"Voronezh State University"

Test

by discipline:

« Economic development of natural resources of the world”

on this topic:

"The oceans and its resources»

Introduction. 3

1. Pacific Ocean. 4

1.1 Geographical location and natural features. 4

1.2 Recreational resources.. 6

1.3 Natural resources Pacific Ocean. 7

2. Atlantic Ocean. nine

2.1 Geographical location and natural features. nine

2.2 Recreational resources.. 11

2.3 Exhaustible and inexhaustible Natural resources Atlantic Ocean 12

3. Indian Ocean. fourteen

3.1 Geographical characteristic Indian Ocean. fourteen

3.2 Climate and waters of the Indian Ocean. fifteen

3.3 Natural wealth of the Indian Ocean. sixteen

3.4 Recreational resources of the Indian Ocean. 17

4. Sulfuric Arctic Ocean. eighteen

4.1 Geographic location. eighteen

4.2 Climate. nineteen

4.3 Fisheries and mineral resources.. 20

Conclusion. 22

Literature. 23

Introduction

If we look at the physical map of the world, we will see that more than two thirds (about 75%) of the entire surface of our planet is covered by seas and oceans. The seas and oceans are interconnected by straits, and together they form the World Ocean. About 97% of all water on our planet is contained in the oceans and seas, so it could not be called Earth, but Water. Scientists have divided the oceans into four parts. These are the four great oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic.

A huge mass of ocean water forms the climate of the planet, serves as a source of precipitation. More than half of the oxygen comes from it, and it also regulates the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as it is able to absorb its excess. At the bottom of the World Ocean there is an accumulation and transformation of a huge mass of mineral and organic matter, therefore, the geological and geochemical processes occurring in the oceans and seas have a very strong influence on the entire earth's crust. It was the Ocean that became the cradle of life on Earth; now it is home to about four-fifths of all living beings on the planet.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the oceans have a huge impact on many issues from ecology to the economy. And the study of these processes is especially important at the moment.

The purpose of this work is to study the world ocean.

To study this goal, the tasks were set to study all 4 world oceans, their natural and climatic features and resource and recreational potential.

To achieve the tasks set, a scientific-cognitive method was applied and various scientific and journalistic literature and sources of the Internet were studied.

2. Pacific Ocean

2.1 Geographical location and natural features

This ocean is so huge that its maximum width is equal to half the earth's equator, that is, more than 17 thousand km.

The animal world is large and varied. Even now, new animals unknown to science are regularly discovered there. So, in 2005, a group of scientists discovered about 1000 species of decapod cancer, two and a half thousand mollusks and more than a hundred crustaceans.

At the bottom of the ocean is the Pacific volcanic ring of fire, which is a chain of volcanoes located along the perimeter of the entire ocean.

Pacific Ocean- the largest on the planet. It covers more than half of the entire water surface of the Earth, has an area of ​​178 million km2. It is located between the continents of Eurasia and Australia in the west, North and South America in the east, Antarctica in the south.

The Pacific Ocean stretches approximately 15.8 thousand km from north to south and 19.5 thousand km from east to west. The area with the seas is 179.7 million km², the average depth is 3984 m, the volume of water is 723.7 million km³ (without seas, respectively: 165.2 million km², 4282 m and 707.6 million km³). The greatest depth of the Pacific Ocean (and the entire World Ocean) -m (in Mariana Trench) the average depth of the ocean is 4 km. The international date line runs through the Pacific Ocean along the 180th meridian.

Usually the Pacific Ocean is divided into two regions - North and South, bordering on the equator. Some experts prefer to draw the boundary along the axis of the equatorial countercurrent, i.e., approximately 5 ° N. sh. Previously, the Pacific Ocean was often divided into three parts: northern, central and southern, the boundaries between which were the Northern and southern tropics. Separate parts of the ocean, located between islands or land ledges, have their own names. The largest water areas of the Pacific Basin include the Bering Sea in the north; the Gulf of Alaska in the northeast; Gulfs of California and Tehuantepec in the east, off the coast of Mexico; Gulf of Fonseca off the coast of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and somewhat to the south - the Gulf of Panama. off the west coast South America there are only a few small bays, such as Guayaquil off the coast of Ecuador. In the western and southwestern parts of the Pacific Ocean, numerous large islands separate many inter-island seas from the main water area, such as the Tasman Sea southeast of Australia and the Coral Sea off its northeast coast; the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria north of Australia; Sea Banda north of about. Timor; the Flores Sea north of the island of the same name; Java Sea to the north of about. Java; the Gulf of Thailand between the peninsulas of Malacca and Indochina; Bakbo Bay (Tonkinsky) off the coast of Vietnam and China; Macassar Strait between the islands of Kalimantan and Sulawesi; the Moluccas and Sulawesi seas, respectively, to the east and north of about. Sulawesi; finally, the Philippine Sea to the east of the Philippine Islands. A special area in the southwest of the northern half of the Pacific Ocean is the Sulu Sea within the southwestern part of the Philippine archipelago, where there are also many small bays, inlets and semi-enclosed seas (for example, the Sibuyan Sea, Mindanao Sea, Visayan Sea, Manila Bay, Lamon Bay and Leite). Off the eastern coast of China are the East China and Yellow Seas; the latter forms two bays in the north: Bohaiwan and West Korean. The Japanese Islands are separated from the Korea Peninsula by the Korea Strait. In the same northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, several more seas stand out: the Inland Sea of ​​Japan among the southern Japanese islands; the Sea of ​​Japan to their west; to the north - the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, connected with the Sea of ​​Japan by the Tatar Strait. Further north, immediately south of the Chukotka Peninsula, is the Gulf of Anadyr. The greatest difficulty is the drawing of the border between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the region of the Malay Archipelago. None of the proposed boundaries could satisfy botanists, zoologists, geologists and oceanologists at the same time. Some scientists consider the so-called dividing line. the Wallace line through the Makassar Strait. Others propose drawing the border across the Gulf of Thailand, the southern part of the South China Sea and the Java Sea.

Two regions of atmospheric pressure are distinguished over the Pacific Ocean: the Aleutian minimum and the North Pacific maximum. In tropical and subtropical latitudes, steady easterly winds (trade winds) dominate; in temperate latitudes, strong westerly winds blow. On the back From June to November, tropical hurricanes - typhoons - are frequent on the outskirts of the ocean. The monsoon circulation of the atmosphere is typical for the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. In the northern part of the ocean, water circulation is determined by warm currents– Sev. The trade winds (Kuroshio) and the North Pacific and cold California. In the northern temperate latitudes, the cold Kuril current dominates in the west, while the warm Alaska current dominates in the east. Between 2–4° and 8–12° N sh. there is an inter-trade (Equatorial) countercurrent. The average water temperature on the surface in February varies from 26–28°C near the equator to –1°C north of 58°N. sh., and in August, respectively, from 25–29 to 5–8 °С. Salinity of water in different parts ocean ranges from 31 to 36.5 ‰. The tides reach 12.9 m (Penzhina Bay). The Pacific Ocean is characterized by tsunamis up to 50 m high. Ice forms in the Bering, Okhotsk, Japan and Yellow Seas.

2.2 Recreational resources

The recreational resources of the Pacific Ocean are characterized by considerable diversity. According to the World Tourism Organization, at the end of the 20th century, East Asia and the Pacific accounted for 16% of international tourist visits (by 2020, the share is projected to increase to 25%). The main countries of formation of outbound tourism in this region are Japan, China, Australia, Singapore, Republic of Korea, Russia, USA and Canada. Main recreational areas: Hawaiian Islands, the islands of Polynesia and Micronesia, the east coast of Australia, the Bohai Bay and Hainan Island in China, the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, areas of cities and urban agglomerations of the coast of North and South America. Among the countries with the largest flow of tourists (according to 2010 data from the World Tourism Organization) in the Asia-Pacific region, China (55 million visits per year), Malaysia (24 million), Hong Kong (20 million), Thailand (16 million), Macau (12 million), Singapore (9 million), Republic of Korea (9 million), Japan (9 million), Indonesia (7 million), Australia (6 million), Taiwan (6 million), Vietnam (5 million), Philippines (4 million), New Zealand (3 million), Cambodia (2 million), Guam (1 million); in coastal countries of the Americas: USA (60 million), Mexico (22 million), Canada (16 million), Chile (3 million), Colombia (2 million), Costa Rica (2 million), Peru (2 million ), Panama (1 million), Guatemala (1 million), El Salvador (1 million), Ecuador (1 million).

2.3 Natural resources of the Pacific

The bottom of the Pacific Ocean hides rich deposits of various minerals. Oil and gas are produced on the shelves of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the United States of America (Alaska), Ecuador (Guayaquil Bay), Australia (Bass Strait), and New Zealand. According to existing estimates, the subsoil of the Pacific Ocean contains up to 30-40% of all potential oil and gas reserves of the World Ocean. The largest producer of tin concentrates in the world is Malaysia, and Australia is the largest producer of zircon, ilmenite and others. The ocean is rich in ferromanganese nodules, with total reserves on the surface of up to 7 1012 tons. The most extensive reserves are observed in the northern deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the South and Peruvian basins. In terms of the main ore elements, the nodules of the ocean contain manganese 7.1 1010 tons, nickel 2.3 109 tons, copper 1.5 109 tons, cobalt 1 109 tons. the Kuril Ridge and the Sakhalin Shelf in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Nankai Trench in the Sea of ​​Japan and around the coast of Japan, in the Peru Depression. In 2013, Japan intends to begin pilot drilling to extract natural gas from methane hydrate deposits on the Pacific Ocean floor northeast of Tokyo.

The Pacific Ocean provides up to 60% of the world fish and seafood production (pollock, mackerel ivasi, Chilean sardine, Peruvian horse mackerel, Peruvian anchovy predominate). On SZ. The ocean contains the world's main stocks of salmon fish. Squid, crabs, shrimps, mussels, and scallops are also harvested in abundance. The Pacific Ocean provides about 90% of the world's algae production.

3. Atlantic Ocean

3.1 Geographical location and natural features

The Atlantic Ocean - this is the name of the part of the water surface of the globe, which, stretching from north to south, separates the Old World on the western side from the New World. This ocean, probably taking its name from the mythological island of "Atlantis", divides or, in its northern part, the most populated and most civilized parts of the world; therefore, although it is the most turbulent of all oceans, the Atlantic Ocean is at the same time the most lively. According to A. von Humboldt, the ocean, in terms of the parallelism of its shores, is almost like a mighty stream, since bays and bay-like bends of the coast correspond to the prominent parts of the continents on the opposite coast. In the northern part of the ocean, the shores of North America are indented by the Bay of St. Lawrence, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, just like the European mainland by the Baltic and German Seas, the Gulf of Aquitaine, the Mediterranean and Black Seas; the southern shores of the ocean, both South American and African, appear, on the contrary, to be very little indented. The protrusion of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa corresponds to the ledge of Brazil, and also to the ledge of Senegambia and Sudan - the cut of the Antilles Sea. In terms of the richness of the oceanic islands, towering among the open sea, the Atlantic Ocean is significantly inferior to the Pacific; only near North America and off the coast of Europe do islands abound. Important stations are: Iceland and the Faroe Islands between Europe and polar America; the Azores and the Bermuda group between Europe and middle and southern North America; the islands of Ascension, St. Helena, Trinidad and Tristan da Cunha between Africa and South America; finally, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands between South America and the Antarctic mainland.

The area covered by one Atlantic Ocean is km2, and together with the coastal and Mediterranean seas (Mediterranean, Baltic, North, English Channel, Irish-Scottish, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of St. Lawrence), it is equal to sq. km. The length from north to south is 13335 km, the greatest width, between Senegambia and the Gulf of Mexico, is 9000 km, the smallest is 1445 km, between Norway and Greenland (7225 km between Georgia and Africa, 7225 km between Cape Horn and Cape Good Hope, 5550 km between Brest and New York, 3100 km between Cape San Roca and Sierra Leone). The Atlantic Ocean surpasses all others in a significant extent of its coasts, since the length of the coasts of all other seas taken together is inferior to the total length of its coasts. Not a single ocean has such a large river area, that is, the expanse of continents, the river waters of which flow into the ocean. This depends both on the fact that its Mediterranean seas protrude very deeply into the continents, and on the fact that there are no high continuous mountain ranges near its coasts; the latter are much closer to the Pacific and Indian oceans. The Andes chain stretches along the western coast of South America, representing a powerful watershed ridge, with western slopes which only insignificant rivers flow, so that 19/20 of this continent is in the region of the A. ocean. The four most abundant rivers in the world flow into the Atlantic Ocean or its bays: Amazon, Congo, La Plata and Mississippi. - The Atlantic is separated from the Arctic Ocean only by an imaginary line - the Arctic Circle; True, islands, land, often come across on this line, while the boundary of the southern Arctic Ocean - the Antarctic Circle - does not meet land anywhere. To the south of Cape Horn and the Needle, the waters of the Atlantic Ocean merge unhindered with the waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans, so that here too one has to draw imaginary boundaries, which are best considered to be the meridians of the named southern extremities of the continents, if one does not take another sixth ocean of the special Australian Sea south of 40th parallel.

Nowhere in the oceans is there such a sharp difference in temperature as in the Atlantic Ocean, since the Gulf Stream, the warmest known current, passes in a short distance of the northern cold currents. The Brazilian Current is also warm, while the South American Current is cold. In general, in the tropics, the average water temperature on the surface is about 26 °, the highest is up to 28 ° off the coast of Guinea and north. coast of South America. Between 40° N. sh. the western part of the ocean (off the coast of America) is warmer than the eastern part, and in higher latitudes it is the opposite, so that the water off the coast of Norway is even at 70 ° N. sh. warmer than New Foundland at 48°N. sh. Such warm water, as off the coast of Europe, between 50 ° - 71 ° N. sh. not found anywhere in the same latitudes. In the northern latitudes, the water is warmer everywhere than in the southern latitudes of the same name. Warm water, even in the tropics, extends to very shallow depths; already at a depth of 290 m, it usually drops to 10 °, and at a depth of 700-1000 m - to 4 °. Greater depths are filled with cold water, at the bottom it is about 1° - 3°. The average temperature of the entire water column of the Atlantic Ocean is only above 40° N. sh., from there it goes down to the north and south.

3.2 Recreational resources

The recreational resources of the Atlantic Ocean are characterized by considerable diversity. The main countries of formation of outbound tourism in this region are formed in Europe (Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, the Russian Federation, Switzerland and Spain), North (USA and Canada) and South America. Main recreational areas: Mediterranean coast of Southern Europe and North Africa, the coasts of the Baltic and Black Seas, the Florida peninsula, the islands of Cuba, Haiti, the Bahamas, areas of cities and urban agglomerations of the Atlantic coast of North and South America. Recently, the popularity of such Mediterranean countries as Turkey, Croatia, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco has been growing. Among the countries of the Atlantic Ocean with the largest flow of tourists (according to 2010 data from the World Tourism Organization) stand out: France (77 million visits per year), USA (60 million), Spain (53 million), Italy (44 million), Great Britain (28 million), Turkey (27 million), Mexico (22 million), Ukraine (21 million), Russian Federation (20 million), Canada (16 million), Greece (15 million), Egypt (14 million), Poland (12 million ), Netherlands (11 million), Morocco (9 million), Denmark (9 million), South Africa (8 million), Syria (8 million), Tunisia (7 million), Belgium (7 million), Portugal (7 million) , Bulgaria (6 million), Argentina (5 million), Brazil (5 million).

3.3 Exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources of the Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean provides 2/5 of the world catch and its share decreases over the years. In subantarctic and antarctic waters, notothenia, whiting and others are of commercial importance, in the tropical zone - mackerel, tuna, sardine, in areas of cold currents - anchovies, in temperate latitudes northern hemisphere- herring, cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass. In the 1970s, due to overfishing of some species of fish, the volume of fishing fell sharply, but after the introduction of strict limits, fish stocks are gradually restored. Several international fisheries conventions operate in the Atlantic Ocean basin, which aim at the efficient and rational use of biological resources, based on the application of scientifically based measures to regulate fishing.

The Atlantic Ocean is the place where the richest hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated.

Mining, primarily oil and gas, is carried out on the continental shelves. Oil is produced on the shelves of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the North Sea, the Bay of Biscay, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Guinea. There is also natural gas production on the shelf of the North Sea. You can even say more - the Gulf of Mexico is the main oil-bearing region of the Western Hemisphere, and the North Sea is the main "oil granary" of Europe.

Also in the Gulf of Mexico are industrial production of sulfur, and near the island of Newfoundland - iron ore. Diamonds are mined from sea placers on the continental shelf of South Africa. The next most important group of mineral resources is formed by coastal deposits of titanium, zirconium, tin, phosphorites, monazite and amber. Coal, barite, sand, pebbles and limestone are also mined from the seabed.

Tidal power plants have been built on the shores of the seas of the Atlantic Ocean: "La Rance" on the Rance River in France, "Annapolis" in the Bay of Fundy in Canada, "Hammerfest" in Norway.

4. Indian Ocean

4.1 Geographical characteristics of the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is mainly located south of the Tropic of Cancer between Eurasia to the north, Africa to the west, Australia to the east and Antarctica to the south. The border with the Atlantic Ocean runs along the meridian of Cape Agulhas (20 ° E to the coast of Antarctica (Queen Maud Land)). The border with the Pacific Ocean runs: south of Australia - along the eastern border of the Bass Strait to the island of Tasmania, then along the meridian 146 ° 55 'E. to Antarctica; north of Australia - between the Andaman Sea and the Strait of Malacca, further along the southwestern coast of Sumatra, the Sunda Strait, the southern coast of Java, the southern borders of the Bali and Savu seas, the northern border of the Arafura Sea, the southwestern coast of New Guinea and the western border of the Torres Strait . Sometimes the southern part of the ocean, with a northern boundary of 35 ° S. sh. (on the basis of the circulation of water and the atmosphere) up to 60 ° S. sh. (according to the nature of the bottom topography), they are attributed to the Southern Ocean, which is not officially distinguished.

The area of ​​the seas, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean is 11.68 million km² (15% of the total ocean area), the volume is 26.84 million km³ (9.5%). The seas and main bays located along the coast of the ocean (clockwise): Red Sea, Arabian Sea (Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf), Laccadive Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea (Gulf of Carpentaria), Large Australian Gulf, Mawson Sea, Davis Sea, Commonwealth Sea, Astronaut Sea (the last four are sometimes referred to as the Southern Ocean).

Some islands - for example, Madagascar, Socotra, Maldives - are fragments of ancient continents, others - Andaman, Nicobar or Christmas Island - are of volcanic origin. The largest island in the Indian Ocean is Madagascar (590 thousand km²). Largest islands and archipelagos: Tasmania, Sri Lanka, Kerguelen Archipelago, Andaman Islands, Melville, Mascarene Islands (Reunion, Mauritius), Kangaroo, Nias, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Socotra, Groot Island, Comoros, Tiwi Islands (Bathurst ), Zanzibar, Simeulue, Furno (Flinders) Islands, Nicobar Islands, Qeshm, King, Bahrain Islands, Seychelles, Maldives, Chagos Archipelago.

4.2 Climate and waters of the Indian Ocean

In this region, four climatic zones elongated along the parallels are distinguished. The first, located north of 10° south latitude, is dominated by a monsoonal climate with frequent cyclones moving towards the coasts. In summer, the temperature over the ocean is 28-32°C, in winter it drops to 18-22°C. The second zone (trade wind) is located between 10 and 30 degrees south latitude. Throughout the year, southeasterly winds blow here, especially strong from June to September. The average annual temperature reaches 25 °C. The third climatic zone lies between the 30th and 45th parallel, in subtropical and temperate latitudes. In summer the temperature here reaches 10-22°С, and in winter - 6-17°С. Between 45 degrees south latitude and Antarctica lies the fourth zone of the subantarctic and antarctic climatic zones, which is characterized by strong winds. In winter, the temperature here ranges from -16 °C to 6 °C, and in summer - from -4 °C to 10 °C.

The belt of waters of the Indian Ocean between 10 degrees north latitude and 10 degrees south latitude is called the thermal equator, where the surface water temperature is 28-29 ° C. To the south of this zone, the temperature drops, reaching -1 °C off the coast of Antarctica. In January and February, the ice along the coast of this continent melts, huge blocks of ice break off from the ice sheet of Antarctica and drift towards the open ocean.

To the north, the temperature characteristics of the waters are determined by the monsoon air circulation. In summer, temperature anomalies are observed here, when the Somali current cools surface waters to a temperature of 21-23°C. In the eastern part of the ocean at the same geographical latitude, the water temperature is 28 ° C, and the highest temperature mark - about 30 ° C - was recorded in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. The average salinity of ocean waters is 34.8 ppm. The waters of the Persian Gulf, the Red and Arabian Seas are the most saline: this is due to intensive evaporation with a small amount of fresh water brought into the seas by rivers.

4.3 Natural wealth of the Indian Ocean

Natural resources have not been studied enough.

The shelf is rich in minerals. In the strata of sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the Persian Gulf, deposits of oil and natural gas are huge. In terms of explored oil reserves, the Persian Gulf leads the world and is therefore included in the zone of interests of many world powers.

On the coasts of Mozambique, the islands of Madagascar and Ceylon, ilmenite, monazite, rituil, titanite and zirconium are exploited. And off the coast of India and Australia there are deposits of barite and phosphorite, and in the shelf zones of Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, deposits of cassiterite and ilmenite are exploited on an industrial scale. The most important transport routes of the Indian Ocean are routes from the Persian Gulf to Europe and North America, as well as from the Gulf of Aden to India, Indonesia, Australia, Japan and China. The importance of the Indian Ocean for the world fishing industry is small: the catches here are only 5% of the total. The main commercial fish of the local waters are tuna, sardine, anchovy, several species of sharks, barracudas and rays; Shrimps, lobsters and lobsters are also caught here.

The importance of the Indian Ocean for the world fishing industry is small: the catches here are only 5% of the total. The main commercial fish of the local waters are tuna, sardine, anchovy, several species of sharks, barracudas and rays; Shrimps, lobsters and lobsters are also caught here. Until recently, whaling, which was intensive in the southern regions of the ocean, is rapidly curtailing due to the almost complete extermination of some species of whales. On the northwestern coast of Australia, in Sri Lanka and the Bahrain Islands, pearls and mother-of-pearl are mined.

4.4 Recreational resources of the Indian Ocean

The main recreational areas of the Indian Ocean: the Red Sea, the western coast of Thailand, the islands of Malaysia and Indonesia, the island of Sri Lanka, the area of ​​coastal urban agglomerations of India, the eastern coast of Madagascar, the Seychelles and Maldives. Among the countries of the Indian Ocean with the largest flow of tourists (according to 2010 data from the World Tourism Organization) stand out: Malaysia (25 million visits per year), Thailand (16 million), Egypt (14 million), Saudi Arabia (11 million), South Africa (8 million), United Arab Emirates (7 million), Indonesia (7 million), Australia (6 million), India (6 million), Qatar (1.6 million), Oman (1.5 million).

5. Sulfuric Arctic Ocean

5.1 Geographic location

Sulfur Arctic Ocean , the northernmost and least explored part of the oceans. Almost all of its water area, entirely located north of the Arctic Circle, is covered with ice for most of the year and therefore unattractive for sailors and fishermen. The peculiarity of the Arctic Ocean lies in the fact that it is surrounded on almost all sides by land masses - North America and Eurasia. This ocean is of great strategic importance, since the shortest route from North America to Russia runs through it; that is why, in the post-World War II period, the Arctic has become an arena of intensive research in the framework of scientific and military programs.

In terms of size, the Arctic Ocean is the smallest in the world: its area is 14.75 million km2. Almost half of this area falls on the shelf, which in the Arctic Ocean reaches maximum width and in places in the Russian Arctic extends for 1,300 km from the coast. The shelf off the northern coast of European Russia is exceptionally deep and highly indented, probably as a result of the activity of the Pleistocene glaciers. The central part of the ocean is occupied by an oval-shaped deep-water basin (about 1130 km along the short axis and 2250 km along the long axis). It is divided into two parts by a large underwater mountain structure - the Lomonosov Ridge, discovered by the Soviet polar expedition in 1948. This ridge stretches from about. Ellesmere off the coast of Canada to the New Siberian Islands. Between the Lomonosov Ridge and the Eurasian shelf there is an abyssal basin with a depth of 4000–4600 m (which corresponds to the average depth of the World Ocean). On the other side of the ridge there is another basin with a depth of approx. 3400 m. The greatest depth of the Arctic Ocean (5527 m) was recorded in the Greenland Sea.

The Arctic Ocean connects with the Pacific narrow Bering Strait, which separates Alaska from the northeastern tip of Asia. The border with the Atlantic Ocean runs through the Norwegian Sea, located between Europe and Greenland.

The Arctic Ocean is divided into 3 basins: the North European basin, the Canadian basin and the Arctic basin.

The main part of the Arctic Ocean is the Arctic Basin. More than half of the basin is occupied by the shelf, which is 450-1700 km wide, 800 km on average. According to the names of the marginal Arctic seas, it is divided into the Barents Sea, Kara, Laptev and East Siberian-Chukotka (a significant part adjoins the coast of North America).

5.2 Climate

The climate of the Arctic Ocean is determined primarily by its polar geographical position. The existence of huge masses of ice increases the severity of the climate, primarily due to the insufficient amount of heat received from the Sun by the polar regions. The main feature of the radiation regime of the Arctic zone is that no solar radiation enters during the polar night; as a result, the underlying surface is continuously cooled for 50-150 days. In summer, due to the length of the polar day, the amount of heat supplied by solar radiation is quite large. The annual value of the radiation balance on the coasts and islands is positive and ranges from 2 to 12-15 kcal/cm, while in the central regions of the ocean it is negative and amounts to about 3 kcal/cm. In the polar regions, the amount of precipitation is low, while in the subpolar regions, where westerly winds dominate, it is slightly higher. Most of the precipitation falls above the ice sheet and does not have much effect on the water balance. Evaporation in the ocean is less than precipitation.

5.3 Fisheries and mineral resources

For a long time, fishing was the main economic use of the ocean. The main fishery in the European part of the basin falls on the Norwegian, Greenland and Barents Seas, as well as the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, in which about 2.3 million tons of fish are caught annually. Most of the catch in the Russian Federation comes from the Barents Sea. The entire large-capacity fleet is based in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. The numerous Norwegian fleet is based in dozens of ports and port points: Trondheim, Tromsø, Bodø, Hammerfest and others. The entire catch of Iceland falls on Arctic waters (Greenland and Norwegian seas). Fishing is carried out mainly by small-tonnage vessels based in 15 ports and port points. The most important of the ports are Sigjeferdur, Vestmannaeyar, Akureyri. Greenland is characterized exclusively by coastal fishing, and hunting is specific to it (mainly the harp seal). Fishing in Greenland is concentrated off the west coast of the island. Canada and the United States practically do not conduct industrial fishing in Arctic waters. Off the coast of Alaska, over 500,000 km² of land, industrial fishing is prohibited.

The Arctic Ocean with adjacent land areas is a huge oil and gas superbasin containing the richest reserves of oil and gas. According to data cited by the US Geological Society in 2008, the undiscovered reserves of the Arctic shelf are estimated at 90 billion barrels of oil and 47 trillion m³ of natural gas, which is 13% of the world's undiscovered oil reserves and 30% of undiscovered gas reserves. More than 50% of undiscovered oil reserves are located off the coast of Alaska (30 billion barrels), in the Amerasian Basin (9.7 billion barrels) and in the Greenland region.

The Russian sector of the Arctic coast is rich in black and brown coals: on the Taimyr and Anabar-Khatanga coasts, the Olonets coastal deposit, in the area of ​​Tiksi Bay, on the islands of Begichev, Vize, Ushakov, Solitude, Isachenko. The total coal reserves on the Arctic coast of Siberia exceed 300 billion tons, more than 90% of which are coals of various types. There are rich coal reserves on the Arctic coast of the USA and Canada. In Greenland, deposits of coal and graphite are discovered on the coast of the Baffin Sea.

The shores of the Arctic Ocean are rich in a variety of ore minerals: coastal-marine placers of ilmenite on the Taimyr coast, tin deposits on the coast of the Chaun Bay, gold on the Chukchi coast, aluminum, iron ore, apatite, titanium, mica, phlogopite, vermiculite on the Kola Peninsula, Sidvaranger iron ore deposit in the east of Norway, deposits of gold and beryllium (Lows River), tin and tungsten on the coast of the Seward Peninsula in Alaska, lead-zinc deposit Red Dog in Alaska (up to 10% of world zinc production), lead-zinc ores in the Canadian archipelago, silver-lead ores in Baffin Island, iron ore mining on the Melville Peninsula, polymetal deposits on the west coast of Greenland with a high content of silver, lead and zinc in ore, a large uranium deposit in Greenland discovered in 2010.

Conclusion

In this work, the world ocean was comprehensively considered: its division into 4 great oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic, their geographical and climatic features, recreational and resource potential.

Human civilization has achieved tremendous success in its development, but not yet in all parts of our planet has reached an understanding of the need for careful use of the resources of the world's oceans.

The consequences of the wasteful, careless attitude of humanity towards the ocean are horrific. The destruction of plankton, fish and other inhabitants of ocean waters is far from all. The damage could be much greater. Indeed, the World Ocean has general planetary functions: it is a powerful regulator of the moisture circulation and thermal regime of the Earth, as well as the circulation of its atmosphere. Pollution can cause very significant changes in all these characteristics, which are vital for the climate and weather regime on the entire planet. Symptoms of such changes are already observed today. Severe droughts and floods are repeated, destructive hurricanes appear, severe frosts come even to the tropics, where they never happened. Of course, it is not yet possible to even approximately estimate the dependence of such damage on the degree of pollution of the World Ocean, but the relationship undoubtedly exists. Be that as it may, ocean protection is one of the global problems humanity. The Dead Ocean is a dead planet, and therefore all of humanity.

Due to the fact that the easily extractable natural resources of the land are gradually depleted, of course, the question of an ever more complete use of the resources of the world's oceans arises, but this process must be approached carefully so as not to destroy such a huge ecosystem.

Literature

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Alexander Baron von Humboldt (September 14, 1769, Berlin - May 6, 1859, Berlin) - baron, German encyclopedic scientist, physicist, meteorologist, geographer, botanist, zoologist and traveler, younger brother of the scientist Wilhelm von Humboldt.

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Atlas of the oceans. Terms, concepts, reference tables. - M.: GUNK MO USSR, 1980. - S. 84-119.

The term "World Ocean", as part of the hydrosphere, was introduced into science by the famous oceanographer Yu. M. Shokalsky. Separate parts of the World Ocean, separated from each other by continents and differing as a result of this by certain natural features and unity, are called oceans. These are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic oceans.

The ocean plays an important role in the circulation of matter and energy on Earth. Between the ocean, atmosphere and land there is a continuous cycle of water. The ocean is in constant interaction with the atmosphere. This is a huge accumulator of heat and moisture. The oceans are the kitchen of weather and climate on Earth. Thanks to the oceans on Earth, sharp fluctuations in air temperature are smoothed out, and land is moistened.

The oceans have huge natural resources: biological, mineral, energy. biological resourcesocean- these are representatives of the flora and fauna of the ocean, which are of commercial importance. The oceans are the richest source of food resources: fish, marine animals, shellfish (squid, mussels), crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, krill), some types of algae. Ocean mineral resources- this is the mineral wealth of the waters, the shelf and the ocean floor, used in industry and construction. These are chemicals dissolved in water, oil, gas, ferromanganese nodules, gravel, shell rock sand, etc. The shelf zone of the World Ocean (13 million km 2) is promising for oil and gas production. The main resource of the World Ocean is sea water.

Ocean energy resources - this is the mechanical and thermal energy of the waters of the oceans. Most of all, the energy of ebbs and flows is used.

There are many islands and groups of islands in the ocean. By origin, mainland, volcanic and coral islands are distinguished. mainland islands- these are land areas that once formed one whole with the continents, but separated from them as a result of the sinking of the land (Madagascar, New Earth, New Guinea, UK). The largest island in terms of area is Greenland. Volcanic islands formed as a result of volcanic eruptions at the bottom of the oceans and seas (Kuril, Hawaiian). coral islands are created as a result of the vital activity of marine organisms - coral polyps. They live only in warm waters with a temperature of about +20 ° C, for example, the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia.

Pacific Ocean

Main questions. What determines the features of the nature of the Pacific Ocean? What role does the Pacific play in people's lives?

The Pacific Ocean is the largest, deepest, and oldest of all oceans. Its area is 178.68 million km 2 (1 / 3 of the surface of the globe), all the continents taken together would be located in its open spaces.

F. Magellan traveled around the world and was the first to explore the Pacific Ocean. His ships never got into a storm. The ocean was resting from the usual rampages. Therefore, F. Magellan mistakenly called it the Quiet.

Geographical position. The Pacific Ocean is located in the Northern, Southern, Western and Eastern Hemispheres and has an elongated shape from northwest to southeast. (Determine on the physical map of the world which continents the Pacific Ocean washes and in which part it is especially wide.) Marginal seas (more than 15) and bays stand out in the northern and western parts of the Pacific Ocean. Among them Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Yellow seas confined to Eurasia. In the east, the coastline of America is flat. (Show on a physical map of the Pacific Ocean.)

Relief The bottom of the Pacific Ocean is complex, the average depth is about 4000 m. The Pacific Ocean is the only one that is almost completely located within the boundaries of one lithospheric plate - the Pacific. When it interacted with other plates, seismic zones were formed. They are associated with frequent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and - as a result - the occurrence of tsunamis. (Give examples of what disasters tsunamis turn into for residents of coastal countries.) Off the coast of Eurasia, the maximum depth of the Pacific and the entire World Ocean is noted - the Mariana Trench (10,994 m).

The western part of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by deep-sea trenches (Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatsky, Japanese, etc.). The Pacific Ocean contains 25 of the 35 deep-sea trenches of the World Ocean with a depth of more than 5000 m.

Climate. The Pacific Ocean is the warmest ocean on Earth. In low latitudes, it reaches a width of 17,200 km, and with the seas - 20,000 km. The average surface water temperature is about +19 ¨C. Pacific Ocean water temperature in equatorial latitudes during the year it ranges from +25 to +30 ¨C, in the north from +5 to +8 ¨C, and near Antarctica it drops below 0 ¨C. (In what climatic zones is the ocean located?)

The size of the Pacific Ocean and the maximum temperatures of its surface waters in tropical latitudes create conditions for the emergence of tropical cyclones or hurricanes. They are accompanied by destructive winds and downpours. At the beginning of the 21st century, an increase in the frequency of hurricanes was noted.

The prevailing winds have a great influence on the formation of the climate. These are trade winds in tropical latitudes, westerly winds - in temperate latitudes, monsoons - off the coast of Eurasia. The maximum amount of precipitation per year (up to 12,090 mm) falls on the Hawaiian Islands, and the minimum (about 100 mm) - in the eastern regions in tropical latitudes. The distribution of temperatures and precipitation is subject to latitudinal geographic zonality. The average salinity of ocean water is 34.6‰.

currents. The formation of ocean currents is influenced by the system of winds, the features of the bottom topography, the position and outlines of the coast. The most powerful current of the World Ocean is the cold current of the West Winds.

This is the only current that goes around the whole Earth, carrying 200 times more water per year than all the rivers of the world. The winds that generate this current - the westerly transfer - are of extraordinary strength, especially in the region of the southern 40th parallel. These latitudes are called the "Roaring Forties".

In the Pacific Ocean, there is a powerful system of currents generated by the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: Northern Tradewind and Southern Equatorial Current. Current plays an important role in the movement of the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Kuroshio. (Study the direction of the currents on the map.)

Periodically (after 4-7 years) in the Pacific Ocean, the El Niño current (“Holy Child”) occurs, one of the factors of global climate fluctuations. The reason for its occurrence is a decrease in atmospheric pressure in the South Pacific Ocean and an increase over Australia and Indonesia. During this period, warm waters rush east to the coast of South America, where the temperature of ocean water becomes abnormally high. This causes intense downpours, large floods and landslides on the coast of the mainland. And in Indonesia and Australia, on the contrary, dry weather is established.

Natural resources and environmental problems. The Pacific Ocean is rich in a variety of mineral resources. In the process of geological development, deposits of oil and natural gas were formed in the shelf zone of the ocean. (Study the location of these natural resources on the map.) At a depth of more than 3000 m, ferromanganese nodules with a high content of manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt were found. It is in the Pacific Ocean that deposits of nodules occupy the most significant areas - more than 16 million km 2. Placers of tin ores and phosphorites were found in the ocean.

Nodules are rounded formations up to 10 cm in size. Nodules represent a huge reserve of mineral raw materials for the development of the metallurgical industry in the future.

More than half of the living matter of the entire World Ocean is concentrated in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. organic world differs in species diversity. The fauna is 3-4 times richer than in other oceans. Representatives of whales are widespread: sperm whale, baleen whale. Seals and fur seals are found in the south and north of the ocean. Walruses live in northern waters, but are on the verge of extinction. Thousands of exotic fish and algae are common in the shallow waters off the coast.

The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the world's catch of salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon, tuna, and Pacific herring. Large quantities of cod, halibut, saffron cod, and macrorus are caught in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the ocean (Fig. 42). Sharks and rays are found everywhere in warm latitudes. In the southwestern part of the ocean, tuna, swordfish spawn, sardines, blue whiting live. A feature of the Pacific Ocean are giant animals. 42. The main commercial fish are: the largest bivalve mollusk tridacna (shell up to 2 m, weight over 200 kg), king crab (up to 1.8 m in length), giant sharks (gigantic - up to 15 m, whale - up to 18 m in length), etc.

The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the life of the peoples of many countries. About half of the world's population lives on its coast. The Pacific Ocean is the second largest in the world in transportation. The world's largest ports are located on the Pacific coast in Russia, Japan, and China. As a result of economic activity, an oil slick has formed on a significant part of its surface, which leads to the death of animals and plants. Oil pollution is most common along the Asian coast, where the main oil production and transport routes pass.

Bibliography

1. Geography grade 8. Tutorial for the 8th grade of institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk "Narodnaya Asveta" 2014

The bottom of the Pacific Ocean hides rich deposits of various minerals. Oil and gas are produced on the shelves of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the United States of America (Alaska), Ecuador (Guayaquil Bay), Australia (Bass Strait), and New Zealand. According to existing estimates, the subsoil of the Pacific Ocean contains up to 30-40% of all potential oil and gas reserves of the World Ocean. The largest producer of tin concentrates in the world is Malaysia, and Australia is the largest producer of zircon, ilmenite and others.

The ocean is rich in ferromanganese nodules, with total reserves on the surface of up to 7.1012 tons. The most extensive reserves are observed in the northern deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the Southern and Peruvian basins. In terms of the main ore elements, the nodules of the ocean contain manganese 7.1.1010 tons, nickel 2.3.109 tons, copper 1.5.109 tons, cobalt 1.109 tons. Rich deep-sea deposits of gas hydrates were discovered in the Pacific Ocean: in the Oregon depression, the Kuril ridge and the shelf Sakhalin in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Nankai Trench in the Sea of ​​Japan and around the coast of Japan, in the Peruvian depression. In 2013, Japan intends to begin pilot drilling to extract natural gas from methane hydrate deposits on the Pacific Ocean floor northeast of Tokyo.

Red clays are widespread in the Pacific Ocean, especially in the northern hemisphere. This is due to the great depth of the ocean basins. In the Pacific Ocean, there are two belts (southern and northern) of siliceous diatom oozes, as well as a distinct equatorial belt of siliceous radiolarian deposits. Vast areas of the bottom of the southwestern ocean are occupied by coral-algal biogenic deposits. To the south of the equator, foraminiferal oozes are widespread. There are several fields of pteropod deposits in the Coral Sea. In the northern deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the Southern and Peruvian basins, extensive fields of ferromanganese nodules are observed.

Many peoples inhabiting the Pacific shores and islands from ancient times made voyages on the ocean, mastered its riches. The beginning of the penetration of Europeans into the Pacific Ocean coincided with the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. The ships of F. Magellan for several months of navigation crossed a huge body of water from east to west. All this time, the sea was surprisingly calm, which gave Magellan reason to call it the Pacific Ocean.

Much information about the nature of the ocean was obtained during the voyages of J. Cook. A great contribution to the study of the ocean and the islands in it was made by Russian expeditions led by I.F. Kruzenshtern, M.P. Lazarev, V.M. Golovnin, Yu.F. Lisyansky. In the same 19th century complex studies were carried out by S. O. Makarov on the ship "Vityaz". Regular scientific voyages since 1949 were made by Soviet expeditionary ships. A special international organization is engaged in the study of the Pacific Ocean.

In the waters of the Pacific Ocean is concentrated more than half of the living matter of the entire oceans Earth. This applies to both plants and animals. The organic world as a whole is distinguished by species richness, antiquity, and a high degree of endemism.

The fauna, numbering up to 100 thousand species in general, is characterized by mammals living mainly in temperate and high latitudes. The representative of toothed whales, the sperm whale, has a massive distribution, and several species of striped whales are among the toothless whales. Their fishing is strictly limited. Separate genera of the eared seal family (sea lions) and fur seals are found in the south and north of the ocean. Northern fur seals are valuable fur-bearing animals, the trade of which is strictly controlled. In the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also very rare sea lions (from eared seals) and walrus, which has a circumpolar range, but is now on the verge of extinction.

very rich fauna fish. In tropical waters there are at least 2000 species, in the northwestern seas - about 800 species. The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the world's fish catch. The main fishing areas are the northern and central parts of the ocean. The main commercial families are salmon, herring, cod, anchovies, etc.

The predominant mass of living organisms inhabiting the Pacific Ocean (as well as other parts of the World Ocean) falls on invertebrates that live at different levels of ocean waters and at the bottom of shallow waters: these are protozoa, coelenterates, arthropods (crabs, shrimps), molluscs (oysters, squids, octopuses), echinoderms, etc. They serve as food for mammals, fish, sea birds, but also constitute an essential component of marine fisheries and are objects of aquaculture.

The Pacific Ocean, due to the high temperatures of its surface waters in tropical latitudes, is especially rich in various types of corals, including those with a calcareous skeleton. In no other ocean is there such an abundance and variety of coral structures of various types as in the Pacific.

The basis of plankton is made up of unicellular representatives of the animal and plant world. There are almost 380 species in the phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean.

The greatest wealth of the organic world is characteristic of areas where the so-called upwelling(raising to the surface of deep waters rich in minerals) or mixing of waters with different temperatures occurs, which creates favorable conditions for the nutrition and development of phyto- and zooplankton, which feed on fish and other animals of the nekton. In the Pacific, upwelling areas are concentrated along the coasts of Peru and in divergence zones in subtropical latitudes, where there are areas of intensive fishing and other trades.

The Amundsen Sea is located off the coast of Antarctica.

Banda, the inter-island sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean in Indonesia.

Bellingshausen Sea is located off the coast of Antarctica

The Bering Sea is the largest and deepest among the seas of Russia

The Inland Sea of ​​Japan (Seto-Nikai) is located inside the straits between the islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku (Japan).

The East China Sea (Donghai) is a semi-enclosed sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean, between the coast of East Asia (China) and the islands of Ryukyu and Kyushu (Japan).

The Yellow Sea is limited from the Yellow and East China Seas by a conditional border that runs from the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula to Chechzhudo Island and further to the coast somewhat north of the mouth of the Yangtze River.

Coral Sea, a semi-enclosed sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Australia.

Mindanao, an interisland sea in the southern part of the Philippine archipelago.

The Moluccas Sea is an inter-island sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean, in the Malay Archipelago, between the islands of Mindanao, Sulawesi, Sula, Moluccas and Talaud. Area 274 thousand square meters. km, maximum depth 4970 m.

The New Guinea Sea lies to the northeast of the island of New Guinea.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is one of the largest and deepest seas in Russia.

The Ross Sea is located off the coast of Antarctica.

Seram is an inter-island sea in the Malay Archipelago.

The Solomon Sea is bounded by the islands of New Guinea.

Sulawesi (Celebes Sea) is located between the islands of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Mindanao, Sangihe and the Sulu archipelago.

The Tasman Sea is located between Australia and the island of Tasmania.

Fiji is located between the islands of Fiji, New Caledonia, Norfolk, Kermadec and New Zealand.

The Philippine Sea is located between the islands of Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines in the west, underwater ridges and the Izu Islands.

FLORES is located between the island of Sulawesi in the north, the islands of Sumba and Flores in the south.

South China Sea, in the west of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Southeast Asia, between the Indochina peninsula.

JAVAN SEA, in the west of the Pacific Ocean, between the islands of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan.

The Sea of ​​Japan lies between the Eurasian mainland and the Korean peninsula, the Sakhalin and Japanese islands, which separate it from other Pacific seas and the ocean itself.

The Pacific Ocean accounts for more than 50% of the total biomass of the World Ocean. Life in the ocean is abundant and varied, especially in the tropical and subtropical zones between the coasts of Asia and Australia, where vast areas are occupied by coral reefs and mangroves. The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean mainly consists of microscopic unicellular algae, numbering about 1300 species. About half of the species belong to the peridineans and somewhat less to the diatoms. In shallow water areas and in upwelling zones - ( Upwelling(English upwelling) or rise is a process in which the deep waters of the ocean rise to the surface. It is most often observed at the western borders of the continents, where it moves colder, nutrient-rich waters from the depths of the ocean to the surface, replacing warmer, nutrient-poor surface waters. It can also be found in almost any area of ​​the oceans. There are at least four types of upwelling: coastal upwelling; large-scale wind upwelling in the open ocean; upwelling associated with eddies; upwelling associated with topography.
The reverse process of upwelling is downwelling.) most of the vegetation is concentrated. The bottom vegetation of the Pacific Ocean has about 4 thousand species of algae and up to 29 species of flowering plants. In temperate and cold regions of the Pacific Ocean, brown algae are massively distributed, especially from the kelp group, and in southern hemisphere there are giants from this family up to 200 m long.

In the tropics, fucus, large green and especially well-known red algae are especially common, which, along with coral polyps, are reef-forming organisms.

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is 3-4 times richer in species composition than in other oceans, especially in tropical waters. In the Indonesian seas, more than 2 thousand species of fish are known, in the northern seas there are only about 300 of them. In the tropical zone of the ocean, there are more than 6 thousand species of mollusks, and there are about 200 of them in the Bering Sea. For the fauna of the Pacific Ocean, the antiquity of many systematic groups and endemism. A large number of ancient species of sea urchins live here, primitive genera of horseshoe crabs, some very ancient fish that have not been preserved in other oceans (for example, Jordan, Gilbertidia); 95% of all salmon species live in the Pacific Ocean. Endemic species of mammals: dugong, fur seal, sea lion, sea beaver. Gigantism is characteristic of many species of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean. In the northern part of the ocean, giant mussels and oysters are known; in the equatorial zone, the largest bivalve mollusk, the tridacna, lives, weighing up to 300 kg. In the Pacific Ocean, the ultra-abyssal fauna is most clearly represented. In conditions of enormous pressure, low water temperature at a depth of more than 8.5 km, about 45 species live, of which more than 70% are endemic. These species are dominated by holothurians, which lead a very sedentary lifestyle and are able to pass through the digestive tract a huge amount of soil, the only source of food at these depths.

Plant life (except bacteria and lower fungi) is concentrated in the upper 200th layer, in the so-called euphotic zone. Bacteria inhabit the entire water column and the ocean floor. Life develops most abundantly in the shelf zone, and especially near the coast at shallow depths, where the flora of brown algae is diversely represented in the temperate zones of the ocean. In tropical latitudes, the shallow water zone is characterized by the widespread and strong development of coral reefs, and mangroves near the shore.

With the advancement from cold zones to tropical ones, the number of species sharply increases, and the density of their distribution decreases. About 50 species of coastal algae - macrophytes are known in the Bering Strait, over 200 near the Japanese Islands, over 800 in the waters of the Malay Archipelago. in the tropical zones, individual forms do not receive such a sharp predominance, although the number of species is very large.

With distance from the coasts to the central parts of the ocean and with increasing depth, life becomes less diverse and less abundant.

Among coastal algae - macrophytes - in temperate zones, fucus and kelp are especially distinguished by their abundance. In tropical latitudes, they are replaced by brown algae - Sargasso, green - Caulerpa and Galimeda and a number of red algae.

The surface zone of the pelagial is characterized by the massive development of unicellular algae (phytoplankton), mainly diatoms, peridiniums and coccolithophorids. In T. o. one can distinguish, in addition to the littoral and sublittoral zones, a transitional zone (up to 500-1000 m), bathyal, abyssal and ultraabyssal, or a zone of deep-water trenches (from 6-7 to 11 thousand m).

Microcystis pear-shaped

The largest algae in the world, Microcystis pear-shaped, lives in the Pacific Ocean.

Seaweed giant. Microcystis pear-shaped reaches 50 m in height and grows by 30 cm per day. Like any plant, it needs light and nutrition, so it is found only in clear, mineral-rich water. On earth, such giants are rare, even among trees.

Algae is a giant source of oxygen, organic matter and energy for the entire living world. Algae is a great value of our planet.
Red algae are just as tasty, tender and used to make salads. They are rich in vitamins A, C, D and are used as a remedy for sclerosis, rickets and other diseases. From red algae, a special substance, agar-agar, is produced industrially.

Agar-agar is added to many confectionery products: marmalade, marshmallow, ice cream, cheese, bread, cakes, biscuits, so that they would be tastier and not stale so quickly. This substance is needed even in the production of film. Glue is prepared from algae, plaster, cement are added so that they are strong. Physicians, biologists in scientific laboratories grow bacteria necessary for experiments on agar-agar.
Pacific salmon, as the name suggests, live in the Pacific Ocean. Representatives of this genus have from 10 to 16 branched rays in the anal fin, the scales are medium in size or small, the eggs are large and painted in red-orange color. These are migratory fish spawning in the fresh waters of Asia and North America and fattening in the sea. 6 well-distinguished species are known (chum salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon, red salmon, coho salmon and sim). All Pacific salmon spawn only once in their lives, dying after the first spawning.

Kelp

Let's get acquainted with a large algae - kelp, which in everyday life is called sea kale, its length is 5-6 meters, individual specimens up to 20 meters. Laminaria is a valuable medicinal raw material from which iodine is obtained, which protects us from trouble - it is a disinfectant for treating wounds. Lack of iodine in the body leads to an enlarged thyroid gland.

Pyrophytic- a group of unicellular marine (rarely freshwater) flagellate algae, uniting about 2100 species from two subdivisions: cryptophytes and dinophytes. Chloroplasts are brown, the cell is usually enclosed in a shell of cellulose, often of a bizarre shape. Most pyrophytes are autotrophs. They reproduce by division and spores, the sexual process is rarely observed. Pyrophytic algae - the cause of the "red tides"; toxic substances released by many of these microorganisms cause the death of fish and shellfish. Other pyrophytes are symbionts of radiolarians and coral polyps.

diatoms- from 10 to 20 thousand species of microscopic (0.75–1500 microns) single or colonial algae, the cells of which are surrounded by a solid silicon shell, consisting of two valves. The walls of the shell have pores through which exchange with the external environment takes place. Many diatoms are able to move along the substrate, apparently due to the secretion of mucus. Colonial forms live in mucous tubes, forming brown bushes up to 20 cm tall. When breeding by division, each daughter individual receives one half of the shell, the second half grows again. Due to the fact that the old plate wraps its edges around the growing new one, generations of diatoms become smaller over and over again. Sometimes diatoms form spores; the contents of the cell at the same time leaves the shell and significantly increases in size.

diatoms- the most common group of algae; they live in plankton and benthos, in silt at the bottom of freshwater reservoirs, on aquatic plants and objects, on damp earth and in moss. Fossil diatoms have been known since the Jurassic; thick deposits of the remains of these organisms form the sedimentary rock diatomite (tripoli), used by man as a filler, insulator or filter.

red algae, or crimson, have a characteristic red color due to the presence of the phycoerythrin pigment. In some forms, the color is dark red (almost black), in others it is pinkish. Purplefish live mainly in the seas, sometimes at great depths, which is associated with the ability of phycoerythrin to use green and blue rays for photosynthesis, penetrating deeper than others into the water column (the maximum depth of 285 m, at which red algae were found, is a record for photosynthetic plants). About 4000 species are divided into two classes. Agar-agar and other chemicals are extracted from some crimson, porphyry is used for food. Fossil red algae have been found in Cretaceous sediments.

brown algae- perhaps the most perfect among algae, includes 1500 species (3 classes), most of which are marine organisms. Individual specimens of brown algae can reach a length of 100 m; they form real thickets, for example, in the Sargasso Sea. In some brown algae, for example, kelp, tissue differentiation and the appearance of conductive elements are observed. Multicellular thalli owe their characteristic brown color (from olive green to dark brown) to the fucoxanthin pigment, which absorbs a large amount of blue rays penetrating to great depths. The thallus secretes a lot of mucus that fills internal cavities; this prevents water loss. Rhizoids or a basal disk attach the algae to the ground so tightly that it is extremely difficult to tear it off the substrate. Many representatives of brown algae have special air bubbles that allow floating forms to keep the thallus on the surface, and attached ones (for example, fucus) to occupy a vertical position in the water column. Unlike green algae, many of which grow along their entire length, brown algae have an apical growth point.

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is the richest in terms of the number of species, ecological communities, total biomass and commercial biological resources due to the vast size of the water area and the diversity of natural conditions. It accounts for more than half of the total biomass of the oceans.

The largest number of species are found in the western regions of the Pacific Ocean at low latitudes. Thus, in the seas of the Malay Archipelago, there are more than 2,000 species of fish, while in the seas of the northern part of the ocean (North Pacific biogeographic region), only about 300 are known (however, here the number of fish species is twice as large as in the waters of the North Atlantic region). The organic world of the southern regions of the ocean (part of the Antarctic region) has many features in common with similar parts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is distinguished by the antiquity of many species, a high degree of endemism and the gigantism of many of their representatives. Here, for example, there are ancient sea ​​urchins, primitive horseshoe crabs, some ancient fish not found in other oceans (Jordan, Gilbertidia, etc.). Almost all salmon species (95%) live in the Pacific Ocean. There are also endemic forms among mammals - a fur seal, a sea beaver, a sea lion, which are not found in other oceans. In the northern part of the ocean, giant mussels and oysters are known; in the equatorial zone, the largest bivalve mollusk, the tridacna, weighing up to 300 kg, lives. In the southern part of the ocean, giant kelp algae grow, the length of which reaches 200 m.

Flora of the Pacific Ocean

The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean is represented mainly by unicellular algae, among which half of the species (about 1300) belong to peridineans and diatoms. Most of the algae are concentrated in coastal, relatively shallow water areas and in upwelling zones.

In the high and middle latitudes of both hemispheres, there is a massive development of brown algae, especially from the kelp group. Fucus, large green algae and calcareous red algae are common in equatorial-tropical latitudes. The bottom vegetation of the Pacific Ocean is represented by 4 thousand species, of which about 30 species are flowering (sea grasses).

Fauna of the Pacific Ocean

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is several times richer in species composition than in other oceans of the world. There are all groups of animal organisms that inhabit the oceans.

Coral fauna is widely developed in the area of ​​the Sunda Islands and northeast of Australia. The deep-sea fauna is peculiar. At depths of more than 8.5 km, a little more than 40 species of animals live, of which approximately 70% are endemic. Holothurians predominate, which can pass through their digestive system huge masses of soil, which at super-depths is practically the only source of nutrients. They are followed by lamellar-gill, polychaetes, brittle stars and other organisms adapted to life in ultra-abyssal conditions. High degree endemism (up to 60% or more) is characteristic of each individual deep-sea trench. AT last years near hydrotherms, a peculiar ecological community adapted to life in hot waters has been openly and partially studied. Thus, microorganisms living at a temperature of 250°C and above and a pressure of about 300 atm have been found.

(at a depth of 3 km). They were first identified in the Pacific Ocean in the region of the Galapagos Rift and in other rift valleys of the East Pacific Rise.

Biological resources of the Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is characterized by high biological productivity (about 200 kg/km2). The distribution of primary production and biomass is determined both by latitudinal geographic zonality and by the position of the main ocean water cycles and dynamic zones (convergence, divergence, upwelling).

Areas of high bioproductivity are confined to subpolar, temperate and equatorial zones (250-500 mg-s/m2, if the primary production is estimated in milligrams of carbon formed per day in the process of photosynthesis per 1 m2 of the surface of the water layer). The maximum values ​​of primary production and biomass are observed in upwelling zones associated with water divergences. In tropical latitudes, bioproductivity is lower, and in the central regions of subtropical circuits it is minimal.

Among the commercial biological resources of the Pacific Ocean, the first place is occupied by fish (85% of catches), the second - by mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and other non-fish species, including algae (10%), and the third - by marine mammals (5%). Currently, approximately 45% of the fish caught worldwide is caught in the Pacific Ocean. The main fishing areas are located in the northwestern, northeastern, eastern and southeastern parts of the ocean. These are highly productive areas of interaction between the warm waters of the Kuroshio and the cold branches of the Kuril Current, the zone of penetration of the warm Alaska Current into high latitudes, shelf areas in the west of the ocean, and upwelling zones off the coasts of North and especially South America. The catch of fish in the Antarctic regions has increased noticeably.

The main commercial fish of the Pacific Ocean are pollock, anchovy, herring, sardine, horse mackerel, mackerel, saury, salmon, tuna (from pelagic), followed by cod, hake, flounder, halibut, sable fish, sea bass (bottom fish). In addition to fish, crabs, shrimps, scallops, mussels, oysters, trepangs, etc. are caught in the northern part of the ocean. However, their natural reserves are currently insignificant, and all these valuable invertebrates become objects of mariculture - they are artificially grown on marine plantations in Japan , countries of Southeast Asia, Russia (in the bays of Posyet and Peter the Great). Also, whales (baleen whales, sperm whales), squids, sharks, etc. are hunted in the ocean. Fur seals are harvested on the islands of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (certain restrictions are imposed on this fishery). Some algae are harvested and cultivated, mainly kelp (seaweed).

The area off the coast of Peru and Northern Chile is the most fish-producing area in the entire World Ocean. Its productivity is determined by the penetration of the cold Peruvian current into low latitudes and by relatively stable and intense upwelling. The Peruvian anchovy serves as the object of constant fishing here.

In some years, the anchovy catch reaches 11-13 million tons per year (about 7000 kg/km2). This is explained by the fact that under the influence of the prevailing southeast winds and the transverse component in the Peruvian Current, cold (14-18 ° C) waters rise from depths of 100-200 m. surface layer In the waters, intensive photosynthesis takes place all year round, a large biomass of diatoms is created, which serve as food for a large population of anchovies. Numerous cormorants, pelicans, gulls feeding on anchovies live in the coastal zone of the mainland and on the islands. Once every few years, as a result of changes in atmospheric circulation, warm equatorial waters, usually penetrating into this area under the influence of the northeast trade wind in December-January, up to 5 ° S. sh., develop such power that they move south to 15 ° S. sh., and sometimes much to the south. The Peruvian current moves away from the coast. Upwelling near the coast stops. The water temperature rises significantly, the oxygen content decreases, and the biomass of cold-loving diatoms sharply decreases. Anchovy disappears from the area, a large number of them die. The birds that feed on it also die. Anchovy catches in such years fall by almost 3 times. The whole complex of phenomena associated with the flow of equatorial waters to the south was called El Niño. Such phenomena have been noted over the past half century in 1951-53, 1957-58, 1963-65, 1972-73, 1976-77, 1982-83, 1985-87, 1992-93, 1997-98. The emergence of El Niño is apparently connected with the global processes of the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere. This is a prime example of component interdependence. natural complexes and economic activities.

Creatures and growths of the Pacific Oceanphoto and description of underwater sacks - ribs, algae, corals.

The Pacific Ocean is a complex natural system, the history of which began long before the advent of civilization on the planet. Occupying 1/3 of the surface of the entire Earth, the wines in terms of area and depth turn over all the known oceans. The history of the appearance of the name "Quiet" in the past will be related to the names of the Portuguese navigator - F. Magellan, who sailed across the entire ocean in calm weather. Nature has generously endowed the waters with a rich biomass. Creatures and growths of the Pacific Ocean are wafted by unimaginable roses.

Creature world

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean, for its species warehouse, transfers signs of any other ocean. Here practically all the bagmen of the Light Ocean speak. The main ones are savtsiv and rich ribs that inhabit water, octopus, oysters, zooplankton, crayfish, squid, mussels, jellyfish and many others. Some of them enter the warehouse of industrial resources of the Pacific Ocean. The world of creatures is also rich with such savants, like sperm whales and different whales. In the middle of the baggers, it is also common to see the sea hedgehogs, swordtails, as well as ancient ribs, which are no longer saved in other oceans.

Roslinny svіt

The phytoplankton of the ocean is the main rank of one-celled algae, which together form 1300 species. Most of them are referred to as diatoms and peridineas. Donna fauna of the Pacific Ocean contains approximately 4,000 species of algae found near coastal waters, as well as up to 29 species (sea grasses) of flower dews.

In the calmer and more cold parts of the ocean, there is a massive expansion of brown algae, zocrema from a group of laminaria.

Roslinnist in tropical regions is represented by mangroves and coral reefs. Here, there is a large part of fucus, large green and red algae, which are the head reef-forming organisms with coral polyps.

The population of Siberian whales, which linger in the Pacific Ocean, is now in critical condition. That is why this ancient view of marine savts was included in the Chervona Book. The most serious threat to their population is in the unfriendly influx of oil and gas projects. This year, the fight for the conservation of orphan whales will be led by coalitions of rich environmental organizations.

Look at the obov’yazkovo:

Creatures and growths of Turechchiniopis, photos of the wild Turkish nature.Creatures and growths of the Atlantic Oceanphoto and description of underwater sandbags. Underwater world and bags of the seabed. F …Rosliny and creatures of Pivnіchnoi Americadescription from photo and video, peculiarities of pіvnіchn…Creative and growing world of Eurasіїopis of Meshkantsіv, photo of nature of Eurasia.

It led to the formation and accumulation in its waters, at the bottom and on the banks of large and diverse natural resources. Partial use of them in the coastal zone began in antiquity. At present, ocean resource exploitation is broad and comprehensive, but it is characterized by spatial differences. This is explained not only by natural factors, but also by socio-economic reasons, as well as by the peculiarities of the EGP of the Pacific Ocean. All this in combination affects the development of each type of the main resources of the ocean.

As a result of the favorable impact of hydrological and hydrobiological factors, the Pacific Ocean is characterized by high (about 200 kg/km 2) productivity. Many of its vast areas are richly populated with various animals and plants, many of which have long been used by man. However, until the second half of the 50s, catches in the Pacific Ocean were less than in. This is due to the relatively weak development of fisheries in most of the Pacific countries, the low technical level of their fishing. A sharp increase in the catches of the Peruvian anchovy since 1958 and the intensification of fishing not only in Japan, but also in other countries in this ocean, brought it to the first place in the world in the production of fish and non-fish objects. In 2004, the Pacific Ocean provided 52% of the total world catch. A similar level of production is preserved here at the present time. Most of the catches (about 2/3 of the total catch in the ocean) fall on its northern part. Of course, the volume of fish and seafood production is subject to both temporal and spatial fluctuations.

Areas of mining and fishing

In the ocean as a whole, catches were high in 2009. In some fishing areas, production increased from 2006 to 2009, while in others it decreased over the same period.

The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is its main fishing area, where a little more than half of all fish and non-fish species caught in the Pacific Ocean are caught. In this area, the catch in 2009 exceeded the catch in 2006 by 198 thousand tons, mainly as a result of an increase in the catch by Japan and our country.

The catch of the Central-Eastern region of the ocean in 2009 increased by 172 thousand tons compared to the catch of 2008. In these waters, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama increased their catch, while the USA, Canada and Japan, on the contrary, reduced their catches mainly due to a decrease in tuna production.

The Central-Western region is the third in the ocean in terms of catches. Here, in 2009, production increased by 292 thousand tons compared to 2006, since the Asian countries adjacent to it (Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia) expanded their fishing. According to experts, this is a promising area for the development of fishing.

The southeastern region of the ocean is a unique region of the world fishery. In the recent past, in some years, catches here reached 11-13 million tons, mainly due to the Peruvian anchovy. However, such high volumes of catch and the unfavorable oceanological situation in the area in recent years have depleted the stocks of this fish and worsened the conditions for its reproduction, which led to a sharp decrease in its catches. Thus, in 2006 the total catch of Peruvian anchovy reached 4297 thousand tons, and in 2007 it dropped to 807 thousand tons. True, the main producing countries of this region - Peru and Chile - increased the catch of other types of fish, such as sardines, horse mackerels, but in general, production here decreased slightly, by only 281 thousand tons, and the Southeast Pacific Ocean continues to rank second in terms of catches.

Northeast region in 2005, 2006 and 2008 ranked fourth in catches among other fishing areas of the Pacific Ocean. In 2007, there was a noticeable decrease in catch volumes due to the restriction of fishing by foreign states in the 200-mile zones of the USA and Canada. The catches of Japan (296 thousand tons) and our country (312 thousand tons) were especially reduced, mainly as a result of a decrease in pollock production. It is characteristic that the catches of the USA and Canada increased here by only 67 thousand tons, thus, the fishing opportunities of this rather rich region are not fully used. In 2008 and 2009 catches increased but remained below 2006 catches.

The southwestern region of the ocean is still little developed by the world fishery, although the catches in 2009 were higher than the catches of 2005, but lower than the catches of 2007. Here, in addition to the countries adjacent to this region - Australia and New Zealand - Japan, Russia are fishing and other countries that account for more than 70% of the catch in these waters. In 2007, the catch of Japan and Russia increased significantly, which increased the total production in this area.

In 2009, the catch of the Antarctic region, which is still little mastered by the world fishery, increased noticeably. Here, 800 thousand tons of fish and other seafood were caught, mainly by countries leading expeditionary catches.

Production of non-fish objects in all fishing areas of the Pacific Ocean is generally characterized by relative stability and upward trends. The catch of shrimp, and in recent years, krill, which is caught in the Antarctic waters, has increased most noticeably.

A brief review of biological resources shows that the Pacific Ocean is the largest modern supplier of fish and seafood. The unjustified restrictions of some capitalist countries in their exclusive economic zones reduce the possibilities for the rational use of the biological riches of these regions, which has a negative effect on economic activity in the ocean.