The position of Estonia relative to conditional lines on the map. Estonia agriculture. estonia population climate economy

Geographical position

State Republic of Estonia located in the northeastern part of Europe, south coast Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Estonia borders with Latvia on the south and with Russia on the east. On the north country territory washed by Gulf of Finland, on the west - Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea.

The territory of Estonia includes more than 1500 islands, which is about 10% territory of the country. The largest islands are: Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu, Vormen, Naisaar, Aegna, Prangli, Kihnu, Ruhnu, Abruka and vilsandi.

The country has a predominantly flat relief. Only in the north and in the central part of Estonia there are uplands - Pandivere(up to 166 m on Mount Emumyagi). In the southeastern part of Estonia, a narrow strip of hilly uplands (up to 318 meters per city Suur Munamägi).

Total area of the country is about 45.2 thousand sq. km. Estonia is the smallest and northernmost of the Baltic States. There are also many rivers in the country, but they are not large. Rivers in the north and west flow into the Baltic Sea, rivers in the southeast flow into lakes Võrtsjärv, Chudskoe and Pskov.

The longest river is an Parnu, the length of which is 144 km. This river flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The most abundant rivers are Narva(on the border with Russia) and Emajõgi. navigable river is only Emajõgi from Tartu. There are more than 1 thousand moraine lakes.

largest inland lake Estonia is Võrtsjärv, whose area is 266 sq. km. Length coastline is 3794 km.

Capital of the country is the city Tallinn.

Estonia has moderate, transitional from maritime to continental climate. Along the Baltic coast climate is maritime, away from the sea - closer to temperate continental. Winters here are usually relatively soft, a summer - moderately warm.Average air temperature in January is -4-7 C, in July +15-17 C. Up to 700 mm. precipitation. Most of them fall in the autumn-winter period (the end of summer is also often rainy). The weather is quite changeable due to the influence of sea air masses. Therefore, it can change several times a day, especially in spring and autumn.

Shallow water allows the water in the sea and lakes to warm up quickly enough, its temperature in july reaches +20-24 C. beach season continues in the country from the beginning of June to the end of August. best time to visit the country period can be named from the beginning of May to the middle of September.

Visas, entry rules, customs rules

Citizens of the Russian Federation to enter the country, you must have Schengen visa.

The deadline for its execution is usually 6 business days.Urgent visa can be issued for 3 business days. But it is issued only if such a need is justified and at the discretion of the consul. For a visa charged consular fee. Children under the age of 6 are exempted from paying it. In case of visa refusal, the fee is non-refundable.

When entering the country at customs may require prove the availability of a sufficient amount of funds at the rate of 870 Estonian kroons (56 euros) per person per day.

There are no restrictions for the import and export of local or foreign currency. An amount exceeding 10,000 euros, subject to mandatory declaration.

Persons over 17 years of age duty-free can bring into the country a small amount of tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, as well as goods for personal use.

Without permission cannot be imported medicines, drugs and narcotic preparations, firearms and ammunition, explosives, pornographic materials, plants, flowers, animals and birds to Estonia. The same applies to haberdashery and souvenirs, which are made from endangered species of plants and animals.

To the territory of the EU countries from May 1, 2009 forbidden to import products containing meat or milk. This prohibition does not apply for baby food and special preparations that are needed by people suffering from certain chronic diseases. At the same time, they must be carefully packed, and their weight should not exceed 2 kilograms.

Plants, animals and products plant origin must be presented quarantine officials. Pets must have a certificate of vaccinations, as well as a medical certificate issued no earlier than 10 days before departure.

Export prohibited from Estonia objects and things that represent historical or artistic value. It is also forbidden to export precious metals, diamonds and other jewelry stones. The ban does not apply to personal jewelry. Duty-free export allowed goods worth up to 5000 Estonian kroons.

Population, political condition

The population of the country is about 1.5 million people. By ethnic composition The country's population is divided into: Estonians(62% , belong to the Finno-Ugric group), Russians (30% ), Ukrainians (3% ), Belarusians (1,5% ), Finns(1% ) and etc.

Politically, Estonia is parliamentary republic. head of state is an the president who is elected by members of parliament for a term of 5 years. He can be elected for no more than two consecutive terms. The President is elected by secret ballot. Each Member of Parliament has one vote. Legislature - State Assembly (Riigikogu) is a unicameral parliament, which includes 101 deputies elected by proportional system. Parliament is elected for 4 years.

The powers of the President of the country are significantly limited. The government is headed Prime Minister, it becomes the leader of the party that won the parliamentary elections, or the leader of the parliamentary coalition. The Cabinet of Ministers is approved by the President.

Administratively, the country is divided into 15 counties(maakondov), headed by county elders. City status in the country have 47 settlements.

State language is an Estonian. Widely spread also Russian language.

What to watch

Tallinn, the country's capital, is located in the North Estonia region. He is one of the best preserved medieval towns in Europe. In written sources, this ancient Estonian settlement was mentioned for the first time in 1154 year.

Old city consists of located on a hill Toompea ancient Vyshgorod and located southeast of its Lower City. Vyshhorod Castle was planted by the crusaders in XIII century. After that, it was rebuilt many times. Today it has several major attractions. Gothic Toomkirk Dom Cathedral was built during XIII-XV centuries It has a massive baroque tower. Three corner fortress towers are also interesting, including the famous Pikk Hermann ("Long German", XIV-XV centuries).

Here you can see old houses with red tiled roofs and many weather vanes that create a unique flavor of the old part of the city.

lower city belongs to the period XIV-XVI centuries In the Middle Ages, it was also surrounded by city defenses. Until our time, only numerous fragments of walls and 18 towers. There used to be towers here 27 . In the most famous tower - Pax Margarete ("Fat Margarita") open exposition of the Maritime Museum. in the tower Kiik-in-de-Kek ("Look into the kitchen") can be visited museum of ancient weapons.the highest is an Küster tower. Adjacent to Pax Margareta Arch of the Great Sea Gate. The street Pikk Yalg ("long leg") is an, the oldest street in the city. On it are famous houses "Three sisters", which are closely pressed against each other. They were built in XV century.

One of the main attractions cities can be named Raekoya square (Town Hall) with City Hall. On it is another the symbol of the city- famous weathervane Vana Toomas (Old Thomas).

On the Town Hall Square you can see metal circle, which symbolizes the center of Tallinn. Here is also the oldest pharmacy in Europe. Tourists are recommended to visit complex of buildings of the Great Guild, related to XV century, Craftsmen's street Katarina, House of the Brotherhood of the Blackheads, "street-ladder" Luhike Yalg ("Short Leg").

On the coast of the Gulf of Finland in 1902 was installed monument to the sailors of the battleship "Mermaid". Noteworthy and Viru Gate on the street of the same name with dozens of interesting shops.

There are a lot of churches in the capital of Estonia. gothic Church of Oleviste is an the highest in the city and one of the highest in Europe. It is famous for its unique Gothic choirs.

Pühavaimu Church (Holy Spirit, XIV c.) is interesting for its magnificent hours and " hanging pulpit". Noteworthy is also the most beautiful Church of Alexander Nevsky and Church of Our Lady of Kazan.

Worth a visit and palace and park complex Kadriorg, which Peter I built for his wife. Here, not far from the famous Singing Field, is located Museum of Peter the Great. Nowadays, the residence of the President of Estonia is located here. And chamber concerts and exhibitions of fine arts are regularly held in the palace halls.

Tallinn has over 20 museums: Working cellar,Museum of Applied Arts, Kiik-in-de-Kek, Museum of Nature, Maritime Museum, Tallinn City Museum, State Historical Museum, Estonian Art Museum etc.

The most famous theaters cities are: Russian Drama Theater, Estonian Drama Theater,Opera and Ballet theatre"Estonia", gorrhall, City theater, Studio Old City, Puppet show and Theater Von Kraly.

Located next to the coastal highway venue for numerous exhibitions - "Floral" and " Blue" pavilions. Nearby are Olimpic village, first class sailing center yacht club and cozy beach in Pirita. In the green area on the outskirts of the city you can visit Tallinn Zoo, amusement parks in Kadriorg and Rocca al Mare Tivoli. You can go to the picturesque Lake Ülemiste.

Worth to visit the smallest castle in the Baltics - Kiyu Tower (1517 g.), as well as suburban area Muga. 33 km. southeast of Tallinn is the only one in the Baltics golf course with 18 holes.

City Narva located 210 km. east of Tallinn. It was badly damaged during the Second World War, but managed to keep its main attractions. Numerous tourists come here to see the medieval Narva Castle, Baroque City Hall, urban fortifications, orthodox Resurrection Cathedral. Also noteworthy complex of buildings of the famous Krenholm manufactory, old streets and houses, Narva Museum in the fortress. By the Narva road - Narva-Jõesuu can see monument, which was created in memory of the soldiers who died in 1944 year during the liberation of the country.

North of Narva, in a pine forest on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, lies a small resort Narva-Jõesuu. Pine forests on dry sand dunes and fresh sea air create a special healing microclimate here. Here there is source of medicinal mineral water "Auga". A wide sea beach with fine white sand stretches for 13 km.

Around, on the historical lands province of Virumaa You can visit places of interest such as: lookout tower and memorial cross in Sinimäe, Fire Museum in Toila,Purtse fortress, Puhajõe Church, Maritime school and museum in Käsmu.

Beautiful nature can be enjoyed in Oru Landscape Park. The highest waterfall Estonia is Valaste (Isenheim). Its height is 25 meters.

Cross of Kyrkküla Was installed in honor of the Russian prince Roslandin who died during the Russo-Swedish War ( XVI in.).

AT Padaorg you can see the picturesque valley and historical settlements. Also noteworthy for tourists Toolse Castle, the singing sands of the Smolnica dunes. In the old town Rakvere worth to visit Wiesenberg fortress.

AT Fortified churches in Väike Maarja are graves of the Kruzenshtern family and Museum. Pukhtitsky convent was built in 1891 year. He is the only functioning Orthodox monastery in the country.

Resort towns are located on the northern coast of Lake Peipsi Remnick, Alaiye, Uusküla and Kauksi. A little to the west lie the famous resorts challenge, Kohtla-Jarve, Ruthya and Karepa.

West Coast is a land of peculiar architecture and sandy beaches. Here you can see a large number of old fortifications, ruins of medieval castles, as well as fortified churches and monasteries. Resorts Parnu and Haapsalu attract many tourists with their therapeutic mud. Numerous small islands listed in UNESCO Biosphere Fund.

Saaremaa island is the second largest island in the Baltic Sea and the largest island in the country. Here are preserved wooden windmills, medieval stone churches and ancient farms.

Kuressaare is the center of the island, it appeared in XIV in. like a castle-fortress, and in the middle XVI in. has already become a major port and trade center. Now this city is widely known for its Bishop's castle. He is the only fully preserved and largest medieval castle in the Baltic States. It was built almost 100 years and looks very impressive. The castle can be visited Saaremaa Museum and art gallery.

Deserves the attention of tourists and the museum " Manor Mihkli"in Viki village. Definitely worth a visit Viidumäe and Vilsandi reserves, limestone panga cliff, geological Kaali lake reserve and picturesque Lake Karujärv. There are many excellent diving spots off the coast of the island.

Hiiumaa island is a quiet and very colorful place. Its main attraction is the third oldest lighthouse in the world - kypu. It is located 37 km. from the capital of the island - the city Kärdla, its height is 104 meters, and it was built in 1500 year.

Nearby you can visit memorial to the victims of the shipwreck "Estonia" (1994 G.). On this island are also interesting Hiiumaa Museum in Kärdla, one of the most beautiful manor houses in Estonia - Suuremiza Palace. Ethnographical museum open air Söera in Pyhalepa open only in summer.

Hiiumaa island, gulf of kyina, Matsalu Nature Reserve and southeastern islands are one of the best ornithological sites in Europe.

Tiny Abruka Island with a small natural reserve is 6 km. from the southern coast of Saaremaa. Fans of ecotourism come here.

South Estonia counts " green heart"countries. There are many forests, hills and lakes. In these places lives Seto people which has its own distinctive language and culture.

Tartu is the capital of the region and the most important cultural center of the country, as well as the oldest city the Baltics.

City with 1030 year was known as Yuriev, then it was called Dorpat. It was founded in 1632 year by order of the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus. The city has preserved Ruins of the Cathedral of Peter and Paul (XII-XV centuries), powder cellar. Toomemägi Hill is a popular recreation area for locals. Its spurs connect two original bridges - Angels and damn.

noteworthy City Hall building, tartu observatory, Church of Jaani(middle XIV in and Botanical Garden. The city has a large number of museums: History Museum of the University of Tartu, Museum of Geology, Estonian Sports Museum, Museum of Art, Museum of Zoology, Art Museum and etc.

More 11% The city is occupied by parks. picturesque river valley Emyygi and the rolling plain adjacent to it, provide excellent opportunities for outdoor activities.

Other popular places in southern Estonia include resort center Otepaa. Otepää Church considered the birthplace of the national flag. Võru with his" Valley of the Nightingales", Valga with oval church of St. John and Mausoleum of Barclay de Tolly, Pylva with church of 1432 and interesting Peasant Museum.

The country has a large number of secluded palaces, manors and estates, which are historical sights. Of these, the most interesting for tourists are: Palmse Palace, Vihula homestead, sagadi palace,Sangaste castle,Yaieda castle. Olustvere Manor interesting for its well-preserved park, which has about 100 types of trees.

Estonia is famous for the beauty of its untouched nature. The banks of the river are very picturesque. Ahya near Polva, valley Kotiorg(Kutiorg), elevation Haanja, "sacred lake" Puhajärv south of Otepaa, Aegviidu near Tallinn.

The best areas for kayaking and canoeing are sandy cliffs on the banks of the Ahja River, endla nature reserve, Raised bogs in the Soma Reserve.

Ancestors of modern Estonians were Finno-Ugric and Estonians. On these lands they settled for 3 thousand years BC. Beginning with 10th century AD, they become allies of the Old Russian state.

AT 13th century Estonia captured by the Teutonic Knights the country came under his protection. local residents forced to convert to Catholicism. Estonia has a favorable geographical position at the crossroads of major trade routes. Therefore, a large number of German merchants came to this country. At the end 16th century, after the collapse of the Teutonic Order, these lands captured by the Swedes.

AT 1721 year, after the Northern War, this land was annexed to Russia. Estonia became one of the provinces of Russia under the name Estonian province. At the same time, it retained many of its trading rights and elements of self-government. Peter I restored the rights of the German aristocracy, lost during the reign of the Swedes. The Germans again began to enjoy great honor.

However, after a while Germany became a powerful power, and Russia began to fear her possible attack. Therefore, the Germans had to be deprived of power, Russians began to be appointed in their places.

Several parties were created in Estonia, most of which sought Estonian autonomy.

After the October Revolution 1917 year and the Bolsheviks came to power, most of the population of Estonia did not support their ideas. So February 24, 1918 of the year Estonia declared its independence.

Before the Second World War, Estonia managed to establish relations with Western countries, this contributed to the strengthening of its status. AT 1932 year between Estonia and the USSR was concluded nonaggression pact. AT 1939 The USSR also signed a non-aggression pact with the Germans. According to this document, Estonia entered the sphere of interests of the Soviet Union. This cut Estonia off from the major democracies.

So September 28, 1939 Estonia was forced to conclude mutual assistance treaty with the USSR. According to this document, on the territory of Estonia were placed military bases of the Soviet Union. The local population supported the communist bloc, and already in 1940 Estonia was annexed to the USSR.

When did the second World War, the government of the USSR mobilized the majority of Estonians of military age. July 7, 1941 German troops approached the border of Estonia. August 28 the last units of the red army left Tallinn. Started period of German occupation during which a large number of local residents were killed. On the territory of Estonia once were placed Nazi camps. At the end of August 1942 In the 1990s, the Estonian Commissar General Litzmann issued an order to create the Estonian SS legion. Later formed Estonian SS division. November 24, 1944 year, the southern point of the island of Saaremaa was captured by Soviet troops and thereby Estonia was liberated from Nazi occupation and the Soviet occupation continued.

In subsequent years, the Soviet government turned Estonia into a fairly developed industrial state with a socialist way of life. Late 80s years in Estonia began " national awakening". August 20, 1991 years, after the collapse of the USSR, the country again gained its independence. Currently Estonia is a member of the UN and the IMF.

International trade

Main foreign trade partners countries are: Finland, Sweden, Germany, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania. Over 1/3 of exports accounts for products electrotechnical and electronic industry, as well as on industrial equipment. Estonia also sells for export wood, chemicals, hardware, foodstuffs. Imports the country oil and oil products, cars and equipment, gas, Food, metals.

The shops

Country shops are usually open during weekdays with 9:00 before 18:00 (some- before 20:00 ). On Saturdays they are open from 9:00 before 15:00 (some- before 18.00 ). Supermarkets and shops located in resort areas, usually open from 10:00 before 20:00 .

In Estonia the price level is lower than in other EU countries. This makes the country attractive in terms of shopping.

From Estonia, tourists usually bring with them: local chocolate, antiques, Lithuanian amber, wood handicrafts, linen products, cotton and wool, modern works masters of art from ceramics and glass.

Demography

Average population density is 29,4 people/sq.km.

Percentage of urban population is 69,4 %.

Age composition of the population: under 15 years old - 15,8 %; 15-65 years old - 68,8 %; over 65 years old - 15,4 %

Natural increase (decrease) of the population: - 5 %. Life expectancy of men is 64,8 of the year; women - 76,4 of the year.

Estonia occupies first place in Europe in terms of adult HIV infection rate.

Industry

In major cities of the country there are engineering enterprises, metalworking,chemical industry, instrumentation. Estonia produces electric motors, court,mineral fertilizers, excavators, sulfuric acid , detergents. There are enterprises of light and Food Industry. Also developed in Estonia production of building materials, cellulose, paper and woodworking.

Fuel industry and power generation based on the extraction and processing of shale.

Flora and fauna

About half of the territory The country is covered with forests. The most common types of trees in them are: birch, pine, aspen, maple, oak, linden and spruce. The undergrowth contains willow, rowan, bird cherry, less often wild apple, blackthorn, hawthorn.

Near 3/4 of all types of flora countries account for only western coastal areas or islands.

In the northwest and north Estonia is widely used meadow vegetation. coastal strip busy seaside meadows. Territory of Estonia heavily waterlogged.

Fauna Estonia is not too diverse. Dominant animal species are wild boars, moose, deer and hares. There are also: raccoon dog, brown bear, lynx, foxes, badger, squirrels, forest polecat, weasel, hedgehog, shrew and mole.

In coastal waters found in large numbers ringed seal and long-faced seal.

Geographic data

Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north by the waters of the Gulf of Finland, from the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga, it borders on Latvia in the south and on Russia in the east. With Latvia, the Republic of Estonia has land border; border with Russian Federation passes along the Narva River, along the Peipus and Pskov lakes and along the land section from the Pskov region. The length of the coastline is 3,794 km. Estonia includes 1,521 islands in the Baltic Sea with a total area of 4.2 thousand km². The largest of them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, as well as Muhu, Vormsi, Kihnu and others. Despite the large area, less than 5% of the country's population lives on the islands. The rivers of Estonia are small, but full-flowing enough. The area of Estonia is 45,226 km². The capital of Estonia is Tallinn.

Relief features

In Estonia there are lowlands: West Estonian, Pärnu and North Estonian coastal lowlands of Lake. Võrtsjärv and Lake Peipus. Northern Estonia is a limestone plateau 30-60 m high, only in its central part the Pandivere elevation reaches 166 m. The most significant elevations in Southern Estonia are Sakala (up to 145 m), Otepää (up to 217 m) and Haanja (318 m).

The relief in the northern and western parts of the country is mostly flat, in the south it is hilly. Dominated by glacial and water-glacial plains, moraine hills. In coastal areas that have been flooded by the waters of the Baltic Sea for a long time, forms of marine origin predominate. There are also dunes and swamps.

Climatic conditions

The climate of Estonia is mild and humid. The alternation of sea and continental air, the constant influence of cyclones make the weather here very unstable. The weather is especially changeable in winter and autumn. There are great fluctuations in weather conditions from year to year. There are years when summers are dry and hot, and winters are frosty, or summers are cool and rainy, and winters are mild. Climatic conditions make it possible to grow all agricultural crops in the northern zone of the temperate zone in Estonia. Crop failures (2-3 times within 10 years) are mainly due to excessive rainfall. According to climatic conditions, the area of direct influence of the Baltic Sea and inner Estonia are distinguished. On the coast, mild winters and moderately warm summers, inland winters are cooler and summers are warmer than on the coast. On the island of Vilsandi, for example, the average monthly air temperature in February is -3.40, in Tartu -6.60. In July, the temperature is 16.3 and 17.30, respectively, and the average annual temperature is 6.0 and 4.80C. Precipitation falls on average 550-650 mm, on the coast in places less than 500 mm. Snow cover lasts from 70 to 130 days a year. The vegetation period lasts 170-185 days, the period of active plant growth is from 120 to 130 days.

Rivers and lakes

There are many small rivers in Estonia, of which only nine are 100 km or more in length. The Narva (Narova) River is the deepest river in Estonia; The Suur-Emajõgi and Pärnu rivers are also relatively abundant. Kazari and some others. The rivers of Northern Estonia, cutting through limestone and dolomite, form picturesque waterfalls (on the rivers Narva). Many rivers in South Estonia also cut into bedrock. High water on Estonian rivers occurs during the spring snowmelt. Autumn rains rarely cause floods. Estonia is rich in lakes, there are more than 1150 of them (together with reservoirs). The largest reservoirs are Lake Peipus (Estonian name Peipsi), lake. Vyrtsjärv (270 sq. km) and the Narva reservoir (200 sq. km, within Estonia - 40 sq. km). Most lakes in Estonia are occupied by basins of glacial origin. These include lakes of hilly-morainic landscapes (for example, Lake Pühajärv, i.e. "holy lake"), as well as oblong lakes among the drumlins (Lake Saadjärv) and valley lakes (Lake Viljandi, etc.). On the western and northern coasts there are many coastal (relict) lakes formed as a result of the retreat of the sea. Many lakes and swamps. The small lake Kaali on the island of Saaremaa is unique in terms of the meteorite origin of its basin.

natural areas

Estonia lies in the temperate mixed forest subzone. Currently, forests occupy about 40% of the territory of the republic. The most common typical pine forests on podzolic sandy soils, especially in southeastern and southern Estonia. Broad-leaved forests grow only in patches on fertile calcareous soils, mainly in western and northern Estonia. On limestones, mainly on the island of Saaremaa and in Northwestern Estonia, low-growing sparse alvar forests, mainly pine and spruce forests. For swampy areas with running groundwater, black alder forests are typical. They are widely represented in Southwestern and Northeastern Estonia. Meadows and forest meadows in Estonia, as well as almost everywhere in the forest zone, were formed mainly as a result of the destruction of forests and constant haymaking and grazing.

The peoples of the country. Their main occupations

Structure National economy Estonia: industry, Agriculture, construction, transport and communications, other branches of material production - National income was produced: in industry, in agriculture, in transport and communications, in construction, in other branches of material production. In terms of total social product and national income per capita, Estonia occupies one of the first places among the Baltic countries. By 1990, the population was about 40% higher than before the war, while, along with migration from other Soviet republics, the Estonian population also grew (951 thousand in 1940, 830 thousand in 1945, 966 thousand in 1991 -- maximum). Since 1992, the depopulation of the country began, the cause of which was both mass emigration and negative natural growth. By 2008, the country's population had decreased by 14.5% compared to 1990, the Estonian population had fallen to 920,885 people. National minorities (mostly Russians) live mainly in Tallinn (52.8% of the population, 66.1% of which are Russians) and in the industrial area in the northeast, in Ida-Viru County (in the city of Narva - about 97 % of the population).

The official language is Estonian. The Russian language is also widely spoken.

Estonia ranks first in Europe in terms of the infection rate of the adult population with the human immunodeficiency virus - 1.3% in 2007.

General information about the country: area of the territory, population (composition, number), structure of the land fund, state symbols.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

Territory - 45,226 sq. km.

Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). The official language is Estonian. For about a third of the population of the country, the native language is Russian Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Church), other. The capital is Tallinn. Largest cities- Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division- 15 regions. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. Currency - Estonian kroon.

Geographical position

Estonia is a state located in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west by the Baltic Sea. In the east, the country borders on Russia, in the south - on Latvia. Estonia owns more than 1500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

State flag of Estonia.

The national flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. Top band of blue color, middle - black and bottom - white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.

The first blue-black-white flag was consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In the following decades, the blue-black-and-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first decree on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-and-white flag as the state flag. After the forcible annexation of the Republic of Estonia to Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was banned.

The Estonian national colors reappeared openly in 1987-1988, when the movement for the liberation and restoration of Estonian independence began. The tricolor was again raised over the Long German tower on February 24, 1989, and by a law passed in August 1990, it was decided to start using the blue-black-and-white flag as the state flag again. The Estonian Flag Law was promulgated on April 5, 2005.

State Emblem of Estonia

The national emblem of Estonia exists in two formats: the large national emblem (pictured) and the small national emblem. The large state emblem on a golden shield depicts three blue lions marching with their eyes fixed on the viewer (passant gardant). On the sides and bottom, the shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed oak branches of golden color, crossing at the bottom of the shield. The small coat of arms is identical, but there are no oak branches on it.

The motif of the Estonian state emblem dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Danish kingdom. The same motif was later transferred to the coat of arms of the Estland province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.

The Riigikogu approved the Estonian national emblem on June 19, 1925. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former emblem was prohibited. The historical coat of arms of the Estonian state was again accepted for use on August 7, 1990. The Law on the State Emblem was promulgated on July 3, 2001.

Entry into the USSR

In conditions when Latvia and Finland refused to support Estonia, England and France (which were at war with Germany) were not able to provide it, and Germany recommended accepting the Soviet proposal, the Estonian government entered into negotiations in Moscow, as a result of which on September 28 The Mutual Assistance Pact was concluded, providing for the deployment of Soviet military bases and a 25,000-strong Soviet contingent in Estonia.

In 1940, additional contingents of Soviet troops were introduced. On the territory of Estonia, military bases of the USSR were created, on which 25,000 soldiers were stationed. On June 10, combat readiness was declared at Soviet bases in Estonia. On June 14, a military and naval blockade of the Baltic states was declared. On June 14, Soviet planes shot down a plane of a Finnish airline that took off from Tallinn over the Gulf of Finland.

June, Molotov handed the Estonian ambassador an ultimatum note, in which he demanded the immediate entry into Estonia of an additional contingent of Soviet troops numbering 90,000 people and the removal of the government, otherwise threatening the occupation of Estonia. Päts accepted the ultimatum.

June 1940 entered Tallinn Soviet troops; At the same time, ships of the Baltic Fleet stood up in the roadstead and an amphibious assault was landed. The Soviet military authorities banned public gatherings, gatherings, outdoor photography; weapons were confiscated from the population within 24 hours. On June 18, Bochkarev, an adviser to the Soviet embassy, named the first members of the new pro-Soviet Estonian government. Subsequent events were led by A. A. Zhdanov, authorized by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for Estonia, who arrived in Tallinn on June 19. On June 21, he dictated to Päts the composition of the new cabinet, headed by the poet Johannes Vares (Barbarus), who adhered to leftist views and soon joined the Communist Party. In fact, the leadership of the country was carried out by the embassy of the USSR. The NKVD arrived from Leningrad to Tallinn. Arrests and deportations of citizens of the Republic of Estonia began, including those actively opposed to the Soviet regime. Following this, Zhdanov ordered elections to the Riigikogu to be held within nine days.

By a decree of Päts of July 5, extraordinary elections to the Riigikogu were scheduled for July 14, 1940. According to official data, 591,030 citizens took part in the elections, or 84.1% of total number voters. 548,631 people, or 92.8% of those who voted, voted for the candidates of the Union of Working People (candidates of other parties were not registered). According to some Russian and Estonian historians, the elections were held in violation of existing laws, including the constitution, and the results were falsified.

On July 1940 (even before the formal inclusion of Estonia into the USSR), an order was issued by People's Commissar of Defense Marshal S. K. Timoshenko No. 0141, according to which by July 31, 1940, the territory of Estonia was to be included in the Leningrad Military District.

July, the first session of the Riigikogu of the new convocation adopted a decision on the establishment of Soviet power in the country and the formation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22, a declaration was adopted on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. The Riigikogu addressed the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a corresponding request. On the same day, President Konstantin Päts filed a petition for his release from the presidency, which was granted. The powers of the President, in accordance with the Constitution, passed to the Prime Minister. On July 30, Päts was deported to Bashkiria.

August 1940, the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the admission of the Estonian SSR to the USSR.

Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011)

Languages: Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011)

Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7 % (2011)

Population: 1,257,921 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 158

Age structure:

14 years old: 15.6% (male 101,018 / female 95204)

24 years old: 11.2% (men 72,318 / women 68,373)

54 years old: 41.5% (male 250,244 / female 271,450)

64 years old: 18.6% (men 71,518 / women 94,029)

years and older: 18.2% (male 77,492 / female 156,275) (2014)

Number dependency:

Total dependency ratio: 51.2%

Youth dependency ratio: 23.9%

Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3%

potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)

Average age:

total: 41.2 years

men: 37.6 years

women: 44.5 years (2014)

Population Growth Rate:

Place of the country in the world: 228

Fertility:

29 births / 1,000 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 187

Mortality:

69 deaths/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 13

Net Migration Rate:

37 Migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 185

Urbanization:

Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)

rate of urbanization: 0.02% rate of change (2010-15)

Major urban areas - population:

TALLINN (capital) 430 944 (2014)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

14 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

24 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

54 years old: 0.92 male(s)/female

64 years old: 0.84 male(s)/female

years and older: 0.49 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2014)

Mothers Average age at first birth:

3 (2010)

Maternal mortality:

deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Place of the country in the world: 184

Infant mortality rate:

total: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births

Place of the country in the world: 164

men: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births

women: 5.52 deaths/1000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 74.07 years

Place of the country in the world: 118

men: 68.85 years

women: 79.61 years (2014)

Total fertility rate:

46 children born/woman (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 196

Natural resource potential

estonia population climate economy

In addition to the mainland, Estonia also has an island. She owns 1541 islands in the Baltic Sea. The largest among them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sometimes the sea freezes in winter. The territory of the country is predominantly low-lying plain with many lakes of glacial origin. In the northeastern part - a strip of hilly hills from the very high point countries - Munamägi (318 m). In the northern and central parts - the Pandivere upland (up to 166 m). 2/3 of the forests are coniferous.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental. The average January temperature is -6, July +17 °С. The annual rainfall is about 650 mm. Mineral resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites.

Estonia's natural resources are more significant than in other Baltic countries. It has such minerals as slates, peat, phosphorites. There are raw materials for the building materials industry - sand, gravel, clay, limestone, dolomite. There are deposits mineral waters and therapeutic mud. Oil shale is a very valuable mineral used as a fuel to produce shale gas, as a raw material in the chemical industry. Shale reserves in the north-east of the republic are one of the largest in the world, amounting to 15 billion tons.

GDP. Economics - general overview

Estonia, a member of the European Union and Eurozone since 2004, has a modern market economy and is one of the higher levels income in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Successive Estonian governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic program and wavered slightly in their commitment to market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt levels. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications and strong trade links with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. The Estonian economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of the investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the property bubble, and reduced demand for exports as a result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe, but the economy has recovered strongly in the last five years. Growth is expected to top 2% in 2014, prior to events in Ukraine. Estonia introduced the euro on January 1, 2011.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$29940000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

$29490000000 (2012)

$28370000000 (2011)

GDP (at official exchange rate):

$24280000000 (2013)

GDP - real growth rate:

Place of the country in the world: 158

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$22,400 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 66

$22,000 (2012)

$21,200 (2011)

note: data in 2013 USD

Gross National Savings:

23.9% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 56

4% of GDP (2012)

9% of GDP (2011)

GDP - composition, by the end of use:

household consumption: 50.6%

government consumption: 19%

investment in fixed assets: 24.5%

inventory investment: 0.9%

export of goods and services: 90.4%

imports of goods and services: -90.3% (2013)

GDP - by sector of origin:

agriculture: 3.9%

industry: 30%

services: 66.2% (2013)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, vegetables; farm animals and dairy products; fish

Industries: electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information Technology, telecommunications

Growth in industrial production:

Place of the country in the world: 104

Work force:

692900 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 152

Labor force - by sectors of the economy:

agriculture: 4.2%

industry: 20.2%

services: 75.6% (2010)

Unemployment rate:

10.9% (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

Population below the poverty line:

Household income or share of consumption:

lowest 10%: 2.7%

over 10%: 27.7% (2004)

revenue: $8489 million

expenses: $8615 million (2013)

Taxes and other income:

35% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 67

Budget surplus (+) or loss (-):

0.5% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 57

State debt:

6% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 156

8% of GDP (2012)

Note: The data covers total government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of the central government, state power, local government, and social insurance funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Place of the country in the world: 120

Export: $15110000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 79

$14460000000 (2012)

Export - goods: machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and products from 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and spare parts 5%, food and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%

Export partners: Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)

Import: $16380000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 85

$15.6 billion (2012)

Import - goods: machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles

Import - partners: Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)

Foreign exchange and gold reserves:

Place of the country in the world: 151

Debt - external:

Place of the country in the world: 76

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - at home:

Place of the country in the world: 6

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - Abroad:

Place of the country in the world: 60

Participation in international organizations

Participation in international organizations: Australia Group, B.A., BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (state cooperating), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGO), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (Observer), OECD, OIF (Observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN Schengen Convention, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WTO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Investment projects

The largest investors are Russian oil and gas concerns, such as Gazprom and Lukoil .

The largest Russian gas company Gazprom owns the largest shareholding Eesti Gaas , she owns 30.6%. She also owns a modern chemical plant Nitrofert in Kohtla-Järve, producing chemical fertilizers.

So far cooperation Gazprom with Estonia was the most constructive among all the Baltic states. In February 1996 Gazprom announced the start of construction of a methanol plant, which could become the most modern and expensive industrial enterprise in Estonia.

The plant would have to produce 1000 tons of methanol per day, 2/3 of which would be exported. In addition, it would be the largest foreign investment in Estonia.

However, the project is experiencing problems obtaining a loan. Much depends on how the Estonian politicians react to this case.

Concern Lukoil engaged in the supply of petroleum products. He owns a network of petrol stations in Tallinn.

Currently, an oil terminal is being built in the port of Muuga, in which Lukoil invested 31 million dollars.

Russian capital shows some interest in the Estonian financial sector as well.

However, the wide participation of Russian capital in foreign enterprises is hindered by Russian legislation. The Central Bank of Russia allows the export of Russian capital for equity participation in the capital of a foreign bank, as a rule, only if this participation provides the Russian side with control over the activities of the invested bank.

Of the existing Russian banks in Estonia, we can mention the Baltic Bank and MAPO-Bank

General information about the country: area of the territory, population (composition, number), structure of the land fund, state symbols.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

Territory - 45,226 sq. km.

Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). The official language is Estonian. For about a third of the country's population, the native language is Russian. Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Churches), others. The capital is Tallinn. The largest cities are Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division - 15 regions. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. Currency - Estonian kroon.

Geographical position

Estonia is a country located in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west by the Baltic Sea. In the east, the country borders on Russia, in the south - on Latvia. Estonia owns more than 1500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

State flag of Estonia.

The national flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. The top stripe is blue, the middle stripe is black and the bottom stripe is white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.

The first blue-black-white flag was consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In the following decades, the blue-black-and-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first decree on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-and-white flag as the state flag. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was prohibited.

State Emblem of Estonia

Entry into the USSR

On June 16, Molotov handed the Estonian ambassador an ultimatum note in which he demanded the immediate entry into Estonia of an additional contingent of Soviet troops numbering 90,000 people and the removal of the government, otherwise threatening the occupation of Estonia. Päts accepted the ultimatum.

On June 17, 1940, Soviet troops entered Tallinn; At the same time, ships of the Baltic Fleet stood up in the roadstead and an amphibious assault was landed. The Soviet military authorities banned public gatherings, gatherings, outdoor photography; weapons were confiscated from the population within 24 hours. On June 18, Bochkarev, an adviser to the Soviet embassy, named the first members of the new pro-Soviet Estonian government. Subsequent events were led by A. A. Zhdanov, authorized by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for Estonia, who arrived in Tallinn on June 19. On June 21, he dictated to Päts the composition of the new cabinet, headed by the poet Johannes Vares (Barbarus), who adhered to leftist views and soon joined the Communist Party. In fact, the leadership of the country was carried out by the embassy of the USSR. The NKVD arrived from Leningrad to Tallinn. Arrests and deportations of citizens of the Republic of Estonia began, including those actively opposed to the Soviet regime. Following this, Zhdanov ordered elections to the Riigikogu to be held within nine days.

By a decree of Päts of July 5, extraordinary elections to the Riigikogu were scheduled for July 14, 1940. According to official data, 591,030 citizens, or 84.1% of the total number of voters, took part in the elections. 548,631 people, or 92.8% of those who voted, voted for the candidates of the Union of Working People (candidates of other parties were not registered). According to some Russian and Estonian historians, the elections were held in violation of existing laws, including the constitution, and the results were falsified.

On July 11, 1940 (even before the formal inclusion of Estonia into the USSR), an order was issued by People's Commissar for Defense Marshal S. K. Timoshenko No. 0141, according to which by July 31, 1940, the territory of Estonia was to be included in the Leningrad Military District.

On July 21, the first session of the Riigikogu of the new convocation adopted a decision on the establishment of Soviet power in the country and the formation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22, a declaration was adopted on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. The Riigikogu addressed the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a corresponding request. On the same day, President Konstantin Päts filed a petition for his release from the presidency, which was granted. The powers of the President, in accordance with the Constitution, passed to the Prime Minister. On July 30, Päts was deported to Bashkiria.

On August 6, 1940, the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the admission of the Estonian SSR to the USSR.

Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011)

Languages: Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011)

Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7 % (2011)

Population: 1,257,921 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 158

Age structure:

0-14 years old: 15.6% (male 101018 / female 95204)

15-24 years old: 11.2% (men 72,318 / women 68,373)

25-54 years old: 41.5% (male 250 244 / female 271450)

55-64 years old: 18.6% (men 71,518 / women 94,029)

65 years and older: 18.2% (male 77,492 / female 156,275) (2014)

Number dependency:

Total dependency ratio: 51.2%

Youth dependency ratio: 23.9%

Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3%

potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)

Average age:

total: 41.2 years

men: 37.6 years

women: 44.5 years (2014)

Population Growth Rate:

0.68% (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 228

Fertility:

10.29 births / 1,000 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 187

Mortality:

13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 13

Net Migration Rate:

3.37 Migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 185

Urbanization:

Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)

rate of urbanization: 0.02% rate of change (2010-15)

Major urban areas - population:

TALLINN (capital) 430 944 (2014)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years old: 0.92 male(s)/female

55-64 years old: 0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and older: 0.49 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2014)

Mothers Average age at first birth:

26.3 (2010)

Maternal mortality:

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Place of the country in the world: 184

Infant mortality rate:

total: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births

Place of the country in the world: 164

men: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births

women: 5.52 deaths/1000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 74.07 years

Place of the country in the world: 118

men: 68.85 years

women: 79.61 years (2014)

Total fertility rate:

1.46 children born/woman (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 196

Natural resource potential

estonia population climate economy

In addition to the mainland, Estonia also has an island. She owns 1541 islands in the Baltic Sea. The largest among them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sometimes the sea freezes in winter. The territory of the country is predominantly low-lying plain with many lakes of glacial origin. In the northeastern part - a strip of hilly hills with the highest point of the country - Munamägi (318 m). In the northern and central parts - the Pandivere upland (up to 166 m). 2/3 of the forests are coniferous.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental. The average January temperature is -6, July +17 °С. The annual rainfall is about 650 mm. Mineral resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites.

Estonia's natural resources are more significant than in other Baltic countries. It has such minerals as slates, peat, phosphorites. There are raw materials for the building materials industry - sand, gravel, clay, limestone, dolomite. There are deposits of mineral waters and therapeutic mud. Oil shale is a very valuable mineral used as a fuel to produce shale gas, as a raw material in the chemical industry. Shale reserves in the north-east of the republic are one of the largest in the world, amounting to 15 billion tons.

GDP. Economics - general overview

Estonia, a member of the European Union and Eurozone since 2004, has a modern market economy and one of the highest income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Successive Estonian governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic program and wavered slightly in their commitment to market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt levels. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications and strong trade links with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. The Estonian economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of the investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the property bubble, and reduced demand for exports as a result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe, but the economy has recovered strongly in the last five years. Growth is expected to top 2% in 2014, prior to events in Ukraine. Estonia introduced the euro on January 1, 2011.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$29940000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

$29490000000 (2012)

$28370000000 (2011)

GDP (at official exchange rate):

$24280000000 (2013)

GDP - real growth rate:

Place of the country in the world: 158

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$22,400 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 66

$22,000 (2012)

$21,200 (2011)

note: data in 2013 USD

Gross National Savings:

23.9% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 56

26.4% of GDP (2012)

26.9% of GDP (2011)

GDP - composition, by the end of use:

household consumption: 50.6%

government consumption: 19%

investment in fixed assets: 24.5%

inventory investment: 0.9%

export of goods and services: 90.4%

imports of goods and services: -90.3% (2013)

GDP - by sector of origin:

agriculture: 3.9%

industry: 30%

services: 66.2% (2013)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, vegetables; farm animals and dairy products; fish

Industries: electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Growth in industrial production:

Place of the country in the world: 104

Work force:

692900 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 152

Labor force - by sectors of the economy:

agriculture: 4.2%

industry: 20.2%

services: 75.6% (2010)

Unemployment rate:

10.9% (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

10.2% (2012)

Population below the poverty line:

Household income or share of consumption:

lowest 10%: 2.7%

over 10%: 27.7% (2004)

revenue: $8489 million

expenses: $8615 million (2013)

Taxes and other income:

35% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 67

Budget surplus (+) or loss (-):

0.5% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 57

State debt:

6% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 156

5.8% of GDP (2012)

Note: The data covers total government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by (or owned by) government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social insurance funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Place of the country in the world: 120

Export: $15110000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 79

$14460000000 (2012)

Export - goods: machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and products from 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and spare parts 5%, food and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%

Export partners: Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)

Import: $16380000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 85

$15.6 billion (2012)

Import - goods: machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles

Import - partners: Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)

Foreign exchange and gold reserves:

Place of the country in the world: 151

Debt - external:

Place of the country in the world: 76

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - at home:

Place of the country in the world: 6

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - Abroad:

Place of the country in the world: 60

Participation in international organizations

Investment projects

The largest investors are Russian oil and gas concerns such as Gazprom and Lukoil.

The largest Russian gas company "Gazprom" also owns the largest stake in "Eesti Gaas", it owns 30.6%. It also owns a modern chemical plant "Nitrofert" in Kohtla-Järve, which produces chemical fertilizers.

So far, Gazprom's cooperation with Estonia has been the most constructive among all the Baltic states. In February 1996, Gazprom announced the construction of a methanol plant, which could become the most modern and expensive industrial enterprise in Estonia.

The plant would have to produce 1000 tons of methanol per day, 2/3 of which would be exported. In addition, it would be the largest foreign investment in Estonia.

However, the project is experiencing problems obtaining a loan. Much depends on how the Estonian politicians react to this case.

Concern "Lukoil" is engaged in the supply of petroleum products. He owns a network of petrol stations in Tallinn.

An oil terminal is currently under construction in the port of Muuga, in which Lukoil has invested $31 million.

Russian capital shows some interest in the Estonian financial sector as well.

Of the existing Russian banks in Estonia, we can mention the Baltic Bank and MAPO-Bank.

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The position of Estonia relative to conditional lines on the map. Estonia agriculture. estonia population climate economy

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