The term HISTORICISM is understood as the words of a passive vocabulary, which serve as the only expression of the corresponding concepts. If necessary, to name some phenomenon, object, thing, etc. that has already disappeared, we willy-nilly resort to historicism, because in modern Russian literary language they have no synonyms. Historicisms in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy "Peter I", for example, are the words boyar, coachman, steward, falconer, altyn, epancha, feryaz (men's long-skirted dress), chain mail, homemade gun, squeaker, unicorn (kind of cannon), etc.
historicisms- the names of obsolete things, phenomena, concepts that are not found in modern reality. These may be the names of old household items: armyak, camisole, letnik, epancha(types of vintage clothes), brother, endova(types of dishes), sbiten(kind of hot drink) svetets(stand for a torch that illuminates housing); names of socio-political phenomena of the past, ranks, positions, etc.: zemstvo, kravchy, serfdom, mozhordomo, clerk, steward, titular councilor etc.: the name of the types of ancient weapons, items of military equipment: boots, unicorn(kind of gun) cuirass, chain mail, squeaker, shestoper etc.
A special place among obsolete social and political terms is occupied by words that arose in the Soviet era and have already become historicisms: Budyonovets, Kombed, educational program, NEP, food detachment, food appropriation, dispossession, revolutionary committee and others. Many words of this type in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakov have a double litter: new, ( new), history(historical).
Historicisms are used in various styles of the literary language to denote concepts of a particular era, for example: Performancearchers was accompanied by a broad popular movement ...Orders empty.Boyars anddyaki fled(tutorial): and On the day of the Battle of Borodino, the famous cavalry of Marshal Murat in vain covered their bodies in ironcuirasses (metal armor on the chest and back) Russiansflushes andredoubts … (A.N.T.); At this time, several people ranhorns ... The bear, alarmed by the noise, hid in the forest, they ran after himyard (Cost.).
§ 3. Archaisms
Name archaisms came from Greek word archaios- "ancient" - these are outdated names of modern things, phenomena, etc. In the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, next to them must necessarily exist, and there are synonyms that are words of active use ( fishing- hunting, voyage- travel, koi,- which, Baltic- Baltic complacency- complacency side- curtain, piit- poet, etc.)
Archaisms include, for example, words in A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter": "Where is passport?(Chapter 1); “I had a dream that I could never forget and in which I still see something prophetic when I think(= compare) with him the strange circumstances of my life” (Chapter 2); “I was in that state of feeling and soul when materiality(= reality), yielding to dreams, merges with them in obscure visions of the first dream” (Chapter 2); " counselor(= conductor) mine blinked significantly…” (chapter 2);
If the reasons for the departure of words from active use to the composition of historicisms are always completely clear and do not require any special explanations, then establishing the reasons for the transformation of words from the fact of an active vocabulary into archaisms, the reasons for the displacement, replacement of one word with another is, as a rule, a very difficult matter.
It is quite clear to us why, for example, the words caftan, policeman, petition and others have turned into historicisms (objects, phenomena, things, etc., corresponding to them, have disappeared); on the contrary, special linguistic research is required in order to answer the question why words finger, this, forehead, hitherto, will were forced out of active use by the words finger, this, forehead, until now, if they have thus turned into archaisms.
Depending on whether the whole word is obsolete as a certain sound complex that has a certain meaning, or only its semantic meaning turned out to be obsolete, archaisms can be divided into several types, depending on how they differ from the corresponding modern words.
Lexico-phonetic in which the sound image of the word is obsolete. The word, however, is easily recognizable, since the changes usually concern one or two sounds or stress, for example: room- modern room, eighteen- modern eighteen, Chechuncha and chesuncha- modern itchy, epigraph- modern epigraph and others: Levin could no longer listen to the second number of the concert(L.T.); The gentleman was dressed in a freshly ironed chunchuncho pair(Ch.); He's wearing a new chesunchi shirt(M.G.); There is nothing more tempting in the world than a walk through a familiar city at the age of eighteen.(Leon); He knew enough Latin to parse epigraphs(P.)
Some lexico-phonetic archaisms became obsolete only as individual words, but are found in modern words as roots. These are the words belt and room, preserved in words to explain, to enumerate which are not archaisms. The same, of course, should be said about many Old Church Slavonicisms: chill(cf. coolness), shore(cf. coastal), hail(cf. urban planning), etc.
Archaisms lexical and derivational - these are words that are obsolete only in some morphological part (most often in the suffix: nervous- modern nervous, pencil- modern pencil, rubber- modern rubber, compete- modern compete, etc.): Everything bounces off him like a rubber ball bounces off a wall.(G), What are you, brother, a nervous person(T), Critics, responding to the interests of the public, trying, competing with each other, wrote more and more articles about Shakespeare(L.T.), Pencil portraits of Lyuba(Lesk.).
Archaisms proper lexical - these are words that are obsolete in their entirety, and not in some part ( apples- pupils, eyes; cheeks- cheeks; host- a collection, a large number; finger- finger, etc.): Black eyes faded(T.), I see pale cheeks and catch swan steps(Bl.), But still I'm happy: in the host of storms, I made unique impressions(Es.), Make sure that this hellish finger of official preference never stops on you again.(L.L.).
Semantic archaisms are words used in an obsolete sense. Word presence, for example, does not seem obsolete to us: Your presence is required. But when we read in Leo Tolstoy: The next day, a letter from my wife was brought to my presence., - we understand that the author used a noun here presence in meaning "public institution". In this sense, the word presence and is semantic archaism. Other examples of semantic archaisms: Nothing that he is tired and unwell yet, that it is as if he is climbing the sixth dwelling(Tyn.); housing- floor; And gloomy old age lay like dust on the cheeks of the road(Bl.): dust- the smallest particles of something, dust; There is a pure young man, in expensive cloth, clear buttons(A.T.): clear- brilliant.
Phraseological archaisms - these are outdated stable combinations of words, idioms, sayings ( lamb in paper- a bribe coca with juice- wealth, fortune; with all honors- with everything that is required): This city is good, profitable, just the future hubby of coca with juice is making money(S.-SH.); If I buy myself a farm, then I will arrange a real library for myself there, with all the honors(Ch.); I think that there was a lamb in a piece of paper here: they must have put it in someone who should(Kupr.).
In the texts we read, there are also grammatical archaisms. Word piano, for example, was once feminine: And on the obedient piano hands lay domineeringly, plucking sounds like flowers(Bl.). Word swan was used as a feminine noun not only by Pushkin: Look - a white swan swims over flowing waters, but also Soviet poet I. Zabolotsky: Beauty, maiden, savage - a high swan swims. Genitive plural of the word cloud F. Tyutchev - cloud(modern clouds): There are many clouds in the sky.
You can't stop time, no matter how hard you try. It remains only once again to unwind, like an old film, your own memories and sob every now and then from overwhelming feelings. Time is running, running. You won't catch up...
Yes, a person does not catch up with time. But human language is quite competitive in this race. In the tact of time, words and ways of constructing sentences change. Sometimes it happens so quickly that parents do not immediately realize that it is their own children who are telling them. And having overheard them, children, talking with peers, they leave completely puzzled. And they shake their heads: no, we were not like that.
Were or were not - an occasion for a separate conversation. Let us now turn to the changes in language that occur as time passes.
Language chases life
Language reflects life, and therefore it changes when reality changes, for which language is needed to describe. Many objects and concepts disappear, and the words that these concepts or objects denoted are no longer actively used. Similar words that have lost their relevance are called historicisms. They are needed only in historical stories about times long past.
During my childhood, filmstrips were popular and favorite entertainment. I still remember a filmstrip made based on a poem by Yuri Yakovlev, which was called "Old Words". This is about them, about historicisms, “which have lost their meaning in forty years,” since the concepts described by these old words (for example, “horse”, “lamplighter”) have been canceled October Revolution. It was supposed to be forever.
We don't have capitalists
And we say again:
The day will come when the whole world
Forget this word.
As it turned out, the optimism was premature. The word, which, it seems, has sunk into oblivion and turned into historicism, is alive today and very much in high esteem. Just like the word "unemployed"
We meet often now
We are the word "unemployed",
What does it mean: kicked out the door,
And you are now free.
Yes, the historical path is tortuous! You can't always guess which word will become historicism. Today such is the Soviet word "collective farm". Ask the children what a collective farm is? Who is the collective farm for? Why a collective farm? Mr. Twister's daughter dreamed of "running to the collective farm for raspberries" - that's how it is.
Language changes on its own
Historicisms are the result of changing the language in time with the changing life. And there is more archaisms. If translated from ancient Greek, then this is exactly what happens: “old words”. Or rather, outdated.
This is where the laws of language come into play. Some words that used to be used often, for some reason, began to fade into the background. They were replaced by other words, synonyms. New words have become more familiar and modern, and the old ones seem to have fallen into a chest. For a long and good memory.
When did they appear aircrafts heavier than air (and this happened at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century), they were called the scientific foreign word "aeroplanes". But in 1914, when the First World War, patriotism leapt up in many Russians. Down with foreigners!
Here from the pages of Russian fairy tales flew in a carpet Russian word"airplane" . Arrived, and quite successfully replaced the "airplane". Now for us “airplane” is a common word, but “airplane” is always an old flying bookcase, archaism in a word.
By the way, one of the patriotic renamings of 1914 was the renaming of the capital Russian Empire from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd. By the way, the Petersburg side of the city, the one opposite the Winter Palace, became the Petrograd side. And, say, if in 1917 any resident of the city on the Neva said "Petersburg", one could be sure that by doing so he sadly recalls the pre-war times. And in Soviet times, many Leningraders quite consciously used this anachronism. I don't want to live in your "cradle of three revolutions"! Let me into my favorite capital of the empire! Many proudly called themselves native Petersburgers. Although, to be honest, how many of those native Petersburgers remained after the revolution, the "Kirov" landings and the Leningrad blockade ?! But all the same, archaism did not go far into the past, that very taste, that very Petersburg, was too sweet for the Leningrad heart.
In 1991, the former imperial name was returned to Leningrad. And “Leningrad” has already become an anachronism, where the same daughter of Mr. Twister once wanted to go.
gray waters,
many columns,
Smoke factories
The sky is dark.
However, the struggle goes on with varying success. Many St. Petersburgers sometimes call themselves Leningraders, recalling tragic and difficult times. But most importantly, the times in which they were young. And in general - remember the famous vocal group "Leningrad", whose name now is the most typical archaism.
Depending on the reasons why a particular word belongs to the category of obsolete, historicisms and archaisms are distinguished.
historicisms
- these are words that have fallen into disuse because the objects and phenomena that they denoted have disappeared from life.Historicisms do not have synonyms, since this is the only designation of the disappeared concept and the object or phenomenon behind it.
Historicisms are quite diverse thematic groups words:
1) Names of ancient clothes: zipun, camisole, caftan, kokoshnik, zhupan, shushun, etc.;
2) Names of monetary units: altyn, grosh, polushka, hryvnia, etc.;
3) Names of titles: boyar, nobleman, king, count, prince, duke, etc.;
4) Names officials: policeman at the governor, clerk, officer, etc .;
5) Names of weapons: pishchal, shestoper, unicorn (cannon), etc.;
6) Administrative names: volost, county, district, etc.
For polysemantic words, one of the meanings can become historicism. For example, the word people has the following meanings:
1) Plural of the noun man;
2) Other, strangers to someone;
3) Persons used in any case, personnel;
4) Servant, worker in a manor house.
The word people in the first three meanings is included in the active dictionary. The fourth meaning given word outdated, therefore, we have semantic historicism, which forms the lexeme human in the meaning of "the room in which the servant lives."
Archaisms
- these are words denoting concepts, objects, phenomena that exist at the present time; for various (primarily extralinguistic) reasons, archaisms were forced out of active use by other words.Consequently, archaisms have synonyms in modern Russian, for example: sail (n.) - sail., Psyche (n.) - soul; Overseas (adj.) - foreign; Koi (pronoun) - which; This (pronoun) - this one; Poelku (union) - because, etc.
Depending on whether the whole word, the meaning of the word, the phonetic design of the word or a separate word-forming morpheme becomes obsolete, archaisms are divided into several groups:
1) Proper lexical archaisms are words that have completely fallen out of use and have passed into a passive vocabulary: lzya - you can; thief - thief; aki—how; piit - a poet; maiden - teenager, etc.
2) Lexico-semantic archaisms are words that have one or more meanings obsolete:
Belly - “life” (not on the stomach, but to beat to death); Itukan - "statue";
Scoundrels - "unfit for military service"; Shelter - "port, pier", etc.
3) Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words that have as a result historical development the sound design (sound shell) has changed, but the meaning of the word has been completely preserved:
Mirror - mirror;
Iroism - heroism;
Eighteen - eighteen;
Passport - passport;
Calm - style (poetic), etc.
A special group is made up of accentological archaisms - that is, words whose stress has changed (from Latin Accentum - emphasis, emphasis):
Muses "ka-mu" language;
Suffi "ks - su" ffix; Philoso "f ~ filo" sof and others.
4) Lexical and derivational archaisms are words in which individual morphemes or a word-formation model are obsolete:
Dol - valley; Friendship - friendship; Shepherd - shepherd; Fisherman - fisherman; Phantasm - fantasy, etc.
The archaization of words is not related to their origin. The following types of catches can become obsolete:
1) Originally Russian words: labs, outcast, lie, endova, etc.;
2) Old Slavonicisms: smooth, one, green, cold, child, etc.
3) Borrowed words: satisfaction - satisfaction (about a duel); Sikurs - help; Fortecia (fortress), etc.
The role of obsolete words in the Russian language is varied. Historicisms in the special scientific literature are used for the most accurate description of the era. In works of fiction on historical themes Historicisms and archaisms help to recreate the color of the era, and are also a means of speech characterization of the characters.
Examples of such use of obsolete vocabulary are the novels “Razin Stepan” by A.P. Chapygin, "Peter I" A.H. Tolstoy, "Emelyan Pugachev" V.Ya. Shishkov, "Ivan the Terrible" by V.I. Kostyleva and others.
In the text of any of these works of art You can find different types of archaisms:
This is what I found out: according to Tatya Fomka, thieves were caught outside the Nikitsky Gate (Chapygin).
Archaisms can be used to create solemnity of style, which is especially characteristic of the poetry of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. Examples are the works of A.N. Radishcheva, G.R. Derzhavin, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin and others.
Archaisms can also be used to create comic and satirical effects: Take a look at your own person- and there, first of all, you will meet the head, and then you will not leave the belly and other parts unmarked (S. Shch.)
Kulakov V.S. 1
Konstantinova M.V. one Boeva E.A. 1
1 Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school 5 Odintsovo
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format
INTRODUCTION
“The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For thousands of years, countless treasures of human thought and experience have accumulated and live forever in the word.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
All "living" languages are constantly evolving, improving and changing. They have their past, present and future. At the same time, language invariably fulfills its most important meaning - it serves as a means of communication. Since the language is constantly changing, many words disappear from use and new words appear. In my work, I would like to study these changes in detail.
The role of language in society as a means of communication is incredibly great. So this topic always relevant.
In this research work, such phenomena of the Russian language as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms are considered.
Purpose of the study: the study of concepts - archaisms, historicisms and neologisms, as well as the reasons for the disappearance and appearance of words.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks:
Analyze the development of words in the Russian language;
To study the concept - archaisms;
To study the concept - historicism;
To study the concept - neologisms.
Research methods: reading, processing and analysis of relevant literature.
Practical significance: in-depth study of this issue, which goes beyond the scope of the school curriculum.
In doing this work, the material was studied by me quite deeply.
With this work, I would like to draw attention to the degree of importance of obsolete words as the cultural and historical heritage of our people, as well as the problem of perception and the need for new words.
CHAPTER 1. LANGUAGE AS A DEVELOPING PHENOMENON
“There are two kinds of nonsense: one comes from a lack of feelings and thoughts, replaced by words; the other - from the fullness of feelings and thoughts and the lack of words to express them "
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
Despite the presence of certain norms and traditions, any language is gradually changing. These changes happen all the time, but they are not very noticeable during the life of one generation.
Let's consider two main systems of the Russian language: syntax and vocabulary.
« Syntax of the Russian language- a part of the grammar of the Russian language, indicating the rules for connecting words in a phrase and sentence "1.
« Vocabulary- the vocabulary of the language or works of some writer" 2 .
The syntactic structure of the language is more stable and does not undergo any significant changes. But the lexical composition, on the contrary, reacts very quickly to everything new that appears in public life, science, technology, art and everyday life. Therefore, it is the most variable.
Today, the Russian language as a developing phenomenon is rarely considered. We are used to it and use words automatically, sometimes without even thinking about the meaning and historical significance of these words. And this is absolutely normal, since we are native speakers of the Russian language. We also calmly react to the appearance of completely new words in colloquial speech. But precisely for this reason, we need to be interested in the history of our language and its specifics.
Over the centuries, our language has changed. Old words disappeared or changed, new ones appeared.
Therefore, our developing Russian language is a completely unique cultural heritage.
1,2 - Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org- (accessed 20.04.2018).
CHAPTER 2. ARCHAISMS
« Archaisms- these are obsolete words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by more modern synonyms.
Despite this, some archaisms are still used. For example, they are used in poetry.
The reason for replacing obsolete words with more modern ones is the continuous development of the language.
Now no one says "know". This word has been changed to "know". But on the other hand, such derivative words as “ignorance”, “unknown”, “guided”, “witch” have been preserved.
The word "velmi" was replaced by "very", "very".
No one speaks such words as “nowadays”, “hand”, “right hand”, “cheeks”, “blankness”, “finger”, “trust”, “brow”, etc. any more. And some may not even know the meaning of these words.
I would like to focus on one word "canopy". Everything seems very simple, everyone knows its meaning. "Seni" is the entrance part of the house, the hallway, the terrace. And what is so interesting about this word?
Let us recall the well-known lines from the work of A. S. Pushkin:
"The grass is green, the sun is shining,
A swallow with spring in the canopy flies to us ... " 4
I wonder if anyone wondered why the swallow flies into our hallway. What exactly is she supposed to do there? You might think that this figurative expression Well, it's about poetry. In other words, spring comes to our house. But let's take other lines of A. S. Pushkin:
“... and the canopy expanded thick
Huge, neglected garden,
Orphanage of pensive dryads…” 5
3 - Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.
4.5 - Pushkin A. S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. 544 p.
Or, for example, these lines:
“In their vestibule of the wind there is noise and fresh breath,
And the heavens are covered with mist and wavy ... " 6
Can a garden have an entrance hall where the wind blows? Of course not.
From this we can conclude: in the old days, “canopy” was called the crowns of trees, which, as it were, could shelter a person.
Lines from another work of A. S. Pushkin confirm this.
"For the last time, in the shadow of solitude,
Our foam listens to my verses " 7
It's very important to know true value archaisms and pass this knowledge on to other generations!
6.7 - Pushkin A. S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. - 544 p.
CHAPTER 3. HISTORICISMS
« historicisms- words and expressions that have gone out of active use due to the fact that the concepts they denote have disappeared or become irrelevant” 8 .
These words differ from archaisms in that they are completely out of use and do not have synonyms.
Historicisms are divided into various groups.
Table 1. Groups of historicisms.
|
Historicism groups |
Examples |
|
Names of old clothes |
Zipun, shushun, camisole, caftan, zhupan, kokoshnik; |
|
Names of monetary units |
Grosh, altyn, polushka, etc.; |
|
Titles |
Boyar, nobleman, duke, prince, etc.; |
|
Names of officials |
Policeman, governor, clerk, contractor, etc.; |
|
Weapon names |
Pishchal, shestoper, unicorn (cannon), etc.; |
|
Administrative titles |
Volost, county, district, etc. |
I would like to say a little about such a group of words as necrotism.
Necroticisms- words that are currently completely unknown to native speakers.
Examples of necrotisms:
- "strong" - paternal uncle;
- "rug" - mockery, scold;
- "zga" - the road;
- "prat" - to erase;
- "odr" - bed, pastel.
Now these are words unknown to us. But once they were completely natural and were actively used in everyday speech. It is possible that historicisms will eventually move from one category to another and become necroticisms.
8 - Encyclopedia of the Russian language - [Electronic resource]. - http://russkiyyazik.ru - (accessed 20.04.2018).
CHAPTER 4. NEOLOGISMS
"Neologisms are words, meanings of words or phrases that have recently appeared in the language. This is all newly formed, previously absent” 9 .
Neologisms have always appeared throughout the history of language development. Each historical period had its own neologisms.
Once upon a time, words familiar to us such as “thermometer”, “horizon”, “atmosphere”, “acid”, “industry” and others were neologisms. They arose due to the development of science. In the literature, such words as "shuffle", "touching", "entertaining", "stupidity" and others appeared.
In Saltykov-Shchedrin's story "The History of a City" the writer comes up with many different new words. Here are lines from his work:
“There was, he says, in ancient times a people called bunglers, and they lived far to the north, where Greek and Roman historians and geographers assumed the existence of the Hyperborean Sea. These people were nicknamed bunglers because they had the habit of "pulling" their heads on everything that they met on the way. The wall will fall - they sting against the wall. Many independent tribes lived in the neighborhood of the bunglers, but only the most remarkable of them were named by the chronicler, namely: walrus-eaters, onion-eaters, thick-eaters, cranberries, kurales, swirling beans, frogs, lapotniks, black-skyed, dolbezhniks, broken heads, blind beards, lip-slaps, lop-eared, kosobryukhi, vendace, corners, kroshevniks and rukosu. ten
Many of these "new" words are derived from two other words and are compound words with two roots.
Neologisms are divided according to the source of appearance and purpose.
According to the source of occurrence, neologisms are of two types:
General language (newly formed or newly borrowed);
9 - Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.
10 - Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. The history of one city. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publishing House, 2017. - 352 p.
Neologisms are used for their intended purpose:
To designate objects that did not exist before, phenomena. concepts;
For a more concise or expressive notation;
To achieve artistic and poetic effect;
As names for newly created items.
There is such a thing as derivation. Derivation in Russian, this is the formation of new words with the help of words already existing in the language. This is one of the ways to create neologisms. Another way is to borrow words from other languages. For example, the word "marmalade" is borrowed from French marmalade. In turn, this word was borrowed by the French from the Italian word marmelada or marmelo - quince.
There are thousands of borrowed words in Russian.
Once upon a time, words such as "minus", "refraction", "balance", "diameter", "square", "department" and others were neologisms, but now they are ordinary everyday words.
I would like to say a few words about the neologisms of the present tense. These are words such as “google”, “fake”, “freak”, “freelancer”, “coach”, “outsourcing”, “copywriter” and others.
Let us briefly analyze the meaning of these words, although I think they are widely known to our people, especially young people.
"Google" - search for information on the Internet using the appropriate search engine. Now the expression "ok Google" is known to almost everyone, and even to the generation that does not really use the Internet.
"Fake" is a fake.
"Freak" - a person whose appearance and behavior does not correspond to social norms. It is also used as a curse word.
Freelancer is a freelance worker. A person who does not depend on the schedule and can devote a lot of time to his personal interests. Here is such an interesting work appeared in modern world.
"Coach" - coach, business coach, coach-psychologist.
"Outsourcing" is the transfer by one company of part of its work to another company.
"Copywriter" - a specialist engaged in writing advertising texts.
In fact, there are a lot of such words. This is just a small part.
Moreover, there are some features of the appearance of neologisms. Most of them occur during special periods. For example, with technological progress or a change in society. When there are revolutions, wars and so on.
In Russian, as in other languages, thousands of neologisms appear every year. After all, life is constantly changing and human needs too. Most of the neologisms do not take root in the language and disappear. But some are fixed and become an integral part of the language. Over time, they cease to be neologisms and become the words of the main stock of the Russian language.
For example, in the youth of my grandparents, mom and dad, their vocabulary was replenished with such words as “VCR”, “player”, “satellite”, “jeans”, “sneakers”, “hippies”, “flares”, “communal apartment » and the like. And it seems like it was quite recently. But these words have already ceased to be neologisms.
Now there are words in the language that my grandparents no longer understand. But for me, they are completely natural. These are words such as "hipster", "clave", "headliner", "flashmob", "device" and others.
Moreover, I noticed that for the older generation, these innovations cause some distrust and are not pleasant to the ear. I think this is due to the fact that our grandparents, mothers and fathers simply do not find practical application these words in his Everyday life. And for future generations, they will cease to be neologisms. And there will be other new words that will already alarm me.
CONCLUSION
In this work, I studied in detail such concepts as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms of the Russian language.
Particular attention was paid to the development of the Russian language, its change and the factors causing it.
I have made the following findings:
The language is constantly changing;
Changes in the language are directly dependent on changes in the life of society;
Many words completely disappear from Russian speech;
New words sometimes cause disapproval among older generations;
Language is a huge pantry of human thought. It connects times and generations.
Our Russian language “lives”, constantly changes and develops with us. It is necessary to carefully study these changes and observe the development in order to preserve this most valuable cultural heritage.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia - free encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org - (accessed 20.04.2018).
Pushkin A.S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. - 544
Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. The history of one city. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publishing House, 2017. - 352 p.
Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.
historicisms
These are obsolete words that have ceased to be used due to the fact that the objects and phenomena that they denoted have disappeared, for example, the constable, boyar, shishak.
Archaisms
In general, these are also outdated and obsolete words. But there is different kinds archaisms:
- lexical, these are obsolete words for which in modern language there is a synonym: neck (neck), in vain (in vain, in vain), in other words (that is);
- semantic, these are words used in modern language in an obsolete sense: existing (in the sense of existing), belly (in the sense of life);
- lexical-phonetic, words with the same meaning, but pronounced differently: mirror (mirror), glad (hunger), piit (poet);
- lexical and derivational, words with the same meaning, but formed from other words: shepherd (shepherd), answer (answer).
- archaism is a word that has fallen into disuse, but the object that was called this word has remained, having received a different name.
- historicism is a word that has fallen into disuse along with the subject that denoted it.
I'll try to explain in my own words:
Archaisms are words that are practically not used anymore, because a modern replacement has already been invented for them: cheeks used to be called cheeks, lips with lips, eyes with eyes.
But historicisms are words that have left our speech due to the fact that the objects denoting them have sunk into oblivion. Here are examples: a halberd (this type of weapon is gone, the word is gone from the lexicon), the master and the serf - they are gone now, the names are also irrelevant.
Hope I was able to explain clearly.
The difference between historicisms and archaisms is that historicisms are obsolete words denoting objects, phenomena, concepts, etc. that have long disappeared from our everyday life, which no one uses now, so they have no synonyms. And archaisms are also obsolete words, but objects, concepts, etc., called such words exist in our time, that is, archaisms have synonyms. Examples of historicisms are plow, gladiator, boyar, arshin. Examples of archaisms are finger (finger), swara (quarrel), hand (hand).
Archaisms have synonyms in modern Russian.
And historicisms do not have (or have, only partially coinciding in their meaning). And objects or words that denote historicisms are simply absent in the modern world.
Historicisms and archaisms refer to the vocabulary of a limited sphere of use. It will not be difficult to distinguish them if you understand the essence.
Archaisms(from the Greek archaikys ancient, ancient) - these are ancient words that are replaced by others in the modern language. For example: eyes - eyes.
historicisms they were not replaced by anything, but simply went out of active use, as they went out of use, and, accordingly, out of active use, the words that they denoted. For example: bast shoes (now no one wears bast shoes, respectively, and the word is not actively used).
Archaisms.
Archaisms are the words that modern time fell into disuse in colloquial speech. To be more precise, these are obsolete words, which in the modern language are replaced by new words similar to archaisms in meaning - synonyms.
Examples of archaisms:
- finger - finger,
- right hand - right hand,
- shuytsa - left hand,
- vyya - neck,
- lop - flat extension, sheet.
Historicisms.
historicisms- these are obsolete words that are no longer used in modern speech, because the objects or concepts they denote have disappeared from life.
Historicisms are the only names for objects or phenomena that have disappeared from life. Therefore, historicisms, unlike archaisms, do not have synonyms.
All historicism words can be combined into groups:
- names of ancient clothes - caftan, kokoshnik,
- names of monetary units - arshin, grosh,
- titles - boyar, prince,
- names of officials - policeman, clerk,
- administrative names - volost, county.
HISTORICITY - this means the words were known only to our ancestors and fell out of use. For example, the names of ancient weapons: halberd, ax, pischel. But if a thing or concepts remained, and their names left the language, were replaced by others, these are ARCHAISMS. For example: this-this one; very green; teenage boy. Archaisms may not differ entirely from modern words, but in some sounds: piit-poet. Poets often used obsolete words to give verse a solemn air. For example:
Archaisms(from the Greek ancient) these are words that have fallen out of use due to the emergence of new words, however, in modern Russian there are their synonyms.
historicisms- words or phrases that are the name of disappeared objects or phenomena. For example, boyar, smerd, educational program
The difference between archaism and historicism
historicisms and archaisms make up the passive composition of Russian vocabulary, in contrast to the active vocabulary that we use hourly and daily.
Historicisms, as their name implies, denote objects and concepts that have disappeared over time. And the words that called them remained as a monument of antiquity, for example: noblewoman, smerd, serf, tsar, fist, worker, konka, gendarme, arshin, Berkovets, dozen.
Archaisms are obsolete words that name concepts and objects that exist now. As a rule, there are modern analogue words, that is, synonyms of archaisms. Historicists do not have this.
Archaisms are often incomprehensible modern man. To understand the meaning of archaism, one should pick up a modern identical word, for example:
persi - chest, labia - cheeks, eyelids - eyelids, ramen - shoulders, interpreter - translator, operator - surgeon, barber - hairdresser.
Both archaisms and historicisms are called to fiction, cinema and theater to create the flavor of the era. And in some cases, an inappropriately used obsolete word creates a comic effect in speech.
It is actually quite easy to distinguish these words, just to know the meanings of these words.
historicisms these are those obsolete words that have become obsolete due to the fact that those things, concepts that existed before have already disappeared, remained only in history. For example, historicisms are the words penny, penny. Why? Yes, because now we do not have such monetary units, they have gone into oblivion, or, more simply, have disappeared.
archaisms they call those words that name those things, concepts that exist to this day, but they just have new names. For example, these are well-known words: eye - eye, hand - hand, as well as a girl - a teenager, piit - a poet and many others.