the side of the city there are practically no roads. Those. in the city itself, of course, everything is in order, but immediately after it everything ends. Several primers of rather mediocre quality stretch into the tundra. But they run out pretty soon. It is impossible to reach any settlements on them.
The flora of the surroundings of Anadyr is characterized by the complete absence of any kind of trees. Unless, of course, you count their dwarf counterparts. For example, there is a dwarf pine that literally spreads along the ground, and its height is even lower than many shrubs.
Toward the end of summer, the berry ripening season begins in the tundra. Lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, shiksha (dropsy) - this is an incomplete list of what the tundra is rich in. In addition to berries, there are a lot of various mushrooms in the tundra. As we, the inhabitants of the middle zone, follow them into the forest, so the local population goes to pick mushrooms and berries in the tundra.
What is the tundra? Usually it is a swampy area overgrown with low shrubs and grass. It is impossible to move on it by car, even with off-road capability.
The ideal means of transportation are various vehicles on low pressure wheels. Due to the low pressure on the ground, they do not fall into the swamps. In addition, they move along the tundra on caterpillar all-terrain vehicles, leaving deep and long-lasting traces.
The tundra near Anadyr is a monument to human mismanagement. A lot of rusty barrels, the remains of some mechanisms and machines that have remained here forever. The pinnacle of this is the abandoned tropospheric communication station on St. Michael's Hill. The grandest building!
It is necessary to say a few words separately about the tropospheric communication system. The system was created in the late 60s in order to provide communications to the regions of the far north.
Huge distance, permafrost and harsh climate did not allow laying cables. Conventional VHF communication operates at a distance of no more than 80 km. Satellite communications at that time were still poorly developed.
Therefore, the system of tropospheric over-the-horizon communication "Horizont" was developed. Range 250 -425 km. The principle of operation of this system is the property of reflection of radio waves from the upper layers of the atmosphere. The problem was that the reflected signal came very weak, in addition, it could be significantly shifted.
To solve the above problems and ensure a long communication range, it was necessary to build giant antennas with a mirror size of 20x20 meters, or 30x30 meters. Two antennas for each direction.
And now, at the top of the hill of St. Michael, there are six huge antennas (the station worked in 3 directions) and several smaller ones related to some other communication system. This is the former station "Yukon" - part of the tropospheric radio relay line (TRRL) "North". The station is equipped with diesel generator sets and could operate autonomously for a long time.
A network of such stations was located along the line of the Arctic Circle throughout the north of the USSR.
With the development of satellite communication systems, TRRL became significantly inferior to them. The system was eventually shut down permanently in the late 90s. Yukon Station ceased to exist in 2003.
Now only the wind walks among antennas, technical cases, cables beginning to rust. One of the antennas has already fallen, the others are still standing. A few more years will pass and the rest will not withstand the pressure of the elements, burying the memory of one of the grandiose projects of the USSR.
Talking about Chukotka, one cannot fail to mention one of its main riches. Along with gold, gas, oil, this is red caviar. Spawning starts in August and ends in early September. This is the most fertile time for fishing.
They fish, of course, not with fishing rods, but with nets set along the shore of the estuary. On an industrial scale, the Anadyr fish factory is engaged in harvesting. Everyone else needs to purchase licenses to fish.
Fishing is prohibited on Monday and Tuesday. An exception was made for the indigenous people - the Chukchi. They will gladly sell you both raw and already cooked caviar. It is not worth taking ready-made caviar from them. It is completely unknown under what conditions it was prepared. But raw caviar in ovaries can be taken.
Yastik is a thin but strong film that forms a bag-shell, which contains salmon and sturgeon caviar. Raw caviar costs 300-350 rubles per kilogram. Feel the difference! In our stores, a kilogram of red caviar costs about 1,700 rubles. True, the finished caviar from a kilogram of raw will be somewhat less, but nevertheless ...
Preparing caviar is quite simple. The first thing you need to cook brine. Brine is a solution of table salt, usually close to saturation. The water is brought to a boil and salt is gradually added to it. You need to add it until it dissolves. Another way to test the readiness of brine is to use raw potatoes. If it does not sink in the solution, then the brine is ready.
Before salting, caviar must be separated from the ovary. This process is called rumbling. If there is not enough caviar, then you can get by with an ordinary spoon, but this is extremely inconvenient and not very high quality. The best is to use a badminton racket. The ovaries open and rub against the rocket, while the caviar separates and falls down.
After the screening is completed, the caviar must be washed. This is done on gauze. Everything, now the caviar is ready for salting. We lower it into the brine for a period of 5 to 10 minutes. After a short drying caviar can be eaten or laid out in jars.
Caught fish during the spawning period of the Chukchi are often simply thrown away, so if you need fish, they will gladly give it to you completely free of charge. They themselves, of course, also prepare fish for themselves. The fish is cut and hung for drying in small sheds, which literally strewn the entire coast near the village of Tavaivaam.
There is an opinion that the indigenous peoples of the north are now actively drinking and degrading. I don’t know ... Maybe it’s true, of course, but some kind of global degradation process is imperceptible. No, there are of course among the Chukchi those who actively abuse. At the same time, they look and live, of course, accordingly. However, most, it seems to me, are perfectly integrated into modern life Anadyr and the way of life do not differ at all from the Russian population.
One of the traditional folk crafts in Chukotka is bone carving. Jewelry made from walrus tusks is truly magnificent! Moreover, many of them are real works of art with a corresponding cost, which can reach up to 100 thousand rubles for individual copies! Expensive. Yes, it is expensive, like all life in Chukotka. On average, food prices are at least twice as expensive as in Moscow. The cost of gasoline is 1.5 times higher!
This is due to the fact that the region exists solely at the expense of products and goods imported from mainland. Once a year in the summer, during the northern sea delivery, the bulk of products and goods are delivered. Perishable products such as vegetables or fruits are delivered only by air. Their prices will shock an unprepared person.
Coat of arms of the city of Anadyr "Brown bear holding a fish in its paws against the background of white and blue stripes", approved in 1999.
Anadyr is the capital of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, located on the right bank of the Kazachka River at the entrance to the Anadyr Estuary, which connects the Anadyr River with the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. Its geographic coordinates are 64 degrees 44 minutes north latitude 177 degrees 31 minutes 18 seconds east longitude. From Anadyr, the now independent settlements of Ugolnye Kopi, Shakhtersky, settlements on the Russian Cat and Cape Gek have grown, in different years, periodically included in the city. The city owes its name to the river of the same name, at the mouth of which it stands. The toponym Anadyr goes back to the Yukaghir base “anu-an” – “river”. The Cossacks of Semyon Dezhnev, who in 1949 met the Yukagirs, who settled in the basin of this river, called it "Onandyr", later interpreted as Anadyr.
The distance from Anadyr to Moscow is 6400 km. The population of the city (at the end of 2002) is 11288 people.
Story
The history of the capital of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is inextricably linked with the history of our entire northern region.
When Russian industrial explorers penetrated the Far North-East of Asia, they discovered that the peoples of Chukotka are divided into two groups according to their economic and domestic way of life: sedentary sea hunters (Eskimos, sedentary / coastal / Chukchi, Kereks) and nomadic reindeer herders (Chukchi, Yukagirs , Koryaks, Evens). The material and spiritual culture of the indigenous peoples was fully adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic.
The impetus for the development of the territory of Chukotka by the Russians was the foundation by Semyon Dezhnev and Mikhail Stadukhin of the Nizhnekolymsky prison in 1644. It is this prison that will become the base for the preparation of many subsequent expeditions, when the explorers pursued the main goal of "searching for new unclaimed lands" and "bringing them under the sovereign's high hand", establishing trade, searching for "zamoral fish tooth" and at the same time solving issues of geographical discoveries. So, in 1648-1649, Semyon Dezhnev and his "companions" on ships - koches adapted for navigation in the northern seas for the first time passed through the strait between Asia and America. After the remnants of the expedition scattered by the storm, Dezhnev was thrown onto South coast Chukotka, by January 1649 he reached the mouth of the Anadyr River on foot. After wintering here, in the summer with the remaining 12 members of the team, he went up the river and, 18 km from the modern village of Markovo, laid a winter hut (since 1652, the Anadyr prison). Repeated attempts to repeat Dezhnev's voyage from Kolyma to Anadyr around the Chukotka Peninsula were unsuccessful. Only the overland road to Kamchatka through the Anadyr Range and the prison was used, which was opened in 1650 as a result of the foot crossing of M. Stadukhin and S. Motors from the mouth of the river. Big Anyui on the Anadyr River.
For 12 years of staying on the Anadyr River, S.I. Dezhnev overlaid yasak (a small tribute in furs paid by Siberian foreigners “as a gift to the white king”) of the inhabitants of the middle reaches of the river. Anadyr. The Anadyr prison became a stronghold in the development of Chukotka and Kamchatka. This is where expeditions started. In 1697-1699. Atlasov and Morozko to Kamchatka. In 1660 K. Ivanov to the Gulf of the Cross and the Bay of Providence. In 1685, L. Morozko and I. Golygin to the "Koryak land" to Cape Olyutorsky.
The first Russian expeditions to Chukotka were organized by merchants, who brought Cossacks with them, and did not have the character of a purposeful state policy. Merchants were primarily interested in furs and walrus tusks. By the middle of the 17th century, the first facts of barter trade between Russian merchants and the Chukchi and Eskimos date back. Attempts by the Russian state to impose yasak indigenous people Chukotka often met with resistance. Until 1778, the Chukchi were considered “not peaceful” people, until the head of the Anadyr prison, Major I. Shmalev, signed a peace treaty with them.
At the end of the 17th - 18th centuries, there was a period of intertribal wars in Chukotka. Military clashes between the Chukchi and the Koryaks were especially frequent. The capture of reindeer herds, along with nomadic reindeer herding, has become one of the branches of the economy of the indigenous peoples, who have passed to the stage of "military democracy" in their social development. The more numerous Chukchi left the zones of Russian influence and crowded out the Koryaks, Kereks, and Yukaghirs, who were seeking protection from the Russians.
The discovery of Kamchatka, rich in sables, changed the attitude of the Russian rulers towards the development of the North-East of Eurasia. In 1713, Peter 1 issued a decree on finding a sea route from the Okhotsk coast to Kamchatka, and in 1725, on equipping the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1730), led by Vitus Bering, in search of a strait between Asia and America and ways to the latter. In 1728, Bering with his assistant Alexei Chirikorv and the crew on the ship "Saint Gabriel" passed from Kamchatka to the strait, later named after him. At the same time, in 1729, in order to "pacify" the Chukchi wars and finally explain the indigenous population, a military expedition was undertaken under the command of Major A. Shestakov, but his detachment was defeated by the Chukchi. In 1731, Shestakov's subordinate Major D. Pavlutsky undertook a new campaign. The Cossacks, accompanied by the Koryaks and Yukaghirs, crossed the Anadyr and Belaya rivers to the Arctic Ocean and returned, defeating the Chukchi detachment. In 1732, Dmitry Pavlutsky sent the boat “St. Gabriel" under the leadership of I. Fedorov and M. Gvozdev. They draw up the first map of the Bering Strait, putting the Diomede Islands on it. Subsequently, several times Pavlutsky undertook military campaigns in order to finally bring the Chukchi into Russian citizenship, but they were of little effect. In 1747, on the Orlovka River (100 km south of the Anadyr prison), his detachment was defeated, and the Chukchi major who had fled was overtaken and killed near the hill, now called Mayorskaya (in the vicinity of Markovo).
In the second half of the 18th century, the Anadyr prison, after the opening of the sea route to Kamchatka, finally lost its significance and was destroyed in 1771, control was transferred to Gizhiga. However, the Russian government is undertaking a number of scientific expeditions, the purpose of which was to consolidate and develop new territories, including Chukotka. Purposeful study of this region began with the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1735 - 1745), which was attended by G. Miller, I. Gmelin, S. Krasheninnikov, G. Steller and other prominent scientists. They collected the first information about the peoples of the Far North, the geographical environment and the fauna of the region.
In 1736,1739-1742 Dmitry Laptev undertook his voyages and campaigns. In 1763-1764, Nikolai Daurkin, the first Chukchi scientist, traveled around Chukotka, making maps. In 1762, and then in 1765, Nikita Shalaurov set sail around the Chukotka Peninsula with a northeastern passage from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Shelagsky.
The flexible policy of the Russian government in the second half of the 18th century and the development of trade relations with indigenous peoples greatly contributed to the strengthening of Russian influence in Chukotka. So, in 1779, Empress Catherine II - on October 11, 1779 ordered "not to take any yasak from the Chukchi for 10 years, provided that they live peacefully with the Koryaks." In 1788, the first fair took place on the river. Big Anyu. Later, the official fair was transferred to the Small Anyui River near the former Anyui prison (modern Ostrovnoye village). Hundreds of reindeer herders came here, bringing for exchange the skins of arctic fox, fox, sable, otter, walrus tusks, reindeer meat, seal belts. Russian traders carried tobacco, tea, iron axes and knives, copper cauldrons and other goods. The sale of alcoholic beverages at fairs was prohibited.
From the end of the XVIII -early XIX centuries in Chukotka begins to substantiate in detail Russian population, the settlements of Markovo, Bannoe, Oselkino and others appear. Attempts are being actively made to Christianize the local population, but only among the Evens this religion has spread widely. In 1839 a chapel was built in the village. Fortress, then a church in Markovo.
All development of northern Russian territories from 1799 to 1867, a specially created Russian-American company, which was organized by G. Shelikhov, and headed by A.A. Baranov.
In 1822, a special decree "On the management of foreigners" was issued, where, among other peoples, the indigenous peoples of Chukotka were named.
After the sale of Alaska by Alexander II in 1867 for 7 million dollars (4.7 cents per hectare), American merchants and whalers launched active activities in Chukotka. To strengthen Russia's influence in the northeast, in 1868-1869 a special Chukotka expedition was organized under the leadership of Baron Maidel. He managed to persuade some of the wealthy Chukchi to swear allegiance to the Russian crown.
Since 1872 The Russian government organized the cruising of military ships along the coast of Chukotka.
In 1883, a self-taught Chuvan Afanasy Dyachkov in the village. Markovo opens the first parochial school in Chukotka.
On July 9, 1888, the Russian government decided to separate the Anadyr district as part of the Gizhiginsky district, the first head of which was L.F. Grinevetsky. In 1889, he founded the Novo-Mariinsk post (now the city of Anadyr) on the banks of the Anadyr estuary. In 1897, the first population census was conducted in Chukotka under the leadership of the head of the district, who later became the Amur Governor N.L. Gondatti.
Formation of the Anadyr district and the foundation of the Novo-Mariinsk post.
On June 9 (old style), 1889, the clipper ship Razboinik entered the Anadyr Estuary. On the clipper arrived the ranks of the newly created Anadyr district, Mr. L.F. Grinevetsky - the head of the district, his assistant Mr. Dmitriev, 12 Cossacks, and building materials, food and other goods were also delivered. The captain of the first rank N.P. commanded the clipper. Wulf. On July 21, 1889, the construction of the first wooden house on the Alexander Spit was completed. On the second day, July 22 (August 3, according to the new style), 1889, the house was lit, over which the Russian national flag was raised and a salute was fired from the onboard guns of the Razboinik clipper. The lighting of the house fell on the name day of Tsarina Maria Feodorovna, which determined the name of the settlement: Mariinsk, but, taking into account the settlements with the same name already existing in Russia, they began to call it Novo-Mariinsk. The post was founded not far from the ancient Chukchi village of Vyen (from the Chukot. "entrance"), as a border point, county center, but it grew slowly. Mainly state-owned and private trading warehouses were built here. by the most notable events The beginning of the 20th century was the discovery of placer gold in the area of the Golden Ridge and the construction of a radio station in Novo-Mariinsk in 1912-1914, which was then one of the four most powerful stations in Russia. Its long-wave spark transmitters made it possible to maintain contact with Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Okhotsk, Nome (Alaska).
Before the October Revolution of 1917, Chukotka was part of the Kamchatka region of the Amur region. At the end of February 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed in the Kamchatka region (albeit not for long), and in Chukotka the first body of the new government was the 1 Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka, which operated from December 16, 1919 to January 31, 1920. Mandrikov and August Berzin organized a revolutionary international group, which included Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians, Ingush, Latvians, Chuvans and representatives of other nationalities - a total of 13 people. This group overthrew the power of the Kolchak administration in Anadyr and later established Soviet power in Markovo and Ust-Belaya.
The Revolutionary Committee organized the purchase of coal for free distribution to the poor, approved the rates and norms for the issuance of goods, established control over the work of state food warehouses, increased the salaries of teachers, nationalized part of the goods of Russian and foreign merchants in order to prevent starvation in Markovo and Ust-Belaya, introduced a universal labor duty. However, on January 31, 1920, the merchants organized a counter-revolutionary coup, later shooting 11 members of the First Revolutionary Committee. But already in the summer of that year, the power of the counter-revolutionaries was liquidated and a second revolutionary committee was organized, headed by the former Baltic sailor Vasily Mikhailovich Chekmarev. Then the Kolchakites again took power in Chukotka into their own hands. Finally, Soviet power in the region was established only in 1923, when the last detachments of Kolchak were expelled.
The formation on December 16, 1919 of the First Anadyr District Revolutionary Committee, opened new page in the history of the city. By this time about 300 people lived in it. Then the Soviet power did not last long, on January 31, 1920, a coup organized by merchants took place, and in early February, the Revolutionary Committee members were shot. But already on August 1, 1920, a new body of people's revolutionary power - the Anadyr district executive committee - began to reorganize the life of the village.
From November 1920 to March 1921, the Kamchatka region was part of the Far Eastern Republic, where there was a struggle for the establishment of Soviet power. Since November 1922, the Far Eastern Republic was transformed into the Far Eastern Region of the RSFSR. Revolutionary committees operated in Chukotka. On January 4, 1926, the Far Eastern Territory was formed with the transition from the provincial and district division to the district district system. The counties were reorganized into districts: Anadyr and Chukotka. They became part of the Kamchatka District.
On December 10, 1930, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR adopted a resolution "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of small peoples of the North." According to this decree, the Chukotka national district was also formed with a temporary district center at the Chukotka cult base (Lavrentiya Bay). In fact, already in 1931, Anadyr finally became the capital of the district.
For a long time the post, then the settlement, was known under two names: Novo-Mariinsk and Anadyr. Renaming decision locality to Anadyr was repeatedly adopted by various administrative bodies, until it was finally approved in 1924 by a resolution of the Kamchatka provincial committee. The city inherited its name from Anadyrsk (Anadyr prison), founded on the river in the middle of the 17th century by pioneer Cossacks.
The development of Anadyr is connected with the development of the administrative-territorial structure of Chukotka. Since 1927 it has been the center of the Anadyr region. After the formation of the Chukotka National District in 1930, almost immediately, Anadyr became the capital of the district. here in the early 1930s. the first industrial enterprises appeared in Chukotka - a fish cannery, which also included Coal mines located on the left bank of the Anadyr estuary. In order to train personnel from the local population in 1939, the first secondary specialized educational institution was opened in Anadyr - a pedagogical school, in which many famous teachers, writers, scientists, and public figures of Chukotka began their studies.
On October 20, 1932, the Kamchatka Okrug was reorganized into a region, which, when the Far Eastern Territory was divided on October 20, 1938 into Khabarovsk and Primorsky, became part of the Khabarovsk Territory. The Chukotka National Okrug remained part of the Kamchatka Oblast.
On June 20, 1924, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee established the Committee for Assistance to the Peoples of the Northern Outskirts under the leadership of Smidovich. On June 27, 1927, the Joint-Stock Kamchatka Society (AKO) was created to develop the economy and deliver food to the northern regions, and in early 1930, the Chukotka District Integral Union was formed.
By 1928-1936. The formation of aviation in Chukotka refers to the formation of aviation, the main airfields were Cape Severny / Schmidt / and Anadyr.
In the summer of 1930, the first reindeer-breeding collective farm was organized from the united nomadic groups living on the Land of Gek.
In 1931, the first cultural institutions were created in the Okrug: the Okrug Museum in Anadyr and the Uelensk bone carving workshop.
In 1932, the first All-Russian conference on the development of languages and writing of the peoples of the North was held, after which the committees of the new alphabet of the peoples of the North were created. October 8, 1933 saw the publication of the first issue of the district newspaper "Soviet Chukotka" /now "Far North"/, later a special supplement was published in the Chukchi language.
A huge role in the development of the economy of the Chukotka District was played by the organization on December 17, 1932 of the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route / GUSMP /, which was engaged in the industrial and geological development of Chukotka. Under his auspices, polar stations, ports, airfields, and industrial enterprises were created; hydrographic and geological work was carried out. For the development of the Northern Sea Route in 1933-1934. an icebreaking voyage of the motor ship "Chelyuskin" was organized. The expedition was led by O.Yu. Schmidt.
On February 27, 1937, by order of the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR, the Chukotka Land Management Expedition was created, which allocated land for the economic activities of individual collective farms and enterprises, and carried out zoning. According to this expedition, the population of the district in 1938 was 18,390 people, of which 12,101 were Chukchi, 1,280 were Eskimos, and 3,020 were newcomers. 3,300 people lived in the district center, the village of Anadyr.
On December 12, 1937, the first elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were held in Chukotka. The first deputy to the Council of Nationalities from Chukotka was the Chukchi Tevlyanto, who simultaneously worked as chairman of the regional executive committee.
On October 1, 1939, the Anadyr Pedagogical School was opened to train specialists from among the inhabitants of Chukotka.
During the Great Patriotic War, Chukotka provided great assistance to the country in the cause of victory over fascism. Conscripts from the Chukchi villages took part in the battles at the fronts. Chukotka provided the metal necessary for defense - tin. In August 1941, the Chaun-Chukotka mining complex was established. The coal industry began to develop actively. During the war years, 199.4 thousand tons of coal were mined at the Anadyrskoye field and in Coal Bay. During the war years, the Anadyr fish processing plant supplied the front with 8 million cans of canned food, while a significant part of the production went to meet the needs of the district, because no food was imported from the mainland.
In the early 50s. In Chukotka, the collectivization of reindeer herding and sea hunting was completed, and a campaign began to transform collective farms into state farms, which lasted until 1975.
On May 28, 1951, by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, it was allocated to the direct subordination of the Khabarovsk Territory. On December 3, 1953, the Chukotka National District became part of the Magadan Region.
Anadyr began to grow and develop rapidly from the end of the 50s. A sea point appeared here, which in 1961 became a major seaport, through which all the necessary cargoes and building materials for the first wooden two-story houses on the high right bank of the estuary are imported. The village becomes crowded on the historical spit of Alexander, he stepped across the Kazachka River to the elevated part of the tundra.
On January 12, 1965, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the village of Anadyr received the status of a city. It developed the food industry, the construction industry. In its silhouette, four, five-story houses have become familiar. Every year Anadyr is being improved and pleases the eyes of the inhabitants with multi-colored facades of houses. Here are all the administrative and government offices of the district, the district hospital, several specialized secondary and branches of higher educational institutions. The basis of the city's energy sector is the combined heat and power plant, which has been operating at full capacity since 1987. Communication is developing in the city, the first telephone exchange for 40 numbers was put into operation in 1964. Now the automatic telephone exchange provides communication with all corners of our country and abroad. Since 1972, the Anadyr ground station for ultra-long-range space transmissions of the Orbita system has been providing the broadcasting of Central Television programs. The Anadyr TV Center, now transformed into the Chukotka state television and radio company, was established back in 1967.
According to the USSR constitution of 1977, the national district became autonomous.
In the 70s and 80s, the development of the leading branches of the economy in Chukotka continued, changes were taking place in cultural life districts. On August 7, 1968, the first professional Chukchi-Eskimo ensemble "Ergyron" ("Dawn" in translation from Chukchi) was created.
December 9, 1970 district awarded the order Labor Red Banner, and December 29, 1972 the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
In 1973, the first signs of oil were discovered in the Anadyr region, but field development began only recently.
In 1992, after Chukotka left the Magadan Region and received the status of an independent subject of the Russian Federation, Anadyr again received the status of a city of district subordination, which it had previously until 1957.
Anadyr is not only the administrative, but also the cultural and scientific center of the district. There are several scientific institutions, the district library named after. Tan Bogoraza, National College of Arts, original national ensembles "Ergyron" and "Chukotka". Quite recently, the reconstruction of the cinema "Polyarny" was completed.
Many monuments of history and art are located in the city. Memorial to the First Revkom of Chukotka by sculptor V.E. Queen. Palace of Children's Creativity, created by architect Antonio Mikhe and engineer M. Galakhov, commissioned in 1974. Pioneers from all over the country collected money for its construction. Buildings of the early twentieth century, preserved on the site of the founding of the city - Kos Alexander, where the old chapel has now been reconstructed and the church "Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord" operates.
Nature of Anadyr and its environs
The climate of the environs of Anadyr is greatly influenced by the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. The weather here is very changeable, monsoon winds often blow from the sea. Under the influence of southerly winds, floods are often observed, especially in late autumn. Of the other features of the climate, it is necessary to name the frequently changing atmospheric pressure. The average annual rainfall is 445 mm. The average annual temperature in Anadyr is 7.4 degrees. C. In 2001, the lowest winter temperature was recorded on December 26 - 39.6 degrees, and the highest summer temperature on July 21 + 24 degrees.
Anadyr and its environs belong to the shrubless tundra subzone. The nature of the vegetation here is also determined by the proximity of the sea and harsh winds. Only dwarf trees, rare shrubs grow near the city in the tundra, and in spring it amazes with bright colors of blossoming flowers of rhododendrons, poppies, Ivan-tea, polar lilac, rosemary. In summer and autumn, the tundra pleases the townspeople with an abundance of mushrooms and berries: cloudberries, blueberries, shiksha, lingonberries. Old-timers of Anadyr assure that the most mushroom and berry places are in the area of two hills of Dionysius and Mikhail, which are located a few kilometers from the city. Of the cultural plantations on the streets of the city, several types of shrubs, alder, poplar, and willow have taken root. Enthusiasts grow tomatoes, cabbage, cucumbers in greenhouses, and radish, lettuce in the open field, not far from the city in a place called "dachas".
Many feathered inhabitants flock to the vicinity of the city in spring - gulls (kittiwake, herring and glaucous), skuas, arctic terns, several types of waders. Partridges, snow buntings, snowy owls, magpies winter here, sparrows also got here on sea vessels, to please the townspeople with their chirping. On the bird market of Alyumka Island, which is near the city, ipatki, puffins, guillemots, and Beringian cormorants settle. During a tour of the environs of Anadyr, museum staff will tell you many ancient legends about Mount Dionisia and Alyumka Island, whose name is translated from the Chukchi language as "a piece of something tangled."
Weasels, weasels, arctic foxes live in the vicinity of the city, brown bears are found, and sometimes polar bears also come. But most of all, the guests of the city remember meetings with evrashki (long-tailed ground squirrels). These funny animals are almost tame, they do not hesitate to beg for bread crumbs from mushroom pickers and berry pickers.
Wonderful fishing off the coast of the Anadyr estuary. In summer, licensed salmon fish, nelma, pike are caught on the net, and smelt and smelt are caught with fishing rods. But residents of the city prefer to catch smelt from under the ice, on a lure in winter, because at this time of the year it is large, fat, with caviar and smells of cucumber smell. At the end of April, Korfest competitions are held annually on the ice of the estuary to catch this fish. Of the inhabitants of the waters of the estuary, beluga whales with their cubs always attract the attention of tourists, arranging whole dance performances, and Arctic seals (seals, as they are affectionately called in Chukotka), which stick out their curious faces near the nets of fishermen and surround boats carrying passengers to another coast of the firth.
Key dates in the history of Chukotka
XXX - V111 thousand BC e. - the oldest Paleolithic traces of man in Chukotka.
11 - 1 thousand BC - distribution of the culture of wild deer hunters in Chukotka.
End of 11 thousand BC e. - the beginning of the formation of the Eskimo culture of sea hunters.
1644 - the foundation of the Nizhnekolymsk prison.
1648 - 1649 - sailing S. Dezhnev and F. Popov around the Chukotka Peninsula from the river. Kolyma on the river. Anadyr.
1652 - construction of the Anadyr prison.
1728 - Vitus Bering's voyage to the shores of Chukotka and the Bering Strait.
1771 - Liquidation of the Anadyr prison.
1778 - I.S. Shmalev concludes a peace treaty with the Chukchi.
1778 - J. Cook's voyage to Cape Ryrkaypiy.
1883 - opening of the first parochial school in Chukotka in the village. Markovo A.E. Dyachkov.
1888 - organization of the Anadyr district.
1889 - the foundation of the post Novo-Mariinsk L.F. Grinevetsky (now the city of Anadyr).
1897 - the first census of the population in Chukotka was conducted by the head of the district N.L. Gondatti.
1909 - the creation of the Chukotka district with a center in Provideniya Bay. In 1912, the county center was moved to the village. Whalen.
1914 - opening of the first radio station in Chukotka.
December 16, 1919 - The First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka took power into its own hands.
February 2, 8, 1920 - members of the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka were shot.
1924 - the Committee for Assistance to the Peoples of the Northern Outskirts was created under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
On October 7, 1925, Anadyr and Chukotka regions were formed.
August 1928 - the Chukotka cult base was organized (Lavrentiya Bay).
December 10, 1930 - the creation of the Chukotka National District.
December 17, 1932 - the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (GUSMP) was established.
April 22-28, 1932 - 1st Chukotka District Congress of Soviets.
July 10, 1933 - Chaunsky district was organized.
October 28, 1933 - the first issue of the newspaper "Soviet Chukotka" (now "Far North") was published.
1933 - 1934 – expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt along the Northern Sea Route on the ship "Chelyuskin".
October 1, 1939 - the Anadyr Pedagogical School was opened.
1941 - the opening of the first mine "Pyrkakay" and the mine "Valkumey" for the extraction of tin in the Chaunsky district.
May 18, 1951 - By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the district was removed from the subordination of the Kamchatka region and transferred to the Khabarovsk Territory.
December 3, 1953 - Formation of the Magadan Region, which included the Chukotka National District.
1954 - Iultinsky district was formed.
1957 - Beringovsky and Providensky districts were formed.
1958 - the first industrial gold was mined on the river. Ichuwei.
February 15, 1960 - the first state farms were organized: Markovsky, Anyuisky, Kanchalansky.
1960 - Markovsky district was abolished.
1961 - The East Tundra region was renamed Bilibinsky.
January 12, 1965 - pos. Anadyr received city status.
April 6, 1967 - the village of Pevek received the status of a city.
1967 - The Anadyr television center conducted the first telecast.
August 7, 1968 - geologists of the Anadyr complex expedition discovered a gas field of industrial importance.
September 21, 1969 - reburial of members of the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka in Anadyr.
December 7, 1970 - the first floating power plant "Northern Lights" in the Arctic gave current.
December 9, 1970 - the district was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
December 31, 1970 - Bilibino television station "Orbita" was put into operation.
March 15, 1972 - Anadyr television station "Orbita" was put into operation.
December 29, 1972 - the district was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
January 28, 1973 - the first signs of oil were discovered in the Anadyr region.
1973 - Shmidtovsky district was formed.
January 12, 1974 - the first block of the Bilibino nuclear power plant gave current.
August 24, 1974 - the Palace of Pioneers was opened in Anadyr (now the Palace Children's creativity) funds for the construction of which were collected by the pioneers of the whole country.
1977 - the district received the status of autonomous.
February 1979 - regular non-stop passenger flights Moscow - Pevek began.
January 1980 - the first flight of the Tu-154 Moscow - Anadyr.
February 1983 - the first non-stop flight of the Il-62 aircraft on the route Moscow - Anadyr.
1989 - the city of Anadyr became twinned with the city of Bethel (Alaska).
1992 - Chukotka Autonomous Okrug became an independent subject of the Russian Federation.
Center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. A port city located on the coast of the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. Population 11,073 (2006), 13,045 (2010), 14,326 (2015), 15,604 (2018)
Anadyr from the word "Onandyr" - the Chukchi river, "Anadyrsk" - a prison from the times of Semyon Dezhnev and Kurbat Ivanov (mid-17th century). Local Chukchi population calls the city V'en "zev, entrance" or Kagyrlyn "entrance, mouth", which reflects its location at a narrow neck that opens the entrance to the upper part of the Anadyr estuary.
The city of Anadyr was founded as the most northeastern outpost of the Russian Empire - Novo-Mariinsk in August 1889.
Its foundation is dictated by the geopolitical interests of the Russian state, due to the aggravation in the second half of the 19th century of contradictions between Russia, the USA and England in the North Pacific. The reasons for the aggravation were the strengthening of American expansion, first in territorial waters, and then, after the sale by the tsarist government in 1867 of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States of America, and on the northeast coast of the Russian Empire. It was not possible to limit the penetration of Americans into Chukotka by cruising military ships off its coast. And then the tsarist government, by Decree of July 9, 1888, in order to consolidate statehood in the remote northeastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, established a new independent administrative unit - Anadyrsky district, allocating for this part of the territory from the Gizhiginsky district. Among the priority tasks that the first head of the newly created Anadyr district, Leonid Grinevetsky, set for himself, was the foundation of its center.
At first, the post, and then the village was known under two names: Novo-Mariinsk and Anadyr, and dragged out its miserable existence. Despite this, here, on the outskirts of Russia, the routes of scientists of various profiles began to intersect more and more often. It is known that the first head of the Anadyr district, L.F. Grinevetsky, as well as N.L. Gondatti. Along with a rich scientific heritage dedicated to Chukotka, a true description of Novo-Mariinsk was left by the largest ethnographer, an exiled Narodnaya Volya member V.G. Tan-Bogoraz, who became a professor in Soviet times, a member of the Committee for the Affairs of the Peoples of the North.
The favorable geographical position of Novo-Mariinsk gradually attracted the attention of Russian and foreign merchants, gold prospectors, and fishermen. After the discovery in 1906 by the American prospector Nadeau, a Frenchman of Canadian origin, a few tens of kilometers from the county center, in the basin of the Volchya River, a small placer of gold, a Discovery joint-stock mine was formed to develop it. T. Birich, the son of a prominent Kamchatka businessman P. Birich, opened in Novo-Mariinsk a branch of the firm "Churkin and K" from Vladivostok. On the banks of the estuary, two large fishing trips were organized - Erikson and Grushetsky. The latter was the owner of the Pacific industries, which had their own steamships at their disposal. Indigenous people also began to settle here.
In 1914, one of the most powerful radio stations in Russia was built in Novo-Mariinsk, on which long-wave spark transmitters were installed, which made it possible to provide reliable communication with Petropavlovsk, Okhotsk, and Nome.
Before the revolution of 1917, there were warehouses, a prison, and several houses on the left bank of the Kazachka River. Construction in Novo-Mariinsk was carried out on the right bank. There were 30-40 houses here, the new house of the county chief, warehouses, a bathhouse, a medical assistant's station, yarangas, and a chapel. Above, on the bank of the estuary, there was a post office and a radio station.
The revolutionary events of 1917 did not bypass Novo-Mariinsk. In 1919, the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka was created here. In 1920, after a counter-revolutionary coup and the execution of the Revolutionary Committee, the Anadyr district executive committee was elected, reorganized in 1921 into the Narrevkom. In the same year, a union of workers and employees was created in Anadyr - the first trade union organization in Chukotka.
The rapid growth of Anadyr began after the formation of the Chukotka National District in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of the peoples of the North" of December 10, 1930.
Anadyr became the center of the Chukotka national district in 1932.
In 1934, by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the village of Anadyr was renamed into a city, but it received the official status of a city many years after the Great Patriotic War - in 1965. In 1935, the Anadyr permafrost station of the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized.
On January 1, 1941, 3,100 people lived in Anadyr. Many Anadyr residents took part in the construction of a military airfield to ferry military aircraft from Vancouver to the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, raised funds for the construction of military equipment, and sent parcels with warm clothes to front-line soldiers.
In 1943, the first graduation of young Chukotka teachers took place in Anadyr. Among them were 3 Chukchi, 4 Eskimos, 1 Chuvan. On January 3, 1947, the district library was opened in the village of Anadyr. The village library has existed here since 1924, although this fact has not been documented anywhere.
In 1949, the Anadyr district industrial complex began its work. On May 1, 1953, the first issue of the Sovetken Chukotka newspaper was published. In 1954, on the basis of a decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, a construction department was created - SMU-1, later renamed SSK-4. In 1955, a port office was organized in Anadyr on the shore of Melkaya Bay. He had two boats, three kungas, a car. In 1958, the District House of Folk Art and a music school began their work in Anadyr. In 1961, an agricultural technical school was opened on the basis of the school of collective farm personnel in Anadyr.
In 1961, the Anadyrsky sea port. In 1963, the House of Culture was put into operation in Anadyr, in the construction of which the public and youth took an active part. 1963 - the construction of a dam on the Kazachka River was completed, which made it possible to carry out water supply to Anadyr. The dam is 1300 meters long and 16 meters high. In 1964, VGChPU was created.
In 1964, the first Anadyr automatic telephone exchange was put into operation.
On January 12, 1965, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the center of the Chukotka National District - the village of Anadyr - was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
This year 97 children were born in Anadyr. In total, more than 5 thousand people lived in Anadyr.
On October 31, 1967, the Anadyr TV Center hosted the first telecast. In 1967, the first four-story residential building was built in Anadyr (Lenina, 36). In 1967, a monument to V.I. Lenin. On August 7, 1968, the professional Chukchi-Eskimo national ensemble "Ergyron" was created.
Since 1973, the production of the brewery began.
In 1978, the construction of a new meat and dairy plant began.
In 1980, Anadyr became the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (on the basis of the Law "On Autonomous Okrugs of the RSFSR", the Chukotka National Okrug was transformed into an autonomous one).
In 1994, the Chukotka District College of Arts began its work in the capital of the district.
After a decline in socio-economic development, characterized by a decline in living standards and a mass exodus of the able-bodied population from the northern regions, which began with the collapse Soviet Union and continued until the end of the 20th century, since 2001, a period of "second" birth, intensive renewal and development began in Anadyr.
On August 11, 2004, the world's largest monument to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was unveiled in Anadyr.