Dzhokhar Musaevich Dudaev (Chech. Dudageran Musan ZhovkhӀar; February 15, 1944, Yalkhoroy, Galanchozhsky district of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now Achkhoi-Martanovsky district of the Chechen Republic), USSR - April 21, 1996, Gekhi-chu, RF) - Chechen political figure, leader of the 1990s movement for the separation of Chechnya from Russia, the first president of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991-1996). In the USSR - Major General of Aviation. Generalissimo CRI (1996).
Dzhokhar Musaevich Dudayev was born in the village of Yalkhoroy, Galanchozhsky district, USSR, today - an abandoned place. The boy was the 13th child of Musa and Rabiat Dudayev. Dzhokhar had 3 brothers and 3 sisters, as well as 4 half-brothers and 2 sisters, who were his father's children from a previous marriage. The boy's father was a veterinarian.
The boy's father died when he was only 6 years old. Dzhokhar was a diligent student, which cannot be said about his brothers and sisters. Once upon a time leadership skills he was elected head of the class. Upon returning to their native places, in 1957, the Dudaev family, already without a father, stopped in Grozny.
In 1957, the Dudayev family, along with other deported Chechens, was returned to native land and they settled in the city of Grozny. Here, Dzhokhar studied until the ninth grade and then went to work as an electrician in the fifth SMU. At the same time, the teenager had a precise goal and he knew that he was obliged to receive a diploma of higher education. Therefore, Dzhokhar did not drop out of school, attended evening classes at school and still graduated from the 10th grade. After that, he applied to the North Ossetian Pedagogical Institute (Faculty of Physics and Mathematics). However, after studying there for a year, the young man realized that he had a different calling. He secretly left Grozny from his family and entered the Tambov Higher Military School. aviation school.
Dudayev graduated from the Tambov Military Aviation School and the Yu.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy in Moscow.
The ex-deputy of the State Duma and constant interlocutor of Dudayev in those days, Konstantin Borovoy, claims that the militant leader wanted to resolve the military conflict by peace. According to Borovoy, Dudayev was going to make any concessions in order to end the military operation, but here the words differ from the deeds - the terrorist attack in Kizlyar and the village of Pervomaisky in January 1996, in mid-April, the column of the 245th was defeated motorized rifle regiment. After these events, Yeltsin rejects negotiations with the militants and gives the go-ahead to the special services to eliminate Dudayev.
AT armed forces USSR since 1962, he served in both command and administrative positions.
Dudayev began combat military service in 1966 as assistant bomber commander. After 2 years he joined the party, in the early 70s he studied at the Air Force Academy.
In 1976-1978 he was deputy commander of the 1225th heavy bomber regiment.
KP: - It is still not completely clear when and how the
the operation, who played the main role in it, how it was carried out ...
VY: - Well, actually, it is unlikely that anyone will tell you all the details of that operation. All materials are still classified. Successful "technologies" in such cases are secret intelligence weapons today. Do not reveal to you agents ... Or those people who still serve or work in special services or other organizations. Yes, and Yuri Alekseevich and I are forced to “omit” some moments for professional reasons ... You ask who played the main role in that operation? I will answer this: it was teamwork FSB and GRU.
YA: - With the participation of the Air Force ...
KP: - When was the "start" of the operation?
VY: - In the spring of 1996. Remember, on the eve of Raduev, with his bandits, he attacks the Dagestan city of Kizlyar, then breaks into Pervomaiskoye without hindrance and, just as unpunished, leaves the village blocked by "38 snipers" back to Chechnya. And then - a new trouble. In mid-April 1996, in the Shatoi region of Chechnya, near Yarysh-Mardy, a column of the 245th motorized rifle regiment was defeated. There were almost 90 dead and more than 50 wounded. And out of 27 armored vehicles, the militants burned 24. And this was after Yeltsin the day before, during his arrival in Krasnodar, said: "The war is over. I am ready to discuss with Dudayev how we will live with Chechnya." And when he found out about the defeat of the column, he spoke in a different way: "I will not meet with Dudayev. I do not talk to bandits." It was clear to everyone that there would be no planned reconciliation with Dudayev.
YuA: - There are other things to consider. The presidential elections in Russia were approaching. Yeltsin's rating fell below acceptable limits - up to 6 percent! And the Duma also demanded that he punish and remove the "siloviks", primarily Defense Minister Grachev. For major human losses ... Meanwhile, Dudayev left and right handed out interviews to Moscow and foreign media, humiliated Russian generals. A criminal case was opened against Dudayev, but prosecutors complained that they "couldn't find" him. They started laughing at our special services. And then there is this tragic incident near the village of Yarysh-Mardy ... The President in a rage gives the order to eliminate Dudayev. The flywheel has started...
Since 1970, he served in the 1225th heavy bomber aviation regiment (Belay garrison in the Usolsky district of the Irkutsk region (Sredny village), Zabaikalsky Military District), where in subsequent years he successively served as deputy commander of the aviation regiment (1976-1978), chief of staff (1978 -1979), commander of a detachment (1979-1980), commander of this regiment (1980-1982).
In 1982 he became chief of staff of the 31st heavy bomber division of the 30th air army, and in 1985-1987 he was transferred as chief of staff to the 13th guards heavy bomber air division (Poltava): he “was remembered by many Poltava residents, with whom fate brought him together. According to his former colleagues, he was a quick-tempered, emotional and at the same time extremely honest and decent person. Then he still remained a staunch communist, was responsible for political work with personnel».
Retired Air Force Major General. In 1987 - 1990 he commanded a division of long-range bombers in Tartu (Estonia). At the same time, he served as head of the city's military garrison.
On November 23, 1990, at the invitation of Zelimkhan Yandarbiev and Movladi Udugov, ideologues of the National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN), Dudayev arrived in Grozny for the First Chechen National Congress (ChNC). On November 25, the congress elected its own governing body - the executive committee, to which, among others, retired Major General Dzhokhar Dudayev was introduced. On November 27, members of the executive committee unanimously adopt a declaration on the formation of the Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-Cho.
In March 1991, the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Chechen National Congress, Dzhokhar Dudayev, demanded the self-dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic due to the fact that the deputies "did not justify the trust of the people", and in May 1991 announced the transfer of power to transition period in the hands of the Executive Committee of the CNS.
On June 8-9, 1991, in Grozny, Dudayev gathered some of the delegates to the first congress of the ChNS, who proclaimed themselves the "National Congress of the Chechen People" (OKCHN) and elected Dudayev as chairman of the executive committee. The OKCHN proclaimed the creation of the "Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho", and declared the CHIR Armed Forces to be "usurpers". The leadership of the RSFSR and the USSR did not take any measures against the separatists.
On September 3, 1991, Dudayev announced the overthrow of the CHIR Armed Forces and accused Russia of pursuing a colonial policy towards Chechnya. On the same day, the TV center, the House of Radio and the House of Political Education were seized by the OKCHN forces.
On September 6, 1991, Dudayev's militants, together with the criminals released from prison, stormed the building of the CHIR Armed Forces. The chairman of the Grozny city council was thrown out of a window and died, more than 40 deputies were injured or beaten. On the same day, Dudayev announced the need for complete independence from Russia.
On September 8, 1991, the Dudayevites seized the airport and CHPP-1, blocked the center of Grozny, and a riot began in the Grozny detention center.
In the same period, several mass escapes from places of detention were made, including a strict regime colony in the city of Naur, a mass exodus of Russians from the republic began, refugees were looted under the pretext of returning “acquired in Chechnya” and belonging to the Chechen people.
On July 25, 1992, Dudayev spoke at an emergency congress of the Karachay people and condemned Russia for trying to prevent the highlanders from gaining independence. In August the king Saudi Arabia Fahd and Emir of Kuwait Jaber al-Sabah invited Dudayev to visit their countries in his capacity as President of the Chechen Republic. After that, Dudayev made visits to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Turkey.
By the beginning of 1993, the economic and military situation in Chechnya worsened, Dudayev lost his former support. In response to this, on April 17, 1993, Dudayev dissolved the CRI government, parliament, the constitutional court and the Grozny city assembly, introducing direct presidential rule and a curfew throughout Chechnya, and also appointed Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev as vice president.
In the summer, constant armed clashes take place on the territory of Chechnya. The opposition is forced out to the north of the republic, where alternative authorities were formed.
At the end of the year, Chechnya refuses to take part in the elections of the State Duma and the referendum on the constitution, the parliament opposes the inclusion in the new Constitution of the Russian Federation of the provision on Chechnya as a subject of the Russian Federation.
By the beginning of 1994, Dudayev's regime was weakened by internal contradictions, instability and the collapse of government. The opposition forms the Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic headed by Umar Avturkhanov. In response, Dudayev unfolds new repressions against the opposition. In particular, in August, more than 200 oppositionists were killed in the Urus-Martan district. On August 10, a National Congress was held in Grozny, organized by Dudayev's supporters. The congress voted for general mobilization and the declaration of a "holy war" against Russia.
On September 20, Umar Avturkhanov declared that all peaceful means of solving the Chechen problem had been exhausted. On September 30, helicopters of the Provisional Council raided the Grozny airfield, destroying part of Dudayev's aviation.
On October 15, the forces of the Provisional Council entered Grozny, encountering practically no resistance, but then withdrew from the city, as if having received some kind of order from Moscow. After receiving armored vehicles, the military potential of the Provisional Council increased significantly. On November 17, preparations began for a new assault on Grozny.
On the morning of November 26, 1994, Grozny was shelled and stormed by Russian special services and opposition groups. Three armed columns entered Grozny in three directions. Without a fight, the television center was occupied, near which three tanks remained. It was also reported that the Presidential Palace was taken by a detachment of field commander Ruslan Labazanov who participated in the assault on the side of the opposition. The tankers, who took up positions near the television center, were soon attacked by Shamil Basayev's "Abkhaz battalion" and surrendered to the guards of the television center. By the end of the day on November 26, the forces of the Provisional Council left Grozny. The defeat of the opposition was due to the different goals of its constituent groups, the limitation of the planning of the operation by the capture of the center of Grozny and the involvement of large forces by the Dudayev regime to repel the assault. Dudayev's forces captured Russian servicemen who fought on the side of the opposition under a contract with Federal Service counterintelligence of the Russian Federation.
After the unsuccessful assault on Grozny, the opposition could only count on military assistance from the center. On December 11, units of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia entered the territory of Chechnya on the basis of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin "On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict." The First Chechen War began.
On the instructions of Dzhokhar Dudayev, camps for prisoners of war and civilians were created in Chechnya, sometimes they are called concentration camps.
On June 14, 1995, a raid by a detachment of militants under the command of Shamil Basayev took place on the city of Budyonnovsk (Stavropol Territory), accompanied by a massive hostage-taking in the city. This action resulted in the death of about 100 civilians. Basayev claimed that Dudayev did not know about this operation. After the events in Budyonnovsk, Dudayev awarded orders to the personnel of Basayev's detachment. On July 21, 1995, Dudayev awarded Basaev the rank of brigadier general.
From the very beginning of the first Chechen war, Russian special services hunted Dudayev. Three attempts ended in failure. On April 21, 1996, Russian special services located the signal from Dudayev's satellite phone near the village of Gekhi-Chu, 30 km from Grozny. 2 Su-25 attack aircraft with homing missiles were lifted into the air. Presumably, Dudayev was destroyed by a rocket strike right during a telephone conversation with State Duma deputy Konstantin Borov. Alla Dudayeva, in an interview with the Kommersant newspaper, said that she was next to Dzhokhar at the time of his death. She said in particular:
Borovoy himself is not sure that Dudayev was eliminated during a telephone conversation with him. According to some reports, Dudayev was going to speak with representatives of the King of Morocco, Hassan II, whom he himself called a possible candidate for mediators in negotiations with the Kremlin.
20 years ago, the Russian special services carried out their most successful operation of the First Chechen War - on April 21, 1996, Dzhokhar Dudayev was killed by a missile fired from a Russian aircraft.
Lieutenant Dudaev. Military town of Shaikovka, Kaluga region, 1967
According to the memoirs of Anatoly Chichulin, who took this photograph, who had just finished military school Dzhokhar “Drank like we do. He ate pork fat, like everyone else. The conversations were exactly the same." The navigator Zubarev then raised a toast to Dudaev: “It will fly high ... If the air defense does not stop,” hinting at the great inclinations of the young lieutenant.
And the starley turned out to be right, Dzhokhar Dudayev became a typical Soviet officer who made a classic career in the Armed Forces of the USSR - a direct example of an excellent service record of a soldier, which was written before 1991.
During the service awarded with orders Red Banner and Red Star, medals
“During his service in the Armed Forces of the USSR, Dudayev Dzhokhar Musaevich has established himself with positive side competent, disciplined, executive officer.
He constantly improves his combat readiness and professional skills - in 1971 he entered, and in 1974 he graduated with honors from the command faculty of the Air Force Academy. Yu.A. Gagarin.
For 25 years of service in strategic aviation, he consistently and conscientiously passed the command positions of combat units of the USSR Air Force from assistant commander of a heavy bomber to commander of a long-range strategic bomber division.
The Dudayev family. Poltava, 1983
Morally stable - he married the daughter of a fellow soldier, Air Force Major Kulikov F.V., has three children (son - born in 1969, daughter - born in 1973, son - born in 1983). Lives with his wife and children, family relations are good.
Colonel Dudaev, 1987. Photo from the home archive of Vladimir Elokhov
Ideologically consistent and politically literate - a member of the CPSU since 1968, constantly carries out political work with personnel, among whom he enjoys authority and respect.
military and state secrets can store"
Colonel Dudayev with navigators after the flight, 1987. Photo from the home archive of Vladimir Elokhov
It was a characteristic of Dudayev, close to reality. And here is an extract from the real award list:
“From 1988 to 1989, Colonel Dzhokhar Musaevich Dudayev took an active part in the development of military operations to deliver bombing attacks on rebel targets, the introduction of new tactical methods of warfare in the mountainous terrain of the Republic of Afghanistan. He personally flew 3 sorties to the areas of Gardez, Ghazni and Jalalabad. The air group led by him completed 591 sorties. 1160 FAB 3000 and 56 FAB 1500 were dropped at the headquarters of the Islamic rebel committee, manpower and other objects. For courage and heroism, skillful leadership of the task force, Dzhokhar Musaevich Dudaev deserves to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
Dzhokhar Dudayev was the pride of the Chechens - their only Soviet general
There was no need for the assassination of Dudayev on April 21, 1996, and it did not bring any practical benefit to Russia - four months after his death, the Khasavyurt agreements were concluded, which recorded the complete defeat of Russia in the First Chechen War.
The deputy head of the Russian delegation for the peaceful resolution of the conflict in Chechnya, Arkady Volsky, once spoke about some amusing details of negotiations with Dudayev a few months before his death:
“In the meantime, at an audience with the president [Yeltsin], it was decided that the best way out was if Dudayev left. The Jordanians immediately agreed to give him a passport. Accordingly, he should have received a substantial amount upon arrival, again - assistance in transportation, an airplane. Security guarantees. We calculated only one option - departure.
[…]
They discussed the agreement [on a truce], Johar generally praised it, adding: "Negotiate further. We will draw up a joint resolution, approve it by the two governments." After waiting a little, he asks: "Arkady Ivanovich, why did you still look for a personal meeting with me?" Here, with maximum correctness, I posted what was discussed in Moscow: Jordanian citizenship, passport, money, guarantees...
He was mortally offended: “How wrong I was in you, Arkady Ivanovich! I didn’t think that you would make such an offer to me. Offer me, a Soviet officer, general, to shamefully flee. Yes, I’ll die here in peace!”
.
Dzhokhar Dudayev died there. He died as a typical Soviet officer, at the hands of his fellow pilots - the same typical Soviet officers, with the same typical service characteristics ...
This spring marks exactly 20 years since the death of Chechen separatist leader General Dzhokhar Dudayev. According to the official version, it was an operation of our special services...
It happened during the first Chechen war. On the evening of April 21, 1996, near the village of Gekhi-Chu, Dudayev got in touch with his Moscow friend, the famous Russian democrat Konstantin Borov. The satellite phone signal was intercepted, and Dudayev's car was hit with a rocket attack.
However, from the very beginning, serious doubts arose in this version. And, very serious people!
strange funnel
Here is what, for example, General Anatoly Kulikov, then commander of the Russian united military group in Chechnya, wrote in his book of memoirs, who immediately went to the scene:
“The dimensions of the crater at the site of the explosion were as follows: one and a half meters in diameter and fifty centimeters deep. The rocket that Dudayev was allegedly hit with ... has 80 kilograms of explosive and should have left a much more serious funnel after the explosion. According to calculations, only its depth should have been about five meters. But there is no such funnel. What really happened in Gekhi-Chu is unknown. There are many versions.
One of them was presented to me by employees of the North Caucasian RUBOP ... They claim that Dudayev's death was accidental. The fact is that the leader of one of the gangs, who was in Gekhi-Chu, did not pay off his fighters in a timely manner ... It was a large sum of one or two million dollars. His comrades-in-arms decided to take revenge and ahead of time installed in the field commander's car - it was a Niva - an explosive device from an ordinary tolovy saber with a remote fuse. They did not dare to blow up in the courtyard of the house and waited for an opportunity. As soon as they saw that the Niva left Gekhi-Chu and stopped in a wasteland, the fuse was activated. The fact that Dudayev ended up in it was a surprise for the bombers ... And in fact, Dudayev, who never spent the night in the same house, could arrive suddenly, and the conspiracy measures, which in this case were strictly taken, could mislead the avengers ".
However, Anatoly Kulikov did not rule out the possibility that Dudayev ... was in the car at all! Here is what he later told reporters:
“We have not received evidence of his death. In 1996, we discussed this topic with Usman Imaev (Minister of Justice in Dudayev's administration). He expressed doubts that Dudayev was dead. Imaev said then that he was at that place and saw fragments of not one, but different cars. Rusty parts... He was talking about a simulated explosion."
And soon there were versions that Dudayev actually remained alive. In particular, the Turkish press wrote about this in 1998, pointing out that the leader of the militants secretly lives in Istanbul under a false name. He was even allegedly seen in one of the fashionable districts of this second capital of Turkey.
Some other no less mysterious facts suggest the same idea about a possibly living Dudayev ...
The patient is alive
So, unexpectedly for many, in May 1996, Dudayev's wife Alla suddenly appeared in Moscow and called on the Russians ... to support Boris Yeltsin in the upcoming presidential elections! Imagine, she called for support for a man who, based on her own interpretation of events, authorized the murder of her beloved husband!
As rightly pointed out on this occasion in the well-known Internet material “The Living Corpse: Dzhokhar Dudayev could have survived 20 years ago”:
“Then Dudayeva stated that her words were taken out of context and distorted. But, firstly, even Alla herself admits that speeches “in defense of Yeltsin” did take place. That nothing, they say, but shame, war did not bring the president and that the cause of peace is hindered by the “war party” that substitutes him. And secondly, according to eyewitnesses - among them, for example, political emigrant Alexander Litvinenko, who in this case can be considered a completely objective source of information - there were no distortions Dudayeva began her first Moscow meeting with journalists, which took place at the National Hotel, with a phrase that could not be interpreted in any other way: “I urge you to vote for Yeltsin!”
A couple of years later, an even more curious confession followed. This time from Nikolai Kovalev, who in April 1996 held the post of deputy director of the FSB and who must certainly be aware of all the events related to the liquidation of the rebellious general. So, in a conversation with a columnist for Moskovsky Komsomolets, he completely denied the involvement of his department in the liquidation of Dudayev:
“Dudaev died in the combat zone. There was a fairly massive shelling. I think there is simply no reason to talk about some kind of special operation. Hundreds of people died in the same way."
So, it was just a shelling ... Or maybe Kovalev kept something back?
But the most sensational were the confessions of the late president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkady Volsky. Arkady Ivanovich was the deputy head of the Russian delegation in negotiations with the Chechen rebels. Volsky met with Dudayev and other separatist leaders on numerous occasions and was considered one of the best-informed representatives of the Russian elite in Chechen affairs.
“I immediately asked the experts then: is it possible to aim a half-ton missile at a target on a signal mobile phone? Volsky told reporters. - They told me it was absolutely impossible. If the rocket even felt such a subtle signal, it could turn to any mobile phone.”
But the main sensation is elsewhere. According to Volsky, in July 1995 the country's leadership entrusted him with a responsible and very delicate mission:
“Before leaving for Grozny, with the consent of President Yeltsin, I was instructed to offer Dudayev a trip abroad with his family. Jordan agreed to accept it. The plane and the necessary funds were provided at the disposal of Dudaev.
True, the Chechen leader then responded with a decisive refusal. "I had a better opinion of you, he said to Volsky. - I didn't think you'd ask me to run away from here. I am a Soviet general. If I die, I will die here.”
However, this project was not closed, Volsky believed. In his opinion, later the leader of the separatists still changed his mind and decided to evacuate.
“But I do not rule out that people from his entourage could have killed Dudayev along the way, suggested Arkady Ivanovich. — The way events unfolded after the announced death of Dudayev, in principle, fits into this version. However, Volsky did not rule out other options: “When they ask me how likely it is that Dudayev is alive, I answer: 50 to 50.”
Therefore, it is quite possible that the evacuation was still successful. And it passed just under the legend of "Dudaev's death from a missile strike" ...
They don’t surrender and don’t kill their own
In fact, there is nothing surprising in this, if we recall all Dudayev's previous connections with those who came to power in Russia immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union...
The role of Russian democrats in the formation of Chechen separatism and the regime of General Dudayev is widely known today. After all, these are our liberals (on behalf of Yeltsin), represented by Burbulis, Starovoitova and others, after the events of August 1991 in Moscow, went to Grozny to help Dudayev and his gang overthrow the legitimate authority of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which supported the actions of the State Emergency Committee.
It was they who then financed the separatists for hundreds of millions of rubles: according to the relevant orders, the then acting. Prime Minister of Russia, the idol of the liberal public, Yegor Timurovich Gaidar, signed more than a dozen. As the liberals themselves later explained, by doing so they wanted to keep Dudayev in the ruble economic space and prevent him from separating from Russia. Myself rebel general was very pleased with such generous injections - with the money he received, he was able to prepare well for the war with our country, which he always considered as an enemy ...
The Russian public knows much less about the further negative role of our liberals in the Chechen crisis.
In 1994, when it became clear that Dudayev was not going to enter any "ruble space", the Kremlin decided to overthrow him with the forces of the anti-Dudaev opposition. The overthrow plan was developed by people from the Democratic Russia movement - the head of the presidential administration, Sergei Filatov, and presidential aide Yuri Baturin.
The result of their activities was sad: the troops of the anti-Dudaev opposition that entered Grozny in November 1994 were defeated, and Moscow was forced to go for the direct entry of Russian troops. The liberals themselves then fell into political disgrace...
They decided to take revenge by criticizing in every possible way the outbreak of the war, the direct culprits of which were themselves. For the sake of this, the Democrats even went ... to a direct betrayal. In any case, there is evidence that Yuri Baturin maintained secret direct contacts with the headquarters of the separatists during the war. Was it not through him that the most secret information went to the Dudaevites? In this regard, the testimony of the same General Anatoly Kulikov is curious.
According to him, at the beginning of June 1995 Russian army drove the Chechens into the mountains, where they began to finish them off. At this time, a conversation between two militants was intercepted, one of whom, referring to his man in Moscow, convinced the other that the Russians would soon weaken the onslaught and cease fire. And for sure - a few hours later, an order came from Yeltsin for a ceasefire. As it turned out later, the president was inspired by Filatov and Baturin. The grateful bandits took a break, and very soon the unfinished gang of Shamil Basayev captured the city of Budyonnovsk.
And the Chechen war is full of such treacherous episodes...
And in the spring of 1996, Yeltsin ran for the second time for the presidency of Russia. One of his campaign slogans was to end the war in Chechnya. Chechen War entered a new phase. On March 31, 1996, Yeltsin signed a decree "On the program for settling the crisis in the Chechen Republic." Its most important points are: termination of military operations on the territory of the Chechen Republic from 24:00 on March 31, 1996; phased withdrawal of federal forces to the administrative borders of Chechnya; negotiations on the peculiarities of the status of the republic ...
Perhaps just to achieve these goals, the old ties with Dudayev were again involved. The Kremlin offered him to disappear, believing that without its leader, the Chechen separatist movement would itself come to naught, after which it would become much easier to achieve peace.
And Dudayev, who felt more and more uncomfortable in Chechnya, could well give his consent, after which he safely departed abroad. To cover his Niva, they blew up an ordinary TNT bomb, and the area where the empty car was located was fired with rockets. After that, it was announced that Dudev was killed as a result of a special operation, which those who theoretically could be involved in it are talking about so vaguely today.
The puncture came out only with Alla Dudayeva, who unexpectedly supported Yeltsin in the elections, which in itself was very shocking to many. However, the mistake was quickly corrected, quickly sending Alla abroad. What she does, where she lives now and, most importantly, with WHOM, still remains a big mystery...
Igor Nevsky, especially for "Ambassadorial order"
Dzhokhar Dudayev was born on February 15, 1944 in the village of Pervomaiskoye (Chech. Yalhori) of the Galanchozh district of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now the Achkhoy-Martan district of the Chechen Republic), the seventh child in the family (had 9 brothers and sisters). A native of the Yalkhoroy taip. Eight days after his birth, the Dudayev family was deported to the Pavlodar region of the Kazakh SSR, among many thousands of Chechens and Ingush, during the mass deportation of Chechens and Ingush in 1944 (see Deportation of Chechens and Ingush).
In 1957, together with his family, he returned to his homeland and lived in Grozny. In 1959 he graduated high school No. 45, then began working as an electrician in SMU-5, at the same time he studied in the 10th grade of evening school No. 55, which he graduated a year later. In 1960 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the North Ossetian Pedagogical Institute, then, after listening to a year-long course of lectures on profile training, he entered the Tambov Higher Military Pilot School with a degree in pilot-engineer (1962-1966).
In the Armed Forces of the USSR since 1962, he served in both command and administrative positions.
Since 1966, he served in the 52nd instructor heavy bomber regiment (Shaikovka airfield, Kaluga region), started as an assistant commander airship.
In 1971-1974 he studied at the command faculty of the Air Force Academy. Yu. A. Gagarin.
Since 1970, he served in the 1225th heavy bomber aviation regiment (Belay garrison in the Usolsky district of the Irkutsk region (Sredny village), Zabaikalsky Military District), where in subsequent years he successively served as deputy commander of the aviation regiment (1976-1978), chief of staff (1978 -1979), commander of a detachment (1979-1980), commander of this regiment (1980-1982).
In 1982 he became the chief of staff of the 31st heavy bomber division of the 30th air army, and in 1985-1987 the chief of staff of the 13th guards heavy bomber air division (Poltava): he “was remembered by many Poltava residents, with whom fate brought him together. According to his former colleagues, he was a quick-tempered, emotional and at the same time extremely honest and decent person. Then he still remained a staunch communist, was responsible for political work with personnel.
In 1986-1987, he took part in the war in Afghanistan: according to representatives of the Russian command, at first he was involved in the development of a plan of action for strategic aviation in the country, then on board the Tu-22MZ bomber as part of the 132nd heavy bomber aviation regiment of the Long-Range Aviation, he personally made combat sorties in the western regions of Afghanistan, introducing the methodology of the so-called. carpet bombing of enemy positions. Dudayev himself has always denied the fact of his active participation in hostilities against the Islamists in Afghanistan.
In 1987-1991 he was the commander of the strategic 326th Ternopil heavy bomber division of the 46th strategic air army (Tartu, Estonian SSR), at the same time he served as head of the military garrison.
In the Air Force, he rose to the rank of Major General of Aviation (1989).
“Dudaev was a well-trained officer. He graduated from the Gagarin Academy, worthily commanded a regiment and division. He firmly managed the aviation group during the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of War. He was distinguished by endurance, calmness and concern for people. A new training base was equipped in his division, canteens and airfield life were equipped, and a firm statutory order was established in the Tartu garrison. Dzhokhar deservedly was awarded the rank of Major General of Aviation, ”recalled the Hero of Russia, Army General. Pyotr Deinekin.
Start of political activity
On November 23–25, 1990, the Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, which elected an Executive Committee headed by Chairman Dzhokhar Dudayev.
In March 1991, Dudayev demanded the self-dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. In May, the retired general accepts an offer to return to Chechnya and lead the growing social movement. On June 9, 1991, at the second session of the Chechen National Congress, Dudayev was elected chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN (National Congress of the Chechen People), into which the former executive committee of the Chechen People's Republic was transformed. From that moment, Dudayev, as the head of the Executive Committee of the OKChN, began the formation of parallel authorities in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declaring that the deputies of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic "did not justify confidence" and declaring them "usurpers."
The attempted coup d'etat in the USSR on August 19-21, 1991 became a catalyst for the political situation in the republic. The Chechen-Ingush Republican Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Council and the government supported the GKChP, but the OKCHN opposed the GKChP. On August 19, at the initiative of the Vainakh Democratic Party, a rally in support of the Russian leadership began on the central square of Grozny, but after August 21 it began to be held under the slogan of the resignation of the Supreme Council, along with its chairman. On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized. Dzhokhar Dudayev read out an appeal in which he called the leadership of the republic "criminals, bribe-takers, embezzlers of state funds" and announced that from "September 5 until democratic elections are held, power in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations." On September 6, the Supreme Council of the CHIASSR was dispersed by armed supporters of the OKCHN. The Dudaevites beat the deputies and threw the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, out of the window. As a result, the chairman of the City Council died, and more than 40 deputies were injured. Two days later, the Dudaevites captured the Severny Airport and CHPP-1, blockaded the center of Grozny.
On October 1, 1991, by decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into the Chechen and Ingush Republics (without borders).
President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
On October 27, 1991, presidential elections were held in Chechnya, which were won by Dzhokhar Dudayev, who received 90.1% of the vote. By his first decree, Dudayev proclaimed the independence of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI) from the RSFSR, which was not recognized by either the Russian authorities or any foreign countries, except for the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. On November 2, the Congress of People's Deputies declared the elections invalid, and on November 7, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency in Chechnya and Ingushetia, but it was never implemented. In response, Dudayev introduced martial law on the territory under his control. An armed seizure of buildings of power ministries and departments was carried out, military units were disarmed, military camps of the Ministry of Defense were blocked, rail and air transportation was stopped. The OKCHN called on Chechens living in Moscow to "turn the Russian capital into a disaster zone."
On November 11, the Supreme Soviet of Russia, where most of the seats were held by Yeltsin's opponents, did not approve the presidential decree, in fact supporting the self-proclaimed republic.
In November-December the Parliament of the CRI adopted a decision to abolish the existing authorities in the republic and to recall the People's Deputies of the USSR and the RSFSR from the CRI. Dudayev's decree introduced the right of citizens to acquire and store firearms.
In December-February, the seizure of abandoned weapons continued. In early February, the 556th regiment was defeated internal troops attacks on military units. More than 4,000 small arms, approximately 3 million ammunition, etc. were stolen.
In January 1992, as a result of an armed coup, Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia was overthrown. Dudayev sent a plane and a special group led by personal bodyguard Abu Arsanukaev to Yerevan for the Gamsakhurdia family. Dudayev placed the Gamsakhurdia family in his residence in Grozny. In February, Dudayev and Gamsakhurdia unveiled a project to create a "Union of the Military Forces of Transcaucasia" - the unification of all the Transcaucasian and North Caucasian states into a league of republics independent of Russia.
On March 3, Dudayev announced that Chechnya would sit down at the negotiating table with the Russian leadership only if Moscow recognized its independence. Nine days later, on March 12, the CRI parliament adopted the constitution of the republic, declaring it an independent secular state. On March 13, Gamsakhurdia signed a decree recognizing the state independence of Chechnya, and on March 29, Dudayev signed a decree recognizing Georgia as an independent state. The Chechen authorities, meeting almost no organized resistance, seized the weapons of the Russian military units deployed on the territory of Chechnya. By May, the Dudayevites captured 80% military equipment and 75% of the small arms of the total amount available to the military on the territory of Chechnya. At the same time, after the coup d'état in Azerbaijan, when the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, headed by its leader Abulfaz Elchibey, came to power in the country, Dudayev established contact with the new leadership of this South Caucasian republic. In one exclusive interview given in 2005, former Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze said the following:
On July 25, Dudayev spoke at an emergency congress of the Karachay people and condemned Russia for trying to prevent the highlanders from gaining independence, promising the Karachays to provide any assistance "in the struggle for the long-awaited freedom and national dignity." In August, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and Emir of Kuwait Jaber al-Sabah invited Dudayev to visit their countries in his capacity as President of the Chechen Republic. During lengthy audiences with the king and emir, Dudayev raised the issue of establishing diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, but the Arab monarchs said they would be ready to recognize Chechnya's independence only after appropriate consultations with Russia and the United States. As a result of the visit, no documents were signed: according to the representative of the Chechen Foreign Ministry Artur Umansky, the Arab leaders wanted to avoid reproaches from Moscow. Nevertheless, at an unofficial level, the monarchs demonstrated their disposition to Dudayev in every possible way. King Fahd visited with him the Muslim holy city of Medina and the main shrine of Islam, the al-Kaaba temple in Mecca, thereby making a small hajj. The Emir of Kuwait hosted a gala dinner in honor of Dudayev in the presence of ambassadors from 70 countries. In Saudi Arabia, the Chechen leader also held talks with Albanian President Sali Berisha and Foreign Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina Haris Silajdzic, who were there.
After that, Dudayev makes visits to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Turkey. At the end of September, Dzhokhar Dudayev visited Bosnia, where a civil war was going on at that time. However, at the Sarajevo airport, Dudayev and his plane were arrested by French peacekeepers. Dudayev was released only after a telephone conversation between the Kremlin and UN headquarters.
After that, Dzhokhar Dudayev went to the United States, accompanied by Deputy Prime Minister Mairbek Mugadaev and Grozny Mayor Beslan Gantemirov. According to official sources, the purpose of the visit was to establish contacts with American entrepreneurs for the joint development of Chechen oil fields. The visit ended on October 17, 1992.
By the beginning of 1993, the economic and military situation in Chechnya worsened, Dudayev lost his former support.
On February 19, by his decision, Dudayev approved the constitution of the Chechen Republic, according to which a presidential republic was introduced. A survey was organized on the approval of the Constitution, in which, as claimed by the Dudayevites, 117 thousand people took part, of which 112 thousand approved the project.
On April 15, an indefinite opposition rally began on Theater Square in Grozny. Parliament accepted the appeal to the citizens to restore legal power in the republic and appointed
In 1994, on December 11, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On measures to ensure law, order and public security on the territory of the Chechen Republic", which provided for the disarmament of the detachments of supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev. Troops were brought into Chechnya, and then there was, which is difficult to call much more shameful. Interviews and memories of direct participants in those dramatic and bloody events appear in the media. The weekly "Sobesednik" did not stand aside, the correspondent of which took a long interview with the widow of the "first president" of the Chechen Republic, Dzhokhar Dudayev.So, Alla Dudaeva(nee Alevtina Fedorovna Kulikova). Daughter of a Soviet officer, former commandant of Wrangel Island. She graduated from the art and graphic faculty of the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. In 1967, she became the wife of Air Force officer Dzhokhar Dudayev. She gave birth to two sons and a daughter. She left Chechnya with her children in 1999. Lived in Baku, Istanbul. Now he lives with his family in Vilnius. According to the latest information, he is preparing to obtain citizenship of Estonia, a country where Dzhokhar Dudayev is remembered from Soviet times, when he led an air division near Tartu.
The Sobesednik correspondent Rimma Akhmirova first asked Dudayeva a question about Litvinenko. Still, before his death, he closely communicated with the Chechens, called Akhmed Zakayev his friend. Here is what Alla Dudayeva answered: “I think that Alexander converted to Islam before his death in order to be next to his friends in the next world. In recent years, he walked along and managed to tell the world a lot of truth about the KGB, FSK, FSB. And we met like that. Dzhokhar had just been killed, and we were going to fly to Turkey with the whole family, but we were arrested in Nalchik. I was interrogated by a specially arrived young officer who introduced himself as "Colonel Alexander Volkov." He also joked that this was not an accidental surname "...
“After some time,” Dudayeva continues, “I saw him on TV next to Berezovsky, and I recognized his real name - Litvinenko. And that time the TV reporters did an interview with me, from which they only aired a piece taken out of context “Yeltsin - our president", and played him throughout the election campaign. I wanted to make a refutation, but Volkov-Litvinenko then told me: "Think about it: anything can happen to your bodyguard, Musa Idigov." Dzhokhar's death. The secret services were afraid that he could survive and escape abroad."
The journalist also asked about what Alla Dudayeva thinks about the rumors and versions, according to which Dzhokhar Dudayev is alive. There are even those who claim that Dudayev had twins, and Alla Dudayeva married one of these twins. It is clear that the widow denies all these rumors. She spoke in some detail about how, in her opinion, the leader of the Chechen separatists was killed.
"The Turkish Prime Minister Arbakan presented Dzhokhar with a satellite telephone installation. Turkish "leftists", connected with the Russian special services, through their spy installed a special microsensor in it during the assembly of the phone in Turkey, which regularly monitors this device. In addition, at the Singnet Super Computer center located in the Maryland region, USA, a 24-hour surveillance system was installed to monitor Dzhokhar Dudayev's phone.The US National Securitu Agency transmitted daily information about the whereabouts and telephone conversations of Dzhokhar Dudayev to the CIA.Turkey received these dossiers.And Turkish "leftist" officers passed this dossier to the Russian FSB. Dzhokhar knew that a hunt had begun for him. When the connection was interrupted for a minute, he always joked: “Well, are you already connected?” But he was still sure that his phone would not be detected.
Alla Dudayeva also reported that the place of Dudayev's burial is still kept secret. According to her, she believes that someday the former general and former leader of the anti-constitutional regime in Grozny will be buried in the ancestral valley of Yalhara. The widow accuses the Russian authorities that the war is still going on because of control over oil flows, since the Chechen land is very rich in non-oil reserves. Here is a very remarkable excerpt from her interview, where we are talking about how Dudayev offered the Americans the right to 50 years of Chechen oil production.
"... The Americans offered to take oil in concession for 50 years for $ 25 billion. Dzhokhar called the figure $ 50 billion and managed to insist on his own. For a small country, this was a huge amount. Then, in one of Dzhokhar's speeches on television, his famous phrase "about camel milk that will flow from golden taps in every Chechen house. oil industry Salambek Khadzhiev and the head of the government of the Chechen Republic, Doku Zavgaev, themselves offered the Americans for the same fifty years, but only for $23 billion. Because of this, said the widow former general, and the first Chechen campaign began.
In the process of preparing the material for publication, the author turned to Utra's military observer Yuri Kotenok for a comment.
He noted, after reading the interview, that this is a classic female look at the political and military events of those years. And the first thing he drew attention to was who Dudaeva calls "her own". Especially in light of recent events with former FSB officer Litvinenko. "Your friends", " last years he walked along straight path"Etc. - even then Litvinenko was his own for the Chechen fighters.
It is also important to note that Alla Dudayeva again says that her husband is dead. As Yuri Kotenok said, many people in Chechnya believe that Dudayev has not been liquidated, that he is alive and hiding in a safe place. Actually, the same thing is now being written in the press, which cannot be caught in love with Russia, they are also talking about Basayev. Say, Shamil did his job, he was undercover.
It's not, and here's why. Such eccentric and narcissistic people as Dudayev and Basaev were cannot lead a quiet secret life hiding in some quiet place. People who developed grandiose in plan (we are not talking about the possibility of implementation) military-terrorist operations against Russia, who claimed to be the leaders of the nation, cannot vegetate in some Turkey, for them it is tantamount to physical death.
And one more remark was made by our military observer. We must never forget that Dudayev openly opposed Russia, it was with his knowledge that genocide was committed in Chechnya against the Russian, Armenian, Jewish and other peoples, it was under his leadership that the multinational Grozny turned into the capital of one nation. He placed himself outside the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in fact, outside the law. And Dudayev was going to hand over oil to the Americans not for the notorious "milk taps", in the head of the former general Soviet army grandiose military plans to combat Russian Federation. He is an enemy, and they treated him like an enemy.