One of the main causes of failure Russian Empire in the First World War there was a degradation of the "elite" of the empire. You can find a lot of information about this, but less often they mention another important reason - the behavior of our "allies" in the Entente in this war. The textbooks indicate that they were allies and Russia supported them several times, preventing Germany from inflicting serious defeats on them. It is not said about how the Russian Empire was constantly "thrown" and carried out subversive work against it.
The Russian imperial army, for all its shortcomings, with the theft and corruption of officials, especially the highest, was the most powerful army on the planet, much better than French or English. Remembering the defeats, our authors constantly forget to mention that the campaign of 1914 as a whole was victorious for us: we thwarted the Schlieffen plan, preventing the destruction of France, if this happened, we would be left alone with the armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. It is doubtful that England would have begun to land its divisions in Russia. We defeated the Austro-Hungarian Empire, taking Galician Russia from it, if Austria-Hungary fought against us alone, it would be a defeat, it would have to capitulate. Our army won two battles in Poland, defeated the Turkish army near Sarakamysh.
The first blow was dealt to us by London, the governments of the countries did not expect that the war would cause such an expenditure of ammunition and the need for such a huge amount. Petrograd placed in England, at the Armstrong and Vickers factories, an order for 5 million shells, 1 million rifles, 1 billion rounds of ammunition, 8 million grenades, 27,000 machine guns, and so on. This, together with the output of Russian industry, should have been enough for summer campaign 1915. The British accepted the order, deliveries were supposed to begin in March 1915, but they did not fulfill it and did not even warn (!).
The result of the deception of the “ally” and the carelessness of the elite of the Russian Empire, which, instead of industrializing the empire and preparing for the Great War, was engaged in entertainment, was the “shell and rifle famine” of 1915, the “great retreat”, the loss of Poland, part of the Baltic states, Belarus , Ukraine.
But the Russian Empire once again showed a huge margin of survivability - a powerful industrial breakthrough was made, the production of shells was increased 20 times, rifles 11 times, guns 10 times. In their production, Russia overtook England and France. In 1916, the problem with weapons and ammunition was solved, the Russian army again beats Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. By the beginning of 1917, conditions were created for an attack on Germany. The Russian people should have known that the empire did not suffer a military defeat, the defeat was political.
Not only the agents of our direct opponents - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, acted against the empire, which trained and supported nationalists (Georgian, Polish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Jewish, and so on), financed the actions of the Social Democrats and the Socialist Revolutionary Party.
Paris and London supported the Russian liberal-democratic parties, movements that in the midst of the war launched a struggle for "democracy", and the emperor, instead of eliminating the "fifth column", hesitated. Many of them were in the Masonic lodges and were the periphery of the "world behind the scenes." Although a significant part sincerely believed that "democracy" would make Russia even stronger, not realizing that by their actions they were bringing a lot of disasters to the peoples of the empire.
Their subversive actions were facilitated by the fact that the Russian Empire, the only one of all the warring powers, preserved the laws of peacetime in the rear. Newspapers printed what they were paid, State Duma officials said whatever they wanted, workers had the right to strike. Russian counterintelligence knew the threads, banks, firms through which the funding goes, but according to the laws of peacetime, they could not do anything. The emperor was weak-willed: he did not want to quarrel with the public and disperse the Duma, quarrel with the "allies" who supported the liberals, constantly made concessions, changing ministers to please the "public".
In the European powers, for the slightest suspicion of treason, death or a long term in the most strict institutions awaited. In Russia, the Duma faction of the RSDLP (b), which openly proclaimed the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil one and wanted the defeat of their Fatherland, was only exiled to Siberia (the conditions of exile in the empire were very mild, which was used by the “r-revolutionaries”, more than once escaping ). After the mutiny on the battleship Gangut, a powerful underground organization was opened on the Baltic, but only two people were sentenced to death and then replaced with hard labor, others received different terms and even exile (they were exiled from the war to the peaceful rear, to fully provide for the state - is this a punishment? !). Most of those arrested, led by Dybenko, were not tried at all, they created a sailor battalion and sent to the front, but the sailors refused to fight (!), Disobeyed orders, and began to corrupt their neighbors. Were they shot?! No, the battalion was disbanded, the sailors were returned (!) to the ships. In 1916, Dybenko was again caught on revolutionary agitation - he received 2 months in prison and then was left in the navy. This is called - I don’t know another such country ... In Europe, they would hang everyone for this, they would melt everyone.
General M. V. Alekseev developed in the summer of 1916 a project for a “dictatorship of the rear”, but the Duma leaders, headed by M. V. Rodzianko, forced the tsar to abandon this idea. Alekseev was able to create a special investigative commission to combat sabotage and economic sabotage under the command of General N. S. Batyushin. The counterintelligence officers dug up a huge amount of material, arrested the banker Rubinstein, the financiers Zhivotovsky, the industrialists Shapiro, Raukhenberg and others, searched the Nobel firm, Vneshtorgbank, the International Bank, found circulars of the German General Staff and other interesting materials for which traitors and enemy agents could be shot. But the "public" raised a wave against Batyushin's commission, industrialists and bankers turned to the tsar, in the West it was called a "Jewish pogrom", and the emperor capitulated, ordered the case to be closed.
Batyushin N. S.
American financiers, for example: P. Warburg, J. Schiff, Morgan, and others, made large financial injections into subversive activities on the territory of the Russian Empire. Together with other financiers from Europe, for example, the Austrian Rothschilds, they carried out subversive activities against the monarchies of Europe, but the first , according to their plans, the Russian Empire was to fall. The US intelligence services were involved, through Colonel House, the British intelligence services, for example, House's associate was the resident of British intelligence in the US, William Weissman. Through him, House's geopolitics was coordinated with the British elite.
It was in the United States that they began to create their own grouping of Russian "r-revolutionaries", independent of the Swiss group. So, Kollontai, an ally of Parvus - Larin-Lurie, Bukharin, Trotsky and others ended up in the USA.
Thus, powerful forces acted against the Russian Empire, very heterogeneous, some were even opponents of each other. But the goal was the same - to topple the empire, destroy it, dismember it.
Thus, the February Revolution came as a surprise to Berlin, to the Bolsheviks. Although they did their best to "rock the boat," it was not their revolution. It was arranged by diplomats (for example, ambassadors Buchanan, Paleolog), the secret services of England, France, the United States, the "financial international".
The conspirators were not the queen, not Rasputin, not the "military lodge" headed by Alekseev, gossip about them spread in order to completely undermine the authority of the monarchy. Among the “werewolves” who betrayed the empire was P. Bark, the Minister of Finance, who entered into strange agreements with the “allies” on loans. When loans were “secured” by sending gold to London, during the war, gold worth 640 million rubles was sent there. Apparently, in recognition of his services to London, he received an English order in 1929, then was knighted by the King of England, and in 1935 he also received the title of baronet of the British Empire.
P. L. Bark
Under his patronage, on January 2, 1917, for the first time in the empire, the Petrograd branch of the American National City Bank was opened, its first client was one of the "werewolves" M. I. Tereshchenko (Minister of Finance of the first composition of the Provisional Government). He received a loan of 100 thousand dollars, without negotiations, without specifying the purpose of the loan, collateral, repayment terms.
M. I. Tereshchenko
Another “werewolf” is the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs A. D. Protopopov, he did not inform the emperor about the reports of the police - about the conspiracy, delayed information about the unrest in the capital for several days, at a critical moment initiated the dissolution of the government, causing anarchy in the capital. Another "werewolf", Comrade Minister (in modern terms - Deputy) of Railways Lomonosov, sent the emperor's train to Pskov, instead of Tsarskoye Selo.
A. D. Protopopov
At the beginning of 1917, Sidney Reilly visited Russia on "business", then Lord Milner himself (the head of the "Grand Lodge of England", a banker and the Minister of War of England). The France Hotel, where the British delegation stayed, became a real "headquarters" of the impending revolution.
The proof that the West was the main organizer of the February Revolution is also the fact of the ultra-rapid recognition of the new Russian government. Washington already on March 22 recognized the Provisional Government as legal. On the 24th the new government was recognized in London, Paris and Rome.
Therefore, the myth that the revolution in Russia was made by the Bolsheviks, financed by Berlin, must be forgotten. Germany and the Bolsheviks were insignificant detachments, "tools" in the hands of more skilled Players. They played almost no role in the February Revolution; for them, this revolution came as a complete surprise. Only later did they become a "cover" for the true perpetrators of the Revolution in Russia.
Sydney Reilly aka Solomon (Shlomo) Rosenblum
Sources:
Batyushin N.S. Secret military intelligence and the fight against it. M., 2002.
Orlov V.G. Double agent: notes of a Russian counterintelligence officer. M., 1998.
Rodzianko M. V. The State Duma and the February Revolution. M., 1991.
Sidorov D. I. The economic situation of Russia in the First World War. M., 1973.
Utkin A. I. First World War. M., 2001.
Shambarov V.E. For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland! M., 2003.
Where did Vladimir Ilyich get crazy money for party activities on the eve of the revolution and at its beginning? Over the past decades, interesting materials have been published on this topic, but so far much remains incomprehensible ...
Plots related to the theme "Lenin, money and revolution" are inexhaustible for the historian, and for the psychologist, and for the satirist. After all, the person who, after the complete victory of communism, called for making toilet bowls out of gold in public toilets, who never earned his living by hard work, did not live in poverty even in prison and in exile and, it seemed, did not know what money was, at the same time made a huge contribution to the theory of commodity-money relations.
What exactly? Not with their pamphlets and articles, of course, but with revolutionary practice. It was Lenin who, in 1919-1921, introduced in revolutionary Russia a cashless exchange of goods in kind between town and country. The result was a complete collapse of the economy, paralysis of agriculture, massive famine and - as a result - mass uprisings against the power of the RCP (b). It was then, shortly before his death, that Lenin finally understood the importance of money and began the NEP - a kind of "managed capitalism" under the control of the Communist Party.
But now we are not talking about these interesting stories in themselves, but about something else. About where Vladimir Ilyich got crazy money for party activities on the eve of the revolution and at its beginning. Over the past decades, interesting materials have been published on this topic, but so far much remains incomprehensible. For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, a mysterious well-wisher (individual or collective) gave money to the underground newspaper Iskra, encrypted in the documents of the RSDLP as "California gold mines." In the opinion of some researchers, we are talking about the support of radical Russian revolutionaries by American Jewish bankers, mostly immigrants from the Russian Empire, and their descendants, who hated the tsarist government for its official anti-Semitism. During the revolution of 1905-1907, the Bolsheviks were sponsored by American oil corporations in order to eliminate competitors from the world market (namely, the Nobel oil cartel from Baku). In those same years, by his own admission, the Bolsheviks were given money by the American banker Jacob Schiff. And also - the Syzran manufacturer Yermasov and the Moscow region merchant and industrialist Morozov. Then Schmit, the owner of a furniture factory in Moscow, became one of the financiers of the Bolshevik Party. Interestingly, both Savva Morozov and Nikolai Schmit eventually committed suicide, and a significant part of their inheritance went to the Bolsheviks. And, of course, quite large funds (hundreds of thousands of rubles of that time or tens of millions of hryvnias, according to the current purchasing power) were obtained as a result of the so-called exes, or, more simply, robberies of banks, post offices, and station cash desks. At the head of these actions were two characters with thieves' nicknames Kamo and Koba - that is, Ter-Petrosyan and Dzhugashvili.
However, hundreds of thousands and even millions of rubles invested in revolutionary activities could only shake the Russian Empire, despite all its weaknesses - the structure was too strong. But only in Peaceful time. With the outbreak of World War I, new financial and political opportunities opened up for the Bolsheviks, which they successfully took advantage of.
... On January 15, 1915, the German ambassador in Istanbul reported to Berlin about a meeting with a Russian citizen Alexander Gelfand (aka Parvus), an active participant in the revolution of 1905-1907 and the owner of a large trading company. Parvus introduced the German ambassador to the plan for the revolution in Russia. He was immediately invited to Berlin, where he met with influential members of the Cabinet of Ministers and advisers to Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg. Parvus offered to give him a significant amount: firstly, for the development of the national movement in Finland and Ukraine; secondly, in support of the Bolsheviks, who preached the idea of defeating the Russian Empire in an unjust war in order to overthrow the "power of the landowners and capitalists." Parvus' proposals were accepted; on the personal order of Kaiser Wilhelm, he was given two million marks as the first contribution to the "cause of the Russian revolution." Then there were the following cash infusions, and more than one. So, according to Parvus's receipt, on January 29 of the same 1915, he received a million rubles in Russian banknotes for the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia. The money came with German pedantry.
In Finland and Ukraine, the agents of Parvus (and the German General Staff) turned out to be figures of the second, if not the third row, so their influence on the processes of gaining independence by these countries turned out to be insignificant compared to the objective processes of nation-building in the Russian Empire. But with Lenin, Parvus-Gelfand did not miss. Parvus, according to him, told Lenin that a revolution during this period was possible only in Russia and only as a result of a German victory; in response, Lenin sent his trusted agent Furstenberg (Ganetsky) to work closely with Parvus, which continued until 1918. Another sum from Germany, not so significant, came to the Bolsheviks through the Swiss deputy Karl Moor, but here it was only about 35 thousand dollars. Money also flowed through the Nia bank in Stockholm; according to the order of the German Imperial Bank No. 2754, accounts of Lenin, Trotsky, Zinoviev and other Bolshevik leaders were opened in this bank. And order No. 7433 of March 2, 1917 provided for the payment of the "services" of Lenin, Zinoviev, Kollontai and others for public propaganda of peace in Russia, where tsarist power had just been overthrown.
grandiose sums of money were used effectively: the Bolsheviks had their own newspapers, distributed free of charge, in every county, in every city; tens of thousands of their professional agitators acted all over Russia; detachments of the Red Guard were formed quite openly. Of course, German gold was not enough here. Although the “poor” political emigrant Trotsky, who was returning from America to Russia in 1917, was seized 10 thousand dollars by customs in the city of Halifax (Canada), it is clear that he sent some considerable money from the banker Yakov Schiff to his like-minded people. The “expropriation of the expropriators” (in other words, the robbery of rich people and institutions), which began in the spring of 1917, provided even more funds. Has anyone wondered by what right the Bolsheviks occupied the house-palace of the ballerina Kshesinskaya and the Smolny Institute in Petrograd?
But in general, the Russian democratic revolution broke out in the early spring of 1917, unexpectedly for all political subjects within the empire and beyond its borders. It was a spontaneous process of true popular amateur performance both in Petrograd and on the national outskirts of the state. Suffice it to say that a month before the start of the revolution, the leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin, who was in exile in Switzerland, publicly expressed doubt that the politicians of his generation (that is, 40-50-year-olds) would live to see the revolution in Russia. However, it was the radical Russian politicians who reorganized faster than others and turned out to be ready to "saddle" the revolution - using, as already mentioned, German support.
The Russian revolution was not an accident, it is even surprising that it did not start, say, a year earlier. All social, political and national problems in the Romanov Empire had already escalated to the limit, and this despite the fact that, from the formal economic side, industry was developing dynamically, stocks of weapons, ammunition and ammunition increased significantly. However, the extreme inefficiency of the central government and the corruption of the elite, inevitable in the conditions of autocracy, did their job. And then the purposeful decomposition of the army, undermining the rear, sabotaging attempts constructive solution The urgent problems, together with the incurable chauvinistic centralism of almost all Great Russian political forces, greatly aggravated the crisis.
During the 1917 campaign, the troops of the Entente were supposed to simultaneously go on a general offensive on all European fronts in the spring. But the Russian army turned out to be unprepared for the offensive, therefore, the April attacks of the Anglo-French troops in the Reims region were defeated, the losses in killed and wounded exceeded 100 thousand people. In July Russian troops made an attempt to go on the offensive in the Lvov direction, however, in the end they were forced to retreat from the territory of Galicia and Bukovina, and in the north they surrendered Riga almost without a fight. And finally, the battle near the village of Caporetto in October led to the catastrophe of the Italian army. 130 thousand Italian soldiers died, 300 thousand surrendered, and only English and French divisions were able to stabilize the front and did not allow Italy to withdraw from the war. And, finally, after the November coup in Petrograd, when the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries came to power, Eastern Front first, de facto, and then de jure, a truce was declared, not only with Russia and Ukraine, but also with Romania.
In such changes on the Eastern Front, a significant role was played by the funds that Germany allocated for subversive work in the rear. Russian army. “Military operations on the Eastern Front, prepared on a large scale and carried out with great success, were supported by significant subversive activities within Russia, which were conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Our main goal in this activity was to further strengthen the nationalist and separatist sentiments and secure the support of the revolutionary elements. We are still continuing this activity and are finalizing an agreement with the political department of the General Staff in Berlin (Captain von Huelsen). Our joint work has yielded significant results. Without our continued support, the Bolshevik movement could never have achieved the scope and influence it now enjoys. Everything suggests that this movement will continue to grow in the future.” These are the words of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Germany, Richard von Kuhlmann, written by him on September 29, 1917, a month and a half before the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd.
Von Kuhlmann knew what he was writing about. After all, he was an active participant in all those events, a little later he conducted peace negotiations with Bolshevik Russia and Ukrainian People's Republic in Berest in early 1918. A lot of money passed through his hands, tens of millions of marks; he had contacts with a number of the main characters of this historical drama.
“I have the honor to ask your Excellence to provide the amount of 15 million marks at the disposal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for political propaganda in Russia, attributing this amount to paragraph 6, section II of the Emergency Budget. Depending on how events develop, I would like to discuss in advance the possibility of contacting Your Excellence again in the near future for the provision of additional funds, ”wrote von Kühlmann on November 9, 1917.
As you can see, as soon as a message was received about a coup in Petrograd, which would later be called the Great October Revolution, as Kaiser Germany allocates new funds for propaganda in Russia. These funds go, first of all, to support the Bolsheviks, who first disintegrated the army, and then took the Russian Republic out of the war, thus freeing millions German soldiers for operations in the West. However, they still retain the image of disinterested revolutionaries, romantic Marxists. Until now, not only full-time, so to speak, adherents of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, but also a certain number of non-party left intelligentsia are convinced that Vladimir Lenin and his like-minded people were sincere internationalists and highly moral fighters for the people's cause.
In general, an interesting situation is developing: there are secret documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kaiser Germany published by Oxford University in 1958, where the telegrams of Richard von Kuhlmann were taken from and where you can find dozens of no less eloquent texts from the First World War, testifying to the huge financial and organizational assistance that German power was given to the Bolsheviks. Germany's goal was clear. Radical revolutionaries will undermine the combat potential of one of the main opponents central states, which included Germany, in the war - that is, the Russian Empire. Dozens of books have been published on the subject, containing other compelling evidence. But until now, not only communist historians, but also many researchers of the liberal trend deny historical self-evidence.
According to experts, Kaiser Germany spent no less than 382 million marks during the war on so-called peaceful propaganda. A colossal amount, like the money of that time.
And again, State Secretary of the Foreign Ministry Richard von Kuhlmann testifies.
“Only when the Bolsheviks began to receive from us a constant influx of funds through various channels and under various signs, they were able to put their main organ, Pravda, on their feet, conduct vigorous propaganda and significantly expand the narrow base of their party at the beginning.” (Berlin, December 3, 1917). And indeed: the number of party members a year after the overthrow of tsarism increased 100 times!
As for the position of Lenin himself, the head of the military intelligence of Germany during the First World War, Colonel Walter Nicolai, spoke of him in his memoirs: “... At that time, like anyone else, I did not know anything about Bolshevism, but I knew about Lenin only it is known that he lives in Switzerland as a political emigrant "Ulyanov", who provided my service with valuable information about the situation in tsarist Russia against which he fought.
In other words, without constant help from the German side, the Bolsheviks would hardly have become one of the leading Russian parties in 1917. And this would mean a completely different course of events, probably much more anarchic, which would hardly lead to the establishment of any party dictatorship, much less a totalitarian regime. Most likely, another version of the collapse of the Russian Empire would have been realized, because the consequence of the First World War was precisely the destruction of empires. And the independence of Finland and Poland was a matter decided de facto already in the year 1916.
It is unlikely that the Russian Empire or even the Russian Republic would become an exception to the very process of the collapse of empires that began after the First World War. It is worth remembering that Britain had to grant independence to Ireland, that India moved by leaps and bounds towards its independence after the First World War, and so on. And do not forget that the collapse of the Russian Empire began with the beginning of the 1917 revolution. Actually, this revolution itself to some extent bore the imprint of the national liberation struggle, because the first against the autocracy at the beginning of 1917 in Petrograd was the Volynsky Regiment of the Life Guards.
The Bolsheviks were then a small and almost unknown party (four thousand members, mostly in exile and emigration) and had no influence on the overthrow of tsarism.
And after Lenin's government came to power, support continued. “Please use large sums, as we are extremely interested in the Bolsheviks holding out. Risler funds are at your disposal. If necessary, telegraph, how much more is needed. (Berlin, 18 May 1918). Von Kuhlmann, as always, calls a spade a spade when addressing the German Embassy in Moscow. The Bolsheviks really resisted and in the autumn of 1918 threw huge funds from the treasury of the Russian Empire they seized into revolutionary propaganda in Germany in order to ignite the world revolution.
The situation mirrored itself. In Germany, in early November 1918, a revolution broke out. Money, weapons and qualified personnel professional revolutionaries brought from Moscow. But the local communists failed to lead this revolution. Subjective and, most importantly, objective factors worked against them. The totalitarian regime in Germany was established only after 15 years. But that is another topic.
Meanwhile, in the democratic Weimar Republic, the well-known Social Democrat Eduard Bernstein published in 1921 in the central organ of his party, the Vorverts newspaper, an article " dark history”, in which he said that back in December 1917 he received an affirmative answer from “one competent person” to the question whether Germany gave money to Lenin.
According to him, more than 50 million gold marks were paid to the Bolsheviks alone. Then this amount was officially named during a meeting of the Reichstag Committee on foreign policy. In response to accusations of "slander" by the communist press, Bernstein offered to sue him, after which the campaign immediately ended.
But Germany really needed friendly relations with Soviet Russia, therefore, the discussion of this topic in the press was not resumed.
One of the main political opponents of the Bolshevik leader, Alexander Kerensky, based on his investigation of the Kaiser millions for Lenin, concluded that the total amount of money received by the Bolsheviks before they seized power and immediately after that to strengthen power was 80 million gold marks (by today's standards, we should talk about hundreds of millions, if not billions of hryvnias). Actually, Ulyanov-Lenin never hid this from the circle of his party colleagues: for example, in November 1918, at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (the Bolshevik quasi-parliament), the communist leader said: “I am often accused of having made our revolution with German money; I do not deny this, but on the other hand, with Russian money, I will make the same revolution in Germany.
And he tried, not sparing tens of millions of gold rubles. But it did not work out: the German Social Democrats, unlike the Russians, understood where they were going, and organized the murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in time, and then the disarmament of the Red Guard and the physical destruction of its leaders. There was no other way out in that situation; perhaps if Kerensky had plucked up the courage and ordered to shoot Smolny with cannons along with all its "red" inhabitants, the Kaiser's millions would not have helped.
This could have ended if it were not for the information from The New York Times of April 1921 that 75 million Swiss francs were credited to Lenin's account in one of the Swiss banks in 1920 alone. According to the newspaper, Trotsky's accounts were 11 million dollars and 90 million francs, Zinoviev's accounts were 80 million francs, Dzerzhinsky's "knight of the revolution" 80 million, Ganetsky-Fürstenberg's were 60 million francs and 10 million dollars. Lenin, in a secret note dated 04/24/1921 to the Chekist leaders Unshlikht and Bokiy, strongly demanded to find the source of the information leak. Not found.
Interestingly, this money was also supposed to be spent on the world revolution? Or is it a kind of “rollback” from the politicians and financiers of those states where the “red horses” did not go by the will of Lenin and Trotsky, although they could go? One can only hypothesize here. Because until now a significant array of Lenin's documents has not been declassified.
… More than 90 years have passed since those events. But the revolutionary romantics of the whole world continue to assert that the Bolsheviks were highly moral and fiery revolutionaries, patriots of Russia and supporters of the freedom of Ukraine. And until now, in the center of Kyiv, there is a monument to Lenin, which says that in an alliance of Russian and Ukrainian workers, a free Ukraine is possible, and without such an alliance, there can be no talk of it. And until now, flowers are brought to this monument to a person who received money from the German special services for “revolutionary” holidays. And until now, unfortunately, a significant part of Ukrainian society is not able to realize the big difference between the leaders of the October Revolution and the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917, which consisted in the fact that the Ukrainian revolution was really not financed by anyone from outside.
In April 1921, the New York Times reported that Lenin's account in one of the Swiss banks received 75 million francs in 1920 alone, Trotsky had 11 million dollars and 90 million francs, Zinoviev and Dzerzhinsky - 80 million each.
The sources of funding for the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its main ideologues have occupied historians for many years. Interesting Facts were made public in the 2000s, after declassifying some documents from German and Soviet archives. Researchers of the biography of Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) have repeatedly noted that the leader of the world proletariat was not scrupulous in obtaining money to fan the “revolutionary fire”. Who benefited from inciting a civil war in Russia, how German and American bankers financed the Bolsheviks - read in our material.
Outside interest
One of the main reasons for the beginning of revolutionary unrest in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was the country's participation in the First World War. The international armed conflict, which had no analogues at that time, was the result of intensified contradictions between the largest colonial powers formed in the Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia) and Triple Alliance(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
Conspiracy theorists also note that British and American bankers and industrialists had their own interest in this war - the destruction of the old world order, the overthrow of the monarchies, the collapse of the Russian, German and Ottoman Empires and capturing new markets.
However, attacks on the Russian autocracy from abroad were inflicted even before the global world conflict. In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War began, the money for which the Land of the Rising Sun was lent by American bankers - the Morgans, the Rockefellers. The Japanese in 1903-1904 themselves spent huge sums on various political provocations in Russia.
But even here the Americans could not do without: a colossal amount of 10 million dollars for those times was lent by the banking group of the American financier of Jewish origin Jacob Schiff. The future leaders of the revolution did not disdain this money, guided by the principle "the enemy of my enemy is my friend." In this case, the enemies were all those who opposed the reactionary forces in Russia.
Destructive processes
As a result of the war with the Japanese, the Russian Empire lost the struggle for dominance in Far East and in pacific ocean. According to the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth concluded in September 1905, Japan was given the Liaodong Peninsula along with a branch of the South Manchurian Railway, the southern part of Sakhalin Island. In addition, Korea was recognized as a sphere of influence of Japan, the Russians withdrew their troops from Manchuria.
Against the backdrop of the defeats of the Russian Empire on the battlefields, dissatisfaction with the foreign policy and social structure of the state was ripening in the country. Destructive processes within Russian society began as early as late XIX centuries, but only at the beginning of the 20th century they gained strength capable of crushing the empire, without whose approval until recently "not a single gun in Europe could fire."
The dress rehearsal of the 1917 revolution took place in 1905 after the well-known events of January 9, which went down in history as Bloody Sunday - the execution by the imperial troops of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by the priest Gapon. Strikes and numerous speeches, unrest in the army and navy forced Nicholas II to establish State Duma which somewhat relieved the situation, but did not solve the problem at the root.
War has come
By 1914, the beginning of the First World War, the reactionary processes in Russia were already of a systemic nature - Bolshevik propaganda was unfolding throughout the country, numerous anti-monarchist newspapers were published, revolutionary leaflets were printed, strikes and rallies of workers acquired a massive character.
The global armed conflict, in which the Russian Empire was drawn into, made the already difficult existence of workers and peasants unbearable. In the first year of the war, the production and sale of consumer goods in the country fell by a quarter, in the second - by 40%, in the third - by more than half.
During the war years, it has more than halved, shoes and clothing have risen in price by 3-4 times during this time. By 1917, the diet of workers in factories and factories began to be called "hungry".
"Talents" and their fans
By February 1917, when " populace"in the Russian Empire, finally ripe for the overthrow of the autocracy, Vladimir Lenin (Ulyanov), Leon Trotsky (Bronstein), Matvey Skobelev, Moses Uritsky and other leaders of the revolution have lived abroad for many years. What kind of money did the ideologists of the “bright future” exist in a foreign land all this time, and not badly at that? And who sponsored the leaders of the smaller proletariat who remained in their homeland?
It is no secret that the radical Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) raised money to fight the bourgeois capitalists by far from always legal methods, or rather, often illegal ones. In addition to donations from altruists and provocateurs, such as the big industrialist Savva Morozov or Trotsky's uncle, the banker Abram Zhivotovsky, expropriations (or, as they were called, "exes"), that is, robberies, were common for the Bolsheviks. By the way, the future Soviet leader, Iosif Dzhugashvili, who went down in history under the name Stalin, took an active part in them.
Friends of the revolution
With the outbreak of the First World War, a new upsurge of the revolutionary movement in Russia begins, fueled, among other things, by money from abroad. This was helped by the family ties of the revolutionaries operating in Russia: Sverdlov had a banker brother in the United States, the uncle of Trotsky, who was hiding abroad, turned millions in Russia.
Israel Lazarevich Gelfand, better known as Alexander Parvus, played an important role in the development of the revolutionary movement. He was a native of the Russian Empire, had connections with influential financial and political circles in Germany, as well as with German and British intelligence. According to some reports, it was this man who was one of the first to pay attention to the Russian revolutionaries Lenin, Trotsky, Markov, Zasulich and others. In the early 1900s, he helped publish the Iskra newspaper.
Viktor Adler, one of the leaders of the Austrian Social Democracy, became another true "friend of the Russian revolutionaries". It was to him that in 1902 Lev Bronstein, who had escaped from Siberian exile, went, having left his wife with two small children in his homeland. Adler, who later saw in Trotsky a brilliant demagogue and provocateur, provided the guest from Russia with money and documents, thanks to which the future People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR successfully reached London.
At that time, Lenin and Krupskaya lived there under the surname Richter. Trotsky conducts propaganda activities, speaks at meetings of social-democratic circles, and writes to Iskra. The sharp-tongued young journalist is sponsored by the party movement and wealthy "comrades-in-arms." A year later, Trotsky-Bronstein in Paris meets his future common-law wife, a native of Odessa, Natalya Sedova, who was also fond of Marxism.
In the spring of 1904, Trotsky was invited to visit his estate near Munich by Alexander Parvus. The banker not only introduces him to the circle of European supporters of Marxism, devotes him to the plans for the world revolution, but also develops with him the idea of creating Soviets.
Parvus is also one of the first to predict the inevitability of the First World War for new sources of raw materials and markets. Trotsky, who by that time had become deputy chairman of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, took part with Parvus in the revolutionary events of 1905 in Petrograd, which, to their chagrin, did not lead to the overthrow of the autocracy. Both were arrested (Trotsky was sentenced to eternal exile in Siberia) and both soon fled abroad.
After the events of 1905, Trotsky settled in Vienna, generously sponsored by his socialist friends, lived in grand style: he changed several luxurious apartments, became a member of the highest social democratic circles in Austria-Hungary and Germany. Another sponsor of Trotsky was the German theorist of Austro-Marxism Rudolf Hilferding, with his support Trotsky published the reactionary newspaper Pravda in Vienna.
Money doesn't smell
During the outbreak of the First World War, Lenin and Trotsky were in the territory of Austria-Hungary. They, as Russian subjects, were almost arrested, but Viktor Adler stood up for the leaders of the revolution. As a result, both left for neutral countries. Germany and the United States were preparing for war: in America, President Woodrow Wilson, close to the bigwigs of the financial world, came to power and the Federal Reserve System (FRS) was created, the former banker Max Warburg was put at the head of the German intelligence services. Under the control of the latter, Nia-Bank was established in Stockholm in 1912, which later financed the activities of the Bolsheviks.
After the failed revolution of 1905, for some time the revolutionary movement in Russia remained almost without "feeding" from abroad, and the paths of its main ideologists - Lenin and Trotsky - diverged. Significant sums began to arrive after Germany was bogged down in the war, and again largely thanks to Parvus. In the spring of 1915, he proposed to the German leadership a plan to incite revolution in the Russian Empire in order to force the Russians to withdraw from the war. The document described how to organize an anti-monarchist campaign in the press, conduct subversive agitation in the army and navy.
Parvus' plan
The key role in terms of overthrowing the autocracy in Russia was assigned to the Bolsheviks (although the final division in the RSDLP into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks took place only in the spring of 1917). Parvus urged “against the backdrop of a losing war” to direct negative feelings Russian people against tsarism. He was also one of the first to offer support for separatist sentiments in Ukraine, stating that the formation of an independent Ukraine "can be seen both as a liberation from the tsarist regime and as a solution to the peasant question." The Parvus plan cost 20 million marks, of which the German government at the end of 1915 agreed to lend a million. It is not known how much of this money reached the Bolsheviks, since, as German intelligence reasonably believed, part of the money was pocketed by Parvus. Part of this money definitely reached the revolutionary cash desk and was spent for its intended purpose.
The well-known Social Democrat Eduard Bernstein, in an article published in 1921 in the newspaper Vorverts, claimed that Germany paid the Bolsheviks more than 50 million gold marks.
Dvuliky Ilyich
Kerensky claimed that Lenin's associates received a total of 80 million from the Kaiser's treasury. The funds were transferred, among other things, through Nia-Bank. Lenin himself did not deny that he took money from the Germans, but he never named specific amounts.
Nevertheless, in April 1917 the Bolsheviks were publishing 17 dailies with a total weekly circulation of 1.4 million. By July, the number of newspapers increased to 41, and circulation rose to 320,000 a day. And this is not counting the numerous leaflets, each circulation of which cost tens of thousands of rubles. At the same time, the Central Committee of the Party acquired a printing house for 260,000 rubles.
True, the Bolshevik Party also had other sources of income: in addition to the already mentioned robberies and robbery, as well as membership fees of the party members themselves (an average of 1-1.5 rubles per month), money came from a completely unexpected direction. So, General Denikin reported that the commander southwestern front Gutor opened a loan of 100 thousand rubles to finance the Bolshevik press, and the commander of the Northern Front, Cheremisov, subsidized the publication of the Nash Put newspaper from state money.
After October revolution 1917 financing of the Bolsheviks through various channels continued.
Conspiracy theorists claim that the material support of the Russian revolutionaries was provided by structures of large financiers and bankers-masons like the Rockefellers and the Rothschilds. U.S. Secret Service documents dated December 1918 noted that large sums for Lenin and Trotsky went through Fed Vice President Paul Warburg. The leaders of the Fed asked for another million dollars from the Morgan financial group - for emergency support of the Soviet government.
In April 1921, the New York Times reported that Lenin's account in one of the Swiss banks received 75 million francs in 1920 alone, Trotsky had 11 million dollars and 90 million francs, Zinoviev and Dzerzhinsky - 80 million each. million francs (there are no documents confirming or refuting this information).
Tags: Lenin, revolution, money
Today, many researchers, speaking about the role of Russia in world history, note: this country, no matter how insulting it sounds, throughout almost its entire history played into the hands of anyone, but by no means itself. She was traditionally assigned three roles - a source of resources, cannon fodder in big wars and an external process controller. If at the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire was in no way inferior to America and it seemed that the future belonged to these two megapowers, then a century later the situation for Russia has changed far from for the better.
The country was gradually impoverished, losing solid pieces of territory, fought with potential allies and became an ally of those who tried to bleed it. Meanwhile, the West grew fantastically rich. His politicians, industrialists and financiers knew how to make money not only on their enterprise, but also on the sweat, blood and thoughts of the Russian people. The flows of wealth (and brains!) exported from Russia helped the West to reach the zenith of industrial development and move on to the creation of an information, post-industrial economy. And it began, in fact, with one of the most ambitious investment projects called "Revolution-1917" ...
Actually, now it is no secret to anyone that all Russian revolutions were financed from abroad. There were always those who needed to arrange a bloody mess in the too rapidly growing empire and throw it back a dozen or two years ago. But with the revolution of 1917 it turned out even more interesting. The fact is that this popular explosion was necessary for almost everyone. The Germans, rather battered by the war, wanted to save forces on the Eastern Front and get at least a little respite.
The British simply did not know what to grab onto: firstly, they really did not want to give Russia access to the Persian Gulf and the Black Sea straits; secondly, the British government was very worried about the fact that the Russians were rapidly consolidating their influence in Central Asia; third, the British began to lose control of India.
The Americans quite rightly considered Russia their main competitor and were afraid that it would soon turn into a strong Eurasian power. And in this case, the issue of the transition of all of Europe under the protectorate of the Russian Empire became just a matter of time (and a very short one at that!). If this were indeed the case, what would be the fate of America itself? It would have remained just a provincial state on the outskirts of the world.
Today it is difficult to find a person who would not know that the revolution that broke out in October in Russia was made by the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, with the money provided to them by Germany. The Germans even kindly provided the leader and his comrades with the opportunity to enter Russia without any hassle, worries and extra costs. To do this, the top of the revolutionaries were provided with a comfortable carriage, which was sealed in Germany and was not subject to inspections along the way. One can only imagine with what relief the German authorities escorted this "time bomb" out of their territory...
But here is the question: were the Germans the only ones who “sponsored” the October Revolution? Volkogonov, Solzhenitsyn and Bunich convinced their compatriots that the coup in Russia was carried out with the money of the German General Staff. However, taking into account the interest of other powers in the weakening of the Russian Empire and the natural rationalism and stinginess of the Germans, this is hard to believe.
Well, the Germans could not but demand a certain bribe from other interested parties, at least partially compensating their moral and material costs! And modern historians confirm this. In fact, German money was by no means the largest investment in the revolution, which was to destroy Russia from the inside. M. Nazarov, for example, points out that in 1916-1917 the economic situation in Germany left much to be desired. The country was in an economic blockade, it was in dire need of industrial raw materials and products (famine reigned in the country), all resources went to the production of weapons and ammunition, the mark was no longer a convertible currency ... So tell me, where did the country get money from also for a revolution in Russia?! No, the Germans were ready to pay for the elimination of a dangerous neighbor, but only in proportion to other, more economically powerful powers. And real investments of large sums in this political scam could only be made by the world financial international - a global financial society that had the necessary amount of francs, pounds sterling and dollars.
So, a number of states sought in one way or another to remove Russia from solving important world political and economic issues. The easiest way to do this was to focus it on internal (very bloody) problems, that is, pushing the empire into the maelstrom of internal war. And this macabre scenario was basically directed by one person...
Parvus-Gelfand- a very extraordinary personality, adventurous, cynically cruel and rational to the point of disgrace. He was born in Belarus, in a family of Jewish artisans. Having moved to Odessa, he joined the revolutionary activities, because he was sure that this path would lead him to power and wealth, which Gelfand had dreamed of since childhood. And he made no mistake in choosing the path. It was his fighters, who wormed their way into the crowd of demonstrators on January 9, 1905, provoked the infamous carnage on the square in front of the Winter Palace. It was he who said that Russia must lose in the Russo-Japanese War. It was this man who became one of the leaders of the Petersburg Soviet (1905) and forced Lenin and Trotsky to act at his discretion.
However, party comrades noticed that Parvus had very unpleasant traits. In particular, uncleanliness and theft. Naturally, they could not but spoil his relations with his associates. So in 1907, Parvus's career among the Social Democrats went downhill. But the cunning adventurer, of course, managed to find a way out of this crisis situation. He quickly moved to Turkey, where the Young Turks just came to power, who did not consider Jews outcasts and where the Jewish community had weight. So Parvus quickly took the post of economic adviser to the government, developed a stormy activity in the field of trade and finance, turning a number of more than successful transactions with Russian grain and coal. Interestingly, the Young Turk government maintained close ties with Britain, which, in turn, always pursued an anti-Russian policy and gladly supported those who, by their actions, caused damage to the rival empire.
In general, when in 1914 Russia grappled with Germany and the First World War began, Parvus knew perfectly well what to do next. He quickly arranged a meeting with the German ambassador in Constantinople and proposed an original plan of action: to finance a revolution in Russia, which would lead to a significant weakening and impoverishment of the empire, break it into several weak states, which, frankly, would not care about world problems.
The ambassador appreciated the "graceful decision", and in March 1915, Parvus, at the invitation of the German government, ended up in Berlin. There he detailed the details of his plan, advising to assist the Social Democrats, separatists in Ukraine and the Transcaucasus, as well as financially help the Finnish and Baltic nationalists. In addition, it was necessary to promote the rise of the strike movement in Russia and launch a broad campaign in the newspapers. The Germans were imbued with the idea and made the cunning adventurer a confidant of their General Staff. Already in the same year, Parvus contacted Lenin and managed to establish contact with him. The future leader of the world proletariat was not a fool, and therefore he immediately figured out the “benefactor” (it was not for nothing that he subsequently broke off relations with Parvus, called him an extremely unscrupulous person and did not give any post in his government), but, nevertheless, with the money offered to him, used it without hesitation.
So, according to Parvus' plan, in April 1917 the Germans "packed" Lenin and his inner circle into a special car and, as part of a special train, safely delivered them from Switzerland to Russia, where the people were just disentangling the consequences of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. Using the solid funds available to him and the situation of complete bedlam that reigned in the country, Lenin carried out the famous October Revolution, after which, as he had promised, he led Russia out of the war with Germany. And besides, he hastened to get rid of the need to communicate with Parvus in the future. The latter, by the way, was not allowed into Russia until the end of his life.
So how much did the October Revolution really cost? It is believed that the Germans laid out no less than 50 million marks for the elimination of a dangerous enemy (the amount at that time was more than significant). The financing scheme was clearly worked out: the trading company, which personally belonged to Parvus and was based in Copenhagen, received money from the German government into its account. Parvus used these funds to buy goods that were scarce in Russia and transported them to the empire.
There, the “parcels” were received by the Bolshevik Simenson, whose competence was the sale of the goods received and the transfer of the money received for them to Lenin (the transfer of amounts was carried out through the Swedish “Nia Banken”, which belonged to Olaf Aschberg). The funds of the "sponsors" were quite enough not only for the very expensive campaigning work and the publication of the Pravda newspaper, but also for the maintenance of the most ardent communist activists (as it is clear to everyone, such persons did not have time to work and provide for themselves - they actively played in the transformation of the world). Among other things, in parallel with Parvus, the Bolsheviks were also supplied with money by a certain Mr. Moor, a German agent.
In general, the scheme for financing the revolution, simple and effective, is quite clear. It remains only to find out which of the opponents of Russia and how much money he invested in the revolution. It turns out that the German General Staff allocated no more than 10 million marks for this. And another 40 million in gold (about 10 million dollars at the then exchange rate) was transferred to the Parvus company by ... the Warburg banking house from New York. So it's time to talk about the "American contribution" to the cause of the October Revolution.
It turns out that in parallel with Lenin, another “special contraband” was sent to Russia - the notorious Lev Davidovich Trotsky, who was to become the second leader of October. But he did not move by train, but by steamboat, sailing from New York. In principle, Trotsky was quite comfortable in America as well. When he was expelled from France and he showed up in the "country of equal opportunities", he found a way to earn quite legally and get comfortable.
In America, he had his own car with a personal driver and a house in which there were even such expensive miracles of technology as a vacuum cleaner and a refrigerator (yes, yes, and you shouldn’t laugh; these days everyone has such devices, and then the possession of such novelties could only be equated with the possession of a personal space station ...) But one day this quiet life ended.
The then US President, Woodrow Wilson, gave Trotsky a passport to return to Russia and, in addition, $10,000 (more than $200,000 in today's money) for "pocket expenses." On March 26, Trotsky, taking a large group of agitators and revolutionaries for company, set sail for his homeland. True, in Halifax (Canada) he was arrested as a German agent, but ... The US State Department contacted the British Embassy in Washington, and the "revolutionary maker" was hastily released.
By the way, the United States relied on Trotsky also for a reason. Relatives of the brave revolutionary who lived in the United States and countries Western Europe, were millionaires, members of the largest world banks and intensively established trade relations between the Bolsheviks and the West, that is, no one in random person didn't invest...
When the revolution "sponsored" by the West was crowned with success, the robbery of Russian wealth reached incredible proportions. The First World War, both coups in 1917, the Civil War of 1918-1922 made it possible to pump resources out of Russia almost uncontrollably.
The empire was falling apart. All this was generously seasoned by the lack of normal government, terrible inflation, corruption, theft, robbery, murder, rampant criminality. Naturally, everything wealthy people, who did not realize in time to get away from this nightmare (or are too ideological, believing in a ghostly bright tomorrow), began to transfer all their money abroad. The outflow of funds has assumed simply menacing proportions. But how can one blame entrepreneurs and bankers for this, who simply did not know what to expect from the next day? In addition, the Bolsheviks, obsessed with the idea of a world revolution, were not going to limit themselves to power in Russia.
That is why they enthusiastically gutted Russia, transferring the seized money and valuables to Switzerland and American banks - thus creating the basis for the future reorganization of the world. Until the middle of 1918, Russia was simply ripped off like a sticky. Robbery and confiscation of property of wealthy citizens did not stop in the country. Those who wanted to go abroad were released only if a ransom was paid - 400,000 gold rubles per person ... By the way, the money from the sale of Russian goods abroad also did not return to the country, settling on personal accounts of the Bolsheviks in foreign banks.
S. Norka, for example, in "Accursed Russia" gives the following figures: from the moment of the October Revolution to the beginning civil war only goods worth more than two billion gold rubles were exported from Russia to the West. To date, this amount is equal to 23 billion dollars ...
Western financiers, however, were in no hurry to bet all their money on one horse. Therefore, they were willingly allocated to both the Bolsheviks and the White Guards. Thus, the "sponsors" did not lose anything. Whoever came to power in the country as a result of the Civil War, he would still have to miraculously restore the torn economy and destroyed production. Yes, and with a decline in agriculture something would have to be done. That is, you would have to buy cars, equipment, the latest technologies from the same USA, ask for investments, get loans ... The price for all these benefits was gold, antiques, art and cultural values, looted (“expropriated”) throughout the country, given literally for pennies grain and valuable raw materials. In addition, Western companies could be calm: concessions of the best railways and mineral deposits from them would not have gone anywhere ...
By the way, the White Guards also managed to distinguish themselves in the last battle for power: they issued loans against gold reserves, pledged shares of the largest enterprises, sold Ural factories and mines, Baku oil, industrial and strategic raw materials of Siberia and even ... tram concessions in Petrograd to Western firms! Thus, no matter who won in the end, the main prize still went to the West - Russia became, in fact, a real colony of Western capital.
In general, to the cost of the October Revolution in Russia, one should add everything that they managed to lower and destroy opposing sides. And this, at least, is the wealth accumulated in the empire for more than two centuries. The country's gold reserves alone were considered the largest in Europe on the eve of the October Revolution. It was no less than 1337 tons! But by 1922, the country's gold storage facilities were empty. Professor Sirotkin, head of the International expert council on material and cultural values abroad, on the basis of a number of documents claims that the value of more than 300 billion dollars (at the current exchange rate) “sailed” abroad. Russian gold "spread" all over the world, and this was facilitated, thanks to headlessness, by both sides - both white and red. Values through Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Baltic states were transported to Holland and Germany, from where they were exported to the USA. And part of the money settled in Japan, Germany, the Czech Republic, England, etc.
By the way, have you ever thought that the cost of the October Revolution should have been added to the cost of foreign real estate, which at one time belonged to Russian organizations and citizens, and then remained ownerless and was given to new owners for a pittance? But we are talking about real estate in Nice (the Russians bought almost the entire valley there and built a direct road from St. Petersburg), on the Cote d'Azur, in Switzerland, on the territory of modern Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, etc.
Returning to Western investors, it should be said that experts still managed to track down one specific address, where the main streams of funding for the revolutions of 1917 came from and where the profits from these coups flowed. Attention, here is the address: New York, Broadway, 120. At this address, the skyscraper of the Equitable Office Building was located. It was created by the president of Dupont de Nemours Powder, DuPont. Since 1915, the Equitable Life Assurance insurance company has settled in the same building (it was controlled by the famous financial tycoon J.P. Morgan). In addition, in a skyscraper on Broadway, "Weinberg and Posner" was registered, a member of which was the head of the Soviet Bureau in the USA L. Martens, the Bankers' Club, the headquarters of the New York District of the Federal Reserve System of America (where, in fact, were concentrated all the country's finances), the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Guggenheim Explorations, General Electric, American International Corporation.
By the way, the Federal Reserve Bank controlled the same Morgan, he, in company with Rockefeller, also led the American International Corporation. One of the founders of the latter was the National City Bank, with which Abram Zhivotovsky, a major financier and part-time uncle of Trotsky, conducted his business. Morgan's Taranti Trust also did not stand aside. By the way, it was his representative, the Swedish banker Olaf Aschberg, who in 1917 was engaged in supplying Lenin and his team. And in 1920-1922, the Taranti Trust sponsored the Soviet Bureau in New York. In 1917, the main "engine" of the revolutions of 1905-1907 became a shareholder of the "American International Corporation" and Russo-Japanese War Kuhn, Leeb & Co. is a company run by Jacob Schiff. This man willingly gave money to Russian terrorist fighters, as well as old revolutionaries obsessed with the idea of a new coup. By the way, the co-owners of the company were Schiff's relatives, the Warburg brothers. Paul Warburg was a very influential figure in American financial circles, and Felix was the leader of the Jewish community in Germany and one of the most serious German financiers. It was the Warburg brothers during
The First World War issued loans to Germany and ... the Entente.
As they say, just in case. At the same time, the "American International Corporation", associated with the state-owned companies of America and the country's defense industry, also received good profits. It was the American branch of the Warburgs that in 1917 transferred "money for the revolution" to the Parvus trading company in Copenhagen.
The American International Corporation strove to seize the Russian market and urged the US Department of Foreign Affairs to trade with the Bolsheviks. Why? Yes, because at the beginning of the 20th century the world was covered by an epidemic of socialism. And American financiers are practical and cynical people. Therefore, they analyzed all the possible twists of history and prepared for them. As they say, if you can't stop a locomotive, start driving it... The financiers even considered such a turn of events when the socialists would be at the helm of all countries. But even in this case, the actual power would remain in the hands of the international financial organization!
Since then, world capital has become preoccupied with the idea of managing history. World wars, revolutions, armed conflicts, crises - all these are just ways to make a profit, which, moreover, do not require large investments.
By the way, do you know who was the founder of the communist doctrine? Experts say that this is not Marx at all. And he himself, and all the main characters The First International (including Heine and Herzen) obeyed ... multimillionaire Nathan Rothschild! Both the financial and the revolutionary Internationals are his offspring. The Rothschild clan was the cornerstone of Western capitalism and at the same time incited the masses of people to revolt and strike, investing in an organization capable of bringing the situation to a revolution. Gradually these people became masters of peace and war. No wonder the mother of the five Rothschild brothers once dropped: “If my sons want it, there will be no war” ...
The West, having invested relatively small sums to finance the October Revolution, received at least half a trillion current dollars from Russia. In addition, he slowed down the economic, social and cultural development of the Russian Empire, setting it back at least 30 years ago. Thanks to its "investors" Russia was not among the winners in the First World War and was forced to rebuild its industry.
Vladimir Syadro Irina Anatolyevna Rudycheva Valentina Markovna Sklyarenko
50 famous mysteries of the history of the XX century
Who sponsored the 1917 revolution in Russia? Is there documentary evidence of this sponsorship? and got the best answer
Answer from Zhenok Rain[guru]
German millions began to flow through revolutionary channels in the spring of 1915. In terms of modern money, these are huge sums. Enough evidence has survived. Including in the German archives. Recently, the Berlin historians and publicists Gerhard Schiesser and Jochen Trauptmann made a new attempt to explore this topic. In the archives of the German Foreign Ministry, they found weighty folders that were titled as follows: “German Foreign Ministry. Secret Acts. War of 1914. Provocations in Russia, Finland and the Baltic provinces".
In March 1917 Confident in its resourcefulness, the German General Staff gave the Bolshevik Party 22 million marks. Then another 40 million.
Germany will help Lenin and the Bolsheviks in 1918. , even after the assassination of the German ambassador Mirbach in Moscow, until a revolution happens in Germany itself (in November 1918). But by that moment, the Bolsheviks who seized power in Russia will already be firmly “on their feet”.
Moreover, at the same time they received financial resources from the military opponents of Germany - the banking associations of the Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Morgans (from the Entente countries) - which the "cunning" and "resourceful" German politicians did not know ...
On March 27, 1917, L. Trotsky-Bronstein set off from New York to Russia on the steamer Christiania with 275 "- mattes" of Brooklyn origin and 10 thousand dollars in his personal pocket, received from wealthy fellow tribesmen. The amount is insignificant - literally "for pocket expenses" for the very first time.
Then one of the directors of the Federal Reserve Bank (New York) William Thompson personally contributed to the cashier of the Bolsheviks / a million dollars. Thompson is also a member of the Chase National Bank, representing the interests of the Rockefellers.
Of course, Yakov Schiff, already familiar to us, the head (senior partner) of the Kuhn, Loeb & K? ,
and also a member of the Supreme Council of B'nai B'rith, having donated $20 million to Lenin.
In turn, Schiff's partner was Paul Warburg, president of the Federal Reserve Bank and a member of the American delegation at the Versailles Congress, which decided the fate of defeated Germany, whose delegation included Warburg's brother, Max (president of the international bank "M. N. Warburg and K°"), who directly assisted Lenin on his journey through Germany in a "sealed carriage"... .
It is now clear why, to everyone's surprise at the time, at the First Congress of Soviets in June 1917, in response to the words of a Menshevik speaker that there was no such party now that could assume responsibility for power, Lenin shouted from his seat : “There is such a party! He knew he was screaming. They did not know - they listened ...
In 1922, Lenin created an international bank, through which he paid off all creditors for old debts. But the Bolsheviks constantly made new ones.
In the 1930s (before the "recognition" of the Stalinist regime by America), four US banks financed the USSR: they were: Chase National Bank, Equitable Trust, Guaranty Trust, Kuhn, Loeb and Co. ...
In the 1920s, Mr. Herbert Hoover, while not yet President, but Minister of Commerce, sent large consignments of food to Russia, knowing that they were not going to save the starving, but to strengthen the power of the Bolsheviks!
In 1933, President F. D. Roosevelt (actually Rosenfeld) abandoned all unnecessary scrupulousness and officially "recognized" on behalf of the United States the brutal regime of the Bolsheviks.
Certain bankers and the governments of England and France did likewise.
Such was the case with the payment for the "Russian" revolution of 1917. , payment, without which the revolution could not have happened, and most of all, to keep power in Russia!
Danila Guteres
Connoisseur
(422)
What "fact" are we talking about?
Answer from Yergey Almazov[guru]
They say the Germans...
Answer from Andreas Schmidt[guru]
Germans have long been known
Answer from Dron ivanov[guru]
Russia itself was pregnant with revolution.
Answer from Yourki - for modernization (of.str.)[guru]
Well, don't be ridiculous. .
Who leaves the documentary evidence in such cases?
Or witnesses?
There are only facts that raise a lot of questions ...
For example, the well-known locomotive scam involving Yuri Lomonosov ...
Radek must have known something. . I believe that Hammer was aware of the details ...
Answer from Nickname[guru]
The other day I read about it, I can’t remember the site and the historian who wrote it.
Answer from Nicholas[guru]
What evidence is there, rumors that the Bolsheviks are sponsored by the Germans were dissolved by the interim government, all the enemies of Kerensky, including General Kornilov, were recorded as German spies, if there had been evidence they would have been published even then.
Answer from Yergey Ivanov[guru]
There are also documents. The first revolution in 1905 was sponsored by the Japanese. And in 1917, the British and Americans, then the Germans. The powerful clan of Rothschilds and Rockefellers sponsored the Russian revolution through intermediaries. After all, Trotsky came from the USA. Western countries did not need a strong Russia, especially England, our eternal enemy. And the Germans again fell for the bait of the Anglo-Saxons and lost their empire, then the Third Reich. It must be admitted that British diplomacy is the strongest. In any conflict, they always win. You can check for centuries.
Answer from Elizaveta Ivanova[guru]
Zionists.
Answer from Will we be treated?[guru]
Yes, the revolution itself lasted for an hour - why sponsor it? ! Who sponsored the training is the question. The professional revolutionaries who made the mess had enough funds in their families to free them for their party. And these families, while supporting their dissatisfied relatives, themselves received the strong support of the financial elites of many countries who so wanted to turn Russia into a vinaigrette. Germany became their cradle, but America also worked hard until October and after to insert its five cents into the collapse of the empire. But even in the country itself there was soil, and a chaos of opinions, and an ideological intelligentsia, and a savvy working class, in order to turn the country over and wear it out and squeeze it dry. Well, the territorial gain in the First World War, donated by grandfather Lenin, betrays interested persons.