Para and ortho water molecules physical properties. Ortho and para water molecules. Preservation of electron-donor properties of drinking water

Zinc has long established itself as an important chemical element. Even before our era, people knew a lot about it and widely used it in various fields. The properties of this material allow the use of zinc in many industries and in everyday life. The material is successfully used in the chemical industry, mechanical engineering and construction. Therefore, today we will look at beneficial features and characteristics of zinc metal and alloys based on it, the price per kg, features of use, as well as the manufacture of the material.

Concept and features

To begin with, you are invited to general characteristics zinc. This product is not only a necessary production metal, but also an important biological element. In any living organism, it is present up to 4% of all elements. The richest zinc deposits are Bolivia, Iran, Kazakhstan and Australia. In our country, one of the largest manufacturers is considered to be the enterprise OJSC MMC Dalpolimetall.

If we consider zinc from the side of the periodic system of Mendeleev, then it belongs to transition metals and has the following characteristics:

Sequence number: 30
Weight: 65.37.
The oxidation state is +2.
Colour: bluish white.

Zinc is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 244 days.

If we consider zinc from the side a simple substance, then this material has the following characteristics:

Type of material - metal.
Color - silver-blue.
Coating - protected by an oxide film, under which shine and radiance are hidden.

Zinc is found in the earth's crust. The share of metal in it is not very large: only 0.0076%.

As a single material, zinc does not exist. It is a constituent of many ores and minerals.

The most common are: zinc blende, cleophane, marmatite. In addition, zinc can be found in the following natural materials: wurtzite, franklenite, zincite, smithsonite, calamine, willemite.
Companions of zinc are usually: germanium, cadmium, thallium, gallium, indium, cadmium.
The most popular are alloys of zinc and aluminum, copper,.

The role of zinc in our lives will be told by a specialist in this video:

Competing metals

Only 4 metals can compete with zinc: titanium, aluminum, chromium and copper. The described materials have the following characteristics:

Aluminum: Silvery white color, good electrical and heat conductor, workable by pressure, corrosion resistant, low density, used in steel making process (to improve heat resistance).
Titanium: silver-white color, high melting point, oxidizes when exposed to air, low thermal conductivity, easy forging and stamping, at high temperature a strong protective film is formed on the surface.
Chromium: bluish-shiny color, high hardness, brittleness, resistance to oxidation in atmospheric and water conditions, used for decorative coating.
: red metal, has high ductility, good electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, resistance to corrosion processes, used in roofing materials.

For construction purposes, other non-ferrous metals are most often used (except zinc). These include:, silumin, babbitt, duralumin and several others.

Zinc differs from other metals in that it is easily deformable at temperatures from 100 ºС to 150 ºС. In this temperature range, zinc can also be forged and rolled into thin sheets.

Advantages and disadvantages

Pros:

Good fluidity, making molds easy to fill.
High ductility during rolling.
Pure zinc lends itself well to forging.
Due to its properties and the effect of temperature, it is able to take on various states.
It perfectly protects the product from corrosion, due to which it is readily in demand in construction and mechanical engineering.

May explode when heated together with phosphorus or sulfur.
In the air it loses its luster.
It has little plasticity at room temperature.
Not found in nature in its pure form.

Weight, mechanical, chemical and physical properties of zinc, its main characteristics will be discussed below.

Properties and characteristics

So what are the properties of zinc?

Physical

Physical properties:

It is a medium hard metal.
Zinc has no polymorphic modifications.
Cold zinc becomes a brittle metal.
Acquires plasticity at a temperature of 100-100 ºС.
At a higher temperature of 250 ºС, it again turns into a brittle metal.
The melting point of solid zinc is 419.5 ºС.
The transition temperature to steam is 913ºС.
The boiling point is 906 ºС.
The density of zinc in the solid state is 7.133 g / cm 3, in the liquid - 6.66 g / cm 3.
Relative elongation 40-50%.
Easily soluble in acids.
Easily soluble in alkalis.

For information on how to melt zinc, see the video:

Chemical

Chemical properties of zinc:

3d 10 4s 2 is the configuration of the atom.
Zinc is considered an active metal.
It is an energy restorer.
Electrode potential: -0.76 V.
At temperatures below 100 ºС, it loses its luster and has a film coating.
In humid air (especially if it contains carbon dioxide), the metal is destroyed.
During intense heating, zinc burns violently to form a bluish flame.
Oxidation degree: .
Acids and alkalis act differently on zinc, depending on the presence of various impurities in the metal.
When zinc is heated in water, hydrolysis occurs with the formation of a white precipitate.
Mineral acids of great strength can easily dissolve zinc.

Structure and composition

The zinc formula is as follows: Zn. The configuration of the outer layer of the atom is 4s 2 . Zinc has chemical bond metal, crystal lattice - hexagonal, dense.

Zinc in nature consists of three stable isotopes (we list them: 64 Zn (48.6%), 66 Zn (26.9%) and 67 Zn (4.1%)) and several radioactive ones. The most important of the radioactive ones has a half-life of 244 days.

Production

As mentioned, zinc is not found in nature in its pure form. It is mainly obtained from polymeric ores. In these ores zinc is present in the form of sulfide. It always comes with the accompanying metals listed above.

A zinc concentrate is obtained using a selective flotation beneficiation process. Parallel to this process, other concentrates of substances come out of polymetallic ores. For example, and copper.

The resulting zinc concentrates are fired in a kiln. As a result of the action of high temperatures, zinc passes from the sulfide state to the oxide state. During the production process, sulfur dioxide is released, which goes to the production of sulfuric acid. from zinc oxide in two ways: pyrometallurgical and electrolytic.

pyrometallurgical method has a very long history. The concentrate is calcined and subjected to a sintering process. The zinc is then reduced using coal or coke. Zinc obtained in this way is brought to a pure state by settling.
At electrolytic way zinc concentrate is treated with sulfuric acid. The result is a solution that is subjected to an electrolysis process. Here the zinc is deposited and melted in special furnaces.

Areas of use

Zinc, as an element, is contained in sufficient quantities in earth's crust and in water resources.

Zinc is also used in powder form for a number of chemical and technological processes.

This video will tell you how to remove zinc:

Zinc is a metal, standing in the periodic table, at number 30 and has the designation Zn. It melts at a temperature of 419 ° C degrees, but if the boiling point is 913 ° C, it begins to turn into steam. Under normal temperature conditions, the state is fragile, and at one hundred degrees it begins to bend.

The color of zinc is blue-white. When exposed to oxygen, oxidation appears, as well as a coating of carbonate that protects the metal from further oxidation reactions. The appearance of hydroxide on zinc means that water does not act on the chemical element.

Zinc is a chemical element that has its own distinctive properties, advantages and disadvantages. It is widely applied in Everyday life human, in pharmaceuticals and metallurgy.

Features of zinc

Metal is necessary and widely used in almost all areas of human daily life.

Mining is mainly carried out in Iran, Kazakhstan, Australia, Bolivia. In Russia, the manufacturer is OAO GMK Dalpolimetall.

It is a transition metal, has an oxidation state of +2, a radioactive isotope, a half-life of 244 days.

In its pure form, the element is not mined. Contained in ores and minerals: cleophane, marmatite, wurtzite, zincite. It is necessarily present in an alloy with aluminum, copper, tin, nickel.

Chemical, physical properties and characteristics of zinc

Zinc is a metal that has a number of properties and characteristics that distinguish it from other elements. periodic table.

The physical properties of zinc include its state. Temperature is the main factor. If at room temperature it is a brittle material, the density of zinc is 7130 kg / m 3 (˃ the density of steel), which practically does not bend, then when it rises, it easily bends and rolls in sheets in factories. If we take a higher temperature regime, the material acquires a liquid state, and if we raise the temperature by 400-450 ° C, then it will simply evaporate. This is uniqueness - to change your state. If you act with acids and alkalis, it can crumble, explode, melt.

The formula of zinc Zn is zincum. Atomic mass zinc 65.382 amu

Electronic formula: the nucleus of a metal atom contains 30 protons, 35 neutrons. An atom has 4 energy levels - 30 electrons. (Fig. structure of the zinc atom) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 .

The crystal lattice of zinc is a hexagonal crystal system with tightly pressed atoms. Lattice data: A=2.66U, C=4.94.

Structure and composition of zinc

The extracted and not processed material has isotopes 64, 66, 67, electrons 2-8-18-2.

In terms of application, among all the elements of the periodic table, the metal is in 23rd place. In nature, the element appears in the form of sulfide with impurities of lead Pb, cadmium Cd, iron Fe, copper Cu, silver Ag.

Depending on how many impurities, the metal is labeled.

Zinc production

As mentioned above, there is no pure form of this element in nature. It is extracted from other rocks, such as ore - cadmium, gallium, minerals - sphalerite.

The metal is received at the factory. Each plant has its own distinctive features production, so the equipment to obtain pure material different. It could be like this:

The rotors, arranged vertically, are electrolytic.
Special kilns with a sufficiently high temperature for firing, as well as special electric kilns.
Conveyors and baths for electrolysis.

Depending on the method of metal extraction adopted, the appropriate equipment is involved.

Obtaining Pure Zinc

As mentioned above, there is no pure species in nature. Basically, mining is done from ores, in which it comes with various elements.

To obtain pure material, a special flotation process with selectivity (selectivity) is involved. After the process, the ore breaks down into elements: zinc, lead, copper, and so on.

The pure metal extracted by this method is fired in a special furnace. There, at certain temperatures, the sulfide state of the material becomes oxide. During roasting, sulfur-containing gas is released, which is sent to produce sulfuric acid.

There are 2 ways to get metal:

Pyrometallurgical - the process of roasting is underway, after - the resulting mass is restored using black coal and coke. The final process is settling.
Electrolytic - the extracted mass is treated with sulfuric acid. The resulting solution is subjected to electrolysis, while the metal settles, it is melted in furnaces.

Smelting zinc in a furnace

The melting temperature of zinc in a furnace is 419-480 ° C degrees. If the temperature regime is exceeded, then the material begins to evaporate. At this temperature, an admixture of iron of 0.05% is allowed.

With an interest rate of 0.2 iron, the sheet cannot be rolled.

Various methods are used for smelting pure metal, up to the production of zinc vapors, which are sent to special tanks and there the substance falls down.

metal application

The properties of zinc allow its use in many areas. As a percentage:

Galvanizing - up to 60%.
Medicine - 10%.
Various alloys containing this metal 10%.
Tire output 10%.
Production of paints - 10%.

And also the use of zinc is necessary for the recovery of metals such as gold, silver, platinum.

Zinc in metallurgy

The metallurgical industry uses this element of the periodic table as the main one to achieve certain goals. The smelting of pig iron and steel is the main one in the entire metallurgy of the country. But, these metals are subject to negative influence. environment. Without a certain treatment, there is a rapid oxidation of metals, which leads to their deterioration. The best protection is galvanizing.

Application protective film on cast iron and steel is the best anti-corrosion agent. Galvanizing takes about 40% of the total production of pure material.

Galvanizing methods

Metallurgical plants are distinguished not only by their equipment, but also by the methods of production used. It depends on the pricing policy, and the location (natural resources used for the metallurgical industry). There are several galvanizing methods which are discussed below.

Hot dip galvanizing

This method consists in dipping a metal part in a liquid solution. It happens like this:

The part or product is degreased, cleaned, washed and dried.
Further, zinc is melted to a liquid state at temperatures up to 480 ° C.
The prepared product is lowered into the liquid solution. At the same time, it is well wetted in solution and a coating up to 450 μm thick is formed. This is 100% protection against external factors on the product (moisture, direct Sun rays, water with chemical impurities).

However, this method has a number of disadvantages:

The zinc film on the product turns out to be an uneven layer.
You cannot use this method for parts that meet exact GOST standards. Where every millimeter is considered a marriage.
After hot-dip galvanizing, not every part will remain strong and wear-resistant, because brittleness appears after passing through high temperatures.

And also this method is not suitable for products coated with paints and varnishes.

Cold galvanizing

This method has 2 names: galvanic and electrolytic. The procedure for coating the product with corrosion protection is as follows:

A metal part, the product is being prepared (degreased, cleaned).
After that, the “staining method” is carried out - a special composition is used that has the main component - zinc.
The part is covered with this composition by spraying.

Thanks to this method, parts with an exact tolerance, products coated with paints and varnishes are covered with protection. Increased resistance to external factors leading to corrosion.

disadvantages this method: thin protective layer - up to 35 microns. This results in less protection and shorter protection times.

Thermal diffusion method

This method makes a coating that is an electrode with positive polarity, while the metal of the product (steel) becomes negative polarity. An electrochemical protective layer appears.

The method is applicable only if the parts are made of carbon steel, cast iron, steel with impurities. Zinc is used in this way:

At temperatures from 290 °C to 450 °C in a powder medium, the surface of the part is saturated with Zn. Here, the marking of steel, as well as the type of product, matter - the appropriate temperature is selected.
The thickness of the protective layer reaches 110 microns.
A product made of steel, cast iron is placed in a closed tank.
A special mixture is added there.
The last step is a special treatment of the product from the appearance of white efflorescence from salt water.

Basically, this method is used if it is required to cover parts that have a complex shape: carving, small strokes. The formation of a uniform protective layer is important because these parts are exposed to multiple external aggressive environments (constant moisture).

This method gives the highest percentage of product protection against corrosion. Galvanized coating is wear-resistant and practically indelible, which is very important for parts that rotate and disassemble from time to time.

Other applications of zinc

In addition to galvanizing, the metal is also used in other industries.

Zinc sheets. For the production of sheet, rolling is carried out, in which ductility is important. It depends on the temperature regime. A temperature of 25 ° C gives plasticity only in one plane, which creates certain properties metal. The main thing here is what the sheet is made for. The higher the temperature, the thinner the metal is. Depending on this, the product is labeled C1, C2, C3. After that, various products for cars, profiles for construction and repair, for printing, and so on are created from the sheets.
zinc alloys. For improved properties of metal products, zinc is added. These alloys are created at high temperatures in special furnaces. Most often, alloys are made from copper, aluminum. These alloys are used for the production of bearings, various bushings, which are applicable in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding and aviation.

In household use, a galvanized bucket, a trough, sheets on the roof are the norm. Zinc is used, not chrome or nickel. And it's not just that galvanizing is cheaper than coating with other materials. This is the most reliable and durable protective material than chrome or other materials used.

As a result, zinc is the most common metal widely used in metallurgy. In mechanical engineering, construction, medicine - the material is applicable not only as protection against corrosion, but also to increase strength, long service life. In private houses, galvanized sheets protect the roof from precipitation; in buildings, walls and ceilings are leveled with plasterboard sheets based on galvanized profiles.

Almost every housewife in the house has a galvanized bucket, a trough, which she uses for a long time.

Chemical properties

External electronic configuration Zn atom 3d 10 4s 2 . The oxidation state in compounds is +2. The normal redox potential of 0.76 V characterizes Zinc as an active metal and an energetic reducing agent. In air at temperatures up to 100 ° C, zinc quickly tarnishes, becoming covered with a surface film of basic carbonates. In air, zinc is covered with a thin film of ZnO oxide. When heated strongly, it burns out with the formation of amphoteric white oxide ZnO.

2Zn + O 2 = 2ZnO

Dry fluorine, chlorine and bromine do not interact with Zinc in the cold, but in the presence of water vapor the metal can ignite, forming, for example, ZnCl 2 . A heated mixture of zinc powder with sulfur gives zinc sulfide ZnS. Zinc sulfide precipitates under the action of hydrogen sulfide on weakly acidic or ammoniac aqueous solutions of Zn salts. ZnH 2 hydride is obtained by reacting LiAlH 4 with Zn(CH 3) 2 and other zinc compounds; metal-like substance that decomposes into elements when heated.

Nitride Zn 3 N 2 - black powder, formed when heated to 600 ° C in a stream of ammonia; stable in air up to 750 °C, water decomposes it. Zinc carbide ZnC 2 was obtained by heating zinc in a stream of acetylene. Strong mineral acids dissolve zinc vigorously, especially when heated, to form the corresponding salts. When interacting with dilute HCl and H 2 SO 4, H 2 is released, and with HNO 3 - in addition, NO, NO 2, NH 3. Zinc reacts with concentrated HCl, H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 , releasing H 2 , SO 2 , NO and NO 2 , respectively. Solutions and melts of alkalis oxidize zinc with the release of H 2 and the formation of water-soluble zincites. The intensity of the action of acids and alkalis on zinc depends on the presence of impurities in it. Pure zinc is less reactive with respect to these reagents due to the high overvoltage of hydrogen on it. In water, zinc salts hydrolyze when heated, releasing a white precipitate of Zn(OH) 2 hydroxide. Known complex compounds containing Zinc, such as SO 4 and others.

Zinc oxide reacts both with acid solutions:

ZnO + 2HNO 3 \u003d Zn (NO 3) 2 + H 2 O

and alkalis:

ZnO + 2NaOH (fusion) \u003d Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 O

Zinc of ordinary purity actively reacts with acid solutions:

Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 + H2

Zn + H 2 SO 4 \u003d ZnSO 4 + H 2

and alkali solutions:

Zn + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O \u003d Na 2 + H 2

forming hydroxo-zincates. Very pure zinc does not react with solutions of acids and alkalis. The interaction begins with the addition of a few drops of a solution of copper sulfate CuSO 4 .

When heated, zinc interacts with non-metals (except hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen). Actively reacts with acids:

Zn + H 2 SO 4 (razb.) \u003d ZnSO 4 + H 2

Zinc is the only group element that dissolves in aqueous solutions alkalis with the formation of ions 2– (hydroxozincates):

Zn + 2OH - + 2H 2 O \u003d 2- + H 2

When metallic zinc is dissolved in an ammonia solution, an ammonia complex is formed:

Zn + 4NH 3 H 2 O \u003d (OH) 2 + 2H 2 O + H 2

The external electronic configuration of the Zn atom is 3d104s2. The oxidation state in compounds is +2. The normal redox potential of 0.76 V characterizes zinc as an active metal and an energetic reducing agent. In air at temperatures up to 100 ° C, zinc quickly tarnishes, becoming covered with a surface film of basic carbonates. In moist air, especially in the presence of CO2, metal is destroyed with the formation of basic zinc bicarbonate even at ordinary temperatures.

At a temperature of red heat, it can be oxidized by water vapor with the release of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. When heated sufficiently in air, it burns with a bright greenish-blue flame to form zinc oxide with a significant release of energy.

In accordance with the place occupied by zinc in the series of voltages, it readily dissolves in dilute acids with evolution of hydrogen. Wherein concentrated acid reduced to nitrogen oxides, diluted - to ammonia. Dissolution in conc. H3S04 is accompanied by the release of not hydrogen, but sulfur dioxide.

A mixture of zinc powder and sulfur reacts explosively when heated.

Zinc does not interact with nitrogen even in vapors, but rather easily reacts with ammonia at a red-hot temperature, forming zinc nitride - Zn3Na.

Zinc carbide ZnC, formed by heating zinc in a stream of acetylene, decomposed by water and dilute acids.

When metallic zinc is heated in phosphorus vapor to 440–780°C, phosphides, Zn3Ps and ZnP2, are formed.

In the molten state, zinc is infinitely miscible with many metals: Cu, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Sn.

Zinc forms compounds with many metals, for example: Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pf, Pd, Rh, Sb, Mg, Ca, Li, Na, K.

Zinc is quite easily soluble in alkalis, as well as aqueous solutions of ammonia and ammonium chloride, especially when heated. The rate of dissolution of zinc not only in alkalis, but also in acids depends on its purity. Very pure zinc dissolves slowly, and to speed up the process, it is recommended to introduce a few drops of a highly dilute solution of copper sulfate into the solution (the appearance of galvanic couples).

Interaction with non-metals

When strongly heated in air, it burns with a bright bluish flame to form zinc oxide:

When ignited, it reacts vigorously with sulfur:

It reacts with halogens under normal conditions in the presence of water vapor as a catalyst:

Zn + Cl2 = ZnCl2

Under the action of phosphorus vapor on zinc, phosphides are formed:

Zn + 2P = ZnP2 or

3Zn + 2P = Zn3P2

Zinc does not interact with hydrogen, nitrogen, boron, silicon, carbon.

Interaction with water

Reacts with water vapor at red heat to form zinc oxide and hydrogen:

Zn + H2O = ZnO + H2

Interaction with acids

AT electrochemical series stresses of metals, zinc is located before hydrogen and displaces it from non-oxidizing acids:

Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2

Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2

Reacts with dilute nitric acid to form zinc nitrate and ammonium nitrate:

4Zn + 10HNO3 = 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

Reacts with concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid with the formation of a zinc salt and acid reduction products:

Zn + 2H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Zn + 4HNO3 = Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Interaction with alkalis

Reacts with alkali solutions to form hydroxo complexes:

Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2O = Na2 + H2

when fused, it forms zincates:

Zn + 2KOH = K2ZnO2 + H2

Interaction with ammonia

With gaseous ammonia at 550-600°C it forms zinc nitride:

3Zn + 2NH3 = Zn3N2 + 3H2

dissolves in an aqueous solution of ammonia, forming tetraamminzinc hydroxide:

Zn + 4NH3 + 2H2O = (OH)2 + H2

Interaction with oxides and salts

Zinc displaces metals in the stress row to the right of it from solutions of salts and oxides:

Zn + CuSO4 = Cu + ZnSO4

Keywords

ASSOCIATED WATER PHASE / HYPOMAGNETIC TREATMENT / ORTHO-PARA CONVERSION OF WATER ISOMERS / ORTHO/PARA WATER ISOMERS CONVERSION / PHASE ASSOCIATED WATER HYPOMAGNETIC PROCESSING

annotation scientific article on Earth sciences and related ecological sciences, author of scientific work - Gibert K. K., Stekhin Anatoly Alexandrovich, Yakovleva G. V., Sulina Yu. S.

The study carried out an experimental assessment of long-term structural and physical changes associated water phases in drinking water treated under hypomagnetic conditions according to a technology involving the conversion of ortho-para-isomers of water in the presence of a triplet oxygen catalyst. According to the results of measurements of the parameters of the formed nanoassociates in water, a number of regularities were found that make it possible to determine the mechanisms of influence hypomagnetic treatment on the catalytic properties of water and the long-term stability of its activated state, which ensures long-term maintenance of high biological activity drinking water. In particular, under hypomagnetic processing conditions, a denser packing is formed amorphous ice VI in the composition of peroxide associates, which serve as a kind of reservoir of atmospheric gases. In such a reservoir, higher pressures are realized compared to normal geophysical conditions, which stimulates gas-phase reactions with the formation of oxygen dimers and trimers that exist in two electronically active configurations with binding energies of 0.3 and ~ 0.2 eV, which provide phase modulation, resulting in to the condensation of additional electrons from the environment on paramagnetic oxygen, which ensures long-term maintenance of the electron-donor capacity of water and its electrically nonequilibrium state.

Keeping the electron-donor properties of drinking water

In a study there was performed the experimental evaluation of long-term structural physical changes of the phase of associated water in drinking water treated in hypomagnetic conditions according to the technology providing the retention of ortho/para isomers of water in the presence of a catalyst triplet oxygen. According to the results of measurements of parameters of nano-associates formed in the water there was found a series of consistencies, allowing to determine the mechanisms of the impact of hypomagnetic treatment on the catalytic properties of water and longterm stability of its activated state, that provides the long-term maintenance of high biological activity of drinking water. In particular, under hypomagnetic conditions of the treatment there is formed denser packing of amorphous ice VI in the composition of associates peroxide, serving as a kind of "reservoir" of atmospheric gases. In such a "reservoir" there realized higher pressure, compared with normal geophysical conditions, that stimulates the gas-phase reactions with the formation of dimers and trimers of oxygen existing in the 2electron active configurations with binding energies of 0.3 eV and ~ 0.2 eV, providing phase modulation, resulting in condensation of environment additional electrons on paramagnetic oxygen, which provides the long-term maintenance of the electron donor ability of water and electrically non-equilibrium state.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Preservation of the electron-donor properties of drinking water"

Experimental studies

Gibert K.K.1, Stekhin A.A.2, Yakovleva G.V.2, Sulina Yu.S.1

PRESERVATION OF ELECTRON DONOR PROPERTIES OF DRINKING WATER

1 LLC "AquaHelios", 630132, Novosibirsk, st. Omskaya, 94, Russia; 2 FGBU Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene. A.N. Sysina of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 119121, Moscow, st. Pogodinskaya, 10, Russia

The study performed an experimental assessment of long-term structural and physical changes in the associated water phase in drinking water treated under hypomagnetic conditions according to a technology involving the conversion of ortho-para-isomers of water in the presence of a catalyst - triplet oxygen. According to the results of measurements of the parameters of the formed nanoassociates in water, a number of regularities were found that make it possible to determine the mechanisms of the effect of hypomagnetic treatment on the catalytic properties of water and the long-term stability of its activated state, which ensures long-term maintenance of high biological activity of drinking water. In particular, under hypomagnetic processing conditions, a denser packing of amorphous ice VI is formed in the composition of peroxide associates, which serve as a kind of reservoir of atmospheric gases. In such a reservoir, higher pressures are realized compared to normal geophysical conditions, which stimulates gas-phase reactions with the formation of oxygen dimers and trimers that exist in two electronically active configurations with binding energies of 0.3 and ~ 0.2 eV, which provide phase modulation, resulting in to the condensation of additional electrons from the environment on paramagnetic oxygen, which ensures long-term maintenance of the electron-donor capacity of water and its electrically nonequilibrium state.

Key words: associated water phase; hypomagnetic treatment; ortho-para-conversion of water isomers.

For citation: Hygiene and sanitation. 2015; 94(3): 97-100.

Gibert K.K. 1, Stekhin A.A. 2, Yakovleva G.V.2, Sulina Yu.S.1 KEEPING THE ELECTRON-DONOR PROPERTIES OF DRINKING WATER

1Limited Liability Company "Akva Gelios", Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630132; 2A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119121

In a study there was performed the experimental evaluation of long-term structural - physical changes of the phase of associated water in drinking water treated in hypomagnetic conditions according to the technology providing the retention of ortho/para isomers of water in the presence of a catalyst - triplet oxygen. According to the results of measurements of parameters of nano-associates formed in the water there was found a series of consistencies, allowing to determine the mechanisms of the impact of hypomagnetic treatment on the catalytic properties of water and long-term stability of its activated state, that provides the long-term maintenance of high biological activity of drinking water. In particular, undermagnetic hypomagnetic conditions of the treatment there is formed denser packing of amorphous ice - VI in the composition of associates peroxide, serving as a kind of "reservoir" of atmospheric gases. In such a "reservoir" there realized higher pressure, compared with normal geophysical conditions, that stimulates the gasphase reactions with the formation of dimers and trimers of oxygen existing in the 2- electron - active configurations with binding energies of 0.3 eV and ~ 0.2 eV , providing phase modulation, resulting in condensation of environment additional electrons on paramagnetic oxygen, which provides the long-term maintenance of the electron - donor ability of water and electrically non-equilibrium state.

Key words: phase associated water hypomagnetic processing, ortho /para water isomers conversion Citation: Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2015; 94(3): 97-100. (in Russian)

The current direction of preventive medicine in last years is the creation of tools that have the properties of compensating for the negative impact on human health of environmental factors, including conditions defined as electronic deficit. Drinking water can serve as one of such means, which, after its processing under certain technological conditions (physical treatment), acquires restoring electron-donor properties.

These technologies have disadvantages, of which the most significant is the low safety

For correspondence: Anatoly Stekhin, [email protected]

For correspondence: Stekhin A.A., [email protected]

reducing properties of drinking water, which is due to rather high rates of relaxation of the metastable state of water. However, the effects of the influence of diamagnetic deuterium on the state of the associated water phase are known, which manifest themselves in an increase in the values of the phase fraction in bulk water with an increase in the deuterium concentration, reflecting the loosening effect of spin-active impurities in water on anion - crystalline associates. At the same time, the biological activity of the nuclear spin isomers of water (ortho- and para-isomers) and their influence on the parameters of the associated water phase are actively discussed in the scientific literature. Taking into account the data of theoretical studies, a new technology physical treatment of water in hypomagnetic conditions, allowing

[hygiene and sanitation 3/2015

giving water regenerating properties that last for a long time.

Under natural geomagnetic conditions, the stable ratio of ortho-para isomers in bulk water is 1:3, which is explained by the prohibition of mutual transitions of ortho- and para-water molecules as a result of collisional and radiation effects. At the same time, according to , ortho-water has a high volatility, which indirectly indicates that it is predominantly in the free water phase.

Considering the problems of spin-conversion of water isomers, it is necessary to dwell on the critical conditions of these processes. Thus, according to , the processes of conversion of water isomers into each other are facilitated near the critical temperatures T = 4, 19, 36, and 76°C, at which the energy of rotation quanta hQmn of ortho- and para-isomers of water approximately corresponds to the energy of inelastic collisions kT ~ hfi. Based on the fact that the temperature point of 4°C, according to the data of works, corresponds to a non-equilibrium phase transition ice VII - ice VIII, which suggests a high efficiency of the structural reorganization of the associated water phase, it can be assumed that temperatures of 19 and 36°C (according to the data of the work) are also associated with the transformation of the structures of the associated water phase, but already in the structures of ice VI, which is the carrier of the anion -radicals of type E[(HO-<*)^ОН-<*)(Н2О}Т1)]ч, где (Н2О}Тд - ассоциат с тетрагональной (Т) структурой (пентамер Вольрафена - лед VI), д - степень ассоциации, р - параметр ионной координации ).

It should be noted that the ortho-para conversion is significantly accelerated in the presence of catalysts, including triplet oxygen (the electron spin of the O2 molecule is 1). Therefore, the presence of a catalyst in water makes it possible to provide ortho-para-conversion. It is known that the rate of this conversion increases with the formation of mixed quantum states, when the energy levels of ortho- and para-water practically coincide and the probability of formation of mixed quantum states and ortho-/para conversion increases.

At the same time, due to the magnetism of ortho-isomers, the processes of ortho-para-conversion are also influenced by external electromagnetic fields (EMF) and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic radiation blocks the formation of mixed quantum states and reduces the probability of ortho-para-conversion. However, when screening from EMF and especially under hypomagnetic conditions, there is no perturbing effect on molecular structures, which should lead to a decrease in the energy thresholds of quantum mixing and a more ordered structure of the structures of the formed amorphous ice VI in the composition of associates.

The aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate the structural and physical changes in the associated water phase under hypomagnetic conditions formed in accordance with the technology (RF patent No. 2007111073/15 dated March 26, 2007) and their effect on the biocatalytic activity of water.

The research methodology consisted in the treatment of distilled and artesian water in a vessel made of non-magnetic material for at least 5 hours in the working space of a shielding device, which provides a weakening of the total geomagnetic field vector by at least 300 times compared to the background value. Further, the treated water was subjected to research without dilution (concentrate of helioprotective

water (HWL)). In addition, the potentiating effect of the HPV concentrate on artesian waters (“Dewdrop of Siberia”, “Pokrov-voda”) was studied. The concentrate was added to the water in a ratio of 1:10,000 and 1:5,000. Changes in the state of water were assessed by a set of structural and energy indicators proposed by us in previously published works.

Results and discussion

Based on the results of chemiluminescent analysis, it was established that water treated under hypomagnetic conditions (HPV concentrate) contains an abnormally high concentration of peroxide anion radicals (HO2-(*)), which do not change for at least 9 months of storage, experiencing periodic variations in the range from 70 to 90 mcg/l.

The redox potential of both the HPV concentrate and its dilutions in drinking water decreases by ~100 mV, the pH increases by 0.7 units, and the electrical conductivity by 37 mS/m of the initial value.

In the samples obtained by dilution of the HPV concentrate in drinking water, an increase in the concentration of peroxide anion radicals in the range of 1 to 5 µg/l was also noted, which persists for 1 month. They also found a change in the proportion of the associated water phase (an increase to 30% of the initial state), the appearance of high-energy states (by 5-15%) in the energy distribution of the phase, and a decrease in the absolute viscosity of water to values of the order of 0.985 ... .0.978 centipoise. Taking into account the obtained values of indicators in accordance with the classification of the structural and energy state of drinking water, waters potentiated by HPV concentrate can be assigned to the third level of activity, which makes it possible to recommend them for use in order to compensate for the negative impact of adverse environmental factors, characterized as electronic deficiency.

In the study of dynamic changes in the state of water treated under hypomagnetic conditions with different contents of dissolved oxygen in it (see table), a number of patterns were found that make it possible to determine the mechanisms of the effect of hypomagnetic treatment on the catalytic properties of water.

When analyzing the data in the table, it was found that oxygen dissolved in water is one of the main factors for increasing the catalytic activity of water, since changes in its concentration in water by a factor of 2 lead to an increase in water activity by more than an order of magnitude. Reducing the time to reach the maximum

Dynamic changes in the time of maximum intensity of luminol-heme chemiluminescence in the concentration of peroxide anion radicals (HO2(*") and oxygen dissolved in water after 2 days of outdoor exposure of samples of artesian water exposed under hypomagnetic conditions

Exposure, days Water

oxygenated deoxygenated

gm, s HO2-(,), μg/l O2 concentration, mg/l hm, s HO2"(,), μg/l O2 concentration, mg/l

2 6,37 72,0 12,15 14,1 0,69 6,73

5 6,38 63,8 9,71 0,43 7,58 9,34

6 6,42 58,8 9,68 0,69 9,14 9,36

7 6,48 67,5 9,64 0,88 6,68 9,38

8 7,25 56,7 9,6 1,18 5,09 9,39

Average diameter Intensity

scattering, s1sr, nm scattering, I, %

10 100 Diameter, s1, nm

Rice. Fig. 1. Size distribution of associates of the associated water phase after hypomagnetic treatment of water. Horizontally - diameter in nm); vertical - intensity (I; in %).

luminol-gemic chemiluminescence ^ indicates a decrease in the size of water associates containing HO^-radical anions. At the same time, activity (in deoxygenated water) is controlled by oxygen diffusion, and ultralow diffusion rates and high long-term stability of the activated state of water indicate a greater stability of the structural state of Wolrafen pentamers, which form the structural basis of the associated water phase, compared to normal geomagnetic conditions.

As follows from this dependence, a decrease in the time of reaching the maximum intensity of chemiluminescence indicates a decrease in the diameter of associates, which is associated with the strengthening of its structural organization. A similar dependence was also obtained in the work on water treatment under the conditions of Faraday EMF screening. The decrease in the size parameter of associates in water indicates the influence of the spin conversion factor and mixed quantum states excited by molecular oxygen under hypomagnetic conditions.

The size parameters of the formed peroxide associates in the treated water were determined using a laser correlation dispersion meter (LCD), which makes it possible to selectively isolate a new fraction of peroxide associates against the background of supramolecular structures of water larger than 10 μm, and by the time of reaching the maximum intensity of luminol-heme chemiluminescence.

The distribution of associates by size in the studied water samples during its diffusion-controlled oxygenation using the LCA method is shown in Fig. 1. one.

Based on the results of assessing the distribution of associates in the treated water, it can be noted that, in addition to supramolecular structures and associates of positive polarity, as a result of treatment, associates of negative polarity with a size of 80 to 500 nm arise, which were absent in the original water. The average size of associates of negative polarity on the 1st day after water treatment, bearing an anion-radical peroxide, is 194.7 nm.

The obtained dimensional parameters of the associates were compared with the time of the maximum chemiluminescence intensity (see table), which is determined by the decay time of the associates in a strongly alkaline medium of the reagent (pH-11.5), which depends on their size. On fig. Figure 2 shows the dependence of the size parameters of peroxide associates on the time of release of the maximum intensity of chemiluminescence, which

0.4 o!b 08 1 1^2 D.4

Rice. 2. Dependence of the average diameter of associates t) on the time of maximum intensity of luminol-heme chemiluminescence (t). Horizontally - time (^ in s); vertically - diameter in microns).

In the region of small diameters of the associates, it is described by an inverse exponential dependence, and in the region of sizes from 1.2 to ~ 10 μm, by a linear approximation d = 1.170.45.

The obtained dependence in comparison with the table data, on the one hand, allows one to independently interpret the relationship between the kinetic processes of luminol-heme chemiluminescence and the parameters of mixed-type associates represented by conjugated structures (^[(HO2"(*) ^OH"(*)(H2O) tr)]/), on the other hand, confirms the effects of induction under hypomagnetic conditions of more stable peroxide associates and oxygen-dependent changes in their size with time. The greater stability of mixed-type associates obtained under hypomagnetic conditions of water treatment is associated with a denser packing of Wolrafen pentamers. Obviously, these structural features of the associates ensure the formation of the thermodynamic conditions necessary to maintain their catalytic activity.

Changes in the structural and physical state of the associated water phase under hypomagnetic conditions can be interpreted on the basis of the formation of oxygen dimers (O.) and their exchange dynamics under gas-phase conditions realized in microvoids of the associated water phase. The existence of O4 molecules is due to weak intermolecular interactions (O2-O2 bond energy is 830 cal/mol). Metastable oxygen dimers are stabilized by high pressure in the microvoids of ice VI and are able to spontaneously decay due to the tunneling effect, which ensures periodic modulation of the size of associates and excitation of phase instabilities in them, leading to quantum condensation of electrons from the environment. In addition, hypomagnetic treatment stimulates the spin conversion of ortho-water to para-water, from which more stable packings are formed in amorphous ices VI. The high stability of molecular packings and ortho-ortho-dimers of oxygen in water is also confirmed by the data of the work.

The obtained estimates of the temporal stability of the associates, which are carriers of peroxide anion radicals, significantly exceed the spin-conversion time in liquid water of ortho(55.5 min)- and para(26.5 min)-isomers and correspond in order of magnitude to the time of spin- ice conversions (months) . According to our estimates, the decomposition time of hydrogen peroxide in drinking water, which is in an associated state, under normal conditions in equimolar ratios does not exceed 3 weeks.

hygiene and sanitation 3/2015

Associates in water, having the structure of amorphous ice VI, have a high degree of defectiveness, the voids of which are filled with air under high pressure. According to the data, in associates of negative polarity formed under normal geomagnetic conditions, the intrastructural pressure is ~ 25 atm.

The works have established that the formation of dimers and trimers of oxygen in the gas phase occurs at elevated pressure. According to the data, the maximum formation of oxygen dimers in the gas phase is observed at a pressure of more than 50 atm. According to the work, oxygen dimers are also formed in amorphous materials in the form of two configurations with binding energies Eb2 = 0.3 and ~ 0.2 eV. The time of mutual transition of the electronic states of oxygen dimers from one to another and back in amorphous materials is -10-2 s.

Thus, water treated under hypomagnetic conditions has a biocatalytic activity that remains stable for a long time, which ensures its high biological activity. The high activity and stability of drinking water activated under hypomagnetic conditions is achieved by the conversion of ortho-water to para-water at a critical temperature of about 19°C and the presence of dissolved paramagnetic oxygen, which forms a mixed quantum state necessary to accelerate the conversion and the formation of catalytically active oxygen dimers. Under hypomagnetic conditions, characterized by a 300-fold suppression of the total geomagnetic field vector, a denser packing of amorphous ice VI is formed in the composition of mixed-type associates (^[(H02"(*)^0H"(*)(H20)mJ]q), which serve as In such a reservoir, pressures higher than normal geophysical conditions are realized, which stimulates gas-phase reactions with the formation of dimers and trimers of oxygen, existing in two electronically active configurations with binding energies

0.3.i - 0.2 eV, providing the associated water phase modulation, leading to the condensation of additional electrons from the environment on paramagnetic oxygen. Electron condensation proceeds with the formation of unstable superoxide anion radicals, which disproportionate in subsequent transformations into a stable peroxide anion radical. The latter process ensures long-term maintenance of the electron-donor capacity of water and its electrically nonequilibrium state.

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