« Inner world» modern refrigerators is rich: all kinds of shelves, compartments, molds and molds. They make food storage easy and convenient. Unless, of course, you know what this or that shelf or container is for. Let's try to figure them out.

Refrigerator: inside view

Refrigerators are different. Large and small, imported and domestic, multi-colored, expensive and not very expensive. Their equipment is also different. One model has a special compartment for oil, while the other does not ... The presence of certain "amenities" inside the refrigerator depends on its cost, as well as on what the manufacturer himself is ready to offer us for a particular price. Some firms pay more attention to the "insides" of their units, others less ...

Shelf around the head

No modern household refrigerator is unthinkable without shelves. To pile food on top of each other, you see, the pleasure is dubious. There are two main types of shelves: metal (“lattices”) and glass. There are few models with plastic shelves on the market now, and they are not very popular. This material can be used to make special trays or pallets designed to store certain products, boxes in the freezer.

Metal lattice shelves are the lot of inexpensive refrigerators. For example, they can be found in some models of Krasnoyarsk units, such as the single-chamber "Biryusa" 6S-1 or the two-chamber "Biryusa" 18S. They are also in Velikoluksky devices, for example, in "Morozko" -4. Foreign manufacturers also complete their equipment with metal shelves: take at least the popular in Russia Indesit ST 145.

However, lattice metal shelves today are different from those that we are used to seeing in old Soviet refrigerators. Usually they all have plastic "clothes". This is undoubtedly better, from the point of view of hygiene, and it looks more advantageous than bare metal.

In many budget models, the shelves are metal, lattice, dressed in plastic. In the photo: refrigerator "Biryusa" 18C

The desire of buyers to purchase refrigerators with glass shelves, and manufacturers to produce them, can be called the fashionable word “trend” today (trend, hobby). Glass, especially tempered glass, can withstand a considerable load: up to 25 kilograms. So there is no need to be afraid that it will crack if you put a large cast-iron cauldron with pilaf in the refrigerator. Washing glass is much easier than gratings. In addition, refrigerators with glass shelves look more beautiful and more expensive than those with lattice ones. However, not only do they look, but they also cost, as a rule, more expensive. And this is due not only to the additional payment for beauty. Every medal has a reverse side. The fact is that glass shelves prevent normal air circulation in the refrigerator. Because of this, manufacturers have to install additional ventilation systems, which leads to an increase in the cost of the final product.

All glass shelves, as a rule, are equipped with a special edging. Usually it is plastic, but in more expensive models it can be made of stainless steel or even wood. In addition to being decorative, its role is to prevent accidentally spilled liquids from entering the lower shelves of the refrigerator. It is better if the edging is easily removed. This is convenient when washing the refrigerator, because most of the dirt accumulates precisely at the point of contact of the edging with the glass.

In addition to what material the shelves in the refrigerator are made of, it is worth paying attention to the presence of special latches that will not allow the shelf to “go” after the heavy pan removed from it.

Naturally, the more slots in the refrigerator for rearranging the shelves, the better. Inexpensive units on the inner walls usually have several divisions with a certain step, for example, 5 centimeters. The more expensive ones often have completely grooved sides inside, which means that you can fix the shelf at the height that is most convenient for the user.

Some manufacturers (for example, Electrolux, AEG, Liebherr) complete their expensive models with shelves half the usual width. This allows you to store tall dishes, large pots or bottles. Other companies, for example, the Bocsh-Siemens concern, install folding shelves in refrigerators: they are divided in half and, if necessary, the front half “leaves” under the back. The South Korean company Samsung in its side by side refrigerator RSJ1KERS also installed a special shelf for the convenience of storing products in oversized dishes. It is metal and made in the shape of the letter Z.

Z-shelf in the refrigerator Samsung RSJ1KERS

Bottle game

Previously, manufacturers did not pay much attention to the storage of bottles in the refrigerator. As a rule, a shelf-balcony on the door served for this. In a pinch, the bottle could be laid flat on any of the regular shelves. Today, in addition to the shelf on the door, in many models there are special holders. Usually this is a lattice shelf, curved in such a way that a certain number of bottles (usually up to 5) can be placed on it without fear for their safety. Such holders are found in models of almost all manufacturers, both expensive and mid-priced, and even budget.

The most common bottle holders: balcony shelf and curved wire shelf

However, some companies offer other solutions for storing drinks. The holder can also be for one bottle, in which case it is attached to any shelf in the refrigerator. Such a holder is either metal or plastic. In the second case, the accessory may be more beautiful, but the metal is still more durable ...

An interesting solution is offered by Siemens. Some models of this manufacturer are equipped with Vario-shelves. On the one hand, they are flat, it is convenient to store food on them, but if you turn such a shelf over, then its other side will turn out to be ribbed. The wavy grooves are perfect for storing bottles.

Another German manufacturer is not far behind: Liebherr. In a number of models, for example, KGT 4066, you can find an unusual design made of metal and plastic with a folding handle, similar to a basket. The bottles in it are in a vertical position. By the way, with its help you can not only store them in the refrigerator, but even serve them on the table - you won’t be ashamed.

For horizontal storage of bottles in the Liebherr KGN 5066 model and some others, there is a lattice three-story whatnot. Shelves of whatnot are slightly tilted back. It is made for the safest storage of beverage bottles. A big plus of the bookcase is that it can be used, for example, for storing sausages, as well as many other products, it is multifunctional.

What's behind the door?

On the door of the refrigerator, there are usually from 3 to 5 removable shelves-balconies in its entire width. The upper shelf, and sometimes several at once, as a rule, is equipped with a lid (like a bread box). These shelves store products that are used daily. These are boxes of milk, kefir or juice, and bottles of drinks, medicines, mayonnaise, eggs. By the way, for the latter, more often on the upper door shelf, there is a special compartment with a recess for each egg, for careful storage.

Shelves on the door in most models are plastic. They are transparent or opaque. In some refrigerators, some of the shelves are transparent, and some are not. Balcony shelves are usually each in its place, but in some units the manufacturer allows the user to place them in their own way, providing several free holders. Most often, you can outweigh the second shelf, if there are three of them, or the one that is above the lowest one, if there are more shelves.

Balcony shelves in the refrigerator Indesit ST 145

But not always shelves-balconies are made in the entire width of the door. There are models of refrigerators (and there are many of them), in which there is only one such shelf - for bottles. And the rest, small ones, are “scattered” along the inner surface of the door. An example of a refrigerator with such an arrangement of door shelves is a model from Belarus Atlant "MHM-1845". Naturally, other manufacturers also offer similar units.

In addition to various shelves, a mini-bar, or, as it is also called, a home bar, can be provided on the door. It is a window embedded in the door of the refrigerator compartment with its own door-rack, opening which you can take various drinks from the refrigerator.

Also, in many models there is a function for serving chilled drinks. The refrigerator has a reservoir for liquid (water, juice) or a supply of purified tap water is connected, and on the outside of the door of the refrigerator compartment there is a recess with a dispenser through which liquid can be poured.

Cold drink dispenser for refrigerator Samsung RSJ1KERS

Oil storage

Oil must be stored in a butter dish, everyone knows this, and refrigerator manufacturers are no exception. In budget models, there is a small shelf with a lid built into the door. More expensive refrigerators usually offer pretty boxes that can be put on the table during a meal. For example, Ariston completes some of its models with an oil dish and a blue egg holder.

Let's go to the freezer

As you know, refrigerators come with a top and bottom freezer. In the first case, in the freezer, as a rule, you can see the same shelves as in the refrigerator compartment. True, if they are glass in the refrigerator compartment, then in the freezer, most likely, there will still be lattice metal ones. Depending on the size of the freezer, there may be one or two shelves. Also, in many refrigerators, the freezer is equipped with an ice mold. Most often it is made of durable, resistant to low temperatures plastic.

Freezer refrigerator Indesit ST 145

In refrigerators with a bottom freezer, there are usually several drawers: from 2 to 4-5. All plastic. It is convenient if they are completely transparent or with a transparent front: so you can see what exactly is in a particular container. Some manufacturers complete their models with special trays for freezing berries, small and chopped fruits and vegetables, dumplings. With this method of freezing, the taste and useful properties of food are better preserved. After freezing in such a tray, the products are packed and transferred to a regular container in the freezer.

Freezer with food storage containers

Also in the freezer there are special removable containers for ice. Ariston, on some of its models, installs ice molds on the inside of the freezer door. But South Korean companies (Samsung, LG) have introduced a technology in their refrigerators that makes it very easy to remove ready-made ice cubes from the freezer. Samsung calls this innovation the “TIT Ice Tray” and LG calls it the Easy Get Ice Tray. Despite different names, the principle of operation of these systems is the same and simple. Opening the freezer, you simply turn a special lever. Ready ice cubes are then poured into the tray. You just have to pull it out and take the finished ice.

Ice in a different way

In addition, an ice maker may be provided for making ice in the refrigerator. For it to function, the refrigerator must be connected to the water supply. However, there are models in which a container is provided for filling water manually. Cold water is first filtered and then frozen - it turns into ice. It accumulates in a special compartment, often in the form of cubes, but some models also provide for the preparation of crushed ice. Once the tank is full, the generator will automatically stop freezing the water. The advantages of ice obtained in this way are obvious: it does not come into contact with products stored in the freezer, and does not absorb odors. Such ice can be used both for making drinks and, for example, for cosmetic purposes.

A modern refrigerator is a convenient and functional unit for storing food and making ice. Manufacturers today pay a lot of attention to the "interiors" of their models. They come up with various additional accessories, develop an attractive design. Such zeal is partly due to the fact that no revolutionary changes in the technical device of the refrigerator are yet to be expected. And something needs to attract the attention of buyers. So they all took up the external and internal appearance of their products, come up with new shelves, oilers and bottle holders. Well, we can only benefit from this. Most importantly, do not neglect the careful handling of any household appliances, and then it will serve you for a long time and will more than justify the money spent on its purchase.

On the eve of the Victory Day holiday on May 9, on everyone's lips. But rarely does anyone remember the contribution of teenagers to a great victory. Meanwhile, the guys who did not arouse suspicion among the Nazis actively helped Soviet partisans and saboteurs. Children of the Great Patriotic War occupy a place of honor among the heroes-front-line soldiers.

Children of the world are children of war

Schoolchildren who had just passed their exams yesterday signed up for the partisans or went to the front, attributing to personal documents two years. Seeing the horrors of the war and the example of their older comrades, the very young guys also wanted to serve the Motherland. Only in the Belarusian forests fought about 75 thousand children of the world, who overnight became children of the war.

You can’t count how many “sons of the regiment” there were, since the commanders hid the presence of children in their ranks. They were cherished in every possible way as a symbol of the future, but often children, along with adults, participated in military operations. We will learn how the children-heroes of the Second World War forged a common victory.

Marat Kazei

Full Headquarters Scout partisan brigade No. 200 named after Rokossovsky was born in 1929 in Belarus. In the 1930s, the Bolsheviks arrested his father on charges of "Trotskyism". In 1941, the Germans shot Marat's mother for helping the partisans. The embittered boy ran into the forest.

During the war years, he was known as a desperate intelligence officer. Marat actively participated in raids, undermined enemy equipment, echelons. In 1943 he was awarded the medal " For courage» for breaking through the enemy ring. A year later, during reconnaissance, he, along with the commander, was ambushed. While there were cartridges, the 14-year-old boy fired back. When the store was empty, he blew himself up and the Germans surrounding him with a grenade. In 1965, Marat Kazei received the title of Hero of the USSR.

Vladimir Tarnovsky

The 15-year-old hero of the Great Patriotic War ended up in the Red Army in 1943. During the war years, he lost his mother, stepfather and younger brother. He wanted to take revenge, and the position of a messenger obviously did not attract him. Soon he was entrusted with a place in reconnaissance. Medal " For courage he got for capturing the "tongue".

Earlier, Vladimir led the Studebakers who got lost in the rear directly to the front line, which won the respect of his senior comrades. Together with them, a native of Slavyansk reached Berlin, where he left a commemorative inscription on the Reichstag in chalk. He lived a long life and died in 2013.

Leonid Golikov

Children-heroes of the Second World War often showed ingenuity, a lively mind and resourcefulness, helping their older brothers, but this was not the case to catch an enemy general with important documents. At least until they found out about Lena Golikov in Moscow.

During the war years, a 16-year-old partisan scout organized sabotage on the railway, destroyed bridges, set fire to enemy equipment and warehouses. But there was an amazing case in the hero’s biography when a German general ran away from him with a briefcase in his hands.

It was on a country road. Lenya sat in ambush, waiting for the enemy. Then the general's Mercedes appeared. The child hero blew up the car with a grenade. An officer jumped out of it, rushing towards the forest with a briefcase in his hands. Lenya is behind him. Having overtaken the general, he killed him and took away the documents. The package was sent by special flight to the General Staff in Moscow. Hero Soviet Union Lenya Golikov died in the winter of 1943, participating in the offensive of the Red Army.

Arkady Kamanin

Among the "sons of the regiment", as a rule, there were children who lost their homes and parents. But the biography of Arkady Kamanin stands apart. The son of a combat pilot-hero of the USSR Nikolai Kamanin went to the front after his father. In 1943, 14-year-old Kamanin Jr. became a mechanic in one of the air corps of the Kalinin Front. Soon he was entrusted to fly on a "flyer" along with adults.

The youngest pilot of the Great Patriotic War in one of the sorties noticed a downed Il-2 in the neutral zone. Arkady evacuated the pilot with a package of documents, for which he received the Order of the Red Star. In 1945, he was already flying with might and main over the front line, laying routes. He has medals for the capture of Vienna, Budapest, Germany. The child-hero of the Second World War died a year later from meningitis.

Zina Portnova

Legendary cell member young avengers» Zina Portnova fought the enemy in the Belarusian forests, having come to visit her grandmother before the war. Zina herself was from Leningrad. At the age of 16, she joined the young avengers", carrying out bold sabotage and agitation among the population.

In 1943, she was given the task of finding out the reasons for the failed activities of " avengers and get in touch with the underground behind enemy lines. But the Germans arrested Zina. During the interrogation, she was silent, and when she had no strength left at all, the scout snatched a pistol from a German officer and shot him, as well as two guards. But she failed to escape.

They tortured her especially subtly, trying to find out the names of the underground. Once she even threw herself under the wheels of a truck in order to die faster. But the executioners grabbed her and began to torture even harder. The girl was shot in 1944 in the village of Goryany Vitebsk region Belarus. Zina Portnova received the star of the Hero of the USSR in 1958.

The children of the war of 1941-1945, against their will, took up arms and dropped out of school. They were forced by war, famine, devastation. Let's not forget their huge contribution to the victory over the Nazis. This is a common victory. Everyone forged it - from children and home front workers to front line soldiers.

Before the war, they were the most ordinary boys and girls. They studied, helped the elders, played, bred pigeons, sometimes even took part in fights. But the hour of severe trials has come and they proved how huge an ordinary little child's heart can become when a sacred love for the Motherland, pain for the fate of its people and hatred of enemies flares up in it. And no one expected that it was these boys and girls who were able to accomplish a great feat for the glory of the freedom and independence of their Motherland!

Children who remained in the destroyed cities and villages became homeless, doomed to starvation. It was terrible and difficult to stay in the territory occupied by the enemy. Children could be sent to a concentration camp, taken to work in Germany, turned into slaves, made donors for German soldiers etc.

Here are the names of some of them: Volodya Kazmin, Yura Zhdanko, Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Lara Mikheenko, Valya Kotik, Tanya Morozova, Vitya Korobkov, Zina Portnova. Many of them fought so hard that they earned military orders and medals, and four: Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova, Lenya Golikov, became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

From the first days of the occupation, the boys and girls began to act at their own peril and risk, which was really deadly.

"Fedya Samodurov. Fedya is 14 years old, he is a graduate of the motorized rifle unit, commanded by the guard captain A. Chernavin. Fedya was picked up in his homeland, in the ruined village of the Voronezh region. Together with a unit, he took part in the battles for Ternopil, with a machine-gun crew he kicked the Germans out of the city. When almost the entire crew died, the teenager, together with the surviving soldier, took up the machine gun, firing long and hard, and detained the enemy. Fedya was awarded the medal "For Courage".

Vanya Kozlov, 13 years old,he was left without relatives and has been in a motorized rifle unit for the second year. At the front, he delivers food, newspapers and letters to soldiers in the most difficult conditions.

Petya Zub. Petya Zub chose a no less difficult specialty. He had long ago decided to become a scout. His parents were killed, and he knows how to pay off the accursed German. Together with experienced scouts, he gets to the enemy, reports his location on the radio, and the artillery fires at their orders, crushing the Nazis.

A sixteen year old schoolgirl Olya Demesh with her younger sister Lida at the Orsha station in Belarus, on the instructions of the commander of the partisan brigade S. Zhulin, tanks with fuel were blown up using magnetic mines. Of course, the girls attracted much less attention of the German guards and policemen than teenage boys or adult men. But after all, it was just right for the girls to play with dolls, and they fought with Wehrmacht soldiers!

Thirteen-year-old Lida often took a basket or a bag and went to railways collect coal, extracting intelligence on German military echelons. If she was stopped by sentries, she explained that she was collecting coal to heat the room in which the Germans lived. The Nazis seized and shot Olya's mother and younger sister Lida, and Olya continued to fearlessly carry out the tasks of the partisans.

For the head of the young partisan Olya Demes, the Nazis promised a generous reward - land, a cow and 10,000 marks. Copies of her photograph were distributed and sent to all patrol services, policemen, elders and secret agents. Capture and deliver her alive - that was the order! But the girl could not be caught. Olga destroyed 20 German soldiers and officers, derailed 7 enemy echelons, conducted reconnaissance, participated in the "rail war", in the destruction of German punitive units.

Children of the Great Patriotic War

What happened to the children during this terrible time? During the war?

The guys worked for days at factories, factories and industries, standing behind the machines instead of the brothers and fathers who had gone to the front. Children also worked at defense enterprises: they made fuses for mines, fuses for hand grenades, smoke bombs, colored signal flares, and collected gas masks. Worked in agriculture, grew vegetables for hospitals.

In the school sewing workshops, the pioneers sewed underwear and tunics for the army. Girls knitted warm clothes for the front: mittens, socks, scarves, sewed pouches for tobacco. The guys helped the wounded in hospitals, wrote letters to their relatives under their dictation, put on performances for the wounded, arranged concerts, evoking a smile from war-torn adult men.

A number of objective reasons: the departure of teachers to the army, the evacuation of the population from the western regions to the eastern ones, the inclusion of students in labor activity in connection with the departure of family breadwinners to the war, the transfer of many schools to hospitals, etc., prevented the deployment in the USSR during the war of a universal seven-year compulsory education, which began in the 30s. In the remaining educational institutions training was conducted in two or three, and sometimes four shifts.

At the same time, the children themselves were forced to store firewood for boiler houses. There were no textbooks, and because of the lack of paper, they wrote on old newspapers between the lines. Nevertheless, new schools were opened and additional classes were created. Boarding schools were created for evacuated children. For those young people who left school at the beginning of the war and were employed in industry or agriculture, schools for working and rural youth were organized in 1943.

There are still many little-known pages in the annals of the Great Patriotic War, for example, the fate of kindergartens. "It turns out that in December 1941 in besieged Moscowkindergartens worked in bomb shelters. When the enemy was driven back, they resumed their work faster than many universities. By the autumn of 1942, 258 kindergartens had opened in Moscow!

From the memories of the military childhood of Lydia Ivanovna Kostyleva:

“After the death of my grandmother, I was assigned to Kindergarten, older sister at school, mother at work. I went to kindergarten alone, by tram, when I was less than five years old. Somehow I got seriously ill with mumps, I was lying at home alone with a high temperature, there were no medicines, in my delirium I fancied a pig running under the table, but everything worked out.
I saw my mother in the evenings and on rare weekends. Children were brought up by the street, we were friendly and always hungry. From early spring, they ran to the mosses, the benefit of the forest and swamps nearby, picked berries, mushrooms, and various early grass. The bombings gradually stopped, allied residences were placed in our Arkhangelsk, this brought a certain color to life - we, the children, sometimes got warm clothes, some food. Basically, we ate black shangi, potatoes, seal meat, fish and fish oil, on holidays - seaweed marmalade, tinted with beets.

More than five hundred teachers and nannies in the fall of 1941 were digging trenches on the outskirts of the capital. Hundreds worked in logging. The teachers, who only yesterday led a round dance with the children, fought in the Moscow militia. Natasha Yanovskaya, a kindergarten teacher in the Bauman district, heroically died near Mozhaisk. The teachers who remained with the children did not perform feats. They just saved the kids, whose fathers fought, and their mothers stood at the machines.

Most of the kindergartens during the war became boarding schools, the children were there day and night. And in order to feed the children in the half-starved time, to protect them from the cold, to give them at least a modicum of comfort, to keep them occupied for the benefit of the mind and soul - such work required great love for children, deep decency and boundless patience. "(D. Shevarov " World of News”, No. 27, 2010, p. 27).

Children's games have changed, "... a new game has appeared - in the hospital. They played in the hospital before, but not like that. Now the wounded are for them - real people. But they play war less often, because no one wants to be a fascist. This role is played by trees. They shoot snowballs at them. We learned to help the injured - the fallen, the bruised."

From a letter from a boy to a front-line soldier: “We also often played war before, but now much less often - we are tired of the war, it would sooner end so that we could live well again ...” (Ibid.).

In connection with the death of parents, many homeless children appeared in the country. Soviet state, despite the difficult wartime, still fulfilled its obligations to children left without parents. To combat neglect, a network of children's reception centers and orphanages was organized and opened, and employment for adolescents was organized.

Many families of Soviet citizens began to take in orphans to raisewhere they found new parents. Unfortunately, not all educators and heads of children's institutions were distinguished by honesty and decency. Here are some examples.

“In the autumn of 1942, in the Pochinkovsky district of the Gorky region, children dressed in rags were caught stealing potatoes and grain from collective farm fields. investigations, local police officers uncovered a criminal group, and, in fact, a gang consisting of employees of this institution.

In total, seven people were arrested in the case, including the director of the orphanage Novoseltsev, the accountant Sdobnov, the storekeeper Mukhina and others. During searches, 14 children's coats, seven suits, 30 meters of cloth, 350 meters of manufactory and other misappropriated property were seized from them. with great difficulty allocated by the state in this harsh wartime.

The investigation found that by not giving the due norm of bread and products, these criminals only during 1942 stole seven tons of bread, half a ton of meat, 380 kg of sugar, 180 kg of biscuits, 106 kg of fish, 121 kg of honey, etc. The orphanage workers sold all these scarce products in the market or simply ate them up themselves.

Only one comrade Novoseltsev received fifteen portions of breakfasts and lunches daily for himself and his family members. At the expense of the pupils, the rest of the staff also ate well. Children were fed "dishes" made from rot and vegetables, referring to the poor supply.

For the whole of 1942, they were only given one candy each for the 25th anniversary October revolution... And what is most surprising, the director of the orphanage Novoseltsev in the same 1942 received from the People's Commissariat of Education certificate of honor for excellent educational work. All these fascists were deservedly sentenced to long terms of imprisonment."

At such a time, the whole essence of a person is manifested .. Every day to face a choice - how to act .. And the war showed us examples of great mercy, great heroism and great cruelty, great meanness .. We must remember this !! For the sake of the future!!

And no time can heal the wounds of the war, especially those of children. “These years that were once, the bitterness of childhood does not allow to forget ...”

War has no face. War has no age, gender or nationality. War is terrible. War does not choose. Every year we remember the war that claimed millions of lives. Every year we thank those who fought for our country.

From 1941 to 1945, several tens of thousands of underage children took part in hostilities. The "sons of the regiment", the pioneers - village boys and girls, guys from the cities - they were posthumously recognized as heroes, although they were much younger than you and me. Along with adults, they suffered hardships, defended, shot, were captured, sacrificing their own lives. They fled from home to the front to defend their homeland. They stayed at home and endured terrible hardships. In the rear and on the front line, they committed every day little feat. They did not have time for childhood, they did not get the years to grow up. They grew up by the minute, because the war is not a child's face.

In this collection, only some of the stories of children who died on the front line for their own country; children who did things that adults were afraid to think about; children whom the war deprived of childhood, but not strength of mind.

Marat Kazei, 14 years old, partisan

Member of the partisan detachment named after the 25th anniversary of October, intelligence officer of the headquarters of the 200th partisan brigade named after Rokossovsky in the occupied territory of the Byelorussian SSR.

Marat was born in 1929 in the village of Stankovo, Minsk Region, Belarus, and managed to finish the 4th grade of a rural school. His parents were arrested on charges of sabotage and Trotskyism, brothers and sisters were "scattered" among their grandparents. But the Kazeev family did not become angry with the Soviet authorities: in 1941, when Belarus became an occupied territory, Anna Kazei, the wife of the “enemy of the people” and the mother of little Marat and Ariadna, hid the wounded partisans at her place, for which she was hanged. Marat went to the partisans. He went to reconnaissance, participated in raids and undermined the echelons.

And in May 1944, while performing another assignment near the village of Khoromitsky, Minsk Region, a 14-year-old soldier died. Returning from a mission together with the intelligence commander, they stumbled upon the Germans. The commander was killed immediately, and Marat, firing back, lay down in a hollow. There was nowhere to go, the teenager was seriously wounded in the arm. While there were cartridges, he kept the defense, and when the store was empty, he took the last weapon - two grenades from his belt. He threw one at the Germans immediately, and waited with the second: when the enemies came very close, he blew himself up along with them.

In 1965, Marat Kazei was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.

Boris Yasen, young actor

Boris Yasen is an actor who played Mishka Kvakin in the film Timur and His Team. According to some reports, in 1942 he returned from the front to take part in the filming of the film Timur's Oath. To date, the young actor is considered missing. There is no information about Boris in the Memorial OBD.

Valya Kotik, 14 years old, scout

Valya is one of the youngest Heroes of the USSR. Born in 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district, Kamenetz-Podolsk region of Ukraine. In a village occupied by German troops, the boy secretly collected weapons and ammunition and handed them over to the partisans. And he waged his own little war, as he understood it: he drew and pasted caricatures of the Nazis in prominent places. In 1942, he began to carry out intelligence assignments from an underground party organization, and in the fall of the same year he completed his first combat mission - he eliminated the head of the field gendarmerie. In October 1943, Valya reconnoitered the location of the underground telephone cable of the Nazi headquarters, which was soon blown up. He also participated in the destruction of six railway echelons, a warehouse. The guy was mortally wounded in February 1944.

In 1958, Valentin Kotik was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Sasha Kolesnikov, 12 years old, son of a regiment

In March 1943, Sasha ran away from school with a friend and went to the front. He wanted to get to the unit where his father served as commander, but on the way he met a wounded tanker who fought in his father's unit. Then I learned that the father had received news from his mother about his escape, and upon arrival at the unit, a terrible scolding awaited him. This changed the boy's plans, and he immediately joined the tankers, who were heading to the rear to reorganize. Sasha lied to them that he was left completely alone. So at the age of 12 he became a soldier, "the son of a regiment."

Several times he successfully went to reconnaissance, helped to destroy a train with German ammunition. At that time, the Germans caught the boy and, having become brutal, they beat him for a long time, and then they crucified him - they nailed his hands with nails. Sasha was saved by our scouts. During his service, Sasha has grown to the level of a tanker and knocked out several enemy vehicles. The soldiers called him none other than San Sanych.

He returned home in the summer of 1945.

Alyosha Yarsky, 17 years old

Alexei was an actor, you can remember him from the film "Gorky's Childhood", in which the boy played Lesha Peshkov. The guy went to the front as a volunteer when he was 17 years old. He died on February 15, 1943 near Leningrad.

Lenya Golikov, 16 years old

When the war began, Lenya got a rifle and joined the partisans. Thin, small in stature, he looked younger than his then 14 years old. Under the guise of a beggar, Lenya walked around the villages, collecting the necessary data on the location of the fascist troops and the number of their military equipment, and then passed this information on to the partisans.

In 1942 he joined partisan detachment. Went on reconnaissance, brought important information. Lenya fought one battle alone against a fascist general. A grenade thrown by a boy knocked out a car. A Nazi with a briefcase in his hands got out of it and, shooting back, rushed to run. Lenya is behind him. For almost a kilometer, he pursued the enemy and killed him. There were important documents in the briefcase. Then the headquarters of the partisans immediately sent the papers by plane to Moscow.

From December 1942 to January 1943, the partisan detachment, in which Golikov was located, left the encirclement with fierce battles. The boy died in a battle with a Nazi punitive detachment on January 24, 1943 near the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region.

Volodya Buryak, under 18

How old Volodya was exactly is unknown. We only know that in June 1942, when Vova Buryak was sailing as a cabin boy on the ship "Imperfect" with his father, he had not yet reached military age. The boy's father was the captain of the ship.

On June 25, the ship received cargo in the port of Novorossiysk. The crew was faced with the task of breaking into the besieged Sevastopol. Then Vova fell ill, and the ship's doctor prescribed bed rest for the guy. His mother lived in Novorossiysk, and he was sent home for treatment. Suddenly, Vova remembered that he had forgotten to tell his crewmate where he put one of the spare parts of the machine gun. He jumped out of bed and ran to the ship.

The sailors understood that this voyage would most likely be the last, because it was becoming more and more difficult to break through to Sevastopol every day. They left memorabilia and letters on the shore asking them to pass them on to their relatives. Having learned about what was happening, Volodya decided to stay on board the destroyer. When his father saw him on deck, the guy replied that he could not leave. If he, the captain's son, leaves the ship, then everyone will definitely believe that the ship will not return from the attack.

"Flawless" was attacked from the air on June 26 in the morning. Volodya stood at the machine gun and fired at enemy vehicles. When the ship began to go under water, Captain Buryak gave the order to leave the ship. The board was empty, but the captain of the 3rd rank Buryak and his son Volodya did not leave their combat post.

Zina Portnova, 17 years old

Zina served as a scout for a partisan detachment on the territory of the Byelorussian SSR. In 1942, she joined the underground Komsomol youth organization Young Avengers. There, Zina actively participated in the distribution of campaign leaflets and staged sabotage against the invaders. In 1943, Portnova was captured by the Germans. During the interrogation, she grabbed the investigator's pistol from the table, shot him and two other Nazis, and tried to escape. But she failed to do so.

From Vasily Smirnov's book "Zina Portnova":

“The most sophisticated executioners in cruel tortures interrogated her .... She was promised to save her life if only the young partisan would confess everything, name all the underground fighters and partisans known to her. And again, the Gestapo met with the unshakable firmness of this stubborn girl, who in their protocols was called the “Soviet bandit,” which surprised them. Zina, exhausted by torture, refused to answer questions, hoping that this way she would be killed faster ... Once in the prison yard, prisoners saw how a completely gray-haired girl, when she was being led to another interrogation-torture, threw herself under the wheels of a passing truck. But the car was stopped, the girl was pulled out from under the wheels and again taken for interrogation…”

On January 10, 1944, 17-year-old Zina Portnova was shot. In 1985, she was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Sasha Chekalin, 16 years old

At the age of 16, the village boy Sasha became a member of the Peredovoy partisan detachment in the Tula region. Together with other partisans, he set fire to fascist warehouses, blew up cars and eliminated enemy sentries and patrols.

In November 1941, Sasha fell seriously ill. For some time he was in one of the villages of the Tula region, near the city of Likhvin, with a "verified person." One of the residents betrayed the young partisan to the Nazis. At night they broke into the house and grabbed Chekalin. When the door swung open, Sasha threw a grenade prepared in advance at the Germans, but it did not explode.

The Nazis tortured the boy for several days. Then they hung him. The body remained on the gallows for more than 20 days - they were not allowed to remove it. Sasha Chekalin was buried with full military honors only when the city was liberated from the invaders. In 1942 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

During Great Patriotic War a whole army of boys and girls acted against the Nazi invaders. In occupied Belarus alone, at least 74,500 boys and girls, boys and girls fought in partisan detachments. In big Soviet Encyclopedia it is written that during the Great Patriotic War more than 35 thousand pioneers - young defenders of the Motherland - were awarded military orders and medals.

It was amazing" motion"! The boys and girls did not wait until they will call» adults – began to act from the first days of the occupation. They risked death!

Similarly, many others began to act at their own peril and risk. Someone found leaflets scattered from airplanes and distributed them in their regional center or village. The Polotsk boy Lenya Kosach collected 45 rifles, 2 light machine guns, several baskets of cartridges and grenades at the battlefields and safely hid it all; an opportunity presented itself - he handed it over to the partisans. In the same way, hundreds of other guys created arsenals for the partisans. Twelve-year-old excellent student Lyuba Morozova, knowing a little German, studied " special propaganda" among the enemies, telling them how well she lived before the war without " new order» occupiers. The soldiers often told her that she red to the bone”, and advised to hold your tongue until it ended badly for her. Later, Lyuba became a partisan. Eleven-year-old Tolya Korneev stole a pistol with cartridges from a German officer and began to look for people who would help him reach the partisans. In the summer of 1942, the boy succeeded in this, meeting his classmate Olya Demes, who by that time was already a member of one of the detachments. And when the older guys brought 9-year-old Zhora Yuzov to the detachment, and the commander jokingly asked: “ And who will babysit this little one?”, the boy, in addition to the pistol, laid out four grenades in front of him:“ That's who will babysit me!».

Serezha Roslenko For 13 years, in addition to collecting weapons, he conducted reconnaissance at his own peril and risk: there is someone to pass on information to! And found. From somewhere, the children also had the concept of conspiracy. sixth grader Vitya Pashkevich in the fall of 1941, in Borisov, occupied by the Nazis, he organized a kind of Krasnodon " Young Guard". He and his team took out weapons and ammunition from enemy warehouses, helped the underground organize escapes of prisoners of war from concentration camps, burned the enemy warehouse with uniforms with thermite incendiary grenades ...

Experienced Scout

In January 1942, one of the partisan detachments operating in the Ponizovsky district of the Smolensk region was surrounded by the Nazis. The Germans, pretty battered during the counteroffensive Soviet troops near Moscow, they did not dare to immediately liquidate the detachment. They did not have accurate intelligence about its numbers, so they were waiting for reinforcements. However, the ring was held tight. The partisans puzzled over how to get out of the encirclement. Food was running out. And the detachment commander asked for help from the command of the Red Army. In response, a cipher came over the radio, in which it was reported that the troops would not be able to help with active actions, but an experienced scout would be sent to the detachment.

And indeed, at the appointed time, the noise of the engines of an air transport was heard above the forest, and a few minutes later a paratrooper landed in the location of the encircled. The partisans, who received the heavenly messenger, were quite surprised when they saw in front of them ... a boy.

Are you an experienced scout? the commander asked.

- I. And what, it doesn’t look like it? - The boy was in a uniform army pea coat, wadded pants and a hat with earflaps with an asterisk. Red Army man!

– How old are you? - the commander still could not recover from surprise.

“It will soon be eleven!” - importantly replied " experienced scout».

The boy's name was Yura Zhdanko . He was originally from Vitebsk. In July 1941, the ubiquitous urchin and expert on local territories showed the retreating Soviet part a ford across the Western Dvina. He could no longer return home - while he acted as a guide, Hitler's armored vehicles entered his hometown. And the scouts who were instructed to escort the boy back took him with them. So he was enrolled as a pupil of the motor reconnaissance company of the 332nd rifle Ivanovo division them. M.F. Frunze.

At first, he was not involved in business, but, by nature, observant, big-eyed and memory, he quickly learned the basics of front-line raid science and even dared to give advice to adults. And his abilities were appreciated. He was sent to the front line. In the villages, he, disguised, begged for alms with a bag over his shoulders, collecting information about the location and number of enemy garrisons. He managed to participate in the mining of a strategically important bridge. During the explosion, a Red Army miner was wounded, and Yura, having provided first aid, brought him to the location of the unit. Why did you get your first Medal of Honor" .

... The best scout to help the partisans, it seems, really could not be found.

“But you, kid, didn’t jump with a parachute ...” the head of intelligence said contritely.

- Jumped twice! Yura objected loudly. - I begged the sergeant ... he quietly taught me ...

Everyone knew that this sergeant and Yura were inseparable, and he could, of course, follow the regiment's favorite. The Li-2 engines were already roaring, the plane was ready to take off, when the boy admitted that, of course, he had never jumped with a parachute:

- The sergeant did not allow me, I only helped lay the dome. Show me how and what to pull!

- Why did you lie? the instructor shouted at him. - He slandered the sergeant.

- I thought you would check ... But they wouldn’t check: the sergeant was killed ...

Arriving safely in the detachment, ten-year-old Vitebsk resident Yura Zhdanko did what adults could not do ... He was dressed in everything village, and soon the boy made his way into the hut where the German officer who was in charge of the encirclement was quartered. The Nazi lived in the house of a certain grandfather Vlas. A young scout came to him under the guise of a grandson from the regional center, who was given a rather difficult task - to get documents from an enemy officer with plans for the destruction of the encircled detachment. Opportunity fell only a few days later. The Nazi left the house light, leaving the key to the safe in his overcoat ... So the documents ended up in the detachment. And at the same time, Yurai brought grandfather Vlas, convincing him that it was impossible to stay in such a situation in the house.

In 1943, Yura led a regular battalion of the Red Army out of encirclement. All the scouts sent to find " corridor” for comrades, perished. The task was entrusted to Yura. One. And he found a weak spot in the enemy ring… He became an order bearer of the Red Star.

Yuri Ivanovich Zhdanko , recalling his military childhood, said that he " played a real war, did what adults could not, and there were a lot of situations when they could not do something, but I could».

Fourteen-year-old POW rescuer

14-year-old Minsk underground worker Volodya Shcherbatsevich was one of the first teenagers to be executed by the Germans for participating in the underground. They captured his execution on film and then distributed these shots throughout the city - as a warning to others ...

From the first days of the occupation of the Belarusian capital, mother and son Shcherbatsevich hid Soviet commanders in their apartment, for whom the underground from time to time organized escapes from the prisoner of war camp. Olga Fyodorovna was a doctor and provided medical assistance to the released, dressed in civilian clothes, which, together with her son Volodya, collected from relatives and friends. Several groups of the rescued have already been withdrawn from the city. But once on the way, already outside the city blocks, one of the groups fell into the clutches of the Gestapo. Issued by a traitor, the son and mother ended up in Nazi dungeons. Withstood all torture.

And on October 26, 1941, the first gallows appeared in Minsk. On this day, for the last time, surrounded by a pack of submachine gunners, Volodya Shcherbatsevich also walked through the streets of his native city ... The pedantic punishers captured a report of his execution on film. And perhaps we see on it the first young hero who gave his life for the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War.

Die but take revenge

Here is another amazing example of youthful heroism from 1941...

Village of Osintorf. On one of the August days, the Nazis, together with their henchmen from the local residents - the burgomaster, the clerk and the chief policeman - raped and brutally killed the young teacher Anya Lyutova. By that time, a youth underground was already operating in the village under the leadership of Slava Shmuglevsky. The guys got together and decided: “ Death to traitors!» Slava himself volunteered to execute the sentence, as well as teenage brothers Misha and Zhenya Telenchenko, thirteen and fifteen years old.

By that time, they already had a machine gun found in the battlefields hidden away. They acted simply and directly, in a boyish way. The brothers took advantage of the fact that the mother went to her relatives that day and had to return only in the morning. The machine gun was installed on the balcony of the apartment and began to wait for the traitors, who often passed by. Didn't count. When they approached, Slava started shooting at them almost point-blank. But one of the criminals - the burgomaster - managed to escape. He reported by phone to Orsha that a large partisan detachment had attacked the village (a machine gun is a serious thing). Cars with punishers rushed by. With the help of bloodhounds, the weapon was quickly found: Misha and Zhenya, not having time to find a more reliable hiding place, hid the machine gun in the attic of their own house. Both were arrested. The boys were tortured most severely and for a long time, but not one of them betrayed Slava Shmuglevsky and other underground workers to the enemy. The Telenchenko brothers were executed in October.

Great conspirator

Pavlik Titov for his eleven he was a great conspirator. He partisans for more than two years in such a way that even his parents did not know about it. Many episodes of his combat biography remained unknown. Here is what is known. First, Pavlik and his comrades rescued the wounded Soviet commander, burned in a burned-out tank - they found a reliable shelter for him, and at night they brought him food, water, and some medicinal decoctions according to grandmother's recipes. Thanks to the boys, the tanker quickly recovered.

In July 1942, Pavlik and his friends handed over to the partisans several rifles and machine guns with cartridges they had found. Tasks followed. The young scout penetrated the location of the Nazis, conducted calculations of manpower and equipment.

He was generally a slick kid. Once he brought a bale with a fascist uniform to the partisans:

- I think it will come in handy for you ... Not to wear it yourself, of course ...

- And where did you get it?

- Yes, the Fritz were swimming ...

More than once, dressed in the uniform obtained by the boy, the partisans carried out daring raids and operations. The boy died in the autumn of 1943. Not in combat. The Germans carried out another punitive operation. Pavlik and his parents hid in a dugout. The punishers shot the whole family - father, mother, Pavlik himself and even his little sister. He was buried in a mass grave in Surazh, not far from Vitebsk.

Zina Portnova

Leningrad schoolgirl Zina Portnova in June 1941 she came with her younger sister Galya to summer vacation to my grandmother in the village of Zui (Shumilinsky district of Vitebsk region). She was fifteen ... At first she got a job as an auxiliary worker in the canteen for German officers. And soon, together with her friend, she carried out a daring operation - she poisoned more than a hundred Nazis. She could have been caught immediately, but they began to follow her. By that time, she was already associated with the Obol underground organization " young avengers". In order to avoid failure, Zina was transferred to a partisan detachment.

Somehow she was instructed to reconnoiter the number and type of troops in the Obol region. Another time - to clarify the reasons for the failure in the Obolsk underground and establish new connections ... After completing the next task, she was seized by punishers. They tortured me for a long time. During one of the interrogations, the girl, as soon as the investigator turned away, grabbed a pistol from the table, with which he had just threatened her, and shot him dead. She jumped out the window, shot down a sentry and rushed to the Dvina. Another sentry rushed after her. Zina, hiding behind a bush, wanted to destroy him too, but the weapon misfired ...

Then she was no longer interrogated, but methodically tortured, mocked. Eyes gouged out, ears cut off. They drove needles under the nails, twisted their arms and legs ... On January 13, 1944, Zina Portnova was shot.

"Kid" and his sisters

From the report of the Vitebsk underground city party committee in 1942: “ Baby”(he is 12 years old), having learned that the partisans need gun oil, without a task, on his own initiative, he brought 2 liters of gun oil from the city. Then he was instructed to deliver for sabotage purposes sulfuric acid. He also brought it. And carried in a bag, behind his back. The acid spilled, his shirt burned through, his back burned, but he did not throw the acid away.

« Toddler" was Alyosha Vyalov , which enjoyed special sympathy among the local partisans. And he acted as part of a family group. When the war began, he was 11, his older sisters Vasilisa and Anya were 16 and 14, the rest of the children were small and small. Alyosha and his sisters were very resourceful. They set fire to Vitebsk three times Train Station, prepared an explosion of the labor exchange in order to confuse the registration of the population and save youth and other residents from being stolen into " german paradise”, they blew up the passport office in the police premises ... There are dozens of sabotage on their account. And this is in addition to the fact that they were connected, distributed leaflets ...

« Baby"and Vasilisa died shortly after the war from tuberculosis ... A rare case: a memorial plaque was installed on the Vyalovs' house in Vitebsk. These children would have a monument made of gold! ..

Meanwhile, it is known about another Vitebsk family - Lynchenko . 11-year-old Kolya, 9-year-old Dina and 7-year-old Emma were liaisons to their mother, Natalya Fedorovna, whose apartment served as a turnout. In 1943, as a result of the failure of the Gestapo, they broke into the house. The mother was beaten in front of the children, shot over her head, demanding to name the members of the group. They also mocked the children, asking them who came to their mother, where she herself went. They tried to bribe little Emma with chocolate. The children didn't say anything. Moreover, during a search in the apartment, having seized the moment, Dina took out ciphers from under the board of the table, where there was one of the hiding places, and hid them under her dress, and when the punishers left, having taken away her mother, she burned them. The children were left in the house as a bait, but those, knowing that the house was being watched, managed to warn the messengers going to the failed turnout with signs ...

Prize for the head of a young saboteur

For the head of an Orsha schoolgirl Oli Demes the Nazis promised a round sum. About this in his memoirs " From the Dnieper to the Bug”said the Hero of the Soviet Union, former commander of the 8th partisan brigade, Colonel Sergey Zhunin. A 13-year-old girl at the Orsha-Central station blew up fuel tanks. Sometimes she acted with her twelve-year-old sister Lida. Zhunin recalled how Olya was instructed before the assignment: “ It is necessary to put a mine under a tank of gasoline. Remember, only under the tank with gasoline!» – « I know how it smells of kerosene, I cooked it myself on kerosene gas, but gasoline ... let me at least smell it". Many trains accumulated at the node, dozens of tanks, and you find " the very one". Olya and Lida crawled under the trains, sniffing: this one or not this one? Gasoline or not gasoline? Then they threw pebbles and determined by the sound: empty or full? And only then they hitched a magnetic mine. The fire destroyed a huge number of wagons with equipment, food, uniforms, fodder, and steam locomotives burned down ...

The Germans managed to capture Olya's mother and sister, they were shot; but Olya remained elusive. For ten months of his participation in the brigade " Chekist"(from June 7, 1942 to April 10, 1943) she showed herself not only as a fearless intelligence officer, but also derailed seven enemy echelons, participated in the defeat of several military and police garrisons, had on her personal account 20 destroyed enemy soldiers and officers . And then she was also a participant rail war».

Eleven-year-old saboteur

Vitya Sitnitsa . How he wanted to partisan! But for two years from the beginning of the war remained " only» as a conductor of partisan sabotage groups passing through his village Kuritichi. However, he learned something from the partisan guides during their short breaks. In August 1943, together with his older brother, he was accepted into a partisan detachment. I was assigned to the economic platoon. Then he said that peeling potatoes and taking out slops with his ability to lay mines is unfair. Moreover, the “rail war” is in full swing. And they began to take him on combat missions. The boy personally derailed 9 echelons with manpower and military equipment of the enemy.

In the spring of 1944, Vitya fell ill with rheumatism and was released to his relatives for medicine. In the village he was seized by the Nazis dressed as Red Army soldiers. The boy was brutally tortured.

Little Susanin

He began his war with the Nazi invaders at the age of 9. Already in the summer of 1941, in the house of his parents in the village of Bayki in the Brest region, the regional anti-fascist committee equipped a secret printing house. They issued leaflets with summaries of the Sovinforburo. Tikhon Baran helped distribute them. For two years, the young underground worker was engaged in this activity. The Nazis managed to get on the trail of the printers. The printing press was destroyed. Tikhon's mother and sisters hid with relatives, and he himself went to the partisans. Once, when he was visiting his relatives, the Germans raided the village. The mother was taken to Germany, and the boy was beaten. He became very ill and stayed in the village.

Local historians dated his feat on January 22, 1944. On this day, punishers appeared again in the village. For communication with the partisans, all residents were shot. The village was burned. " And you, - they said to Tikhon, - show us the way to the partisans". It is difficult to say whether the village boy had heard anything about the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin, who led the Polish interventionists into the swampy swamp more than three centuries before, only Tikhon Baran showed the Nazis the same road. They killed him, but not all of them got out of that quagmire themselves.

Covering squad

Vanya Kazachenko from the village of Zapolye, Orsha district, Vitebsk region, in April 1943, he became a machine gunner in a partisan detachment. He was thirteen. Those who served in the army and carried at least a Kalashnikov assault rifle (not a machine gun!) On their shoulders can imagine what it cost the boy. Guerrilla raids were most often many hours long. And the then machine guns are heavier than the current ones ... After one of the successful operations to defeat the enemy garrison, in which Vanya once again distinguished himself, the partisans, returning to base, stopped to rest in a village near Bogushevsk. Vanya, assigned to guard, chose a place, disguised himself and covered the leader in locality road. Here the young machine gunner took his last battle.

Noticing the wagons with the Nazis that suddenly appeared, he opened fire on them. While the comrades arrived, the Germans managed to surround the boy, seriously wound him, take him prisoner and retreat. The partisans did not have the opportunity to chase the carts to beat him. For about twenty kilometers, Vanya, tied to a cart, was dragged by the Nazis along an icy road. In the village of Mezhevo, Orsha district, where the enemy garrison was stationed, he was tortured and shot.

The hero was 14 years old

Marat Kazei was born on October 10, 1929 in the village of Stankovo, Minsk Region, Belarus. In November 1942 he joined the partisan detachment. 25th anniversary of October, then became a scout at the headquarters of the partisan brigade. K. K. Rokossovsky.

Marat's father Ivan Kazei was arrested in 1934 as " pest", and rehabilitated him only in 1959. Later, his wife was also arrested - then, however, they were released. So it turned out the family " enemy of the people”, which was shunned by the neighbors. Because of this, Kazei's sister, Ariadna, was not accepted into the Komsomol.

It would seem that Kazei should have been angry with the authorities from all this - but no. In 1941, Anna Kazei, the wife of the "enemy of the people", hid the wounded partisans at her place - for which she was executed by the Germans. Ariadna and Marat went to the partisans. Ariadne survived, but became disabled - when the detachment left the encirclement, she froze her legs, which had to be amputated. When she was taken to the hospital by plane, the commander of the detachment offered to fly with her and Marat so that he could continue his studies interrupted by the war. But Marat refused and remained in the partisan detachment.

Marat went to reconnaissance, both alone and with a group. Participated in raids. Undermined the echelons. For the battle in January 1943, when, wounded, he raised his comrades to attack and made his way through the enemy ring, Marat received Medal of Honor" . And in May 1944, Marat died. Returning from a mission together with the intelligence commander, they stumbled upon the Germans. The commander was killed immediately, Marat, firing back, lay down in a hollow. There was nowhere to leave in an open field, and there was no possibility - Marat was seriously wounded. While there were cartridges, he kept the defense, and when the store was empty, he picked up his last weapon - two grenades, which he did not remove from his belt. He threw one at the Germans, and left the other. When the Germans came very close, he blew himself up along with the enemies.

A monument to Kazei was erected in Minsk with funds raised by Belarusian pioneers. In 1958, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the young Hero in the village of Stankovo, Dzerzhinsky district, Minsk region. The monument to Marat Kazei was erected in Moscow (on the territory of VDNKh). The state farm, streets, schools, pioneer squads and detachments of many schools of the Soviet Union, the ship of the Caspian Shipping Company were named after the pioneer hero Marat Kazei.

boy of legend

Golikov Leonid Alexandrovich, scout of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade, born in 1926, a native of the village of Lukino, Parfinsky district. That's what it says on the award sheet. The boy from the legend - that's what the glory of Lenya Golikov called.

When the war began, a schoolboy from the village of Lukino, near Staraya Russa, got a rifle and joined the partisans. Thin, small in stature, at 14 he looked even younger. Under the guise of a beggar, he walked around the villages, collecting the necessary data on the location of the fascist troops, on the amount of enemy military equipment.

With peers, he once picked up several rifles at the battlefield, stole two boxes of grenades from the Nazis. All this they later handed over to the partisans. " Tov. Golikov joined the partisan detachment in March 1942, the award list says. - Participated in 27 combat operations ... He exterminated 78 German soldiers and officers, blew up 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, blew up 9 vehicles with ammunition ... On August 15, in a new combat area of ​​​​the brigade, Golikov crashed a car in which the general was major engineering troops Richard Wirtz heading from Pskov to Luga. A brave partisan killed the general with a machine gun, delivered his tunic and captured documents to the brigade headquarters. Among the documents were: a description of new samples of German mines, inspection reports to the higher command and other valuable intelligence data.».

Lake Radilovskoye was a rally point when the brigade moved to a new area of ​​operations. On the way there, the partisans had to engage in battles with the enemy. Punishers followed the advance of the partisans, and as soon as the forces of the brigade connected, they forced a fight on it. After the battle at Radilovsky Lake, the main forces of the brigade continued on their way to the Lyadsky forests. The detachments of Ivan the Terrible and B. Ehren-Price remained in the lake area to distract the Nazis. They never managed to connect with the brigade. In mid-November, the invaders attacked the headquarters. Defending it, many fighters died. The rest managed to retreat to the Terp-Kamen swamp. On December 25, several hundred Nazis surrounded the swamp. With considerable losses, the partisans broke out of the ring and entered the Strugokrasnensky district. Only 50 people remained in the ranks, the radio did not work. And the punishers scoured all the villages in search of partisans. We had to walk along untraveled paths. The path was paved by scouts, and among them Lenya Golikov. Attempts to establish contact with other detachments and stock up on food ended tragically. There was only one way out - to make his way to the mainland.

After the transition railway Bottom - Novosokolniki late at night on January 24, 1943, 27 hungry, exhausted partisans came out to the village of Ostraya Luka. Ahead for 90 kilometers stretched the Guerrilla Territory burned by punishers. The scouts found nothing suspicious. The enemy garrison was located a few kilometers away. The companion of the partisans - a nurse - was dying of a serious wound and asked for at least a little warmth. They occupied three extreme huts. Dozorov brigade commander Glebov decided not to exhibit, so as not to attract attention. They were on duty alternately at the windows and in the barn, from where both the village and the road to the forest were clearly visible.

Two hours later, the dream was interrupted by the roar of an exploding grenade. And immediately the heavy machine gun rattled. At the denunciation of a traitor, punishers descended. The guerrillas jumped out into the yard and vegetable gardens, shooting back, began to move in dashes towards the forest. Glebov with combat guards covered the departing with fire from a light machine gun and machine guns. Halfway down the seriously wounded chief of staff fell. Lenya rushed to him. But Petrov ordered to return to the brigade commander, and he, having closed the wound under the jacket with an individual package, again scribbled from the machine gun. In that unequal battle, the entire headquarters of the 4th partisan brigade perished. Among the fallen was the young partisan Lenya Golikov. Six managed to reach the forest, two of them were seriously injured and could not move without outside help ... Only on January 31, near the village of Zhemchugovo, exhausted, frostbite, they met with scouts of the 8th Panfilov Guards Division.

For a long time, his mother Ekaterina Alekseevna did not know anything about the fate of Leni. The war had already moved far to the west, when one Sunday afternoon a rider in military uniform. Mother stepped out onto the porch. The officer handed her a large package. The old woman accepted him with trembling hands and called her daughter Valya. In the package was a letter bound in crimson leather. Here lay an envelope, opening which Valya said quietly: - This is for you, mother, from Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin himself. With excitement, the mother took a bluish piece of paper and read: Dear Ekaterina Alekseevna! According to the command, your son Leonid Aleksandrovich Golikov died a heroic death for his Motherland. For the heroic feat accomplished by your son in the fight against the German invaders behind enemy lines, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by Decree of April 2, 1944, awarded him the highest degree distinctions - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. I am sending you a letter from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding your son the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to keep as a memory of his heroic son, whose feat will never be forgotten by our people. M. Kalinin». – « Here he turned out to be, my Lenyushka!' the mother said softly. And there were in these words both grief, and pain, and pride for the son ...

Lenya was buried in the village of Ostraya Luka. His name is inscribed on the obelisk, installed on the mass grave. The monument in Novgorod was opened on January 20, 1964. The figure of a boy in a hat with earflaps with a machine gun in his hands was carved from light granite. The streets in St. Petersburg, Pskov, Staraya Russa, Okulovka, the village of Pola, the village of Parfino, the ship of the Riga Shipping Company, in Novgorod - the street, the House of Pioneers, the training ship for young sailors in Staraya Russa bear the name of the hero. In Moscow, at the VDNKh of the USSR, a monument to the hero was also erected.

The youngest hero of the Soviet Union

Valya Kotik . Young partisan scout Great Patriotic War in the detachment named after Karmelyuk, operating in the temporarily occupied territory; the youngest Hero of the Soviet Union. He was born on February 11, 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district, Kamenetz-Podolsk region of Ukraine, according to one information in the family of an employee, according to another - a peasant. From the education of only 5 classes of secondary school in the district center.

During the Great Patriotic War, while on the territory temporarily occupied by the Nazi troops, Valya Kotik was collecting weapons and ammunition, drawing and pasting caricatures of the Nazis. Valentin and his peers received their first combat mission in the fall of 1941. The guys lay down in the bushes near the Shepetovka-Slavuta highway. Hearing the noise of the engine, they froze. It was scary. But when the car with the fascist gendarmes caught up with them, Valya Kotik got up and threw a grenade. The head of the field gendarmerie was killed.

In October 1943, the young partisan reconnoitered the location of the underground telephone cable of the Nazi headquarters, which was soon blown up. He also participated in the undermining of six railway echelons and a warehouse. On October 29, 1943, while on duty, Valya noticed that the punishers had raided the detachment. Having killed a fascist officer with a pistol, he raised the alarm, and thanks to his actions, the partisans managed to prepare for battle.

On February 16, 1944, in the battle for the city of Izyaslav, Khmelnitsky region, a 14-year-old partisan scout was mortally wounded and died the next day. He was buried in the center of the park in the Ukrainian city of Shepetovka. For the heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 27, 58, Kotik Valentin Alexandrovich was posthumously awarded title of Hero of the Soviet Union . He was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, medal "Partisan of the Great Patriotic War" 2nd degree . The ship is named after him general education schools, there used to be pioneer squads and detachments named after Valya Kotik. in Moscow and in hometown in 60, monuments were erected to him. There is a street named after the young hero in Yekaterinburg, Kyiv and Kaliningrad.