Profile training is not professional or industrial, its main goal is the self-determination of students, the formation of an adequate idea of their capabilities. That is, profile education is the deepening of knowledge, inclinations, the improvement of previously acquired skills through the creation of a system of specialized training in the upper grades of a general education school. This training is focused on the individualization of education and the professional orientation of students, taking into account the real needs of the labor market.
What are the main tasks of the system of specialized education in secondary school? There are several of them:
- To give students deep and solid knowledge in specialized disciplines, that is, in the area where they intend to realize themselves after graduation.
- Develop student self-reliance skills cognitive activity prepare them to solve problems of various levels of complexity.
- To orient students in a wide range of problems associated with a particular field of activity.
- To develop students' motivation for research activities.
- To develop in students a mindset that allows them not to passively consume information, but to critically and creatively process it; have an opinion and be able to defend it in any situation.
- Make students competitive in terms of admission to the universities of their choice.
The organization of the system of specialized education is usually as follows: pre-profile ninth grades and specialized senior classes. In the pre-profile classes, the following tasks are solved: educational - "teach to learn", career guidance and the task of general development. But the main goal of pre-profile education in the 9th grade is to help schoolchildren decide in advance on the choice of the future profile of education.
Life convinces that the most successful are those people who are engaged in professional activity, to the greatest extent corresponding to their natural inclinations, inclinations, abilities and character. It is really possible to carry out through profile training.
Profile training at school makes the process of professional self-determination more intense, firstly, thanks to in-depth study school subjects, constituting the core of the interesting or selected professional sphere activities; secondly, thanks to the possibility of the Basic Curriculum used for the implementation of an active test of strength by students.
List of profiles approved by the Ministry of Education:
- Physical and mathematical: computer science, mathematics, physics.
- Physical and chemical: physics, mathematics, chemistry.
- Chemical-Biological: Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology.
- Biological and geographical: mathematics, geography, biology.
- Socio-economic: mathematics, geography, social studies, economics. (sometimes right)
- Social and humanitarian: social science, history, Russian language, literature, law.
- Philological: literature, Russian language, foreign language , second foreign language.
- Information technology: mathematics, computer science (sometimes physics)
- Agrotechnological: biology, animal husbandry, agronomy, agricultural machinery.
- Industrial and technological: physics,
Profile training, the need for which has been talked about for so long at all levels, nevertheless overtook general education school along with the adoption of the new Federal Basic Curriculum of 2004. Although in many regions this form of education has been used for a long time, perhaps not in such a structured manner and under such a name. This article is “thinking aloud” about the experience of the deputy director for educational work in this area, who for 6 years supervised the chemical and biological direction at school and at the same time taught biology lessons in classes of in-depth study of the subject and in specialized classes.
From the concept of profile education. Possible directions of profiling and profile structures“The most important issue of organizing profile education is to determine the structure and directions of profiling, as well as the model for organizing profile education. At the same time, one should take into account, on the one hand, the desire to most fully take into account the individual interests, abilities, inclinations of high school students (this leads to the creation of a large number of different profiles), on the other hand, a number of factors hindering the processes of such a largely spontaneous differentiation of education: state exam, standard approval general education, the need to stabilize the federal list of textbooks, providing specialized education with appropriate teaching staff, etc.” |
Determination of the structure and directions of profiling
One of the main points in the organization of specialized education is the presence of a social order of society. Therefore, at the stage of preparation for the transition to specialized education, it is necessary to conduct a survey of parents and students on the direction of school profiling. This can be done at parent and class meetings by offering to fill out a questionnaire. But first, representatives of the administration should speak at these meetings with a detailed and at the same time accessible presentation of the Concept of profile education.
The difficulty lies in the fact that by the time of graduation from the basic school, the issue of choosing a further profession has not yet been resolved in most families. Therefore, it is natural to rely on the already existing classes of in-depth study of the subject, if there were any in the school and if their functioning was carried out quite effectively (ensuring the implementation of the standard and quality of education, the presence of winners of city and regional Olympiads, admission of graduates to universities according to their profile, etc.).
For example, in our school, since 1993, in-depth study classes have been completed in the 5th grade. in English(based on the recruitment plan, which includes such items as working with parents, propaedeutic work with students, determining the staff of subject teachers, conducting entrance linguistic testing, etc.). Since there are no AP classes offered to parents and students at this level, it is only natural that the most successful students elementary school(excellent students and good students) express a desire to study in this class (it is clear that at this age the decision for them in most cases is made by their parents). As a result, both future humanitarians and "techies" get into the class.
In the 8th grade, with the beginning of the study of chemistry, a class of in-depth study of this subject opens. Accordingly, in the second half of the previous academic year, in parallel with the 7th grade, a propaedeutic chemistry course is taught in order to identify students who want to study in this grade. Some students (future natural scientists) move from the class of in-depth study of the English language to the class of in-depth study of chemistry (6 hours a week at better times) and biology (3 hours per week). Unfortunately, the choice is not clear for all children. There are also “random” students, those who have not developed relationships in the class team, “non-linguists” who have realized that they do not need or find it difficult to study English in the amount of 5-6 hours a week. But since in the future, on the basis of this class, a class of a chemical and biological profile is completed, which purposefully prepares graduates for admission to medical universities and other specialized universities for a number of years (see below), the children go. Parents, who very often have related professions, such as doctors, nurses, etc., also have a strong influence at this stage.
In the 10th grade, the definition of the profile is final. Classes of the humanitarian profile (based on the class of in-depth study of the English language), information technology profile (where from the "English" and "nerds" the "techies" go), chemical and biological profile (based on the class of in-depth study of chemistry) and universal classes ( they used to be called basic).
From the concept of profile education. Pre-profile training (at the second stage of general education). Elective coursesThe implementation of the idea of profile of the senior stage puts the graduate of the main stage before the need to make a responsible choice - preliminary self-determination in relation to the main direction of their own activity. Necessary condition creating an educational space that promotes self-determination of the student of the main stage is the introduction of pre-profile training through the organization of elective courses. For these purposes it is necessary: to increase the hours of the variable (school) component of the Basic Curriculum in the final grade of the main stage of general education; when organizing compulsory elective classes, introduce the division of the class into the required number of groups; educational institutions use the hours of the variable component, primarily for the organization of pre-profile training. |
So, when starting the organization of specialized education at school, in addition to the social order, it is necessary to take into account the following factors.
1. The presence in the school of classes of in-depth study of the subject (for example, chemistry and biology, English, etc.). The functioning of classes of in-depth study of the subject in the basic school, no doubt, will significantly increase the effectiveness of profile education in high school. In any case, the analysis of the effectiveness of their work can be used in the future when choosing a profile (profiles).
2. Availability of the necessary teaching staff. The availability of qualified teaching staff is point number 1 in profile education, which involves the study of individual subjects at an in-depth level. However, young teachers may also be involved in such classes. Here, an important selection criterion is the desire of the teacher to work on an in-depth program and his professional potential.
3. Software and methodological support. In connection with the transition to the new Federal Basic Curriculum of 2004, collections of regulatory documents for each subject including biology. This collection also contains the “Program in Biology of Secondary (Complete) General Education ( a basic level of)" at the rate of 1 hour per week and "Program in biology of secondary (complete) general education (profile level)" - 3 hours per week.
The author tested the program for the profile level in the past academic year in the 10th grade and can say that the program is not bad in general, although, in my opinion, an excessive number of hours are devoted to the topic: "The Origin of Life on Earth." It would be possible to transfer these hours to genetics in order to better consolidate the skills of solving genetic problems.
4. Availability of an appropriate material and technical base. It is not worth writing much about this - and it is so clear that, for example, there should be an equal sign between the concepts of “chemical and biological profile” and “fully staffed chemistry and biology classroom”.
5. Availability of communication with the university according to the profile (now or in the future). A significant factor determining the success of the functioning of specialized classes is the presence of a tandem "school-university". This collaboration may include:
– conducting a number of core subjects by university professors;
– functioning preparatory courses to a given university on the basis of a school (moreover, school teachers can and, ideally, should be involved in their work, which, as you understand, is an additional material support for the latter);
- admission of students to a university based on the results of final exams or taking entrance exams to a university based on a school, etc.
The most successful period of functioning of chemical and biological classes was 1997–2001, when our school collaborated with the Tyumen medical academy(TMA). On the basis of the school, preparatory courses were conducted for this educational institution, which were attended by students not only of the chemical and biological class, but also of other classes of the school, as well as other schools in the city. During the holidays, teachers from Tyumen came to give lectures. At the end of the school year, immediately after final certification, on the basis of the school, entrance exams to TMA were held. It was very convenient for graduates from a distant northern town.
Unfortunately, in the future, due to the change of administration, cooperation with the university was gradually reduced to nothing. And then the chemical-biological profile also “died down”, despite the fact that from 50% to 80% of the graduates of these classes chose a university according to their profile of study, successfully continued their studies at the university and now many of them are already working as doctors, teachers, like in our country. city, and in Tyumen, Izhevsk, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, etc.
It is necessary to immediately distinguish between the concepts of pre-profile and profile training. At the first stage, the majority of students (and their parents) have not yet chosen their future fate and are hesitating. The main task of the administration and teachers at this stage is to properly organize this choice. Even if a child is already studying in a class of in-depth study of a subject (completed in the 5th, 7th, 8th grade - everywhere differently), this does not mean at all that he will choose this particular profile in the 10th grade.
Six years of experience in completing specialized classes at the third stage of education allows us to say that, for example, from the class of in-depth study of the English language, staffed in the 5th grade (see above), 60-70% of students go to the 10th grade of this profile. The rest by that time had already decided on a further specialty and were choosing classes of a different profile.
Organization of pre-profile training (hereinafter PPP) is a joint activity of the entire teaching staff:
– the administration, which develops the Pre-Profile Training Plan, which is then considered at the meeting pedagogical council and approved by the director; programs of elective courses, schedules of classes of elective courses, etc.;
- class teachers who organize classroom and parent meetings, questioning students and parents, etc .;
– subject teachers who present their elective courses in order to attract as many students as possible;
– pedagogues-psychologists who conduct psychological monitoring in order to determine the personal inclinations of students.
In any case, the most important thing is organization. Suppose that the elective courses that will be taught this academic year have already been determined (as a rule, they are determined in April-May of the previous academic year, reviewed and approved by the methodological council of the school, if the courses are copyright), included in academic plan, the schedule of elective courses has been drawn up, everything seems to be ready.
Attention! The most important thing is that the children know about all this. The best option is to hold a presentation of all elective courses at the beginning of the year, to which students of the 9th grade parallels are invited. To clearly and clearly say why all this is necessary, what children are obliged to do and how everything should end. For example:
– each ninth grader must attend at least 2 (3) elective courses during the school year;
- all his visits are recorded in the journal of elective courses (which must be entered, since the whole thing is included in the curriculum and paid);
- each course ends with a test (presentation, defense of the project, theatricalization, etc.);
- in the journal of elective courses, opposite the name of each student on the last day of classes, “pass” or “fail” is put (depending on the result);
- at the end of the academic year, this may affect the completion of the profile class - to take or not to take.
The concept does not stipulate the obligatory attendance of elective courses, but if you already organize pre-profile training, then everything must be done very seriously and punctually.
If someone, after reading these lines, thought that these were excessive strictness and that our children are conscious, then it is completely in vain. When we conducted pre-profile training in our school for the first year, we were also naive. It seems that we did everything right: and elective courses from different educational areas picked up (there were chemistry, biology, English, Russian, technology, mathematics, etc.), and the schedule was compiled, hung out for everyone to see next to the schedule of lessons. And when they went to check how they function, they gasped - there were no children! And because they said: "At will." And you know what desires our “middle peasants” have – a computer and a sofa. Of course, the "English" went to English, the "nerds" went to chemistry and biology, and everyone else didn't go anywhere. The next year they became smarter - two courses a year are a must! But there was an exception to the rule, more on that below.
The success of an elective course depends on many factors. Both the personality of the teacher and the content of the course are important here. But still, the first place is still the organization of classes. In our school, due to the fact that the elective course "Values and Meanings of a Professional Career" was included in the general schedule, it ended with excursions to a vocational school, colleges, technical school, the number of students who continued their studies in these professional educational institutions has increased dramatically over the past two years.
Pluses: children left the school, whose presence in the tenth grade was not entirely desirable for the school (due to low academic motivation and discipline).
Cons: the number of tenth grade sets in parallel (and, accordingly, the teaching load, and hence the salaries of teachers) has decreased. This academic year, instead of the usual 5-6 tenth grades, we barely scored 4.
Moral: the stick is always double-edged.
Concluding this section, I would like to recall the last paragraph of Section 2.1. Regulations on the state (final) certification of graduates of IX and XI (XII) classes of general educational institutions of the Russian Federation.
Graduates of the ninth grade of a general education institution who wish to continue their education in specialized grade III levels of general education, pass two exams in subjects corresponding to this profile of study.
In other words, students who have chosen a profile for themselves at the end of the 9th grade, at the state final certification for the course of the basic school, are required to take exams in the future profile of education (for example, chemistry and biology, if the profile is chemical-biological).
Conclusion (appeal to biology teachers)
Dear Colleagues!
Despite the fact that the new Basic Curriculum castrated (I hope this biologism is appropriate here) our subject in grades 6–7 and in grades 10–11 in all profiles except chemistry and biology is a reality that must be accepted . But if you are a good teacher, you have a well-equipped biology classroom, your students regularly enter medical schools, to the biological and environmental faculties of universities and other universities in the field of study and (this is the maximum program!) There is the possibility of cooperation with any "biological" university - fight for our profile! UNESCO declared the 21st century the century of biology, and this is not known only in our country. Undoubtedly, the humanization of education is a necessary and good thing, but life has had and will have cellular structure, and biology will always be the million-year-old basis of the social superstructure of humanity.
The article was published with the support of the largest network of English schools in Moscow language English Lingua Centre. Training is carried out in standard and mini groups, in pairs and individually. Classes are possible both with Russian teachers and with native speakers. Classical English courses in Moscow according to the New Headway method of the University of Oxford, intensive courses, preparation for the Unified State Examination or corporate training, free introductory lessons, a wide network of branches and a convenient class schedule - all this is ELC.
All related news: School 171
In 1974, with the support of the Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University, chemistry classes were opened, and in 2007, biological classes were opened at the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. More than 120 graduates of these classes defended PhD dissertations, more than 20 - doctoral. Many of the graduates work at Moscow State University and academic institutions, some at foreign universities and research centers.
The task of teaching in specialized classes:
Creation and implementation of conditions that ensure the preparation of engineering and technological and scientific potential countries, education of patriots of Russia, development of communicative qualities of schoolchildren; allowing to carry out experimental and scientific and practical activities.
In lyceum chemistry classes on profile level subjects taught: inorganic and organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, maths, physics.
In lyceum biological classes: cytology, genetics, embryology, botany, zoology, anatomy, inorganic and organic chemistry.
One of the leading trends modern education is its profiling. The chemical and biological profile implies a significant deepening of knowledge in these subjects, which should ensure preparation for the Unified State Examination and admission to the university for the relevant specialties. In addition, the course is aimed at meeting the cognitive interests of students in the field of chemical environmental problems, so it will be useful to many students. Attracting additional information of an interdisciplinary nature about the significance of chemistry in various fields National economy, in everyday life, as well as in solving the problem of maintaining and strengthening health, it makes it possible to interest schoolchildren in practical chemistry, increase their cognitive activity, expand knowledge about global problems develop analytical skills.
Regulations on the class of the chemical and biological profile of education
I. General provisions
1. This provision has been developed in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", the Concept of profile training at the senior level of education.
2. A class with a chemical and biological profile of education in MBOU "Secondary School No. 22" is opened in the presence of highly qualified teaching staff, the necessary methodological, material conditions in accordance with social demand.
3. A class with a chemical and biological profile of education is organized at the senior level of the secondary (complete) school.
4. The profile of education ensures the continuity of secondary and higher education, provides advanced training in specialized disciplines, carries out early profiling, provides conditions for the development and enhancement of creative potential, and contributes to mastering the skills of independent and scientific work.
II. Content and organization of the educational process
2. Educational programs for classes with specialized training, they include: preparing graduates for a conscious choice of profession, creating conditions for full inclusion in educational space and successful socialization of students; formation and development of skills independent work and research activities; providing individualized psychological and pedagogical support for each student.
The curriculum of the chemical-biological profile class includes:
| Basic subjects | Russian language | 2 hours |
| literature | 6 o'clock | |
| foreign language | 6 o'clock | |
| story | 4 hours | |
| social science | 4 hours | |
| geography | 2 hours | |
| physics | 4 hours | |
| Physical Culture | 4 hours | |
| Profile subjects | mathematics | 12 noon |
| chemistry | 6 o'clock | |
| biology | 6 o'clock | |
| Elective subjects | academic subjects offered by the educational institution, learning practices, projects, research activities | 16 o'clock |