Technology for preparing an analytical review as a means of presentation

research results

The essence of the analytical review

The composition of the stages and stages of a formalized analytical review

Preparatory stage of the analytical review

The main stage of the analytical review

The final stage of the analytical review

The essence of the analytical review

The most ancient and common way to find new solutions is an unproductive trial and error method based on enumeration of various options without a specific systematic approach. An alternative to this is analytical methods associated with the identification of new objects, their aspects, new problems and ways to solve them based on information analysis and synthesis. This is what constitutes the essence of the professional activity of an informatics analyst, who is called upon to make a comprehensive analysis of individual aspects, properties, components of the object of study, to carry out analytical reasoning, while generating new information and offering non-traditional approaches, ways to solve the identified problems. At the same time, there should be a decrease in intellectual, labor, financial, material, etc. costs.

Analytical activity is a kind of intellectual activity, which is characterized by the predominance of creative procedures that allow generating new information, identifying new problems or their aspects, and offering non-traditional ways to solve them.

The result of analytical activity is the preparation of information and analytical products, which include analytical reports, analytical reports, analytical reviews, analytical reports, analytical forecasts, rubricators of promising areas, market information, expert opinions, patent opinions, information models, description of objects of the subject area, etc. . P.

The creation of information and analytical products is based on the use of such methods as information analysis, information synthesis, modeling (information, structural-linguistic, bibliometric, scientometric, simulation, epistemological, verbal, infometric, etc.), expertise (patent, license, information , regulatory, environmental, etc.), forecasting, diagnostics, information and analytical monitoring.

In the practice of scientific research and project development, the most important place is occupied by analytical reviews that provide a multidimensional, substantiated description of the studied subject area (problem). The analytical review is the most important part of the course work, course and diploma projects carried out by students studying in the specialty "Applied Informatics (by region)".

Analytical review- this is the result of the analytical and synthetic processing of a set of documents on a specific issue (problem, direction), containing systematized, generalized and critically evaluated information.

The purpose of the analytical review is the interpreted orientation of end users in the information flow in a specific direction (problem). Depending on the function performed, analytical reviews are divided into:

Reviews-justifications, which assess the state of the issue under study with the rationale for the need to solve the identified problem, as well as with a set and comparative assessment of ways and methods for solving it;

Final reviews, which assess the issue under study with a description of the level achieved, as well as available on this moment in the studied area of ​​unresolved problems;

Prognostic reviews, which assess the state and determine the promising ways of development of the studied subject area based on a reasoned assessment of the current situation, as well as trends and rates of its change.

Analytical review scientific sources should fully and systematically, on the basis of modern scientific sources, reveal the state of the issue to which this work is devoted. The materials collected can be presented in chronological order or arranged in a logical manner.

The subject of analysis in the review should be an analysis of achievements in the field under study. An analytical review usually consists of a presentation of the concepts of various authors regarding the subject of research. The analytical review may include:

a list of the main issues that were considered by researchers in the study of this problem;

information about who and when dealt with this problem;

description of the main concepts;

· general characteristics main methods of problem research;

· a review of the main empirical studies on this issue.

A common mistake is simply listing various theories and concepts without analyzing and systematizing them.

The collected materials can be presented in chronological order or arranged according to a logical principle [Kulikov, 2002].

Chronological principle involves a consistent presentation of the material in the order of theories and concepts. The chronological principle can be useful when it is important to historical analysis of the problem, trace the features of its development in science. This is especially important in the case of historical-psychological research. In this case, you can rely on the following series of questions.

1. Who first turned to the study of this problem?

2. What problematic issues did the researchers set themselves? How has the range of questions changed over time?

3. How has empirical research developed in this area? (Trace the line of development of research based on the classics and leading psychological schools).

5. What contradictions existed in the views of representatives various schools or individual researchers and how they were resolved?

6. The state of the problem at the present time.

The chronological form of presentation of the material can also be convenient when the problem is little developed and there is a limited number of studies on the topic of interest to the author.

However, chrono boolean method it is not recommended if the topic chosen for the work is represented by numerous studies that are concentrated in a limited time period, if there are many private views on the problem and conflicting approaches to its study. In this case, it is preferable boolean method presentation of material that will allow systematization of diverse and disparate information [Kulikov, 2002; Melnikova, 2009].

logical principle building a review of sources is in the grouping of approaches, concepts, empirical studies of various authors in accordance with the main issues that characterize the area under study. It is useful to single out and prescribe these main questions already at the beginning of the first chapter in order to indicate the line of theoretical analysis. Such questions can be

1. Definition of the basic concepts essential for understanding the phenomenon.

2. Phenomenology of the phenomenon (manifestations, external distinguishing features).

3. The structure of the phenomenon (constituent elements and connections between them).

4. Functions of the phenomenon (appointment, for what it serves).

5. Dynamic aspects of the phenomenon (formation and development).

6. Types, forms of the phenomenon (existing classifications).

7. Place among other mental phenomena.

8. Applied aspect (practical technologies related to the phenomenon under study) [Andreev, 2004; Kulikov, 2002].

The author of the work can dwell on those issues that interest him more, are most relevant, and are consistent with the purpose of the study. For each of the questions chosen for analysis, approaches, concepts and, if necessary, empirical studies are presented, regardless of the time of their occurrence. The positions of different authors are compared, contrasted, common trends, points of disagreement, contradictions in views are noted.

In most cases, a logical review is preferable.

Theoretical study

Theoretical research is one of the most complex forms research activities. For more complex papers, especially master's theses, a simple analytical review of the scientific literature is not enough. A well-executed master's thesis involves an independent author's theoretical research. The basis of theoretical research is problem analysis, and its result is own approach to problem solving and its justification. In general, theoretical research should produce new knowledge obtained by logical
way.

Theoretical research can be:

The theoretical development of any concept from the studied area (for example, the concept of "emotional intelligence" and its relationship with other psychological phenomena);

Substantiation of a new view of the phenomenon under study or a new approach to its study (for example, the problem of the place of cognitive manifestations in the structure of integral individuality);

Creation of a theoretical model of the phenomenon (for example, reflecting the structure of the psychological space and time of the individual, the structure of communicative activity, etc.);

Creation of a new classification of phenomena;

Classification of research methods on the topic;

Development and justification of the structural model underlying any diagnostic technique(e.g. diagnostic structures mental health high school students);

Development and justification of the principles of a correctional, developing or training program.

A theoretical study begins with a problem statement. Often such a study is preceded by a literature review, at the end of which the main problems are already identified, then one of them is selected. What can serve as an indicator of the existence of a problem:

There are "white spots" - unexplored or little studied issues;

There are conflicting concepts, disagreements in the understanding of the phenomenon, conflicting empirical data;

There are methodological difficulties in studying the phenomenon;

The necessary tools are missing;

Research has no practical output.

A theoretical study must claim to be novel. Therefore, it is important that it is based on a “strong” idea. Signs of a “good idea are manifested in the fact that it [Melnikova, 2009]:

1) deepens, expands theoretical knowledge;

2) gives a simpler explanation of a known phenomenon;

3) allows you to build a theoretical model of the phenomenon;

4) gives the key to resolving some contradiction;

5) allows you to create a "beautiful" practical technology;

6) opens up opportunities for further research.

The purpose of the empirical part that accompanies a theoretical study may be to prove one's own concept, to test the developed model, or to collect empirical information in accordance with a new approach.

Justification of the chosen direction of work should show its advantages in comparison with others possible solutions Problems. It is necessary to evaluate the accepted direction of research in terms of its effectiveness, both scientific and practical. The justification for the purpose of the WRC and the working hypothesis should be based on the recommendations contained in the analytical review, taking into account the specific conditions of the research work.

The substantiation of the chosen direction (goal) of the work should not be replaced by the substantiation of its expediency (necessity) for the work itself.

Every year in greenhouse enterprises more and more attention is paid to the quality maintenance of the microclimate. The right technology for maintaining the microclimate is one of the most important components that can increase productivity. And the efficient use of energy resources is an additional opportunity to significantly reduce the cost of production. A modern automated microclimate control system must maintain not only the specified mode, but also make the most efficient use of the capabilities of the executive systems.

The microclimate is a complex meteorological conditions in room. In greenhouses, it is determined by three main parameters: soil moisture, ambient temperature and the degree of illumination of the internal space.

Soil moisture is the amount of moisture in the soil, expressed as a percentage of its weight or volume. The dynamics of soil weight change determines water regime soil and has a huge impact on both the course biological processes in it, and to provide plants with water and, as a result, to create a crop. The dynamics of weight is characterized by the following properties: (the ability to hold a certain amount of moisture), water permeability (the ability to pass water through itself), water-carrying capacity (the ability to raise water along the hairline gaps between soil particles), moisture evaporation and hygroscopicity soil. In practice, the soil is called dry if it is not dusty, but when squeezed by hand it seems dry (10-15%); fresh, if, when squeezed, it leaves a trace of moisture (20-30%); raw, if at the same time it releases water in drops (31-50%); wet if the soil releases moisture without any pressure. The most favorable soil for growing plants (in practice it is identified with fresh soil) is created by proper tillage, snow retention, and irrigation. Distinguish between absolute (in% of its mass) and relative (the ratio of absolute moisture to the field moisture capacity of the soil, %) humidity. The absolute moisture content of the soil is determined after weighing its samples (in aluminum biks) in the wet and dry (after drying at 105 - 110 ° to constant weight) state according to the formula.

The process of photosynthesis is the most important factor in the life of plants. It affects the growth rate and yield. The source of energy for photosynthesis is light, therefore, when starting to assemble a protected ground greenhouse, you need to consider its optimal location, which allows you to use natural light as efficiently as possible. Distinguish between natural and artificial lighting. Natural is lighting during daylight hours with sunlight, and artificial is lighting with artificial light sources at night, or when there is insufficient sunlight. The intensity of light falling on a certain plane is measured in the unit "lux". In summer, at solar noon, the light intensity in our latitudes reaches 100,000 lux. In the afternoon, the brightness of the light is reduced to 25,000 lux. The minimum amount of light that each plant needs to survive is approximately 500 lux. With weaker lighting, it will inevitably die. For normal life and growth, even unpretentious plants with a small need for light need at least 800 lux.

The average temperature in the greenhouse should be from +16 to 25 degrees, and at night it should fall by no more than 5-8 degrees. Below the norm, the temperature will slow down the growth rate of plants, and a higher temperature is unfavorable - because it stimulates the growth of green mass, which will immediately affect the yield of plants and the quality of the fruits themselves in the greenhouse. Literally 1-2 extra degrees of heat - more than half of the plants begin to wither. During the day, depending on the type of vegetables, the optimum temperature for a greenhouse is 16-25°C, while at night it is 4-8°C less. In addition, the growth rate of plants is directly proportional to temperature, and an increase in temperature by 10 degrees increases the rate of growth itself accordingly. But it is important to remember that an excessive increase in temperature (for example, over 40 degrees) can cause oppression and death of greenery. For the soil, the optimum temperature is 14-25°C, but lowering it to 10°C will lead to phosphorus starvation of plants. But even an increase to 25-28 ° C can, in turn, cause difficulty in the absorption of moisture by the roots, due to which plants can wither from drought even on sufficiently moist soil.

All these moments, very important for any plant and any gardener, are quite difficult to keep track of on your own. In such cases, such devices come to the rescue, an example of which is my sensor.

Currently, active modernization of greenhouses is underway, associated with an increase in the number of executive systems: separation of circuits, modernization of window ventilation, installation of curtain systems, installation of fans. And the more executive systems a greenhouse has, the more important it is for it to choose a criterion that determines the strategy for maintaining the microclimate. For example, one of the most popular control criteria is the saving of heat resources. AT this case it is more expedient to actively use the lower heating circuits, because they give off less heat external environment. Another approach to the choice of criterion involves maintaining the temperature at the growing point higher than at the roots of the plant and thus implies the active use of the upper heating circuits. Another control criterion is based on the fact that the lower circuit must maintain a constant temperature in the root zone, the so-called optimum, and deviate from it only when the resources of other executive systems are exhausted.

Implementation experience automated systems management shows that at the system design stage it is quite difficult to choose a single control criterion. Therefore, the control system should be able to quickly set the criterion during operation, and the methods of setting it should clearly reflect the agronomic, economic and heat engineering requirements for the system.

Thus, modern system management should allow you to set not only one of the above management criteria or a combination of them, but also any other that arises in the production process, providing the agronomist-technologist with ample opportunities in choosing a method for maintaining the temperature and humidity conditions in the greenhouse.

Active analytical work accumulate great material according to the methodologies for selecting the control criterion. Based on this material, the system developers upgraded software, which allows in a convenient tabular and graphical form to set almost any strategy for maintaining the microclimate. Based on this table, the computer makes a decision on the distribution of control actions among the executive systems.

New page 1

The work of collecting information may be limited to the transfer of information to the head, but a more difficult task may be assigned to the assistant secretary: to analyze the information and prepare an analytical review. Analytical review (abstract) - an abbreviated presentation of the content of primary documents with basic factual information and conclusions. Analytical reviews are compiled on the basis of books, articles, newspaper and magazine publications, management documents and other sources of information.

Drawing up an analytical review is necessary so that the manager can quickly, without spending a lot of time, getcomplete information on the problem. Therefore, the main requirement for an analytical review is as follows: all information should be presented in a concise and systematic way.

The work on the analytical review begins after the literature has been studied and factual material has been collected. Its first step is to draw up a plan, which determines the sequence of presentation of the material. The plan helps to better think over the structure of the analytical review, to determine which sections were overloaded with material, where it was not enough, which questions should be omitted, etc. Drawing up a plan helps to avoid errors in the construction of the text.

A good analytical review should answer the following questions: who did what, where, whenand for what purpose. It should contain as much of the specific information available in the original information materials as possible. If the analytical review is compiled on the basis of management documents, it is necessary to focus on new information and determine how appropriate it is to refer to the document itself in the future.

At the beginning of the analytical review is placed a list of primary sources of information on the basis of which it was compiled. If the analytical review is based on books, articles, newspaper or journal publications, then the actual analytical review is preceded by a bibliographic description of the refereed documents in accordance with the requirement of GOST 7.1-84 "System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and rules for compiling". If an analytical review is compiled on the basis of legislative, other regulatory legal acts, administrative documents, a list of used documents is placed before the text indicating the name of each document that issued it, the title to the text, the date and registration number. Listing sources of information can omitted if source books or document copies are attached to the policy brief.

The analytical review should have a title that may differ from the title of the refereed document if:

· the analytical review is not in the language of the refereed document;

· an analytical review is made up for a part of the document (in this case, the title reflects the content of the refereed part of the document);

· the title of the document does not reflect the content of the document or the analytical review;

· the analytical review is compiled on the basis of several sources.

Analytical reviews are compiled according to a certain scheme: topic, subject (object), nature and purpose of the work, method of conducting the work.

The title and information contained in the bibliographic description should not be repeated in the text. Avoid unnecessary introductory constructions ( The author of the article considers... etc.). Historical references, if they do not constitute the main content of the document being referred to, descriptions of previously published works and well-known provisions are not given in the analytical review.

At the beginning of the analytical review, if required, keywords should be placed - elements of the information retrieval language. To do this, from 5 to 15 words or phrases are selected from the text of the document under review, which most accurately convey the content of the document. Keywords should provide the ability to search for an analytical review in an automated information system. Key words are written in the nominative case in capital letters in a line separated by commas.

The text of the analytical review begins with a statement of the essence of the issue, then its specific or particular aspects are revealed. The overview may describe how the work is done. It is advisable to conduct it if these methods are of particular interest within the framework of the topic of the analytical review. Widely known methods are only named. If specific data are given in the analytical review, then the sources of these data and the nature of their receipt and processing are indicated.

Giving the main theoretical, experimental, descriptive results, preference should be given to new and proven facts, results of long-term significance, discoveries that are important for decision practical issues. If there is new information in the original information materials that goes beyond the main topic, they can also be mentioned in the analytical review.

The conclusions (assessments, suggestions) contained in the sources should also be reflected in the analytical review and indicate the scope of their application.

If any part is missing in the document (methods, conclusions, scope), then it is omitted in the analytical review, while maintaining the sequence of presentation.

In an analytical review, it is allowed to state the content of the document with more or less detail. If a brief analytical review is being compiled, they are limited to the main topic and results set out in the refereed document.

The analytical review should be concise and precise. Should be consumed syntactic constructions, inherentlanguage of refereed documents, avoid complex grammatical constructions.

In the analytical review, standardized terminology should be used, unusual terms and symbols should be avoided, and if they cannot be dispensed with, their meanings should be explained at the first mention in the text. terms, individual words and phrases, names of organizations and positions may be replaced by officially accepted abbreviations and generally accepted textual abbreviations, the meaning of which is clear from the context.

Formulas in the analytical review are given if it is impossible to convey the content without them and if they reflect the results of the work described in the refereed document. Formulas make things easier to understand.

It is allowed to include illustrations and tables in the analytical review if they help to reveal the contentdocument and reduce the amount of text.

If a source is referred to foreign language, surnames, names of institutions, organizations, firms, product names and other proper names in the text of the analytical review are given in the original language. It is allowed to write down foreign proper names in the letters of the Russian alphabet in accordance with the existing rules of transliteration or give them in transcribed form. To do this, you need to use the table of correspondence between the letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets (other notation options are separated by a slash), recommended by the international communication service *:

Russians	latin	Russians	latin
	J/ZH
			CH
			SC/SHCH

* Transliteration does not provide for the transmission of the characters "b" and "b", the Cyrillic letters "e" and "e" are transmitted in one character, it is recommended to use the Latin letter "i" to convey the letter "i".

All geographical names in the analytical review are given in accordance with the latest edition of the "Atlas of the World" of the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography. In the absence of a given geographical name in the "Atlas of the World", it is given in the original language or in the language of the referenced document.

The analytical review can also include other information that is of interest to those to whom the analytical review is addressed (the name of the organization in which the work was performed, information about the author of the primary document, links to previously published documents, etc.). If there are errors or inconsistencies in the original document, appropriate notes should be placed in the additional information.

The scope of the analytical review is determined by the content of the document, the amount of information and their scientific value or practical significance. Nevertheless, there are general recommendations on their volume when published in special editions. The average volume of the text of the analytical review is (in printed characters): 500 - for notes and short messages; 1000 - for most articles, patents; 2500 - for large documents. If necessary, the scope of the analytical review can be increased.

Requirements for term papers for students of the 5th year

Specialties: Elementary education. Practical psychology. speech therapy. Special psychology.

The structure of the course work

§ Title page

§ Introduction

§ Conclusion

§ Bibliographic list (15-20 sources)

§ Appendix

Introduction

The presence of a detailed introduction (2-3 sheets of typewritten text) is a mandatory requirement for term paper. The introduction should clearly and clearly define the essence or concept of the topic and justify its legitimacy and relevance.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, outlines the goal and sets specific tasks for the course work, puts forward a hypothesis scientific research. A small historiographic image may contain an assessment of the problem being developed in terms of its study, representation in the literature, versatility, etc.

It is recommended to formulate your assessment of the degree of development of the topic in the studied scientific and research literature, to reflect the significance of this problem in the positive transformation of reality, and also to express your attitude to the need for these transformations. From wording scientific problem and evidence that this problem has not yet received its development and coverage in special literature, it is necessary to proceed to the formulation of the purpose of the study. It is also necessary to find out the specific objectives of the study to be solved in accordance with this goal.

Purpose of the study - scientific and practical results to be achieved as a result of its implementation.

Research objectives - These are successive stages of organizing and conducting research. The formulation of the tasks of the course work is usually done in the form of a listing (study ..., describe ..., establish ..., identify ..., develop ..., conduct ...). One of the requirements for setting and formulating the goals and objectives of research is clarity, certainty, and specificity. A mandatory element of the introduction is the formulation of the object and subject of research.

Object of study - that part of the real world that is known, explored, transformed by the student, i.e. phenomenon chosen for study.

Subject of study determined by the goals and objectives of the study - the study of mental phenomena with the help of experimental methods(identifying dependencies…, identifying patterns…, identifying differences…, exploring…). An obligatory element of the introduction is the statement of the research hypothesis.

Hypothesis - this is a scientific proposal for the explanation of any phenomena, the verification of which requires sound scientific and practical reasons.

The hypothesis must meet the following requirements:

The formulation of the hypothesis should be as accurate and relatively simple as possible, not containing vague, ambiguously interpreted terms and concepts;

The hypothesis must be fundamentally verifiable, i.e. provable experimentally;

A hypothesis should unite the entire range of phenomena to which the statements contained in it apply.

As a result of the research, the hypothesis can be confirmed or refuted. One should not be afraid of negative results that do not confirm the hypothesis, because. they also contribute to scientific knowledge. In the introduction of the course work, it is indicated methods studies that serve as a tool in obtaining factual material to achieve the goal. The introduction ends with a statement of general conclusions about the scientific significance of the topic, about the degree of its study, and identifies those issues that require further study.

Research base - where the studies were conducted, the number of subjects (20-30 people)

CHAPTER 1

Analytical review of the literature on the research problem

In the chapter "Analytical review of literature » the essence of the problem is stated, the author's position of the student is determined. The title of this chapter is formulated based on its content.

For example:

The problem ... in foreign and domestic psychology

Theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem…

Directions and approaches in studying the problem ...

The paragraphs that make up the chapter should have their own title, determined by its title. So, for example, the content of a chapter can be divided into the following paragraphs:

1.1. Definition…

1.2. Characteristics and components…

1.3. Views on nature ... foreign and domestic psychologists.

The student needs to show the ability to consistently state the features and problems while simultaneously analyzing it. Preference should be given to the main, fundamental facts that allow revealing the essence of the problem posed, rather than details that can lead away from the goals set in the course work. Following the specific issue, each section is followed by a summary in order of problem analysis.

An analytical review of the literature on the topic should ultimately lead to the conclusion that it is this topic not disclosed (or disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect) and therefore needs further development. Ultimately, this chapter should answer the following questions:

- What and with whom has already been done on this issue?

- What hasn't been done?

- Why is it important?

At the end of the chapter, it is useful to summarize the early findings by listing the main points of the first chapter.

CHAPTER 2

	|	next lecture ==>
Arrangement of other parts of the work	|