The environmental problem is one of the global problems of our time.
The work was completed by: Pupil of the 10th "M" class of the Secondary school number 9 of Ulyanovsk Sharafutdinova Gulnara
Plan: 1. What is ecology 2. Types of environmental problems (local, regional, global) 3. Acid rain 4. Global warming 5. Ozone holes 5. Water pollution 7. Deforestation 8. Desertification 9. Ways to solve environmental problems
Ecology is a word made up of two Greek words: "oikos" - home, homeland and "logos" - meaning. It is believed that ecology is predominantly a biological science, but it is not only nature, but also the habitat, thanks to which a person lives in nature. Ecology considers the problems of the relationship between man and the environment.
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
LOCAL
REGIONAL
GLOBAL
These problems require for their solution different means of solution and different scientific developments.
local environmental problem - a plant that dumps its industrial effluents into the river without treatment, which are harmful to human health. This is a violation of the law. The nature conservation authorities or even the public should fine such a plant through the courts and, under threat of closure, force it to build a treatment plant. It does not require special science.
Local problems - environmental crisis situations in small areas or in individual settlements, their solution is possible at the local or regional levels
An example of regional environmental problems is the Kuzbass, a basin almost closed in the mountains, filled with gases from coke ovens and fumes from a metallurgical giant, which no one thought about capturing during construction.
Or the high radioactivity of soils in areas adjacent to Chernobyl.
To solve such problems, we need Scientific research. In the first case, the development of rational methods for the absorption of smoke and gas aerosols, in the second, the elucidation of the effect on the health of the population of prolonged exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of methods for soil decontamination.
Regional problems are problems that cover the territories of large regions, and their impact affects a significant part of the population.
Acid rain. Near the copper smelters, the air contains a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, which causes the destruction of chlorophyll, the underdevelopment of pollen, and the drying of needles. Dissolving in droplets of atmospheric moisture, sulfur and nitrogen dioxide turn into the corresponding acids and fall to the ground along with rain. The soil acquires an acidic reaction, the amount of mineral salts in it decreases. Getting on the leaves, acid precipitation destroys the protective wax film, which leads to the development of plant diseases.
The effects of acid rain
The sharp warming of the climate that began in the second half of the 20th century is a reliable fact. We feel it in milder than before winters. The average temperature of the surface layer of air compared to 1956-1957, when the First International Geophysical Year was held, increased by 0.7 'What is the reason for this phenomenon? Some scientists believe that this is the result of burning a huge amount of organic fuel and releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a greenhouse gas, that is, it makes it difficult to transfer heat from the Earth's surface. The forecast for the future (2030 - 2050) assumes a possible increase in temperature by 1.5 - 4.5C. These are the conclusions of the International Conference of Climatologists in Austria
An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere creates the so-called greenhouse effect. These gases transmit sunlight, but partially delay the reflected thermal radiation from the Earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the relative concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 20%, and methane - by 100%, which led to an increase in temperature on average on the planet by 0.5 °C
OZONE HOLES
The ecological problem of the ozone layer is no less complex in scientific terms. As you know, life on Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from cruel ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica detected a sharp decrease in ozone at an altitude of 25 to 30 kilometers. Since then, an ozone "hole" of varying shapes and sizes has been recorded over Antarctica all the time. According to the latest data, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the whole of North America.
In 1987, it was first discovered that over Antarctica, over an area equal in area to the United States, the ozone layer had almost completely disappeared. In subsequent years, the thinning of the ozone layer was regularly observed over the Arctic and some parts of the land.
Humans have been polluting water since time immemorial. For many millennia, everyone has become accustomed to water pollution, but still there is something blasphemous and unnatural in the fact that a person dumps all impurities and dirt into those sources from where he takes water for drinking. Paradoxically, but harmful emissions into the atmosphere eventually end up in water, and the territories of urban solid waste and garbage dumps after each rain and after snowmelt contribute to the pollution of surface and groundwater.
WATER
Pure water is also becoming scarce, and water deficit can affect faster than the consequences of the "greenhouse effect": 1.2 billion people live without a clean drinking water, 2.3 billion - without treatment facilities for the use of polluted water. Water can also become the subject of internecine conflicts, as the 200 largest rivers in the world flow through the territory of two or more countries. The water of the Niger, for example, is used by 10 countries, the Nile - by 9, and the Amazon - by 7 countries.
Death and deforestation
A particularly great environmental threat is the depletion of forests - the "lungs of the planet" and the main source of the planet's biological diversity. Approximately 200 thousand square kilometers are cut down or burned there every year, which means that 100 thousand (!) Species of plants and animals disappear.
desertification
Under the influence of living organisms, water and air on surface layers lithosphere gradually forms the most important ecosystem, thin and fragile - the soil, which is called the "skin of the Earth." It is the keeper of fertility and life. A handful of good soil contains millions of microorganisms that maintain fertility. It takes a century to form a layer of soil 1 centimeter thick
Geologists estimate that before people began to engage in agricultural activities, graze livestock and plow land, rivers annually carried about 9 billion tons of soil into the oceans. Now this amount is estimated at about 25 billion tons. Soil erosion - a purely local phenomenon - has now become universal. In the US, for example, about 44% of cultivated land is subject to erosion. Unique rich chernozems with 14-16% humus content (an organic matter that determines soil fertility) disappeared in Russia, which were called the citadel of Russian agriculture. In Russia, the areas of the most fertile lands with a humus content of 10–13% have decreased by almost 5 times. A particularly difficult situation arises when not only the soil layer is demolished, but also the parent rock on which it develops. Then the threshold of irreversible destruction sets in, an anthropogenic (that is, man-made) desert arises.
According to UN experts, the current loss of productive land will lead to the fact that by the end of the century the world may lose almost 1/3 of its arable land. Such a loss, at a time of unprecedented population growth and increased food demand, could be truly disastrous.
Ways to solve environmental problems: Legal. It includes the creation of environmental laws. International agreements are also of no small importance. Economic. Elimination of the consequences of man-caused impact on nature requires serious financial investments Technological. In this area, there is a place where inventors and innovators disagree. The use of new technologies in the mining, metallurgical and transport industries will minimize environmental pollution. The main task is to create environmentally friendly organizational energy sources. It consists in uniform distribution transport along streams to prevent its long accumulation in one place Architectural. It is advisable to plant large and small settlements, to divide their territory into zones with the help of plantations. Of no small importance is the planting of plantations around enterprises and along roads.
Pollution, exhaustion natural resources and violations of ecological bonds in ecosystems have become global problems. And if humanity continues to follow the current path of development, then its death, according to the leading ecologists of the world, is inevitable in two or three generations.
Resources: https://ru.wikipedia.org http://environmentalengineering.ru/problem.html http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/geografiya/globalnye-ekologicheskie-problemy.html
Environmental problems and ways to solve them
- Environmental problems and ways to solve them
- Completed by: Sofia Antipova, 8th grade student
- Head: Bobyr E.V., teacher of biology and chemistry
- MKOU secondary school No. 1 r.p. Okhotsk
- Never has man had such an influence on his environment as now, never has this influence been so diverse and so strong. The man of the present time is a geological force...
- Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
- Today, the ecology of our planet is in a state of acute crisis. The rapid progress of science and technology, on the one hand, made it possible to satisfy all the needs of human society, but, on the other hand, worsened the conditions for its existence. The ever-increasing influence of civilization on the environment is rapidly approaching a global environmental catastrophe.
- extinction of many thousands of species of animals and plants
- the world's oceans are less and less able to regulate natural processes
- widespread loss of forest cover
- total air pollution, lack of clean air
- the appearance of holes in the ozone layer, which protects all life on the planet from deadly cosmic rays
- depletion of mineral resources
- The most dangerous pollution of the environment is radioactive. The sources of pollution are nuclear explosions, the production of nuclear fuel, the operation of nuclear ships, medical and scientific equipment, accidents at nuclear power plants and enterprises (for example, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986).
- Burial places radioactive substances in the sea
- Increasing the allowable doses leads to the occurrence of malignant neoplasms, leukemia and genetic mutations.
- The effects of acid rain
- Ways out
- out of crisis
- Greening
- technologies
- Economization
- production
- Administratively
- -legal
- impact
- ecological
- education
- International
- legal protection
- Comprehensive, ongoing international cooperation is required to solve global environmental problems
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Presentation on the topic: Ways to solve environmental problems
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Solving environmental problems and environmental education All-Russian Conference on Environmental Education Moscow, October 21, 2009 Speaker: Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the Board of the International Environmental Public Organization "GREENLIGHT" V.A. GRACHEV 900igr. net
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slide number 3
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The average temperature rises eternal Frost, there are various manifestations of climatic instability (snow in the United Arab Emirates, abnormal peaks of positive and negative temperatures, storms, hurricanes, floods, etc.). Damage from the largest natural disasters, billion dollars According to the data of the companies "MUNICH RE" and "SWISS RE" (2005), the standard deviations of the values are taken as of December 20, 2005 3
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5 Degradation of the biosphere: destruction of 2/3 of forests; 2/3 of agricultural soils have been lost; bioresources of oceans, seas and rivers are depleted; biodiversity is under threat (110 species of vertebrates have disappeared); humanity consumes about 40% of biota (10% is used, 30% is destroyed). Water problems: in 2000, 1.1 billion people (18% of the world's population) did not have access to water. By 2050 2.5 billion people will suffer from water shortages; according to IAEA estimates, 5 million people die every year from diseases associated with the consumption of poor-quality water; water will be the most scarce resource in the near future. Environmental pollution metropolitan areas are deprived of clean air; humanity produces organic waste 2000 times faster than the entire biosphere; pollution of water, soil and air leads to the spread of diseases, epidemics and deterioration in the health of the world's population.
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In 2006, 65 million people. lived in 206 cities where the annual average concentrations of one or more substances exceeded the MPC. During the reporting period, the annual average concentrations of suspended solids were above the MPC in 64 cities, benz(a)pyrene - in 160 cities, nitrogen dioxide - in 102 cities, formaldehyde - in 125 cities. In Russia as a whole, 38% of the urban population lives in areas where air pollution monitoring is not carried out, and 55% (58.2 million people) live in cities with high and very high level atmospheric pollution. 6
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List of cities with maximum concentrations of pollutants of 10 MPC and more in atmospheric air in 2006 City Pollutant Max. conc., MPC* City Pollutant Max. conc., MAC* Bratsk Formaldehyde*** 25.7 Pervouralsk Benz(a)pyrene*** 10.3 Vladimir Phenol 11 Samara Ethylbenzene 13 Yekaterinburg Benz(a)pyrene*** 12 Hydrogen sulfide 14 Irkutsk Formaldehyde*** 12, 7 St. Petersburg Ethylbenzene 14 Kazan Formaldehyde 87 Sterlitamak Ethylbenzene 15 Karabash Lead*** 29.8 Ulan-Ude Suspended solids 11 Korsakov Suspended solids** 20 Ufa Ethylbenzene 12 Krasnoturinsk Benz(a)pyrene*** 14 Hydrogen sulfide 13 Kurgan Benz(a)pyrene*** 40 Chelyabinsk Benz(a)pyrene*** 16 Magnitogorsk Benz(a)pyrene*** 22 Cherepovets Hydrogen sulfide 12.6 Mirny Hydrogen sulfide 51 Chita Suspended solids 45 Nizhny Tagil Benz(a) )pyrene*** 12 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Carbon monoxide 10.4 Novo-aleksandrovsk Nitrogen dioxide 13 Soot 35 Soot 12 Formaldehyde 21 Carbon monoxide 13 Suspended solids** 11 Novorossiysk Formaldehyde 27 Yasnaya Polyana Methanol**** 39.6
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Main indicators of water use in Russian river basins in 2006, mln. eight
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9 River basin, lakes Wastewater discharge, total including without treatment of insufficiently treated, standardly treated Northern Dvina 804.59 71.37 533.41 12.05 Pechora 351.63 2.31 13.33 74.71 Neva 656.02 341 .86 110.53 0.01 Lake Ladoga 1411.69 32.35 209.55 0.76 Dnieper 330.02 12.91 182.68 25.84 Don 3652.69 89.12 561.30 162.66 Kuban 2538 ,30 295.32 220.22 9.15 Volga 16303.29 581.84 6568.65 787.89 Ural 1843.59 40.87 254.36 0.04 Terek 932.99 15.33 123.58 4.42 Ob 7035.62 488.20 1961.65 671.63 Yenisei 2702.08 196.48 943.85 53.77 Lena 222.86 16.30 69.88 28.56 Amur 742.05 112.82 300.36 25 .03 Lake Baikal 362.29 3.10 87.46 6.77
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In accordance with the data of the state statistical monitoring of disturbed lands, removal and use of the fertile soil layer, as of January 1, 2007, the area of disturbed lands for all years amounted to 1135.0 thousand hectares, which is 18.3 thousand hectares more than in the previous year. year. More than half of the disturbed lands (55%) was formed as a result of: the development of mineral deposits and geological exploration, 20% - peat mining, 12% - construction. For enterprises and organizations Agriculture there are 116.8 thousand hectares of disturbed lands, non-ferrous metallurgy - 110.4 thousand hectares, coal industry - 105.1 thousand hectares, land plots, whose ownership has not been documented - 124.4 thousand hectares and on reserve lands - 100.7 thousand hectares. ten
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Decrepit fixed production assets by no means comply with environmental requirements; The desire of entrepreneurs to squeeze profit out of production at any cost and without investing in the reconstruction of fixed production assets; The collapse of public discipline; rampant corruption; Irresponsibility and impunity; Low ecological culture. eleven
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1. Concern of the world community: - Framework Convention on Climate Change; - Kyoto protocol. 2. Search for an alternative to anthropogenic extraction of carbon from the depths, where it was “stored” by nature millions of years ago when leaving the initial greenhouse period: - refusal of energy consumption is unacceptable; - energy saving and refusing to burn organic matter is necessary. 3. Ways to solve local environmental problems. 3.1. Restoration of social discipline. And above all, changing the entire structure and regulatory and administrative documentation in the supervisory authorities (the army of extortionists is in fact in collusion with environmental offenders). 3.2. A clear definition and implementation of the STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY (not to buy football clubs, but to reconstruct production). 3.3. Economic responsibility: - one who does not exceed the standards pays nothing; - the one who exceeds pays 20-25 times more than now. 12
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It is enough just to list the laws that have not been adopted over the past 10 years, despite numerous attempts by deputies. About drinking water and water supply. On the greening of vehicles. About environmental safety. About payment for negative impact on the environment. On the use of associated petroleum gas. About ecological culture and ecological education. On environmental audit. About ecological insurance. On production and consumption waste (change to combat the theft of scrap metal). It is impossible to do without the personal will of the first persons, because all efforts from below have been blocked over the past 10 years by departments that are not interested in adopting laws that restrict the rights of those who were and are the source, i.e. business, whose interests these departments protect. thirteen
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slide number 15
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sustainable development, providing equal attention to its economic, social and environmental components, and recognition of the impossibility of the development of human society in the degradation of nature; priority for society of the life-supporting functions of the biosphere in relation to the direct use of its resources; fair distribution of income from the use of natural resources and access to them; prevention of negative environmental impact as a result of economic activity, accounting for long-term environmental consequences; 15a
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refusal of economic and other projects related to the impact on natural systems, if their consequences are unpredictable for the environment; nature management on a paid basis and compensation to the population and the environment for damage caused as a result of violation of environmental protection legislation; openness of environmental information; participation of civil society, self-government bodies and business circles in the preparation, discussion, adoption and implementation of decisions in the field of environmental protection and rational nature management. 15b
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1. Restoring an efficient system government controlled environmental protection and environmental safety. It is necessary to move from conversations and a “single body” to a clear distribution of duties and responsibilities. 2. Improvement legislative support: it is necessary to adopt laws in addition to the Forest and Water Codes and the Code of Subsoil Laws on the regulation of environmental quality, on payment for negative impacts and on the responsibility of both business and government structures for the ecological state of Russia. It is necessary to revise all normative and administrative documents of regulatory bodies with a view to isolating and eliminating elements of corruption. Social discipline in ecology must be tough both for business and for its controllers. 16 16a
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Implementation of economic mechanisms: an effective payment for the negative impact on the environment. The main principle is the one who applies the best existing technologies- he pays nothing. Anyone who deliberately violates - pays according to the principle "it will not seem enough." Environmental awareness, education and formation ecological culture- the main task of all levels of government and institutions of civil society. The development of civil society institutions in the field of ecology should be constructive, and not left-wing populist, obviously impossible. Effective environmental control, environmental expertise as a preventive environmental tool, environmental monitoring of the state of the environment and environmental awareness of the population. 12 16b
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Reasonable and effective combination of federal, regional and local authorities in the field of environmental protection and nature management. The international cooperation on all conventions in the field of ecology and consistently upholding the position that Russia is a global environmental donor, and we are ready to receive the corresponding, i.e. dominance, recognition of us as a World Ecological Power. 12 16c
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slide number 21
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slide number 23
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August 1, 2009 Prime Minister Russian Federation Vladimir Putin held a meeting on environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety. "Prudent use of natural resources, the ability to create a comfortable and safe environment for people's lives, today, of course, are among the most important indicators of the competitiveness of any modern state," said Vladimir Putin. The existing system of environmental control in Russia is outdated and does not meet the standards accepted in the world. Therefore, the Government is faced with the task in the near future to develop and implement new mechanisms that encourage businesses to introduce environmentally friendly technologies, as well as to increase responsibility for environmental pollution. Strict environmental requirements are pushing businesses to introduce new technologies, reduce costs, and save resources. In addition, compliance with environmental standards today is a prerequisite for entering the markets of developed countries - "that is, just the most profitable and capacious markets." “The issues of ecology, the implementation of environmental programs are given the closest attention in the key strategic documents adopted by the government - the Concept of long-term development until 2020, the main directions of the government's activities until 2012” It's about on improving legislation, measures to reduce industrial emissions, developing a waste disposal system, restoring polluted territories,” Putin explained. But the traditions of a “residual” approach to the environment are still strong, which is extremely expensive for the state, as it affects the health of citizens. “Another danger that we have encountered is that practically “gratuitous” use environment corrupts the economy and business participants, conserves backward "dirty" technologies and wasteful production. 20
slide number 24
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Almost all developed countries today closely monitor how much water, gas and oil is spent per unit of GDP, as well as how much environmental pollution is accounted for per unit of production. According to such criteria as emissions into the atmosphere and water bodies, waste generation, Russian enterprises are inferior to their foreign counterparts. Russian environmental and economic mechanisms, many of which were invested in the Soviet Union and are still operating, have long been outdated. “The existing system of environmental control often does not meet the standards accepted in the world,” the Prime Minister noted. “There are no effective incentives that would encourage enterprises to introduce environmentally friendly technologies and reduce emissions of pollutants.” The Head of Government set the task to develop and implement such mechanisms in the near future, as well as to work out the issue of strengthening measures of responsibility for environmental pollution. There are more than enough arguments in favor of the need for an effective and efficient policy in the field of ecology and nature protection, V. Putin noted. He recalled that leading experts confidently predict an increase in the influence of environmental factors in world politics. The state should expand cooperation with public environmental organizations. 21 And not a word about environmental education
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The country's entry into the top five world powers in terms of the most important indicators is associated with the solution of global environmental problems that all the leading countries of the world are concerned about (global climate change, degradation of the biosphere, conservation of resources and their rational use), as well as with the social and environmental responsibility of business. 23
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The transition from a resource-based economy to an innovative model is associated with the solution of specific environmental problems in all sectors of the economy, and this is based on a high environmental culture and social and environmental discipline. It is especially important to solve environmental problems: in the mining and coal industries; in metallurgy; in oil production and oil refining; in the chemical industry; on transport. 24
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Environmental education is the process, means and result of obtaining and assimilating environmental knowledge, skills and abilities, purposefully organized and systematically carried out in organizations of education, enlightenment and upbringing or independently. The triad of ecological education Enlightenment Upbringing Education Stages of ecological education 1. Preparatory - the basis of the ecological worldview in the system additional education; 2. General - school, technical school, university; 3. Specialized (bio, geo, agro, chemical faculties); 4. Special - training of ecologists; 5. Higher - dissertation defense. 26
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27 Directions Organizational forms Qualification 1. Proper environmental (bioecology) Biology and environmental faculties of universities Ecologist (bioecologist) 2. Geoecological (geoecology) Geographical, soil, geological, mining universities and faculties Geoecologist (geographer-ecologist, etc.) 3. Agroecological ( agroecologist) Agricultural universities and faculties Agroecologist 4. Chemical-ecological (chemical ecology) Chemical and chemical-technological universities and faculties Chemist-ecologist 5. Technical, technological (industrial ecology) Environmental faculties and departments technical universities Industrial ecologist 6. Socio- and economic-ecological (socioecology, environmental economics) Economic, sociological, legal and other universities and faculties Economist - ecologist, socioecologist
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The activities of public environmental organizations in our country, on the one hand, are positive, because. contributes to the identification and elimination of environmental shortcomings of economic activity. On the other hand, being an instrument of political struggle, individual "environmental" organizations are used by the enemies of our country to slow down the development of the economy. This is especially felt during the implementation of major projects and programs for the development of the economy and, in particular, the large-scale development of nuclear energy, the construction of gas and oil pipelines, and the implementation of large territorial industrial complexes. At the same time, environmental organizations, often funded from abroad, on far-fetched reasons without sufficient grounds and real environmental danger, organize protest actions, write numerous appeals, using the poor awareness of the population. Numerous cases of atomic radiation "hype" without sufficient reasons and grounds, unreasonable demands for the transfer of certain fuel and energy facilities, etc., are known, which really damages the country's economy. At the same time, there are many environmental organizations dealing with real environmental problems and helping to solve environmental problems facing society and the state. 28
slide number 32
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1. Do not under any circumstances "sort" environmental organizations. There are no "ours" and "not ours": ALL OURS. 2. Concentrate efforts on: formation of ecological culture; development of ways to improve socio-ecological discipline. 3. Change the paradigm of getting a livelihood: do not beg for grants abroad, playing on the difficulties of development; earn money by participating in solving specific environmental problems. 4. Create an All-Russian organization " Non-profit partnership environmental organizations” to coordinate the activities of environmental organizations. Ecology as well as foreign policy should consolidate all political forces, although different views on the solution of certain problems are not ruled out. TRUTH IS BORN IN DISPUTES. 29
slide number 33
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The Environmental Action Movement has been involved in many important concrete cases. V.A.Grachev 20.02.2002 was with President Vladimir Putin on the creation of a circulating water supply system. ESPO Ecologist's Day In September, BPPM stopped its discharge into Baikal. BPPM 30
slide number 34
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Environmental problems and their solution
Prepared
11A class student
Naumenko Evgeniya
This term, first used in 1866 by the German biologist E. Haeckel (1834-1919), refers to the science of the relationship of living organisms with the environment. The scientist believed that the new science would deal only with the relationship of animals and plants with their environment. This term has firmly entered our lives in the 70s of the XX century. However, today we are actually talking about environmental problems as social ecology- science that studies the problems of interaction between society and the environment.
What is ecology?
In the entire history of development, our planet has never had problems related to ecology. These problems began to manifest themselves in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The emergence of these problems is associated with an intensive increase in the number of mankind, with the need to use a huge amount of natural resources, with the problem of waste disposal, with the development of the automotive industry, processing enterprises, etc. One of the most significant environmental problems is the destruction of the biosphere. For their needs, a person cuts down an increasing amount forests, which leads to the disappearance of many species of flora and fauna. As a result, degradation and desertification of soils occur. Burning various fuels by industrial enterprises and emissions of huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contribute to the development of the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer.
Ecological situation on the planet
The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and domestic origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its common surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors, which can be attributed to the polluting effect, have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.
Air pollution
The high speed of industrial development in developing countries is causing a sharp increase in air pollution. The low quality of technologies and the lack of financial resources for modern treatment facilities lead to a large amount of emissions. Also one of the most important reasons is the use of low-quality fuel. The ecological situation of urban areas is at a critical level, since the peculiarity of these countries is the concentration of the population in a small number major cities. After a significant increase in the standard of living and material income of residents, the number of motor vehicles has increased, which has created a recently unknown problem of exhaust gases. The deterioration of this situation is due to the inability of the majority of residents to purchase modern, technologically advanced cars. Also, the phenomenon of noise pollution is associated with the use of used cars. Lack of air purification facilities can lead to sad consequences. Currently, air purification is carried out by the countries of Europe and America, but it will be possible to restore the level of purity to what it was before only after centuries ...
acid rain
During the operation of automobile engines, thermal power plants, and other plants and factories, nitrogen and sulfur oxides are emitted into the air in large quantities. These gases enter into various chemical reactions and as a result droplets of acids are formed, which fall out as acid rains or are transported in the form of fog. Acid precipitation causes soil erosion, inhibits vegetation growth and reduces its biodiversity. With an increase in acidity in the aquatic environment, animals living there die. In humans, acid precipitation can cause respiratory and eye diseases. In addition, they are catalysts for the destruction of architectural structures, and thus carry significant environmental and economic damage. Acid rain is observed in the USA, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, Australia and other countries. Economic losses from acid rain, for example in the United States, amount to more than 12 million dollars annually.
The most common are nitrogen, phosphorus and potash mineral fertilizers. Of these, nitrates are the main pollutants of groundwater. Currently, groundwater under overfertilized soil contains nitrates at concentrations greater than 1000 mg/L. This is much more than normal and can be dangerous for humans. Nitrates absorbed by plants, which we in turn eat, in large quantities can cause severe poisoning. Irrational use of mineral fertilizers can cause soil erosion.
Mineral fertilizers
Water pollution
The most common pollutants are oil and oil products. They cover the surface of the water with a thin film that prevents gas and moisture exchange between water and near-aquatic organisms. A serious threat to the purity of water bodies is caused by oil production from the bottom of lakes, seas and oceans. Sudden outbursts of oil at the final stage of well drilling at the bottom of reservoirs lead to serious water pollution.
Another source of pollution of water bodies are accidents with oil tankers. Oil enters the sea when hoses break, when oil pipeline couplings leak, when it is pumped to coastal oil storage facilities, and when tankers are washed.
Surfactants, including synthetic detergents (SMC), are gaining more and more importance (as pollution of water bodies). The widespread use of these compounds in everyday life and industry leads to an increase in their concentration in wastewater. They are poorly removed by treatment facilities, they supply water bodies, including household and drinking purposes, and from there into tap water. The presence of SMS in water gives it an unpleasant taste and smell.
Dangerous pollutants of water bodies are salts of heavy metals - lead, iron, copper, mercury. The largest flow of their water is associated with industrial centers located off the coast. Heavy metal ions are absorbed by aquatic plants: they are transported through tropical chains to herbivores and then to carnivores. Waters containing household waste, runoff from agricultural complexes serve as sources of many infectious diseases(paratyphoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis, cholera, etc.). The spread of cholera vibrios by polluted waters, lakes, reservoirs is widely known.
The greenhouse effect, as some scientists believe, is a modern physico-chemical process of violation heat balance planets with accelerating temperature rise on it. It is generally accepted that this effect is caused by the accumulation of "greenhouse gases" in the Earth's atmosphere, which are formed mainly in the process of fossil fuel combustion. The infrared (thermal) radiation of the Earth's surface does not go into outer space, but is absorbed by the molecules of these gases, and its energy remains in the Earth's atmosphere. Over the past hundred years, the average temperature of the Earth's surface has increased by 0.8 ° C. In the Alps and the Caucasus, glaciers have decreased in volume half, on Mount Kilimanjaro - by 73%, and the level of the World Ocean has risen by at least 10 cm. will be 2-3.5 ° C. The results of such a process are not accurately predicted. An increase in the level of the World Ocean by 15-95 cm is expected with flooding of densely populated areas of river deltas in Western Europe and Southeast Asia, shifting climatic zones, changing the direction of winds, ocean currents (including the Gulf Stream) and precipitation.
greenhouse effect and ozone holes»
Global ecological problems Destruction of a large number of plant and animal species Deforestation Rapid reduction of mineral reserves Depletion of the world's oceans as a result of the destruction of living organisms Atmospheric pollution, destruction of the ozone layer Pollution of the Earth's surface and disfigurement of natural landscapes Rapid development of industrial enterprises Global warming Rapid population growth
Destruction of a large number of species of plants and animals Due to the fault of people, many species of plants and animals disappear. AT last years 10 to 130 different species disappear daily on Earth. This is more than new ones appear. Animals, the number of species of which is sharply reduced due to the fault of man.
Deforestation The process of deforestation is topical issue in many parts of the world, as it affects their ecological, climatic and socio-economic characteristics and reduces the quality of life. Deforestation leads to a decrease in biodiversity, wood reserves, including for industrial use, as well as an increase in the greenhouse effect due to a decrease in photosynthesis.
The rapid decline of mineral reserves The number of mineral reserves is rapidly decreasing. According to various sources, coal reserves will last for another year, oil for 45 years, gas for 75 years, and iron ore for 65 years.
Depletion of the world ocean as a result of the destruction of living organisms The world ocean is depleted as a result of the destruction of living organisms, it ceases to be a regulator of natural processes. The depletion of the world's oceans will lead to the depletion of other parts of nature.
Atmospheric pollution affects: people's health - lung diseases, allergies, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other diseases are more common in places with polluted air, and people's life expectancy in such places is less. forests, many agricultural plants - with air pollution, they either die or grow much more slowly; materials - increases the rate of corrosion.
Deterioration of the ozone layer The ozone layer covers the entire Earth and is located at altitudes from 10 to 50 km with a maximum concentration of ozone at an altitude of km. The saturation of the atmosphere with ozone is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching a maximum in the spring in the subpolar region. For the first time, the depletion of the ozone layer attracted the attention of the general public in 1985, when an area with a low (up to 50%) ozone content, called the "ozone hole", was discovered over Antarctica.
Pollution of the Earth's surface and disfigurement of natural landscapes On Earth, it is impossible to find a single square meter of the surface, where there would be elements artificially created by man. Disfigurement of natural landscapes and pollution of the Earth's surface leads to disturbances in the primary structure of the planet, which in turn can lead to various natural disasters.
The rapid development of industrial enterprises Industry does not stand still, it is developing rapidly, and with it the number of industrial enterprises that pollute the atmosphere by emitting sewage, toxic gases into the atmosphere, etc. is increasing.
Global warming (greenhouse effect) Global warming is a slow and gradual increase in the average temperature on our planet, which is currently observed. Its influence on our planet can lead to the extinction of many species of animals and birds, to the emergence of a greenhouse effect, and quite possibly to the death of mankind.
Rapid population growth Rapid population growth, despite the difficult demographic situation in many countries of the world, adversely affects the planet as a whole. The number of inhabitants of the Earth is rapidly increasing every year, but at the same time, the amount of clean drinking water, minerals, etc. is sharply reduced. It can be concluded that humanity can disappear from the lack of vital resources.
Some ways to solve environmental problems Widespread use of clean energy sources around the world Breaking free from oil Introduction of efficient electricity consumption Development of policies to manage population growth Compliance with the Kyoto agreement to reduce the greenhouse effect Reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants
